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@ Ic=B*Ib@æìãbÔÛbi@Éàaa ‰bîm@òîÈjnÛbi@ Ìní@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@‰bîm@ Ìní@bß†äÇë
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Z µbnÛa@ÝØ’Ûa@óÜÇ@|j–m
áè þbi@Éàaa ‰bîm@‰b<ßë@õbÓ‰ŒÛa@áè þbi@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@‰bîm@‰b<ß Ýîr·@ sîy

NõaŠà§a
- - JW
BESCONOV
NÕyü@oÓë@óÏ@Ýî•bÐnÛa@µg@ÖŠ nä b¶‰ë@…bnÐà×@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÝàÈí@ò0 b<ji@aˆØç
Z …bnÐà× BJT ‰ìn ŒãaŠm
Q òÛby
@ sîy VC@HÉàaa †èuI xŠä@†èu@lb<§ áîÔÛa@œÈi@ªŠÐi@bäàÓ@òÔib<Ûa@ñ‰a†Ûa@óÏ
@ ñ†ÇbÔÛa@‰bîm@ìç@IB
@ Éàaa ‰bîm@ìç@IC
@ sÇbjÛa@‰bîm@ìç@IE
@ ñ†ÇbÔÛa@òßëbÔß@ìç@RB
@ @Ýà§a@òßëbÔß@ìç@RL
@ Ý †Ûa@òí‰b i †èu@ìç@VS
@ Éàaa †èu@ìç@VC
@ Ýà§a@†èu@ìç@VL
- - JW
BESCONOV
Z µbnÛa@ÝØ’Ûbi@pbib<§a@ánmë
@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ñ†ÇbÓ@†äÇ@óÏb×@‰bîm@Úbäç@æìØí@bß†äÇ@éãc@†¬@òÔib<Ûa@pbib<§a@åßë
NoÛìÏ@R~U Þ bíëb<ß Vc@xŠä@æìØí
R òÛby
@ ŠÐ–ÜÛ@bíëb<ß ñ†ÇbÔÛa@‰bîm@æìØî<Ï ñ†ÇbÔÛa@†äÇ@…ìuì½a@…bnÐ½a@bäznÏ@a‡g@bßc
NVs ‰†–½a@†è¦@bíëb<ß |j–î xŠä@†èu@æc@†vä pbib<§a@•Ðã@õaŠuhië
- - JW
BESCONOV
…ìuë@bäÛ@åàšm@ónÛa@RL Ýà§a@òßëbÔß@‰bn®@æc@k¯@…bnÐà×@ñ‰a†Ûa@êˆç@âa†‚n üë
@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@óÏ@‰bîm Š¹@ü@bß†äÇ@bßc@N ñ†ÇbÔÛa@óÏ@‰bînÛa@Š¹@bß†äÇ@HbjíŠÔmI@oÛìÏ@ŠÐ•
NVs ìçë@ôì–ÔÛa@énàîÓ@µg@Ý–î xŠä@†èu@æhÏ@HòîãbrÛa@òÛb§a@óÏ@bà×I
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Nñ†ÇbÔÛa@‰bîm@óÏ@áØznÛa@ò aìi@ñ†yaìÛa@òîãbrÛa@óÏ@paŠ½a@´íý½@éÔÜËë
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Z@µbnÛa
Q òÛby
@ñ†ÇbÓ@µg@ôŠ<í ‰bînÛa@æhÏ@Q òÛb§a@óÏ@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@óÜÇ@…ìuì½a@…bnÐ½a@æìØí@bß†äÇ

ÝîÌ’m@òÛby@óÏ@T1 ‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÝÈ¯ë@R1 ñ†ÇbÔÛa@òßëbÔß@Þý T1 ‰ìn Œãa/Ûa
ŠÐ•@]@xŠä@|j–íë@ó™‰þa@µg@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@Þý Š¹@Ic1@‰bînÛa@æhÏ@ÙÛîë@ON
NoÛìÏ
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VK@òíˆÌnÛa@†è¦@bíëb<ß bèäîy@xŠä@|j–íë@OFF É Ó òÛby@óÏ T2@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa
- "- JW
BESCONOV
R òÛb§a@óÏ@…bnÐ½a@æìØí@bß†äÇ@xŠä@òÛby@xbnän g ÙäØ¹@Ýr½bi
âa†‚n g åÇ@…bnÐà×@bÈß@åí‰ìn ŒãaŠm âa†‚n a ñŒîß@xbnän g ÙäØ¹@Ýç

_ †yaë@‰ìn ŒãaŠm
òj<äÛbi@bßc N Hx‰b áè<ÛaI NPN ‰ìn Œã/Ûa@bä’Óbã@òÔib<Ûa@paŠÔÐÛa@óÏ

@åØÛë@bßb·@NPN@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@Ýrß@ÝàÈí@ìçë@bßa†‚n g ÝÓc@ìèÏ@PNP@‰ìn Œãa/ÜÛ
åßI@3ìØÈß@êb£g@óÏ@Š¹@‰bînÛa@ÝÈ¯@b¾@3ìØÈß@É™ë@óÏ@òíˆÌnÛa@òí‰b i éi@Ý•ìm
NHÉàvàÜÛ@sÇbjÛa
@ @éÈuaŠß
éÈuaŠß
‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa
@ òîj ÔÛa@òîöbäq@pa‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa
òîj ÔÛa@òí…byc@Z pa‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@Êaìãþ@âbÇ@Ñîä–m@ÚbäèÏ@bÔib Š×‡@bà×
: H‰üìjí…I òîj ÔÛa@òîöbäq@ë H‰üìjîãë°cI
- %- JW
BESCONOV
@ (Bipolar, Unipolar)
åß æìØß@ìçë@N@òîj ÔÛa@ïöbäq@ìçë@übàÈn a Šr×þa@ÊìäÛa@±bÈî òía†ië

æe ïi@æe@I@´Çìã@µg@bšíc@á<Ôäí@éjãbu@åß@òîj ÔÛa@ïöbäqë@L@pbÔj0 òqýq
: ïi@æe@ïië@L
@ (NPN, PNP)
Ñ–äÛa@Š•bäÈÛaB ¿ åßbrÛa@3‰†Ûa@¿@éi@pýÇbÐnÛaë@òàîà–m@…Š‘@ †Óë

" . ²Ü M ïib¯g@‹bînuüaBë@BòÜ•ìß
@N âìîãbßŠ¦a@ñ…bß@åß@Éä–í@éäß@ýîÜÓë@æìØîÜ<Ûa@ñ…bß@åß@kÛbÌÛa@¿@Éä–í@ë
: pý•ìÛa@êˆç@óà<më@émbÔj i éÜ•ìß@òîã†Èß@pý•ë@òqýq@éÛë
@ (Collector)Éàaa
@ (Emitter)É’½a
HBaseI ñ†ÇbÔÛa
- &- JW
BESCONOV
- '- JW
BESCONOV
‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@ÝàÇ@òÔíŠ0
: ‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa Ý a…@t†°@bß@@|î™ìnÛë
@•Ðã@¿@Éàaa ôŠ©@¿@êbî½a@ðŠ<m L †yaë@åßaŒni@ýàÈí@´Ça‰‡ •íìèÜÛ

@ ñ†ÇbÔÛa@ôŠ©@|nÏ@oÓë
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‰bînÛa@ jØm@ÝßbÇ@Ý–í@sîy@Há‚šßI@ŠØjà×@bßg@ëc@L@òîöbiŠèØÛa@ñŠöa†Ûa
bÔyü@ôŠä ë@N@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@‰bîm@ÑÈ™@ÑÛc@´qýq@µg@éÇaìãc@œÈi@¿(h21e)
. ‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@ÞýÌ<mc pbîãbØßg@ñŠr×ë@…†Èm@á×@L
- - JW
BESCONOV
…bnÐà×@‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@Z òiŠ£
L †èvÜÛ@åí‰†–¶@3ìãbÏë@Hâëe@QPPI@òßëbÔ¶ NPN ‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@Ýî•ìm
êb£übiI É’½a@M ñ†ÇbÔÛa@ôŠv¶@éÜî•ìm@ání@HoÛìÏ@Q~UI@Þëþa@‰†–½a
ání@áq@L@Hñ†ÇbÔÛa@ÝjÓ@XÛa@òßëbÔ½a@òÜ•ìi@†è¦a@kuìß@òÜ•ë@ðc@ïßbßc
ð‰†–½@kÛb<Ûa@pý•ëI Éàaa ñ‰a…@¿@HoÛìÏ@QPI@ïãbrÛa@†è¦a@‰†–ß@Ýî•ìm
†è¦a@‰†–ß@íë@Éàaa í@3ìãbÐÛa@Ýî•ìm@áníë@L@HœÈji@Ý•ìm@†è¦a
. ïãbrÛa
…bnÐà×@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ñ‰ì•@ŠÄãa
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. •×bÈ½a@êb£übi NPN Êìã@åß@‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@ÝàÈí@åÛë@N 3ìãbÐÛa
Éàaaë@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@òîj Ó oãb×@a‡g@NPN ‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@HÝ³•ìí@ðcI ÝàÈíë

