RJ-45 Connectors-

RJ45 is a standard type of connector for network cables. RJ45 connectors

are most commonly seen with Ethernet cables and networks.

RJ45 connectors feature eight pins to which the wire strands of a cable
interface electrically. Standard RJ-45 pinouts define the arrangement of the
individual wires needed when attaching connectors to a cable.

Several other kinds of connectors closely resemble RJ45 and can be easily
confused for each other. The RJ-11 connectors used with telephone cables,
for example, are only slightly smaller (narrower) than RJ-45 connectors.

Also Known As: Registered Jack 45

A BNC barrel connector, can be used to connect two lengths of cables

together. But It is better to use one continuous length of cable, as
these connectors weaken the signal strength.

A BNC connector is for – coaxial cable

RJ-45 connectors are used with 10-100BaseT cables. These

resemble telephone RJ-11 connectors, but are larger and house 8 wires
while RJ-11 house 4 or 6 wires. They are connected to the cable by
crimping.

Ethernet is also known as- 802.3

What is DHCP?

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Technology. The basic purpose
of the DHCP is to assign the IP addresses and the other network
configuration such as DNS, Gateway and other network settings to the client
computers. DHCP reduces the administrative task of manually assigning the
IP addresses to the large number of the computers in a network.
What is DNS and how it works?

DNS stands for Domain name system and it translates (converts) the host
name into the IP address and IP address into to the host name. Every
domain and the computer on the internet is assigned a unique IP address.
The communication on the internet and in the network is based on the IP
addresses. IP addresses are in this format 10.1.1.100, 220.12.1.22.3,
1.1.1.1 etc. IP addresses can’t be remembered but the host names (e.g.
www.networktutorials.info, xyz.com, abc.com) are easy to remember
instead of their IP addresses.

Define Network Gateway

Network Gateway can be software or a hardware. A gateway is usually a

joining point in a network. A computer with two LAN cards can act as a
gateway. Gateway operates at the upper level of the OSI model translates
data between two completely different network architectures

What is a Router?

A router routes the traffic to its destination based on the source and
destination IP addresses, which are placed in the routing software known as
routing table.

Difference between repeaters, bridges, hubs and routers

Repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI model. They simply
listen to all network traffic on one port and send it back out through one or
more ports, extending smaller networks into a larger, single network. A
repeater simply receives frames, regenerates them, and passes them along.
It performs no processing of the frames or the data they contain.
Bridges operate at the Data Link Layer. They use the Data Link Layer and
its physical addressing to join several networks into a single network
efficiently.Bridges join two or more network segments together, forming a
larger individual network. They function similarly to a repeater, except a
bridge looks to see whether data it receives is destined for the same
segment or another connected segment. If the data is destined for a
computer on the same segment, the bridge does not pass it along. If that
data is going to a computer on another segment, the bridge sends it along.

Routers operate at the Network Layer of the OSI model. The Network Layer
provides addressing for internet works, and routers use this addressing
information to determine how to pass along packets of data. Because routers
operate at the Network Layer, they can link different physical network
topologies.

HUBS-

Hub works on a physical layer of OSI model. Ethernet hubs vary in the speed
(network data rate or bandwidth) they support. Newer types of hubs offer
100 Mbps Ethernet. Some support both 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps

Difference between UDP and TCP.

UDP is much faster, used for streaming video and audio files on the net.
TCP is slower, because it contains the main factor UDP does not have, which
is flow/error control.

TCP is used by most users on the net because data transferred needs to be
verified. Error correction allows data to be effectively received

What are different topologies?

BUS topology- in this each computer is directly connected to primary
network cable in a single line.this topology is inexpensive, easy to install and
simple to understand

STAR topology- in this all computers are connected using a central hub
this toplogy is inexpensive,easy to install and reconfigure and easy to
troubleshoot physical problems

RING topology-in this all computers are connected in loop. In this topology
all the computers have equal access to network media and signal dose not
degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer generates it

What is MAC address?

The address for the device as it is identified at the media access control
(MAC) layer.Mac address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter
and is unique.

What is NAT?

Network Address translation seprates external network or internet from

internal network.NAT is also a form of firewall that protects the network
from malicious attacks or hacking

THE OSI MODEL-

The term OSI Model is short for

Open System Interconnection Basic Reference Model. It provides a
framework for discussing network operations and design

Application layer(layer 7)- This layer supports application and end-user

processes. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides
application services for file
transfers, e-mail, and other network software services.

Presentation layer (Layer 6)- The presentation layer works to transform

data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats
and encrypts data to be sent across a network, It is sometimes called the
syntax layer.

Session Layer (Layer 5) - Once the data has been put into the correct
format, the sending host must establish a session with the receiving host.
This is where the session layer comes into play. It is responsible for
establishing, maintaining, and eventually terminating the session with the
remote host.

Transport Layer (Layer 4) - This layer provides transparent transfer of

data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error
recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.

Network Layer (Layer 3) -The Network Layer is responsible for determining

how the data will reach the recipient. This layer handles things like addressing,
routing, and logical protocols. Forwarding as well as internetworking, error
handling, congestion control and packet sequencing are functions of this
layer.

Data Link Layer (Layer 2)-The data link layer can be sub divided into two
other layers; the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, and the Logical Link
Control (LLC) layer. The MAC layer basically establishes the computer’s
identity on the network, via its MAC address. This is the address that is
ultimately used when sending and receiving packets. The LLC layer controls
frame synchronization and provides a degree of error checking.

Physical Layer (Layer 1)-The physical layer of the OSI model refers to the
actual hardware specifications. The Physical Layer defines characteristics
such as timing and voltage. The physical layer defines the hardware
specifications used by network adapters and by the network cables
so we can say the physical layer defines what it means to transmit and to
receive data.