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Summary
16 The Environmentalist
example, the taboo which prohibits the removal The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Socio-
of dwelling places during the third month katelu cultural Functions of the Pranatamangsa Calendar
(because of a risk o f housebreaking or fire) can be
explained by the fact that katelu falls mainly in
September which is hot and dry (hence the fire From the above account, it should be clear
risk) and is also a period when flood and water how the Pranatamangsa calendar influences rural
are scarce and housebreaking is more likely to activities, and there is no doubt that it has many
occur (Tanojo, 1962). advantages as far as rural people are concerned.
However, it does have its negative side, in that
peasant farmers tend to be ruled by the related
seasonal rhythms, and appear reluctant to break
away from them. This makes the introduction
Economic Life and the Seasonal Rhythm and adoption o f new techniques a problem with
the more traditionally inclined individuals, as
many of the new techniques are in conflict with
April, May and June (about the tenth, eleventh a passive acceptance of seasonal rhythms. The
and twelfth month of the Pranatamangsa calen- agricultural emphasis of the calendar reflects the
dar) constitute a three-month period in which the order of the elements o f n a t u r e - - m a r u t a (air)
rural c o m m u n i t y earns 75% o f its income. Debts agni (fire), tirta (water) and bantala (earth). Each
are repaid following a period o f borrowing from of the four elements constitutes the particular
October to January. The end of borrowing in character of the quarter period concerned. For
February coincides with the beginning of a period example, air dominates the dry period, and water
of water scarcity, which precedes the period of the rainy period.
hope. The latter is announced by the calling of It is interesting to note that even in the period
tree crickets, which is an indication that the rainy o f despair (semptah), people maintain the urge to
season is coming to an end. survive, but the very fact that such a period exists
Although the economic life of the rural com- at all mitigates against the successful implementa-
munity is closely related to the wet and dry tion o f plans, especially if the plans destroy tradi-
seasons, there will never be perfect correlation tional beliefs in the Pranatamangsa. The following
in any one year. Nevertheless, the seasons do examples show how conflict situations can arise.
influence the mental attitudes o f the rural people, 9 With the introduction o f new seeds and ferti-
and on the whole they tend to remain optimistic. lizers, more than two crops can be harvested in
This is reflected in the Javanese proverb ana dina any one year. The Pranatamangsa caters for just
ana sega (every day brings its own food) and two harvests .... the wet rice plant and the dry
saben bocah nggawa rejekind dOwO-ddwd (every plant.
child brings its own luck). This firm belief in the 9 In periods of drought, the introduction of
inevitability of the success or failure of rural irrigation confuses the peasant farmer who is
activities means that there is often a total lack of mentally adjusted to anticipated hardships.
fear for the future, and under these circum- 9 Modern education emphasizes the ecological
stances, logical planning is difficult to implement. aspects of agricultural development and tends to
In Java the wet season lasts from November to overlook or ignore the contribution of the Prana-
April and the dry season from June to September. tamangsa calendar.
According to the Pranatamangsa calendar the dry 9 The failure of some scientific predictions on
period (88 days long) is recognized as extending climatic trends or crop yields can diminish a
from 22 June until 17 September, and these dates peasant farmer's faith in modern methods of
are based on the position of the sun in relation to agriculture.
the horizon. The calendar recognizes the impor-
tance of September as the driest month o f the
year when soil moisture is at its lowest, and that Conclusion
period is called satO sumber (drying springs). In
the following period (from 18 September to 13 This study of the Pranatamangsa calendar has
October) the first rains fall in Central Java, and shown how t h e cosmographical, meteorological
the soil moisture starts to be replenished. The and bioclimatological aspects of the calendar
peak in soil moisture is achieved in January, a influence the life o f the peasant farmer, and link
month known by the corrupted Javanese pro- him to his environment. Any attempts to intro-
nunciation ]an-ana-warih which means 'just enough duce modern farming techniques should take note
water'. of the influence the calendar has on traditional
18 The Environmentalist