. É’àÜÛ@òj<äÛbi@òîib¯g
@òîjÜ Éàaaë ñ†ÇbÔÛa@òîj Ó oãb×@a‡g@ÝàÈí@ìèÏ@PNP ‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@bßc

N É’àÜÛ@òj<äÛbi
- - JW
BESCONOV
Š î j Ø n Ûa
@L É àaa ‰b îm@é îuìm@Þý @án m ï èÏ@‰ìn< íŒãa/Ûa ¿ j ØnÛa@ò îÜàÇ@bßcë

ïöb iŠè×@‰b îm@µæ€ìǾ@”í æc@ð‰ëŠšÛa@åàÏ@òîj ÔÛa@ïöbäq@‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@éuì”í ïØÛë
@æbíŠ @† è¦a@aˆ ç é@ •uì”íë@N@É’ ½aë@ñ† ÇbÔÛa@´ i † è¦@òÏb™`bi@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@¿
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. Ha†u@Ýî÷™
‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@¿@B‰bînÛa@ jØm@ÝßbÇB ‰bjn `ë

MZ i âìÔã
@ —Øà×@‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@Z òiŠ£
:Êìã@åß@Áî<i ‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@Ýî•ìm
H BC141ëc BC 140 ëcBCX 40I
- - JW
BESCONOV
‰ìn< íŒãa/Ûa@ÝØ’ Ûa@Š Äãc@L@†èvÜÛ@åí‰†–ß@ðcI Ìnßë@Šàn<ß †èu@‰†–¶

@ò ßëbÔß@@Š ³îÈß ò îãbrÛaë@âëe@ìÜîØÛb i ñ† yaë Z æbnßëbÔß@Ýî•ìm@ ë L@H—Øà×
É àvàÜÛ@ïãbrÛa@/ß jßþaë@L@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@¿@†yaë@Z@ jßÿÛ@æb bîÔßë@L@ñ†ÇbÔÜÛ
@‰b înÛa@ò àîÓ@Ý– m ó ny@Š³îÈ½b@i †è¦a@òöŒ£@Š³îÈnmë@N@ÝØ’Ûa@¿@ŠèÄí@bà×@L
. ŠÐ–Ûa@µg
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H jßc@ïÜîß@Ñ–ã@ðcI
ü µëþa@ò Ûb§a@¿@é ãc@†vn< Ï ńÛb §a@ó nÜ×@¿@É àaa ‰bîm@3bîÓ@†äÇë

@¿ë@L@ñ† ÇbÔÛa@¿@‰b înÛa@æë…@É àaa ¿ ‰b înÛa@Š ¹ ü s îy@LÁÓ@‰bîm@éi@Š¹
@N@ñ† ÇbÔÛa@¿@‰b înÛa@ò àîÓ@Êb Ðm‰bi@É àaa ‰b îm@òàîÓ@ÉÐmŠm@òîãbrÛa@òÛb§a
UP@µg@É àaa ‰b îm@òàîÓ@ÊbÐm‰a@µg@ñ†ÇbÔÛa@¿@ jßc ïÜîß@P~U òàîÓ@p…c@†Óë
N ÑÈ™@òöbß@ðc@ jßc@ïÜîß
- - JW
BESCONOV
‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÞbØ‘a
@ òÔÏŠ½a@ñ‰ì–Ûa@¿@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÞbØ‘a@œÈi
- - JW
BESCONOV
:Õj b½@—‚Üß
ÙÛ‡ë@ÞbÈÏ@ïöbiŠè×@Š–äÈ×@‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@ÝàÈn<í Z ‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@òÐîÃë
: éäß@æbÇìã@Úbäçë@…bnÐß@ëc@—Øà×
sîy L (bipolar) òîj ÔÛa@ïöbäq@‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@M@übàÈn c Šr×c@ìçë@Þëþa

. éi@Õ0 bäß@ñ†Ç@Þý Ýà§a@‰bîm@ðŠ<í
‰bînÛa@éi@ðŠ<í ðˆÛaë L (unipolar) òîj ÔÛa@ð…byc@ìç@ïãbrÛa ÊìäÛaë

qdm@‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@ðc@L@ýrß FET ‰ìn<íŒãa/× ÁÔÏ@ñ†yaë@òÔ äß@Þý
. ‰bînÜÛ@òÜ•ìß@Ñ–ã@ñbäÓ@ÕíŠ0 åÇ@bîöbiŠè×@üb©@éîÏ@Šqdníë N@Þbaa
œÈjÛa@bèšÈi@óÜÇ@bjíŠÓ@†¤@pbÔj0 òqýq@åß@òîj ÔÛa@ïöbäq@æìØníë

@òÔj Ûa@óÜÇ@ŠqdîÏ@pbÔj Ûa@êˆç@†yc@¿@‰bîm@Šß@a‡g@sîy@òÜÓbã@Ñ–äÛa@…aìàÜÛ
. ôŠ þa
M@‰ìn<íŒãa/Û Õ äß@ëc@pa‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@òîäÔni@óà<í bß@Úbäçë

