DREAM Workshop

Grenoble, December, 15th

Smart ICT-enabled Rural Grid innovating

resilient electricity distribution infrastructures,
services and business models

Smart Rural Grid (FP7):

Smart and Micro-Grids for Rural Area

Andreas Sumper, Assoc. Prof., UPC

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for
research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 619610.
 Content

• Presenting myself
• The Philosophy
• The Smart Rural Grid Concept and Objectives
• The Pilot
• The Power Electronics
• The Communication
• The Local Optimization
• The End (and coffee)
 Introducing myself

• Dr. Andreas Sumper, Assoc. Prof.

– Dipl.-Ing. TU Graz
– PhD. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
– Leading Smart Grid research at CITCEA-UPC
– Research topics:
• Power system engineering
• Renewable, specially wind, integration in power systems
• Electrical energy efficiency
• Smart Grids
• Microgrids
 CITCEA-UPC
Is a centre for research and technology innovation born in
2001 inside the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC)
supported by the Government of Catalonia.
14 years' experience, 60 people, 110 customers, 200 projects,
9 M€ turnover, 10 patents, 1 spin-off (teknoCEA), more than
200 conference papers; more than 100 journal paper.
ACTIVITY FIELDS
MECHATRONICS:
Power electronics and electrical drives.
Automation, industrial ICTs.
ENERTRONICS:
Generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Economics, market and regulation of
electrical energy.
LIFE LONG LEARNING:
LLL Masters in Mechatronics and Enertronics. Courses and Seminars for professionals.

MECHATRONICS
Power electronics and converters, special
for applications in wind and PV
Digital control with DSP
Industrial communications
Data acquisition and signal processing
Process automation and Motion control
Electric vehicles and battery chargers
Design of electrical machines
ENERTRONICS
Electrical generation from renewable and
distributed generation
Wind generator design
Distribution and transmission grids
Control of wind generators and wind farms
Offshore wind farms and HVDC
Microgrids and smart grids
Condition monitoring and PQ
4
 CITCEA-UPC Spin-off company

Custom power electronics systems for research labs

•Power converters from 10 kW to 120 kW
•Control cards based on TI DSP
•PC embedded based HMI. Industrial Communications
•Application oriented DSP starter kits
•Educational test-benches
•Application examples:
• Emulators: energy resources (Grid, PV, Wind, Diesel,
Fuel-cell), storage and loads. Ready to be used.
• Research and educational AC and DC microgrids
• Battery and electrical vehicle chargers/dischargers.V2G

www.teknocea.cat
teknocea@teknocea.cat 5
Will the electricity system look
very different 20 years from
now?

And why?

6
 Every thing is now going SMART?

Michael E. Porter and James E. Heppelmann, Harvard Busines Reviews:

Smart, connected products are changing how value

is created for customers, how companies compete,
and the boundaries of competition itself. These
shifts will affect virtually every industry, directly
or indirectly.
• Electricity is a connected product
• Smartness is creating a non-commodity
• The value is shifting to the customers
• Competition is changing in the electricity sector
• The electricity sector is heavily impacted

7
 Prosumers

A.Toffler: Third Wave (1980): Mass Customization (M-C):

Mass customization is mass production of customized products.

Bring customers into the value chain by involving the customers in
production. Value sharing and prosumer oriented

• The prosumer is inevitably an energy market

participant
• The prosumer is an economically motivated entity.
• A potential co-player or an adversary to the
establishment
• A collection of prosumers can execute significant
market power

Source: Bremdal, SRG Symposium, Barcelona

 Will electricity markets look radically different in
McKinsey 2011
the future?

The case for change… … and why it might still not happen
Rapidly increasing volatility of electricity A few big infrastructure investments
markets, creating the need for flexible response could mitigate volatility – and destroy the
of the system business case for alternatives

Price differences in 2025 Summer Winter

Denmark Norway Denmark Norway

Average price (€/MWh) 52.0 50.3 59.1 60.1

Minimum price (€/MWh) 42.9 39.6 46.3 54.8

Maximum price (€/MWh) 57.9 55.6 70.9 64.2

Difference max-min
(€/MWh) 15.0 16.1 24.6 9.4

Source: Bremdal, SRG Symposium, Barcelona

 Will electricity markets look radically different in
McKinsey 2011
the future?

