

BY
Mr. ADE S.L.
 5.1 Introduction

 The mechanism used for lowering or
producing low temp. in a body or a space,
whose temp. is already below the temp. of
its surrounding, is called the refrigeration
system.
 Here the heat is being generally
pumped from low level to the higher one
& is rejected at high temp.
 Objectives

• Basic operation of refrigeration and AC
systems
• Principle components of refrigeration and
AC systems
• Thermodynamic principles of refrigeration
cycle
• Safety considerations
Generic Refrigeration Cycle


 Refrigeration

The term refrigeration may be defined as
the process of removing heat from a
substance under controlled conditions.

It also includes the process of reducing

heat & maintaining the temp. of a body
below the general temp. of its
surroundings.
 Contd….

In other words the refrigeration means a
continued extraction of heat from a body
whose temp is already below the temp. of
its surroundings.
 Coefficient of performance(COP)

 C.O.P is a measure of efficiency of a refrigeration cycle/
system.

 It is the ratio of refrigerating effect to the energy spend.

 Refrigerating effect is the amount of heat removal/

absorbed from the substance to be cooled.

 The energy spend may e in the form of work in VCR or

heat in VAR.
 REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

The transfer of heat from a low-temperature

region to a high-temperature one requires
special devices called refrigerators.
Another device that transfers heat from a
low-temperature medium to a high-
temperature one is the heat pump.
Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially
the same devices; they differ in their
objectives only.

The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat

for fixed values of
(QL) from the cold medium; the objective of a heat
QL and QH
pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm medium.
 Refrigerator & Refrigerant

A refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or
a heat pump which takes out heat from a
cold body & delivers it to a hot body.
The refrigerant is a heat carrying medium
which during their cycle in a refrigeration
system absorbs heat from a low temp.
system & delivers it to a higher temp.
system.
 Unit of refrigeration

 The capacity of refrigeration unit is generally expressed
in “Tons” of refrigeration.

 The rate of removal of heat in cooling operation was

expressed in terms of kilograms or tons of ice required
per unit time usually or a day.
 One ton of refrigeration

 The quantity of heat required to remove from one ton ice
within 24 hours when initial condition of water is zero
degree centigrade, because the same cooling effect will
be given by melting the same ice.
 Uses of Systems

•

Cooling of food stores and cargo
• Cooling of electronic spaces and
equipment
• CIC (computers and consoles)
• Radio (communications gear)
• Radars
• Sonar

• Air conditioning for crew comfort

 5.2 Typical
Refrigeration
Cycle 
 Refrigeration Cycle

In refrigeration system the heat is being
generally pumped from low level to
higher one & rejected at that temp.
This rejection of heat from low level to
higher level of temp. can only be
performed with the help of external work
according to second law of
thermodynamics.
 Contd….

The total amount of heat being rejected to
the outside body consist of two parts:-

- the heat extracted from the body to be

cooled .

- the heat equivalent to the mechanical

work required for extracting it.
Vapour compression cycle
Vapour compression cycle


3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device Compressor

2 Low
1
Pressure
Side
Evaporator
Vapour compression cycle


Condenser
3

High
4 Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device Compressor

2 Low
1
Pressure
Side
Evaporator
 Vapour compression cycle
The superheated vapour enters the
compressor where its pressure is
raised 
3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
 Vapour compression cycle
Low pressure liquid refrigerant in
evaporator absorbs heat and
changes to a gas 
3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
20
 Vapour compression cycle
The high pressure superheated gas


is cooled in several stages in the
condenser

3
Condenser
High
4 Pressure
Side
Expansion
Device Compressor

1 2 Low
Pressure
Evaporator Side
Vapour compression cycle


 Components

• Refrigerant 
• Evaporator/Chiller
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Receiver
• Thermostatic
expansion valve
(TXV)
 Evaporator/Chiller


• Located in space to be refrigerated
• Cooling coil acts as an indirect heat
exchanger
• Absorbs heat from surroundings and
vaporizes
• Latent Heat of Vaporization
• Sensible Heat of surroundings

 Compressor

•

Superheated Vapour:
• Enters as low press, low temp vapour
• Exits as high press, high temp vapour
• Temp: creates differential (DT)
promotes heat transfer
• Press: Tsat allows for condensation
at warmer temps
• Increase in energy provides the driving
force to circulate refrigerant through the
system
 Condenser