" pbîàÓŠÛa@òîäÔmB ¿ ÝàÈn<m XÛa@(TTL) ‰ìn<íŒãaŠm
@ÝàÈm@pa‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa@åß@Ý<Ü<m ïçë@L@ýrß@k b§a@¿(DIGITAL)
. òîàÓŠÛa@pbßìÜÈ½a@åíŒ‚nÛ@ëc@òîàÓ‰@òîÔ äß@|îmbÐà×
@ ‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@M æìnäÛ‰a…
L æìnäÛ‰a…@—Øß@ëc@L@æìnäÛ‰a…@ëc@N ÑÇbšßN xë…Œß@‰ìn<íŒãaŠm@ìçë
Ýî•ìnÛa@òÔíŠ0 æìØm@L@òî j ÔÛa@ïöbäqë@òÜ•ìß@Ñ–ã@Êìã@åß@æa‰ìn<íŒãaŠm
Ái‰@åØ¹@æìnäÛ‰a…@åß@ü†ië N _@Éà©@ñ‰a…@ðc@L@òîÈà©@áèîÏ
- - JW
BESCONOV
ïãbrÛa@ñ†ÇbÓ@æìØnÏ@òî j ÔÛa@ïöbäqë@òÜ•ìß@Ñ–ã@Êìß@åß@æa‰ìn<íŒãaŠm
N@Þëþa@É’¶@ò jmŠß
Z@a†u@éßbç@éÃìzÜß
@ Transistors .. FET
Z òîÛbnÛa@‰ìßþbi@áÜÇ@óÜÇ@æìØí@æc@3‰a†Ûa@óÜÇ@k¯
@operation &@structure ÝàÈÛa@òîÛeë@òîÜ a†Ûa@òîäjÛa@•
N Éà©@– ñ†ÇbÔÛaë@L@sÇbi@– ñ†ÇbÔÛa@XÜ•ìÛ@ãìä@pbîäzäß@•
N ï †ä?a ŒßŠÛaë@pa‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@êˆç@Êaìãc@•
N DC/AC Load Line ïØîßbäí†Ûaë@å×b<Ûa@Ýà§a@ï @•
N Biasing Circuits ‹bîšüa@pa‰a…@•
N ï b c ÝØ’i@bèîÜÇ@Œî×/Ûbi@âìÔä ë@Z jØnÛa@pa‰a…@•
òÜöbÈÛ@éjn×@†yc@¿@†íìÜÏ@3bßìm@êŠ×‡@Ñîä–nÛa@åß@Ýºc@†uc@S
N@ìçë@üc@FET pa‰ìn ŒãaŠm
- "- JW
BESCONOV
@ ‰b–n bië
B ñ†ÇbÔÛa@óà<m òîöbiŠè×@x‰b«@S éí†Û ïãë/ØÛüa@k×Šß ‰ìn<íŒãa/Ûa
E (Emitter). ÝjÔn<ß C (Collector), sÇbi(base),
paŠß 3 ñ—Øß BC 547 ‰ìn<íŒãë/Û ñ‰ì•
: òîãë/ØÛüa@kî×a/Ûa@¿ ‰ìn<íŒãë/Û ïöbiŠèØÛa@ÝîrànÛa
: Ýî’ÌnÛa@ù…bjß
‰ëŠ¶ @|à<í ü ‰ìn<íŒãë/Ûa C&E ´ iŠ½a í ŠmìnÛa@Éjäß@ÁiŠi bäàÓ@a‡a
. (fig. 1). ‰bînÛa
òßëbÔßë Šmìm Éjäß ÞbàÈn a @bäîÜÇ C et E, ´ iŠ½a@í ‰bîm@ŠíŠ· bã…‰a@a‡a
.(fig. 2).òj bäß
‰bîm ‰ëŠ¶ |à<í@‰ìn<íŒãë/Ûa@æh Ï B et E í IB ‰bîm Úbäç@æb×@a‡g
QPP bjíŠÔm@ðëb<m ß oîy IC = ß . IB ê‰a†Ôß
- %- JW
BESCONOV
:ïÛaìnÛa@óÜÇ SëQLR@âì ŠÛ@ìç VëTLUïãë/ØÛüa ÝîrànÛa
- &- JW
BESCONOV
pa‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@óÏ@a†u@éàè½a@Êaìãüa@åß@aˆçë
HéîÛa@lìmaë@áîÄÈÛa@“a ŠÐÌn aI
pbãìØß@kÜËa@óÏ@â†‚n<í pa‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@åß@ÊìäÛa@aˆç@æü@a†îu@êbjnãüa@õbuŠÛa
@émõaŠÓ@k¯ë@éîàçýÛ@éàèÏ@kvîÏ@¹a …‰ìi@‰‡b½a@pbÈib Ûa@pb‘b’Ûa@Ýrß@ŠmìîjàØÛa
@ êŠß@åß@Šr×a
áèÐÛa@õbÇ…@ìçë@é×‰b’½a@óÏ@émŠ×‡@ôˆÛa@õbÇ†Ûbi@óÇ†m@æaë@“a Š×‡@óämü@bÈj0
@ ÅÐ§aë
MOSFET
Metal@Oxide@Semiconductor@Field@Effect@Transistor
@æ†È½aë@†î<×þaë@pý•ì½a@êbj‘c@åß@Êìä–½aë@µbaa qdnÛa@‰ìn ŒãaŠm ða
Ýî•ìnÛa@ñ†îu@o<îÛ@a…aìß@HæìØîÜ<Ûaë@âìîãbßŠ¦a@ÝrßI òîÔäÛa@pý•ì½a@êbj‘c@—nÈm
êbj‘c@óÏ@pbãë/ØÛà Ê‹ìnmë@N@õbiŠèØÜÛ@Ýî•ìnÛa@ò÷í…‰@o<îÛ@bèãc@bà×@õbiŠèØÜÛ
pbãë/ØÛg@T@…ìuìi@òîÔäÛa@pý•ì½a@êbj‘c@Œîànm@åØÛë@pa‰a†ß@óÏ@bèníìãc@Þìy@pý•ì½a
ání@æc@†Èi@üg@õbiŠèØÛa@ÝÔäm@ü@bèãc@ôc@N@ñŠÔn<ß bèÜÈ¯@b¾@ þa@‰a†½a@óÏ@ÁÔÏ
bèãc@bà×@N@köaì‘@òÏb™g@ÕíŠ0 åÇ@ëc@ñ‰aŠ§a@ÕíŠ0 åÇ@òÈi‰þa@åß@æë/ØÛg@ŠíŠ¤
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NHbšía@köaì‘
- '- JW
BESCONOV
Z N òjÛb<Ûa@ñ‰ìÜjÛa
pbãë/ØÛg@U óÜÇ@bèma‰‡@Þìy@pbãë/ØÛ•Û þa@‰a†½a@ôìn°@ñ…bß@åß@köaì‘@òÏb™hi
òÜ•ìß@óçë@N@òjÛb<Ûa@ñ‰ìÜjÛa@æìØnm@òÜ•ì½a@éj‘@ñ…b½a@µg@ƒîã‰ŒÛa@ëc@‰ìÐ<ÐÛa@Ýrß
N ñŠ§a@HòjÛb<ÛaI@pbãë/ØÛà …†Ç@bèîÏ@†íŒí@sîy
Z P òjuì½a@ñ‰ìÜjÛa
pbãë/ØÛg@S óÜÇ@bèma‰‡@Þìy@pbãë/ØÛ•Û þa@‰a†½a@ôìn°@ñ…bß@åß@köaì‘@òÏb™hi
P@òjuì½a@ñ‰ìÜjÛa@æìØnm@òÜ•ì½a@éj‘@ñ…b½a@µg@âìîÛb¦aë@âìîäîßìÛþaë@æë‰ìjÛa@Ýrß
NHHoles paìvÏ@…ìuë@óäÈíI æaŒmà òÛb§@Þì•ìÜÛ@pbãë/ØÛg@lb<n×g@bè–Ôäí@sîy
Z@òîöbärÛa@òÜ•ìÛa
œÈi@lˆväm@ÕÏŠ½a@ÝØ’Ûbi@bà×@N Êìã@åß@ñ‰ìÜi@Éß@P Êìã@åß@ñ‰ìÜÜi@Ýî•ìm@†äÇ
òî ë òÔ äß@æìØnmë@P@ñ‰ìÜjÛa@óÏ@paìvÐÛa@µg@N@ñ‰ìÜÜjÛa@åß@ñŠ§a@pbãë/ØÛþa
†Èí@Së ñìvÏ@Éß@òÔ ä½a@êˆç@óÏ@æë/ØÛc@Ý×@lˆ¬g æc †ÈiI@‰bînÛa@pýßby@åß@òË‰bÏ
@Depletion Area@HòyëŒä½a@ëcI ònî½a@òÔ ä½bi@òÔ ä½a@êˆç@óà<më@HaŠy
òÔ ä½a@ójãbu@óÜÇ@òäz’Ûa@pýßby@åß@´ÐÜn«@´Çìã@…ìuëë@ñŠçbÄÛa@êˆ? òvînãë
N Voltage@Barrier@Œub§a@†è¦bi@ÒŠÈí@òÔ ä½a@êˆç@óÜÇ@†èu@æìØní@òyëŒä½a
N …ìía†Ûbi@ÒëŠÈ½a@óöbärÛa@òÔîÔ§a@óÏ@óç@òîöbärÛa@òÜ•ìÛaë
- - JW
BESCONOV
Z óßbßþa@‹bîšà
òí‰b jÜÛ@kuì½a@ÒŠ Ûa@Ý•ìí@sîy@óöbärÜÛ@óßbßþa@‹bîšà ´jí@µbnÛa@ÕÏŠ½a@ÝØ’Ûa
†è¦a@åß@ÝÜÔã@æc@Éî n<ã òÔíŠ Ûa@êˆèië@N@ñ‰ìÜÜjÛbi@kÛb<Ûa ÒŠ Ûaë@P@ñ‰ìÜjÛbi
NbèîÏ@‰bînÛa@Š¹ë@ñ‰a†Ûa@ÕÜÌnÛ@òyëŒä½a@òÔ ä½a@—Ç ‰ëŠàÜÛ@pbãë/ØÛà ÉÏ†ãë@Œub§a
- - JW
BESCONOV
Z Hó<ØÈÛaI óÐÜä@‹bîšà
@òí‰b jÜÛ@kuì½a@ÒŠ Ûa@Ý•ìí@sîy@óöbärÜÛ@ó<ØÈÛa@‹bîšà ´jí@µbnÛa@ÕÏŠ½a@ÝØ’Ûa
†è¦a@åß@†íŒã@æc@Éî n<ã òÔíŠ Ûa@êˆèië@P ñ‰ìÜÜjÛbi@kÛb<Ûa@ÒŠ Ûaë@N ñ‰ìÜjÛbi
@laˆ¬•Û paìvÐÛaë@òí‰b jÜÛ@kuì½a@ÒŠ ÜÛ@laˆ¬•Û pbãë/ØÛà ÉÏ†ãë@Œub§a
@‰ëŠß@ÑÓìíë@òyëŒä½a@òÔ ä½aë@Œub§a@†è¦a@åß@†íŒí@b¾@òí‰b jÜÛ@kÛb<Ûa@ÒŠ ÜÛ
Nñ‰a†Ûa@óÏ@‰bînÛa
Z æ†È½aë@†î<×þaë@pý•ì½a@êbj‘c@åß@Êìä–½aë@µbaa qdnÛa@‰ìn ŒãaŠm
µbaa ‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÝàÇ@óÏ@éîÜÇ@†än<ä ôˆÛa@3b þa@É™ìÛ@oãb×@òß†Ô½a@êˆç@Ý×