The case for change… … and why it might still not happen
Significant value creation from smart grid Business cases are highly dependent on
for all stakeholders – utilities, regulators, local specifics and regulatory
customers and equipment vendors environment

Source: http://facilityexecutive.com/2009/07/power-supply-trends-powering-up/
 Will electricity markets look radically different in
McKinsey 2011
the future?

The case for change… … and why it might still not happen
Innovative products and solutions across Capturing the value often requires
the whole value chain – many with multiple complex partnerships or integrated
impact on the overall power system solution approaches

Source: Bremdal, SRG Symposium, Barcelona

 Will electricity markets look radically different in
McKinsey 2011
the future?

The case for change… … and why it might still not happen
Attractive business models in the making – Both established and new players might
opening opportunities for „unorthodox“ lack sufficient clout and speed to really
coalitions and new players‘ entries change the market

Service in
the cloud

Smart Home/
Internet of Things Smart Grid
Source: Bremdal, SRG Symposium, Barcelona
 Will electricity markets look radically different in
McKinsey 2011
the future?

The case for change… … and why it might still not happen
Disruptive technologies under development Breakeven points to reach economically
such as electric vehicles – attracting talent, attractive business cases might be too far
capital and attention out to be reached

Island
Normaloperation
operation

Data flow

DSO
Local
Local
market
market

The Smart Rural Bottom-up

Grid Concept development
 Concept

Rural electricity and telecom networks

urban rural

vs.

Differences in high density of

Intelligency is needed in the rural network
communication,
to transform a network renewable resources, and
in a Smart Grid
human population
Avoid expensive investments with
high environmental impact
Prevent from the digital divide between
the citizens within the Smart Grid and the
citizens outside the Smart Grid
The basic SRG concept : Creating a resilient distribution grid

Maintain supply

Alleviate the radial Intelligent

Distribution
Power
Router

Substation
Communication

IDPR

Metering Prosumer-consumer community

DSO control
Self balancing
Main idea:
Extend urban electric quality & services to rural areas
 Objectives

To develop a new technology for PLC over distribution networks

able to cover distances of about 10 to 15 km supporting
To develop
transmission Toa develop
rates communication
of some a Data network of(own
and Energy
hundreds ormanagement
kb/s, using
with the
To demonstrate and validate the system in two
To develop shared backbone)
an Intelligent
appropriate degree in rural
systemDistribution
of(including
robustness the areas
Power Router
necessary to for
electricity connect
routing system)
supporting
European DSO for rural areas, in order to test
(IDPR)smart
withIntelligent
included
grid energy
that manages
applications. storage
To integrate
Distribution
This thatsolutions
these
andPower
combination enables
Routers
coordinates in a(IDPR)
platform
different
of transmission IDPRs as
rate
and assess the technological and economical
energy
and between
island operation
geographicaleach
well
and other,
as RES,the
routing
distance isCHP IDPRs with
and more
electricity
much the
DRflows
for prosumers
efficient
suited to operation
the rural
feasibility of innovative energy solutions.
and the than
environment IDPR with
in normal the
andcontrol
today’s centreoperation
emergency
technology, intended for urban
environments and transmitting hundreds of Mb/s but at very
short distances (some 500 meters)
Consortium
Introduction
The disruptive concept

Future grids will use a distributed concept based on scalable

coordination by Intelligent Power Routers. These power
routers are located strategically at key substations and
transmission centers.

