ANSWER: A.

The optical properties are defined by two parameters, the refractive Index (Nd) and Abbe Number
(Vd).
B. Refractive Index is one of the principle defining characteristics of an optical material. The refractive index
defines to what degree from the relationship between the speed of light in a vacuum, to its speed in the new
medium and its represented as:

N=C/V

Where C= velocity of light in a vacuum and V= velocity of light in the new medium

The Abbe number named after German physicist Ernest Abbe, is a measure of the disperse power and is defined
as:

where Nd, Nf and Nc are the refractive indices of the material at wavelengths of the Fraunhofer d-,F- and C-
spectral lines (587.6 nm, 486.1nm and 656.3 nm respectively). According to the Snell’s law of refraction the
higher the refractive index of the glass material, the better the refractive effect

Fig. 1

ANSWER: Designing an instrument which will not degrade due to humidity, corrosion and contamination poses
another class of challenges. After the climatic resistance, the surface of the lens after polishing is high in relative
humidity and temperature in the atmospheres, the surface will produce a mist and cannot be removed.

ANSWER: The disadvantages of plastic optics are comparative intolerance to severe temperature fluctuation in
some system and low resistance to scratching, low in moisture resistance, low in abrasion resistance. These
disadvantages however, are far outweighed by the advantages plastic brings to the majority of optical
applications. Although plastic has a less temperature tolerance than glass, most optical system does not operate
in ambient, temperatures beyond the thermal limits of plastic elements. This means that the glass optical
system often will not withstand much more physical abuse than their plastically counterparts and still function
properly.

Due to technical improvements, it has become a must for mobile phone cameras and digital video system in
recent years, even for plastic artificial crystal and soft contact lenses for medical test.

ANSWER: Most of the metal surfaces are shiny after being polished, so they will reflect light, because of the
free electrons will generate reflected waves and incident waves when the light propagates to the metal surface.
Because of the free electrons density of metal is very high, the incident waves are very weak and the intensity
of the reflected waves is very larges reaching 98% of the incident wave.

Mirrors are used in wide range of beam steering, focusing and collimating applications. Metal mirrors are
intended for application involving lower power lasers or broadband sources they are less sensitive to
wavelength and polarization and angle of incidence than dielectric mirrors.
Copper, there are number of other consideration including fabric ability, corrosion, resistance, availability, cost.
And probably many others.