@ MOSFET
Z@åß@k×/í µbnÛa@ÝØ’Ûbi@bà×@ìçë@<<
- - JW
BESCONOV
P ÊìäÛa@åß@ëc@HÝØ’Ûa@´àîi@bà×I N@ÊìäÛa@åß@bßg@óçë@Substrate òîÜÐ òÔj0 MQ

HÝØ’Ûa@‰b<îi@bà×I
H P <]]> N òîÜÐ<Ûa@òÔj Ûa@•ØÈiI ÊìäÛa@•Ðã@åß@´m‰ìÜi@åß@ńÔ äß@MR
NHSource@Éjä½aë@Drain ÒŠ–½aI bàçë@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÒaŠ0 c åß@´ÏŠ0 æýr¹ë
‰bînÜÛ@òÜ•ìß@ Ë ñ…bß@óçë@HSIO2 æìØîÜ<Ûa@†î<×c@óãbqI †î<×ëþa@åß@òÔj0 MS
NHòÛ‹bÇI@óiŠèØÛa
@ Gate òiaìjÛa@ìçë@‰ìn Œãa/ÜÛ@sÛbrÛa@ÒŠ Ûa@Ýr·ë@æ†È½a@åß@òÔj0 MT
N-@Þaë@P-Cahnnel@Þa@bàç@æbÇìã@éÛ@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@aˆç@æc@ÝØ’Ûa@åß@bšíc@†¬ë@<<
ÒŠ–½aI@ńîjãb¦a@´m‰ìÜjÛaë@òîÜÐ<Ûa@òÔj Ûa@Êìã@‰bîn c k<¡ Channel
NHÉjä½aë
M†î<×c@M Ý•ìß@éj‘I MOS@õŒ¦a@bäàèÏ@†Ó@æìØã@òÔib<Ûa@Éi‰þa@ÂbÔäÛa@åßë@<<

N ‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@aˆç@á c åß@Hæ†Èß
- - JW
BESCONOV
Z@MOSFET Ûa@ÝàÇ@ñŠØÏ
ÞbaaI †èu@ÕíŠ0 åÇ@xŠä@‰bîni@áØznÛa@ání@pa‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@åß@ÊìäÛa@aˆç@óÏ

@ _ ÙÛ‡@ÑîØÏ@NN Ý †Ûa@HóiŠèØÛa
@ÒŠ Ûbi@Éjä½aë@òí‰b jÛ@kuì½a ÒŠ Ûbi@ÒŠ–½a@Ýî•ìm@ sîyI µbnÛa@ÝØ’Ûa@ŠÄãc
Hb? kÛb<Ûa
@ÒŠ–½aë@Éjä½a@í@‰bîm@ôc@Š¹@åÛ@éãhÏ@Gate òiaìjÛa@óÜÇ@†èu@É™ë@â†Ç@òÛby@óÏ@MQ
HŠ<íþa@ÝØ’ÛaI
‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@æc@Åyü@M@Hå¹þa@ÝØ’Ûa@óÏI òiaìjÛa@óÜÇ@kuìß@†èu@É™ë@òÛby@óÏ@MR
@lˆvän ÒŠ–½aë@Éjä½a@óm‰ìÜi@óÏ@ñ…ìuì½a@ñŠ§a@pbãë/ØÛà æhÏ@M N@ñbäÔÛa@Êìã@åß
NÒŠ–½aë@Éjä½a@í@‰bînÛa@‰ëŠ½@ñbäÓ@òãìØß@òiaìjÛa@†äÇ@æìØn½a@kuì½a@óiŠèØÛa@ÞbvàÜÛ
òàîÓ@ Ìnm@µbnÛbië@òiaìjÛa@†äÇ@óiŠèØÛa@Þbaa ñìÔÛ@bÈjm@ñbäÔÛa@êˆç@ávy@ Ìníë
NÒŠ–½aë@Éjä½a@í@‰b½a@‰bînÛa
‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@æc@Åyü@M@Hå¹þa@ÝØ’Ûa@óÏI òiaìjÛa@óÜÇ@kÛb †èu@É™ë@òÛby ¿ MS

- - JW
BESCONOV
ÞbvàÜÛ@lˆvän ÒŠ–½aë@Éjä½a@óm‰ìÜi@óÏ@ñ…ìuì½a@paìvÐÛa@æhÏ@MP ñbäÔÛa@Êìã@åß

NÒŠ–½aë@Éjä½a@í@‰bînÛa@‰ëŠ½@ñbäÓ@òãìØß@òiaìjÛa@†äÇ@æìØn½a@kÛb<Ûa@óiŠèØÛa
@òàîÓ@ Ìnm@µbnÛbië@òiaìjÛa@†äÇ@óiŠèØÛa@Þbaa ñìÔÛ@bÈjm@ñbäÔÛa@êˆç@ávy@ Ìníë
NÒŠ–½aë@Éjä½a@í@‰b½a@‰bînÛa
ü ‰bînÛa@æhÏ@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@òîÔië@òiaìjÛa@í@HòÛ‹bÈÛaI †î<×ëþa@ñ…bß@…ìuìÛ@éãc@Åyü

†è¦a@ÕíŠ0 åÇ@ÒŠ–½aë@Éjä½a@í@‰b½a@‰bînÛbi@áØznÛa@ání@ÁÔÏë@N@bàèäîi@Š¹
@NòiaìjÛa@óÜÇ@…ìuì½a HóiŠèØÛa@ÞbaaI
Z HCMOSI@áàn½a@MOSFET Ûa
Oxide @Complementary Metal@òÜàvÜÛ@‰b–n c ìç@CMOSÞa@|Ü –ß

@Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
@ N-Channel ,P-Channel óÇìã@åß@åí‰ìn ŒãaŠm@í@Éà£@ñ‰a…@åÇ@ñ‰bjÇ@ìçë
Z ómŒb×@éÜàÇ@æìØíë
P- ‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÝàÈí@HLOWI@òiaìjÛa@óÜÇ@bšÐ‚äß@Ý †Ûa@ôìn<ß æìØí@bß†äÇ@MQ
- - JW
BESCONOV
@N éÏŠ–½@ê‰†–ß@åß@‰bînÛa@ŠíŠ·@óÜÇ HP ñbäÔÛa@ë‡@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ôcI MOS FET

NŠ Œa ‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÝàÈí@üë
N- ‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ÝàÈí@HHighI òiaìjÛa@óÜÇbÈÐmŠß@Ý †Ûa@ôìn<ß æìØí@bß†äÇ@MR
ÝàÈí@üë@N ê‰†–½@éÏŠ–ß@åß HN@ñbäÔÛa@ë‡@‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@ôcI MOS FET
NŠ Œa ‰ìn Œãa/Ûa
@òî<ØÇ@ñ‰ì–i@PMOSÞa ë N-MOSÞa ÝàÈí@CMOSÞa@ñ‰a…@óÏ@éãc@ôc

NHü Š Œaë@‰Š¹@bàç†ycI
åß ÙÛ‡@ÑÐ‚îÏ@HòîÛbÇ@pa‰†ÓI òîÛbÇ@p‰bîm@Éß@ÝßbÈnÛa@†äÇ@òÛb§a@êˆç@åß@…bÐn<íë
Éß Š þa@|íŠí@bàäîi@oÓìÛa@Ñ–ã@bàèäß@ý× ÝàÈí@sîy@åí‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@åß@ý×@´‚<m
N@òiaìjÛa@óÜÇ@òÇb òšjã@Þb …hi@ÙÛ‡ë@xŠä@püby@óÜÇ@ÃbÐ§a
Z ò·b
@Ý †m@sîy@BJT@pa‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@òÐîÜ MOSFET Êìã@åß@pa‰ìn Œãa/Ûa@—nÈm