IDPR main features

• Manage power
• Distribute power
• Operation modes defined in microgrids
and smartgrids
• Exchange of information
• Different hierarchical optimazation levels
• Communication

Main idea:
Extend urban electric quality & services and to rural areas
Description of the pilot area

S.S. 010 MV Switchgear

Verger

Transformer

S.S. 730
Transformer
Transformer
Planallonga
Fuses for
the LV lines
MV Switchgear
Smartmeters S.S. 734 Smartmeters S.S. 928
technologies
Nou Piella
Smartmeter technologies Artigues
technologies
Fuses for the MV Switchgears
Fuses for the
LV lines LV lines
Specifications and their justification

Local
EMS

RTU DPLC
S.S. 010
IDPR +
Verger
UPS +

S.S. 730
Planallonga
RTU
DPLC
S.S. 734 S.S. 928
Nou Piella IDPR Artigues
RTU DPLC
RTU
UPS +
IDPR +
DPLC

UPS +
UPS +
 Conceptual design of the IDPR

How to design a device that allows to make feasible the IDPR concept

1. General features determination

• Rural grid structure and issues determination

üOperation modes
üStorage

• Functional description
ü Capabilities: Unbalanced magnitudes /Harmonics /Reactive power
ü Islanding operation
ü Definitions of rated & maximum values according to the final location

• Available configurations & external link

ü Configurable parameters
ü Set-points & orders
ü State diagram & control timing specs
ü Definition of grid coupling and decoupling procedures
Foundation of design of operation modes

S1 S.S. 010
Verger
Independent

Dependent
Independent
S.S. 730
Planallonga

S2 S.S. 928
S.S. 734 Artigues
Nou Piella S3
Operation modes

Line 1 S0S1 S1S2 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 S2S3

Transf 1 Transf 2 Transf 3 Transf 4

Section 2

Section 3
Section 0

Section 1

IDPR IDPR
BAT BAT
IDPR

G G G G G
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
GS LD DG LD DG LD DG LD DG

PILOT AREA
• Connected to the main grid Feasible possibilities
Normal • Isolated by planned tasks • Grid-connected
• When the main grid is not • Grid connected + One island
Emergency operative • One island
• When there is/are inoperative • Two islands
internal sections
 Operation modes

Normal
S1 S2 S3 Comments
operation
All sections are connected to main grid Mode 1
All sections
S1 and S2 are conn ected together to
Mode 2 operatives
main grin and S3 is isolated
S1 is connected to main grin and S2
Mode 2
and S3 is isolated together.

Mode 2 The electrical configurations which are

All sections are isolated together
compatibles with the emergency
S1 and S2 ar e isolated together and S3
Mode 2 operation mode 3, i.e. when the main grid
is isolated from the others also is not operative, the feasible modes
S1 is isolat ed from th e others and S2
Mode 2
are marked ( ).
and S3 are isolated together
Not feasible becau se the S2 cannot b e
isolated fro m the other s and oper ative
Main grid
at the same time
Not feasible becau se the S2 cannot b e Island 1
isolated fro m the other s and oper ative
at the same time
Island 2
Island 3
 Operation modes

Emergency
S1 S2 S3 Comments
operation
S1 and S2 ar e connected to main grid and S3 is
not operative
Mode 4 One section is
Not fe asible bec ause the S2 cannot b e isolat ed not operative
from the others and operative at the same time
S1 and S2 are isolat ed together and S3 is not
Mode 4
operative
Not fe asible bec ause the S2 cannot b e isolat ed The electrical configurations which are
from the others and operative at the same time
compatibles with the emergency
S1 is connect ed to main grid, S3 is isolat ed and
operation mode 3, i.e. when the main
Mode 4
S2 is not operative
grid also is not operative, the feasible
S1 and S3 ar e isolated but not are together and
modes are marked ( ).
Mode 4
S2 is not operative
S1 is not op erative and S2 and S3 ar e isolat ed
together
Mode 4
Main grid
Not fe asible bec ause the S2 cannot b e isolat ed
from the others and operative at the same time
Island 1
Island 2
Inoperative
 Operation modes

Emergency
operation
S1 S2 S3 Comments
Two sections are
S1 is conn ected to th e main grid and S2 and S3
are not operative
Mode 4 not operative
S1 is isolated and S2 and S3 are not operative Mode 4

Not fe asible bec ause the S2 cannot b e isolat ed

from the others and operative at the same time
S3 is isolated and S1 and S2 are not operative
Mode 4
The electrical configurations which are
compatibles with the emergency
operation mode 3, i.e. when the main
grid also is not operative, the feasible
modes are marked ( ).

