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The moon is the most explored body in our solar system besides Earth, having been
visited by numerous spacecraft from multiple space agencies around the world. It's
also the only place besides Earth where human beings have set foot.
Significant Dates:
1609: Thomas Harriot becomes the first person to use a telescope aimed at the
sky and sketches the moon. Later he made the first maps of the moon.
1610: Galileo Galilei publishes scientific observations of the moon in Sidereus
Nuncius(Starry Messenger).
1959-1976: The U.S.S.R.'s Luna program of 17 robotic missions achieves many
"firsts" — including the first glimpse of the far side of the moon — and three
sample returns.
1961-1968: The U.S. Ranger, Lunar Orbiter, and Surveyor robotic missions pave
the way for Apollo human lunar landings.
1969: Astronaut Neil Armstrong is the first human to walk on the moon's surface.
1994-1999: Clementine and Lunar Prospector data suggest that water ice may
exist at the lunar poles.
2003: The European Space Agency's SMART-1 lunar orbiter inventories key
chemical elements.
2007-2008: Japan's second lunar spacecraft, Kaguya, and China's first lunar
spacecraft, Chang'e 1, both begin one-year missions orbiting the moon; India's
Chandrayaan-1 soon follows in lunar orbit.
2008: The NASA Lunar Science Institute is formed to help lead NASA's research
activities related to lunar exploration goals.
2009: NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCROSS launch together,
beginning the U.S. return to lunar exploration. In October, LCROSS was directed
to impact a permanently shadowed region near the lunar south pole, resulting in
the discovery of water ice. LRO is still exploring the moon from orbit.
2011: Twin GRAIL spacecraft launch to map the interior of the moon from crust
to core, and NASA begins the ARTEMIS mission to study the moon's interior and
surface composition. After a successful mission, the twin GRAIL spacecraft were
directed to impact the moon in 2012.
2013: NASA launches LADEE to gather detailed information about the structure
and composition of the thin lunar atmosphere. The successful mission ended in
April 2014.
14 December 2013: China becomes the third nation to safely land a robotic
spacecraft on the moon with the touchdown and deployment of Chang'e 3's Yutu
rover.
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