@ò•b òîàÓŠÛa@pa‰a†Ûaë@òÜßbØn½a@pa‰a†Ûa@õbäi@óÏ@b•ì– ë òrí†§a@pa‰a†Ûa@áÄÈß@óÏ
- "- JW
BESCONOV
N|îmbÐà×@bèßa†‚n g †äÇ@b•ì– õa…þa@óÏ@òÇŠ åß@éi@Œîànm@b½
MZ éÃìzÜß
ñbäÔÛa@Tb•ì– ë oÐ ìß@pa‰ìn Œãa/Ûa n pa‰a…@¿@âa†‚n üa@ñ r× òÜßbÈÛa@òíˆÌnÛa

ëc@ÝÔn<ß ‰ìn ŒãaŠm@ÝØ’i@ðc@ð…ŠÏ@ÝØ’i@oãb×@õaì Éî ÔnÛa@Á¸@¿ ‰ìn Œãa/×
Þa òÜöbÇ@Ýrß@òÜßbØnß@ñ‰a…@åà™@ijß STR
ë pbãìíŒÐÜnÛa@¿ òíˆÌnÛa@pa†yë@åß@bç Ë ë pa‰ìnîãì½a ...
ê‰ì•
MOSFET@‰ìn Œãa/ÜÛ
- %- JW
BESCONOV
MZbrÛbq
¿ áØznÜÛ@â†‚n<më@L@bßa†‚n aë bÇìî‘@òîãë/ØîÛà É ÔÛa@Šr×cë@áçc@åß ïçë

âëþa@ñ†yìi@òßëbÔ½a@3bÔm ë L@H jßþaI ‰bînÛa@ñ†‘ë@L@HoÛìÐÛaI@†è¦a@ÖŠÏ
R . ŒßŠÛbi@ŒßŠmë@LOhm
1 Ohm 12
1000 Ohms = 1 K Ohm 1 K 2
1000000 Ohms = 1 M Ohm 1 M 2
Êaìãc áçcë@L@bèäß@òj×Š½a@…aì½aë@L@bèÈä•@òîÐî×@k<y óÜÇ@bènîÇìã@ÑÜn¥ë
:ïç@pbßëbÔ½a
.ònibrÛa@òßëbÔ½a1-
.ñ Ìn½a@òßëbÔ½a2-
.òîöìšÛa@òßëbÔ½a3-
. òí‰aŠ§a@òßëbÔ½a4-
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ïöbiŠèØÛa ‰bînÛa@ŠíŠ·@¿@bèm‰†Ó@k<y óÜÇ@bèßa†‚n a ¿ ÑÜn¥ë@bènàîÓ@pbjri@pbßëbÔ½a êˆç@Œîànm
@ïÛbnÛa@ÝØ’Ûaë@ñ Ì–Ûa@pa‰bînÜÛ ñ Ì•@ôŠ cë@ñ jØÛa@pa‰bînÛa@¿@â†‚n<m ñ j×@âbvyc@pa‡@pbßëbÔß@ÚbäèÏ
.b?bØ‘aë@bèÇaìãa@œÈi@|™ìí
- &- JW
BESCONOV
òíŠÐ•@HòÜ•ëIòßëbÔß âìîä½di@ñb Ìß@òßëbÔß

Jumper (Zero Ohm) Aluminum Housed
œÐ‚äß@âëc@pa‡@òßëbÔß òîãìiŠ× òßëbÔß

Low Ohm Carbon Comp
òîØj‘ òßëbÔß @ òîØîßa òßëbÔß

Network Ceramic Encased
ïÛbÇ@†èu@pa‡ òîàÜÏ@òßëbÔß òîàÜÏ òßëbÔß

Power Film Film
- '- JW
BESCONOV
ò•b òßëbÔß òîöb Ë òßëbÔß
òîz òßëbÔß òíŠè–ß òßëbÔß

Surface Mount Fusible
ñ‰aŠzÜÛ ò b<y òßëbÔß ïÛbÇ@†èu pa‡@òßëbÔß

Temp. Sensitive High Voltage
òîØÜ òßëbÔß ïÛbÇ@âëc@pa‡@òßëbÔß

Wire wound High Ohm
@énibrÛa@éîÛbÈÛa@ê‰†ÔÛa@pbßëbÔß@œÈiFig. 1.1b:
éšÐ‚½a@ê‰†ÔÛa@pbßëbÔß@œÈiFig. 1.1a
ê Ìn½aë
- - JW
BESCONOV
(Potentiometer or Variable Resistor VR) :ñ Ìn½a@òßëbÔ½a: bîãbq

…ëa/m sîy@L@bènàîÓ@ îÌm@åØ¹@òßëbÔß@ïç
N@b? òàîÓ@ó–Ócë@ŠÐ–Ûa@í@bènàîÓ
L 10K2 òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@æc@ÞìÔm@bß†äÇ@Z ýràÏ
âëc@ŠÐ–Ûa@í@…ëa/m òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@æc@iÈí
@óàÄÈÛa@bènàîÓ@Ý–m@óny@bíë†í@wí‰†nÛbi@…a…Œmë
óÜÇ@bènîjrm@åØ¹ë@L (0-10K2) 10K2
@N@òäîÈß@òàîÓ
@ñŒèuþa@òÏb×@¿@ñ Ìn½a@òßëbÔ½a@ñ†çb’ß@åØ¹ë
@Bìí…aŠÛaB@‹bè¦a@pì•@ÉÏ‰@†íŠã@bß†äÈÏ@L@òîmì–Ûa
L ñ Ìn½a@òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@¿@ Ìã@bäãhÏ@éšÐ®@ëc
@pì–Ûa@æhÏ@bçb–Óc@òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@Ý–m@bß†äÈÏ
@N@pì–Ûa@ÉÏ‰@†äÇ@•ØÈÛaë@ñ†‘@ÝÓc@µg@œÐ‚äí
Zbèäß@Š×ˆã@ñ Ìn½a@pbßëbÔ½a@åß@Êaìãc@ñ†Ç@Úbäç
ñ Ìn½a@òßëbÔ½a
òîãa‰ë†Ûa
ñ Ìn½a@òßëbÔ½a
òî ä
@ñ Ìn½a@òßëbÔ½a
@òíŠöa†Ûa
¿ òß†‚n<½a
…aìÛþa
òîãë/ØîÛüa
- - JW
BESCONOV
Z òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@ñõaŠÓ
.bènàîÓ@òÏŠÈ½@òãìÜß@Öaì0 di@òßëbÔ½a@pŒîß
Öì Ûa@ìçëB ïšÐÛa@ëc@²çˆÛa@Öì Ûa@µg@ŠÄãc òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@xaŠ `ë
Öì Ûa@ÝÈuaë@L@B òßëbÔ½a ¿ d ä@ëc@pëbÐnÛa@òj<ã …†°@ðˆÛa
" .´àîÛa µg@‰b<îÛa@åß@ñõaŠÔÛa@a†icë@Ùäî¹@óÜÇ@ïšÐÛa@ëc@²çˆÛa
@åß@ñõaŠÔÛa@c†jÏ@ïšÏ@ëc@²ç‡@Öì0 b? •îÛ@pbßëbÔ½a@œÈi@Úbäç
" .ÙÜ<Ûa@åß@ÒŠ0 ðþ@lŠÓþa Öì Ûa
Z ïÛbÔmŠi@…ì a ii bèãìÛ@òßëbÔß@Z Týrß
ii æìÜÛa@L@Êì™ì½a@Þë†¦a@k<y óÜÇ@éàÓ‰@kn×cë@éãìÛ@…†yë@Þëþa@Öì ÜÛ@ŠÄãc@L@´àîÛa@µg@‰b<îÛa@åß@c†ic

@ŠÐ•@ðëb<íë@ii æìÜÛa@L@Êì™ì½a@Þë†¦a@k<y óÜÇ@éàÓ‰@kn×cë@éãìÛ@…†yë@ïãbrÛa@Öì ÜÛ@ŠÄãc@áq@L@Q@ðëb<íë
L S@ðëb<íë@ïÛbÔmŠi@æìÜÛa@L@Êì™ì½a@Þë†¦a@k<y óÜÇ@éàÓ‰@kn×cë@éãìÛ@…†yë@ þaë@sÛbrÛa@Öì ÜÛ@ŠÄãc@áq@L
@†äÇë@ohmsQPPPP òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@|j–nÏ@L@‰bÐ•c@S ðëb<í S Týrß@âbÓ‰c@µg@ þa@Öì Ûa@¿@…†ÈÛa@ Ë
@10 Kohm @|j–m@bèjíŠÔm
- - JW
BESCONOV
ìç TaŠÏìm@Šr×þa@x‡ìàäÛa N ER± ë EQ± òÓ†Ûa@pa‡@pbßëbÔ½a@¿@â†‚n<í òîãìÛ@òßŒyc@ò<à¢@Œîß/Ûa@ñ…bÇ