Main grid
Island 1
Inoperative
 Foundation of design

• Estimation the battery capacity The consumption in S.S. 010 is as

12
SS 010 the sum of the rest of consumptions
SS 730
11
SS 734
40
SS 928
10 SS 010

9
Energy consume in one hour 35
SS 928

30
8

Battery capacity [kWh]

25
7
Energy [kWh]

6 20

5 15

4
10
S.S. 010
3
5

2
S.S. 730
S.S. 928
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

S.S. 734
1 Time [h]

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cases [%]

~ 10 kWh x 2
 Definition of IDPR capabilities

S.S. 010

S.S. 730
S.S. 928
S.S. 734
 Conceptual design of the device

Selected architecture

Communication
connection
Grid side

IDPR

bus
Hardware Software

IDPR § Main switches § Cells setpoint generation

§ Protective devices § Grid monitoring
Cells setpoint § Precharge circuits § DC and AC bus control
Grid monitoring § Main data adquisition and § External and internal
Protective devices control system comunication stack
AC bus § Communication devices § General state machine
connection
Load side

External comunication § Cabinet and mechanical execution

General State machine parts § IDPR alarms management

Current source

Communication
controlled power cell

Internal

bus
§ Power devices § Current control
Current source
§ Driver circuits § Power modules
controlled power cell
§ Cooling system Temperature monitoring
Inter-cell Power

§ Internal communication
connection

§ DC link
stack
§ Output inductive filter
§ Local alarms management
§ Local control and data
adquisition boards
§ Mechanical parts
Current source
controlled power cell

29
IDPR

30
 Development of a functional prototype: hardware

Build of the coupling filter and stack

- 34.5 kW
- Size: 710x310x340mm aprox

3D design
- Long-life DC link
- Active bus equalization
- Compact inductive filter
- Efficiency = 98.98 %

Real device
High efficiency coupling inductances
Power stack
Development of a functional prototype: hardware

Electrical cabinet of the prototype

CSCPC
Front door

Size: 1000x600x2000 mm
Experimental results
§ Experimental results

§ Tair 24 ºC
§ Tcase = 46 ºC

33
Ongoing tasks

New design based on standardized enclosure (rack)

440 x 133 x 200 mm

LC & sensors integrated
20 kW
Ongoing tasks

IDPR Verger commissioned

Communication architecture overview

GEMS
GEMS MANAGING SIGN ALS
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DATA FORECASTS
*
MAN AGING SIGNALS

SCADA
FORECASTS
CONTRAINS
CO MMANDS
PILOT NETW ORK DATA
ALARMS GEMS MANAGING SIGN ALS
FORECASTS
CONTRAINS
COMMANDS

PILOT NETW ORK DATA

PILOT NETW ORK ALARMS LEMS
* LEMS MANAGING SIGNALS

LC
SECONDARY SUBSTATION COMMANDS
SECONDARY SUBSTATION DATA SECONDARY SUBSTATION MANAGING SIG NALS
SECONDARY SUBSTATION ALARMS

TC
 Communication SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
LEMS: Local Energy Mannagament System
GEMS: Global Energy Mannagament System
LC: Local Controller
Update forecast and refresh status TC: Transformer Controller
DG: Distributed generation
IDPR: Intelligent Distributed Power Router
Client
Server GEMS ESE: Electrical Switching Elements
EMU: Electrical Measurement Units
❶

15 min
❹

Client
Client
Server SCADA
Control Center
❷

a.1
a.3
a.4
a.2
Server Client
Server
❸
LEMS LC

SCADA
GEMS sends selects the a csv
to SCADA specific pilot
file with
SCADA
LC decryptssends the the
file adata
nd sendof itpilot
to
network
IDPR, DG data a nd and
setpoints s ends a file for 1
forecast to LC
network
LEMS viai nFTPa fileover
to GEMS viawFTP
TCP/IP, hereover
LC
via scheduled
day Secure FTPin periods
over TCP/IP. SCADA
of 15 min,
TCP/IP. SCADA
plays the role ofplays theand
Client roleLEMS
of Client
the
plays theFTP over
through role ofTCP/IP
Clientwhere
a nd LC the
GEMS
TC TC TC
and GEMS the Server.
Server. TC
Server
is the Client and SCADA is the Server.