• Refrigerant rejects latent heat to cooling
medium
• Latent heat of condensation (LHC)
• Indirect heat exchanger: seawater absorbs
the heat and discharges it overboard
 Receiver

• Temporary storage space & surge volume
for the sub-cooled refrigerant
• Serves as a vapor seal to prevent vapor
from entering the expansion valve
 Expansion Device

• Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV)
• Liquid Freon enters the expansion valve
at high pressure and leaves as a low
pressure wet vapor (vapor forms as
refrigerant enters saturation region)
• Controls:
• Pressure reduction
• Amount of refrigerant entering evaporator
controls capacity

Vapour absorption refrigeration system


Vapour absorption refrigeration system


 Vapour absorption refrigeration system


 In the absorption refrigeration system, refrigeration effect is
produced mainly by the use of energy as heat. In such a
system, the refrigerant is usually dissolved in a liquid. A
concentrated solution of ammonia is boiled in a
vapour generator producing ammonia vapour at high
pressure. The high pressure ammonia vapour is fed to a
condenser where it is condensed to liquid ammonia by
rejecting energy as heat to the surroundings. Then, the liquid
ammonia is throttled through a valve to a low pressure.
During throttling, ammonia is partially vapourized and
its temperature decreases.
 Vapour absorption refrigeration system


 This low temperature ammonia is fed to an evaporator
where it is vaporized removing energy from the
evaporator. Then this low-pressure ammonia Vapour is
absorbed in the weak solution of ammonia. The
resulting strong ammonia solution is pumped back to
the Vapour generator and the cycle is completed. The
COP of the absorption system can be evaluated by
considering it as a combination of a heat pump and
a heat engine
Domestic refrigerator

Domestic refrigerator
ICE plant

 ICE plant

 The simple VCR cycle is used in primary circuit using
ammonia as a refrigerant and brine is a secondary
circuit.
 This is indirect method of cooling used for ice
production.
 The ice can contain water which reject heat to the brine
which is circulated in secondary circuit.
 In evaporator the heat of brine is transfer to the
refrigerant in primary circuit and brine is cooled.
 ICE plant

 The vapour refrigerant form in evaporator is suck by
compressor then it compressed to a high pressure and
this is condensed in a condenser with the help of cooling
water.
 The high pressure liquid ammonia is collected in the
receiver and then it is passed through expansion valve.
 The throttle liquid ammonia at low pressure and
temperature enter in an evaporator, so brine in cooled
and ammonia absorb heat and form vapour.
 5.3 Psychrometry and
Air Processes

1. Atmospheric air
 Atmospheric air is not completely dry but a
mixture of dry air and water vapor.
 In atmospheric air, the content water vapor
varies from 0 to 3% by mass.
 The processes of air-conditioning and food
refrigeration often involve removing water
from the air (dehumidifying), and adding
water to the air (humidifying).
2. The thermal parameters of moist
air

(1) Dry bulb temperature t
 Dry bulb temperature is the temperature of the air, as
measured by an ordinary thermometer.
 The temperature of water vapor is the same as that of
the dry air in moist air.
 Such a thermometer is called a dry-bulb thermometer
in psychrometry, because its bulb is dry.
(2) Wet bulb temperature tWB:
 Wet bulb temperature is thermodynamic adiabatic
temperature in an adiabatic saturation process, and
measured by a wet bulb thermometer.
(3) Dew point temperature tDP:
 When the unsaturated moist air is cooled at constant
vapor pressure or at constant humidity ratio, to a
temperature, the moist air becomes saturated and the
condensation of moisture starts, this temperature is
called dew point temperature of the moist air.

(4) Relative humidity Ф:

 Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the mole
fraction of the water vapor in a given moist air to the
mole fraction of water vapor in a saturated moist air at
the same temperature and the same atmospheric
pressure.
 Relative humidity is usually expressed in percentage
(%).
 From the ideal gas relations, relative humidity can be
expressed as xw Pw
 
xw, sat Pw, sat
(5) Degree of Saturation μ:
 Degree of saturation is defined as the ratio of the humidity
ratio of moist air w to the humidity ratio of saturated moist
air wsat at the same temperature and atmosheric pressure.