N òîãìÛ@òßŒyc@òÈi‰di@ñ…bÇ@ïmdí EU±
d ä@¿@pëbÐm@ëc@d @òj<ã Úbäç@åØÛ@L@ÁjšÛbi@òîÜÈÐÛa@òàîÔÛb×@òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@Éšm@ü@Éãb–½a@ZòÄyýß

@N Tolerance
æìÛ@k<y óÜÇ@3bÔm@ò0 b<ji@ïçë@L@òßëbÔ½a@òÓ…@òÏŠÈ½@BïšÐÛa@ëc@²çˆÛaB þa@Öì Ûa@Éãb–½a@oÈ™ë@ÙÛˆÛ

N c Öì0 Ë åß@òßëbÔàÜÛ ERPë EQP@ïšÐÛaë EU@ê‰†Ó@d @òj<ã Úbäç@éãc@iÈí@²çˆÛa@æìÜÛbÏ@L@Öì Ûa
- - JW
BESCONOV
@ _ bçd @òj<ã Éß@²ç‡@ïÛbÔmŠi@…ì a ii òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@k<ya@ZÞbrß

@Z íbß@bènàîÓë EU bçd @òj<ã æìØm@òßëbÔ½a
@N ohm@QPUP µg@ohm@YUP
@Zíbß@bènàîÓë EQP bçd @òj<ã æìØm@ïšÏ@Öì0 pa‡@oãb×@òßëbÔ½a@a‡gë
@N ohm@QQPP µg@ohm@YPP
@Zíbß@bènàîÓë ERP bçd @òj<ã æìØm@Öì0 æë†i@oãb×@òßëbÔ½a@a‡gë
@N ohm@QRPP@µg@ohm@XPP
MZbrÛbq
Z HPhoto resistorI òîöìšÛa@òßëbÔ½a
Cadmium I âìîß…bØÛa@†îní—× ñ…bß@åß@ñ…bÇ@òîöìšÛa@òßëbÔ½a@Éä–m

@¿ òîöìšÛa@òßëbÔàÜÛ@òîöbiŠèØÛa@òßëbÔ½a@æìØm@ë@L@CdS ëc@HSulfide
ªŠÈnm@bß†äÇ@åØÛë@âëc@bvîß@R @åß@Šr×c@µg@Ý–m@†Ó@a†u@òîÛbÇ@âýÄÛa
Nâëþa@åß@pb÷ß@Éši@µg@bènßëbÔß@œÐ‚äm@‰ìäÜÛ
N âa†‚ à òÜè ë ‰ìäÜÛ@Ta†u@ò b<y òîöìšÛa@òßëbÔ½a@—nÈmë
- - JW
BESCONOV
..òßëbÔß@µg@õìšÛa@Ýíì¤@óÜÇ@âìÔm@ïçë
âìí…bØÛa †îÐÜ åß@pbßëbÔ½a@êˆç@Éä–m
(CDS)
ñõb™à ñ†‘@…bí…‹a@†äÇ@òîßëþa@bènàîÓ@œÐ‚äm
..õìšÛa ªbÐ®a@†äÇ bènàîÓ@…a…Œmë@L
M RI µg@âýÄÛa@¿@òîàÄÇþa@bènàîÓ@Ý–m
ohm) ..
QPPI µgbènàîÓ@Ý–m@É•bäÛa@†í†’Ûa@õìšÛa ¿ë
ohm) ..
MZTbÈia‰
@éí‰aŠ§a@éßëbÔ½a@
(Thermistor) : ‰ìn<ß‰brÛaI
òßëbÔß@µg@ñ‰aŠ§a@Þì°@ïãë/ØÛg@Š–äÇ ìçë
..ò îga ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰†Û@TbÔj0 bènàîÓ@ Ìnm
ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@…bí…‹bi@—Ôäm@Š–äÈÛa@aˆç@òßëbÔß
..
òßëbÔß@òîjíŠvnÛa òîÛbnÛa@paõaŠÔÛa@…†¤
:ñ‰aŠ§a@pbu‰…@†äÇ@Š–äÈÛa
òßëbÔ½a æìØm (°C0) †àvn½a@õb½a@¿-
H12 k ohmI@òîÛbÇ
- - JW
BESCONOV
òßëbÔ½a@æìØmC) RU°I òÏŠÌÛa@ñ‰aŠy@òu‰…@¿-

H5 kohmI
400 I òßëbÔ½a@|j–m c QPP°I ïÜÌ½a@õb½a@¿-
Hohm
MZæbÇìã@b? òí‰aŠ§a@éßëbÔ½aë
.ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@ÉÐm‰c@†äÇ@òîßëþa@bènàîÓ@…a…Œm (PTC) : òjuì½a@òí‰aŠ§a òßëbÔ½a-
.ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@ÉÐm‰c †äÇ@òîßëþa@bènàîÓ —Ôäm (NTC) : òjÛb<Ûa òí‰aŠ§a@òßëbÔ½a-
:pbßëbÔ½a@Êaìãc
Ìnm@ü@ònibq@òàîÓ@b? XÛa@òßëbÔ½a@ïçë Z HòîØÜ – òîãìiŠ×@I ònibrÛa@pbßëbÔ½a NQ

N HæaìÛcI Š‘bjß@ Ë ëc@HâbÓ‰cI@Š‘bjß@ÝØ’i@bèîÜÇ@òiìnØß@òàîÔÛa@êˆç@æìØmë@L
b? æìØíë@L@æìiŠØÛa@åß@òÇìä–ß@bèîÏ@òÜÓbäÛa@ñ…b½a@æìØmë@Z òîãìiŠØÛa@pbßëbÔ½a NR
N ñ Ì•@bnÇb n a åØÛë@ñ j×@òîßëc@áîÓ
- "- JW
BESCONOV
òßëbÔ½a@á<u óÜÇ@ÒìÐÜß@æìØí@ÙÜ bèîÏ@òÜÓbäÛa@ñ…b½a@æìØmë@Z òîØÜ<Ûa@pbßëbÔ½a NS

@L òÌÛ@Ý×@í@òÏb<ß Úbäç@æìØí@æc@k°ë@òßëbÔ½a@òàîÓ@k<y pbÐÜÛa@åß@´Èß@…†Ç
N@ñ j×@æìØm@òÇb n üa@åØÛë@L@bß@bÇìã@ñ Ì•@òîßëc@áîÓ@b? æìØíë
ò×Šznß@òÜ•ë@ò aìi@bîØîãbØîß@òßëbÔ½a@êˆç@òàîÓ@ Ìnm@Z ñ Ìn½a@pbßëbÔ½a NT

N Hòí‰aŠyI bí‰aŠy@ëc@Hòîöì™I °bîöì™@ëc@HòÔÛŒäßI
Z HLDRI òîöìšÛa@òßëbÔ½a NU
@Z ‰ìn ŠíbÐÛa@HVDRI@ Ìn½a@æìà°ØÛa@òßëbÔß NY

êˆç@òàîÓ@—Ôäm@éãc@sîy@éîÏŠ0 óÜÇ@Õj ½a@†èvÜÛ@TbÔj0 énàîÓ@ Ìí@Š–äÇ@ìçë
@òj<äÛbi@òàèß@ Ë òîj ÔÛa@æc@bà×@L@bèîÏŠ0 óÜÇ@Õj ½a@æìàØÛa@ÖŠÏ@…a…‹a@bàÜ×@òßëbÔ½a
@ @NN@Š–äÈÛa@aˆç@µg
@òíb»@¿@VDR òßëbÔ½a@âa†‚n a
NN@òîöbiŠèØÛa@pa‰a†Ûa@Š•bäÇ
- %- JW
BESCONOV
‰ìn ŠíbÐÜÛ@Œîà½a@izä½a@´jí@Õib<Ûa@ÝØ’Ûa
@NN@´çb£üa@¿
†èvÜÛ@òäîÈß@òjnÇ@†äÇ@éãc@Z ÝØ’Ûa@åß@Åyýã
@æìØí@ÙÛ‡@ÝjÓë@L@ j×@ÝØ’i@…a…Œí@‰bînÛa@æhÏ
NN Tbnibqë@TaŠÔn<ß †è¦a
@Z ‰ìn ŠíbÐÛa@HVDRI@ Ìn½a@æìà°ØÛa@òßëbÔß NY