DG IDPR ESE EMU IDPR ESE EMU ESE EMU DG IDPR ESE EMU
 Communication SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
LEMS: Local Energy Mannagament System
GEMS: Global Energy Mannagament System
LC: Local Controller
Energy local management TC: Transformer Controller
DG: Distributed generation
IDPR: Intelligent Distributed Power Router
GEMS ESE: Electrical Switching Elements
EMU: Electrical Measurement Units

LEMS determines the setpoints

1 min Each LEMS
TC
of sends
LC DERs
asks
resendsand
to associated
to its LC the pil
setpoiDER
sends these
these
ot
to the
nts to
network
the s pecific data, through
LC
each TCs etpoints,
through via Modbus
IEC 104via over
ModbusTCP/IP
TCP/IP,
SCADA over Modbus
RS-485,LEMS over TCP/IP
where TC the
pla where
where LC plays
plays theysrol
the
role
e of
Control Center LEMS
role of plays
Master the
and role
DER of Master
plays the
Master aandnd LCTC plays the role of
and
role of LC plays the role of Slave.
Slave
Slave.
b.1
b.3
b.4
b.2
01010001

Master Master Slave

❷ ❶
LEMS LC

❸
01010001

TC TC TC TC Slave
Master
❹ ❹ ❹

01010001

DG IDPR ESE EMU IDPR ESE EMU ESE EMU DG IDPR ESE EMU

Slave
 Communication SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
LEMS: Local Energy Mannagament System
GEMS: Global Energy Mannagament System
LC: Local Controller
SCADA refresh TC: Transformer Controller
DG: Distributed generation
IDPR: Intelligent Distributed Power Router
GEMS ESE: Electrical Switching Elements
EMU: Electrical Measurement Units

SCADA asks to LC for the pilot

Polling network data, via IEC 104 over
TCP/IP where SCADA plays the
Master SCADA
Control Center role of Master and LC plays the
role of Slave.
01010001

❶
c.1
LEMS LC
Slave

TC TC TC TC

DG IDPR ESE EMU IDPR ESE EMU ESE EMU DG IDPR ESE EMU
 Communication SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
LEMS: Local Energy Mannagament System
GEMS: Global Energy Mannagament System
LC: Local Controller
Remote operation TC: Transformer Controller
DG: Distributed generation
IDPR: Intelligent Distributed Power Router
GEMS ESE: Electrical Switching Elements
EMU: Electrical Measurement Units

Ansync

Master SCADA
Control Center
LC process es the order and
❶ TC
SCADAsends theanorder
sends orderto
to low
the
01010001 resends to the specific TC via
levelviadevi
LC
RS-485
IECce 104
where
via Modbus over
over TCP/IP
IEC 104 over TCP/IP, where
TC plays
where S CADA plays the role
LC plays the role of Master
the d.1
d.2
d.3
roleMaster
of of Mastera ndand
LC DER
playsplays
the
LEMS Slave
Master LC
and TC plays the rol e of
the role
role
Slave.
of Slave.
of Slave.

❷
01010001

TC TC TC TC Slave
Master
❸ ❸ ❸ ❸
01010001

DG IDPR ESE EMU IDPR ESE EMU ESE EMU DG IDPR ESE EMU

Slave
 Communication SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
LEMS: Local Energy Mannagament System
GEMS: Global Energy Mannagament System
LC: Local Controller
Alert notification TC: Transformer Controller
DG: Distributed generation
IDPR: Intelligent Distributed Power Router
GEMS ESE: Electrical Switching Elements
EMU: Electrical Measurement Units

Master SCADA
Control Center
01010001
TC forwards
LC detects an thisalarm
alertortoalert
the

❷
and sendsviait toIEC
SCADA
over TCP/IP,
LC via
where
TCP/IP where SCADA
104IECover
LC
104
plays e.1
e.2
the role of Master aand nd LCTC
LEMSMaster
Slave LC plays the role of Slave.