(6) Humidity ratio (Moisture Content) w:

 The humidity ratio is the mass kg of water vapor

interspersed in each kg of dry air.
 It should be noted that the mass of water refers only to the
moisture in actual vapor state, and not to any moisture in
the liquid state, such as dew, frost, fog or rain.
 The humididy ratio, like other several properties to be
studied- enthalpy and specific volume-is based on 1kg of dry
air.
(7) Specific Volume/Moist Volume v:
 Specific volume of moist air v , m3/kgdry is defined
as the total volume of the moist air (dry air and
water vapor mixture) per kg of dry air.
(8) Specific Enthalpy:
 Specific enthalpy of moist air h (kJ/kgdry) is
defined as the total enthalpy of the dry air and
water vapor mixture per kg of dry air.
 Enthalpy values are always based on some
datum plane.
 Usually the zero value of the dry air is chosen as
air at 0℃, and the zero value of the water vapor
is the saturated liquid water at 0℃.
Psychrometric chart


 Psychrometric chart
 A psychrometric chart graphically represents the
thermodynamic properties of moist air.
 It is very useful in presenting the air conditioning
processes.
 The psychrometric chart is bounded by two
perpendicular axes and a curved line:
 1) The horizontal ordinate axis represents the dry
bulb temperature line t , in℃ ;
 2) The vertical ordinate axis represents the
humidity ratio line w , in kgw/kgdry.air
 3) The curved line shows the saturated air, it is
corresponding to the relative humidity Ф=100% .
 The psychrometric chart incorporates seven
parameters and properties.
 They are dry bulb temperature t , relative
humidity Ф , wet bulb temperature tWB, dew point
temperature tDP , specific volume v, humidity ratio
w and enthalpy h.
①Dry-bulb temperature t is shown along the
bottom axis of the psychrometric chart.
The vertical lines extending upward from this
axis are constant-temperature lines.
②Relative humidity lines Ф are shown on the
chart as curved lines that move upward to the
left in 10% increments.
The line representing saturated air ( Ф= 100% )
is the uppermost curved line on the chart.
And the line of Ф = 0% is a horizontal ordinate
axis itself.
2. Main air handing processes and their
variations in properties
(1) Sensible cooling along a cooling coil, or sensible
heating along a heating coil

 The sensible cooling happens
when the air is cooled without
altering the specific humidity.

ty

w humidity ratio
%

di
00
During this process, the

mi
=1


hu
φ

ve
relative humidity of the air

ati
rel
2a

φ
will increase. tDp 1a 1b
2b
3 tW
 The sensible cooling can only B wet
-bu
lb t
em
take place under the condition p

when the temperature of the

cooling coil is not below the dew-point temp dry-bulb temp

dew point temperature of the

air being processed.
 Cont.….

 The sensible heating is
similar to sensible cooling,
but with the dry bulb
temperature increasing.

ty

w humidity ratio
%

di
00

mi
=1

hu
φ

e
tiv
la
re
2a

φ
 It should be noted that there tDp 1a 1b
2b
3 tW

should be no water within B wet

-bu
lb t
emp

the heating system because dew-point temp dry-bulb temp

the evaporation of the water

will increase the specific
humidity of the air.
 (2) Adiabatic humidification and dehumidification using
a humidifier or chemical dehumidifier

 The adiabatic humidification occurs

when water vapor, of which
temperature is near the wet bulb
temperature of the moist air, is added
to the air .

ty

w humidity ratio
%

di
00

mi
=1

hu
φ
A humidifier performs this function by

e
iv


lat
re
2a

φ
supplying the water vapor. tDp 1a 1b
2b
tW
3 B wet
-bu
lb t
em
p
 During the adiabatic humidification
process along the constant wet bulb dew-point temp dry-bulb temp

temperature line, the specific humidity

of air will increase.
 Reduction in dry bulb temperature will
happen as the evaporated water will
absorb heat .
 5.4 Air Conditioning

• Purpose: maintain the atmosphere of an
enclosed space at a required temp, humidity and
purity
• Refrigeration system is at heart of AC system
• Types Used:
• Self-contained
• Refrigerant circulating
• Chill water circulating
 Air conditioning

 Air conditioning is the science which deals with the
supply and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric
condition irrespective of external condition.

 Air conditioning may be defined as simultaneous

control of temperature, humidity, motion of air and
purity of air within the enclosed space.
 Classification of air conditioning

 a) According to purpose.

i) comfort air conditioning system

ii) Industrial air conditioning

 b) According season of year.

i) Winter air conditioning

ii) Summer air conditioning

iii) Year round (All weather air conditioning)

 Classification of air conditioning

 c) According to equipment arrangement

i) central air conditioning

ii) unitary air conditioning

d) According to working substance used.

i) All air system

ii) chilled water system

iii) Air water system