@Õj ½a@æìàØÛa@ÖŠÏ …a…‹a@bàÜ×@òßëbÔ½a@êˆç@òàîÓ@—Ôäm@éãc@sîy@éîÏŠ0 óÜÇ@Õj ½a@†èvÜÛ@TbÔj0 énàîÓ@ Ìí@Š–äÇ@ìçë
@ @NN@Š–äÈÛa@aˆç@µg@òj<äÛbi@òàèß@ Ë òîj ÔÛa@æc@bà×@L@bèîÏŠ0 óÜÇ
- &- JW
BESCONOV
NN@òîöbiŠèØÛa@pa‰a†Ûa@Š•bäÇ@òíb»@¿@VDR òßëbÔ½a@âa†‚n a
@¿ ‰ìn ŠíbÐÜÛ@Œîà½a@izä½a@´jí@Õib<Ûa@ÝØ‘
@NN ´çb£üa
†èvÜÛ@òäîÈß@òjnÇ@†äÇ@éãc@Z ÝØ’Ûa@åß@Åyýã
@æìØí@ÙÛ‡@ÝjÓë@L@ j×@ÝØ’i@…a…Œí@‰bînÛa@æhÏ
NN@Tbnibqë@TaŠÔn<ß †è¦a
- '- JW
BESCONOV
@ ‰ìn ŠíbÐÜÛ@òÇìj ½a@pbßýÈÜÛ@òÐÜn‚½a@ÞbØ‘þa
ïãë/ØÛà ŒßŠÛa
NN lëbän½a@‰bînÛa@ôìn<ß åß@†§a@Ýuc@åß@Ýà§a@Éß@‰ìn ŠíbÐÛa@Ýî•ìm@´jí@Õib<Ûa@ÝØ’Ûa
- - JW
BESCONOV
NN Hbèäß@õŒu@Ý×@¿@‰ìn ŠíbÐÛa@ÅyüI òÜßb×@áØ¤@òßìÄäß@Éß@‰ìn ŠíbÐÛa@Ýî•ìm@´jí@ïÛbnÛa@ÝØ’Ûa
‰ìn ŠíbÐÛa@pbÔîj m œÈi@Õib<Ûa@ÝØ’Ûa@´jí
- - JW
BESCONOV
MZTbÈia‰
ñ…b ß åß@‰b0 g óÜÇ@ÒìÐÜß@ÞëŒÈß@ÙÜ åß@ÑÜ½a@k×/í Z@pbÐÜ½a@kî×Šm

pbÐÜ½a@kî×Šm
@Zbèäß@ÞbØ‘c@ñ†Ç@óÜÇ@æìØm@æc@åØ¾ë@former òÛ‹bÇ
N pýî n<ß ð‹aìnß@ëc@kÈØß@ëc@òãaì c ÝØ‘@óÜÇ MQ
k ÜÓ@æì Øí@@æc@å Ø¾@ë L Tb Ë‰bÏë@Tb Ïì©@‰b0 à kÜÓ@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@MR
ñ…b ß ëc@† í†y@Öìz< ß ëc@ò í†í†y@|öaŠ’ i TüìÌ’ ß ‰b 0 à
N ferrite oí‰ ÐÛa
¿ òjËŠÛa@†äÇ@ÙÛ‡ë@†í†§a@åß@ÒýÌi@ÑÜ½a@ÑÜÌí@æc åØ¾@MS
Ñ ÜÌí@† Óë@ò îu‰bä@òî< î0 bäÌ½a@püb abi@Ñ Ü½a@Šqd ní@üc
N ÑîÜÌm@æë†i@Ú/í †Óë@L@éníbà§@Ùîn ýjÛa@åß@ÒýÌi
ZÙÜ ¿ ‰bîm@‰ëŠß
L ï< î0 bäÌß@Þb © ÙÜ< Ûa@aˆ ç Þìy@d’äí@ÙÜ ¿ ‰bîm@Š¹@bß†äÇ

N@ÙÜ<Ûa@¿@‰b½a@‰bînÛa@†íaŒni@Þbaa aˆç@†íaŒní
- - JW
BESCONOV
ZÑÜß@¿@‰bîm@‰ëŠß
´ Èß@êb £a@¿@Tbî<î0 bäÌß@Tüb©@ó ÈîÛ@òäîÈß@òÔíŠ i ÙÜ<Ûa@ÑÜí

N@áà–½a@ÝjÓ@åß@bÔj<ß …†ª
† îÛa@ñ† ÇbÔÛ@ï< î0 bäÌ½a@Þb aaë@Ñ ÜÛaë@‰b înÛa@pb çb£a@Éš ¥ë

N@óäàîÛa
Z@óäàîÛa@†îÛa@ñ†ÇbÓ
óäàîÛa@†îÛa@ñ†ÇbÓ
¿ Ñ Ü½a@Þì y ÙÈib•c@ÑnÜm@sî¡@óäàîÛa@Ú†í@¿@ÑÜ½a@oÈ™ë@a‡g
@Þb aa êb £a@µg@ ’ í âb èià Éj •c@æb Ï ‰b înÛa@‰ëŠ ß êb£a@•Ðã
@bèÈä– í ðˆ Ûa@o Óû½a@•î0 b äÌàÜÛ@ïÛbà’Ûa@k ÔÛa@µaë@ÑÜ½a@Ý a…
N@ÑÜ½a@aˆç
Z@ïmaˆÛa@s§a
ïmaˆÛa@s§a
ï< î0 bäÌ½a@Þbaa òàîÓ@æbÏ@L@lëbän½a@‰bînÛa@Éß@Þb§a@ìç@bà×@Tb–Ôã@ëc@ñ…bí‹@ Ìnm@ÑÜ½a@¿@‰b½a@‰bînÛa@òàîÓ@oãb×@a‡g

¿ —Ôä Ûaë@ñ…b íŒÛa@ª‰b Èí@†èu@ÑÜ½a@¿Š0 óÜÇ@†Ûìní@òÛb§a@êˆç@¿ë@L@Tb–Ôã@ëc@ñ…bí‹@Tbšíc@ Ìnm@‰bînÛa@åÇ@ø‘bäÛa
òî •b ë L î ÌnÛa@të† § ª‰b È½a@† è¦a@aˆ ç ò àîÓ@p…a‹@b àÜ×@‰b înÛa@ Ìm@Þ† Èß@…a‹@b àÜ×ë@L@Ñ Ü½a@¿@‰b ½a@‰bînÛa
N B@ïmaˆÛa s§a@B óà<m êˆç@ò™‰bÈ½a
N ïmaˆÛa@s§bi@†Ûìß@†èu@ëc@wnän<ß †èu@ëc@szn<ß †èu@Z ÌnÛa@të†§@ª‰bÈÛa@†è¦a@óà<íë

Z@ïmaˆÛa@s§a@3bîÓ@pa†yë
ïmaˆÛa@s§a@3bîÓ@pa†yë
ï Üî½aI ëc HðŠ ä?aI ñ† yìi@Ñ Ü½@ïmaˆ Ûa@s §a@3b Ôí
- - JW
BESCONOV
N HðŠäç
1H = 1000mH = 106 AH
pbÐÜ½a@òÈãb¾
Z@pbÐÜ½a@òÈãb¾
@S~QT ]Â@Z sîy N ÑÜ½a@sy@F ……/Ûa F Â FR@] ÑÜ½a@òÈãb¾
Z@a‡g@ÑÜ½@ïmaˆÛa@s§a@…a…Œí
a‡g@ÑÜ½@ïmaˆÛa@s§a@…a…Œí
N éÛì0 ÝÓë@òÈ Ôß@òyb<ß p…a‹ MQ
N émbÐÛ@…†Ç@…a‹ MR
N o í ÐÛa@ñ…b ß å ß ëc@† í†§a@Öìz< ß ëc@† í†§b×@òî< î0 bäÌß@ñ…b ß å ß k ÜÓ@Ñ ÜàÜÛ@æb × MS