01010001

❶ ❶ ❶ ❶

TC TC TC TC Slave

DG IDPR ESE EMU IDPR ESE EMU ESE EMU DG IDPR ESE EMU
 Communication SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
LEMS: Local Energy Mannagament System
GEMS: Global Energy Mannagament System
LC: Local Controller
Local control data refresh TC: Transformer Controller
DG: Distributed generation
IDPR: Intelligent Distributed Power Router
GEMS ESE: Electrical Switching Elements
EMU: Electrical Measurement Units

polling TC request for the low level devices data, in

TC groups this information
order to know and
the powers, sends currents,
voltages,
SCADA it to the LC via IEC
status, etc, 104 over
via Modbus TCP/IP,
over RS-485 where TC
Control Center where LC plays the role of Master and the
plays the role of Master and DER plays
TC plays the role of Slave.).
role of Slave.
f.1
f.2
LEMSMaster LC

01010001

❷ ❷ ❷ ❷

TC TC TC TC Master
Slave
01010001

❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶ ❶

DG IDPR ESE EMU IDPR ESE EMU ESE EMU DG IDPR ESE EMU

Slave
Optimal and Rule Based Operation

It is applied:
Rule Based • in determinates electrical configuration
Operation
cases, where there is not degree of
freedom,
• or in determinates cases, which there is
not data.
Operation

Optimal
Operation
It is applied:
• when there are forecast,
• when there are degree of freedom.
 LEMS: Optimizing the cost
GEMS SCADA

L1 S01 S12 L2 L3 L4 S23

LEMS Tr 2 Tr 3 Tr 4
Tr 1 TC TC TC
LC + TC DC DC DC

DC G
~
G DC G DC G DC G DC
~ ~ ~ ~
GS LD DER LD DER LD DER LD DER
Communications device Fuse Tr Transformer
IDPR LD Load
DER Distribu ted Energy Resource
BESS Power switch
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
UPS Switch disconnector DC Distribu ted Contro ller
RTU LC Local Controller
TC Transfomer Controller
Industrial PC EMS Energy Managament System
Server PC RTU Remote Terminal Unit

@A / @C =

𝑓"#$ = min ) 𝐸+,-. - 𝑡 𝐶+,-. - 𝑡 − 𝐸+,-. 4 𝑡 𝐼+,-. 4 𝑡 + ) 𝐸789 𝑡 𝐶78 𝑡 + 𝐸:;9 𝑡 𝐶:< 𝑡
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
D>? - >?

• SCIP Optimization Suite with a full-scale mixed integer programming

(MINLP) solver
Example of optimal operation

Operation option 1 2 3 4
Consumption and its cost Connected to external grid Yes Yes No No
Optimization the operation No Yes No Yes
Load management No No No No

Operation option 1 2 3 4
Energy consumed [kWh] 241.57 244.05 243.46 249.86
Transmission losses [kWh] 2.05 1.94 0.10 0.03
Batteries losses [kWh] 0 2.59 3.84 10.31
Energy generated
173.22 173.22 108.83 150.50
(renewable) [kWh]
Energy generated
0 0 102.63 22.72
(not renewable) [kWh]
Energy not generated
0 0 64.39 67.36
(renewable) [kWh]
Imported energy [kWh] 132.06 126.36 0 0
Exported energy [kWh] 63.71 55.53 0 0
Associated cost [€/day] 30.68 28.61 45.41 32.96
Grid disconnected
 Conclusions

• Electricity supply chain will experience fundamental

changes in the near future
• Disruptive Smart and Microgrid technology will drive
this change
• Validation of the IDPR concept and feasibility has in
ongoing.
• Demonstration of the robustness of the device in
front of grid disturbances will be performed in the
next months.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for
research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 619610.