N |îz•@•ØÈÛaë
Z@ÑÜ½a@òÈãb¾@†íŒm
ÑÜ½a@òÈãb¾@†íŒm
N ÑÜ½bi@ñ‰b½a@ñ‰b‘à ……Šm@ñ…bíŒi MQ
@N ÑÜ½a@sy@ñ…bíŒi MR
N bàèîÜØi MS
For example, if f equals 684 kHz, while L=0.6 mH, coil reactance will
be:
Link Bar 0
- - JW
BESCONOV
Z Types@Coils @pbÐÜ½a@Êaìãc
pbÐÜ½a@Êaìãc
Z@kÜÔÛa@sîy@åß
kÜÔÛa@sîy@åß@ZZTüëc
Z@µg@ÑÜàÜÛ@ïÜ a†Ûa@‰b0 à Ý a…@Œî§a ÝÌ’m@XÛa@ñ…bàÜÛ@TbÔÏë@pbÐÜ½a@Ñä–m
- - JW
BESCONOV
Z@ïöaìç@kÜÓ@pa‡@pbÐÜß
ïöaìç@kÜÓ@pa‡@pbÐÜß MQ
s §aë@H b èjÜÓ@Ý a† i bßI ïÜ a†Ûa@bç‰b0 g Ý a†i@bß@õaì?a ÝÌ’í@XÛa@pbÐÜ½a@ÙÜm@óçë

N@ Ì•@pbÐÜ½a@êˆç@Ýr½@ïmaˆÛa
Z@ð†í†y@kÜÓ@pa‡@pbÐÜß@
ð†í†y@kÜÓ@pa‡@pbÐÜß@MR
ï< î0 bäÌ½a@Þb aa æb Ï L ð†í†y@kÜÓ@ÑÜ½a@Ý a…@É™ë@a‡g

@ïÛb nÛbië@L@éu‰b Ta r×@…Š’í@üë@ÑÜ½a@Þìyë@Ý a…@Œ×/í
@pb ÐÜ½a@åß@ÊìäÛa aˆç@Ýrß@sy@Ý–í@†Ó@N ÑÜ½a@sy@åß@†íŒí
N ðŠäç QP@µg
pa‰b înÛbi@óà< m ð† í†§a@k ÜÔÛa@Ý a…@ïmaˆ Ûa@s §bi@ñ† Ûìnß@pa‰b îm@æc@L@pbÐÜ½a@åß@ÊìäÛa@aˆç@Ýrß@óÜÇ@kîÈí@åØÛë

k ÜÔÛa@ñ‰aŠ y ò u‰…@Êb Ðm‰@a kj< í b ¾ kÜÔÛa@aˆç@Ý a…@òîöaì’Ç@pbçb£a@¿@ÚŠznm@L@òîßaë†Ûa@pa‰bînÛa@ëc@òí‰b–Çà
pa‰b înÛa@âëb ÔnÛ@œÈj Ûa@bèš Èi@å Ç ò ÛëŒÈß@|öaŠ ‘ µg@ð† í†§a@k ÜÔÛa@á< Ôí@ÙÛˆ ÛëN@ò Ób Ûa@¿@†ÔÏë@ï<î0 bäÌ½a
N@ò îßaë†Ûa@ëc@òí‰b– Çà
|îib– ½a@Š öaë…@¿@â†‚n< m b à×@lëb än½a@‰b înÛa@áíì Ôm@Š öaë…@¿@áî ÈänÛa@¿@ð† í†§a@k ÜÔÛa@pa‡@pbÐÜ½a@â†‚n<më
N@òînä ‰ìÜÐÛa
- "- JW
BESCONOV
Z@†í†§a@Öìz<ß
†í†§a@Öìz<ß åß@kÜÓ@pa‡@pbÐÜß@MS
Öìz< ß Á Ü±@s îy@L@† í†§a@å ß Öìz< ß b èjÜÓ@Ý a†i@É™ìí@XÛa@pbÐÜ½a@ïçë

@ò îÛbÇ@ò îiŠè×@ò ßëbÔß@ë‡@ï< î0 bäÌß@k ÜÓ@ï ÈîÛ@ÁÌš íë@òÛ‹bÇ@ñ…b¶@†í†§a
N@ j×@†y@µg@òí‰b–Çà ëc@òîßaë†Ûa@pa‰bînÛa@ÝîÜÔm@ïÛbnÛbiëL
Z@oí‰
oí‰ ÐÛa@ñ…bß@åß@kÜÓ@pa‡@pbÐÜß@MT
Ta†u@òîÛbÇ@òîiŠèØÛa@bènßëbÔß@òî<î0 bäÌß@ñ…bß@oí ÐÛa@ñ…bßë@L@oí ÐÛa@ñ…bß@bèjÜÓ@Ý a†i@É™ìí@XÛa@pbÐÜ½a@ÙÜm@óçë
N bèÜ a…@òí‰b–Çà pa‰bînÛa@æbíŠ â†Ç@åàšã@ÙÛîëL@
- %- JW
BESCONOV
@ZZpa……/Ûa@sîy@åß@ZZbîãbq
@ low Frequency Coils@ZZ@œÐ‚ä½a@……/Ûa@pbÐÜß@MQ
@ ŒmŠç RP@åß@…ëa/m òîmì–Ûa@pa……/Ûa@æc@ÒëŠÈ½a@åßë@L@òîmì–Ûa@pa……/Ûa@¿@â†‚n<m XÛa@pbÐÜ½a@ïçë
N ð†í†§a@kÜÔÛa@pa‡@pbÐÜ½a@åß@œÐ‚ä½a@……/Ûa@pbÐÜßë N ŒmŠç@ìÜî× RP@µg@
@ZZ@Á
Á ìn½a@……/Ûa@pbÐÜß@MR
@¿ Á ìn½a@……/Ûaë@L@ò ìn½a@pa……/Ûa@¿@â†‚n<m XÛa@pbÐÜ½a@ïçë

N ŒmŠç@ìÜî×@TVU ðëb<í A M@ðìÈ<Ûa@Ýí†ÈnÛa@pa‡@ìí…aŠÛa@ñŒèuc
Öìz< ß å ß Êìä– ½a@k ÜÔÛa@pa‡@pb ÐÜ½a@å ß Á ìn½a@……/ Ûa@pb ÐÜßë

N@oí‰ ÐÛa@ñ…bß@ëc@†í†§a
@ High Frequency Coils@ZZ@ïÛbÈÛa@……/Ûa@pbÐÜß@

ïÛbÈÛa@……/Ûa@pbÐÜß@MS
b vîß R@åÇ@†íŒm@XÛa@òîÛbÈÛa@pa……/Ûa@¿@â†‚n<m XÛa@pbÐÜ½a@ïçë

N@ìí…aŠÛa@ñŒèuc@¿@áîÈänÛa@Šöaë…@Ýrß@L@ŒmŠç
N ïöaì?a kÜÔÛa@pa‡@pbÐÜ½a@åß@ïÛbÈÛa@……/Ûa@pbÐÜßë
……/ Ûa@ò Ûby@ó Ïë@L@ñ j × pbÐÜ½a@òÈãb¾@æìØm@ïÛbÈÛa@……/Ûa@òÛby@¿

@pa……/ Ûa@Ý– Ï å ß b ääØ¹@aˆçë@ñ Ì•@pbÐÜ½a@òÈãb¾@æìØm@œÐ‚ä½a
@……/ Ûa@b èîÏ@æ/ Ôí@X Ûa@Šöaë† Ûa@¿@ò îÛbÈÛa@pa……/ Ûa@å Ç òîmì– Ûa
N@œÐ‚ä½a@……/Ûa@Éß@ïÛbÈÛa
Z@pbÐÜ½a@‹ìß‰
pbÐÜ½a@‹ìß‰
- &- JW
BESCONOV
Z@Šàn<½a@‰bînÛa@Šöaë…@¿@ÑÜ½a
Šàn<½a@‰bînÛa@Šöaë…@¿@ÑÜ½a
µëþa@ò ÄzÜÛa@ˆ äß@óàÄÈÛa@énàîÓ@µg@Ý–í@ü@ÑÜ½bi@Šàî ðˆÛa@‰bînÛa@æbÏ@L@ÑÜß@óÜÇ@Šàn<ß †èu@ÁÜ a‡g

N@ÑÜ½a@¿@‰bînÛa@‰ëŠß@ª‰bÈí@ïmaˆÛa@s§bi@wnän<ß †èu@†Ûìm@kj<i ÙÛ‡ë
@† è¦a@æbÏ@L@ÑÜ½a@åÇ@Šàn<½a@†è¦a@Ý–Ï@a‡gë@L@Šàn<½a@‰bînÛbi@òÜî•ìm@†äÇ@ÑÜ½a@¿@Tbî¯‰†m@†íaŒní@‰bînÛa
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Elec-Basic Part 1&2&3

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Elec-Basic Part 1&2&3

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