COMPUTATION OF STRESSES IN BRIDGE SLABS DUE TO WHEEL LOADS* PART IINTRODUCTORY STATEMENT AND DEFINITIONS LADS IN HIGHWAY tries mat be designed to) The combined eect a tg point o aplication ‘support wheel loads in addition to the distributed of Py produced by the we londs Pond Py the definite EeR na yee pecent inveaton eid meade apart te pt the sonia yt it ""G) Be Genie fc the in of ream isa ing sane act Se arses tune of preety ts fo bts Pe Pn ee fetta fe ainind inlet tency hich twat ty rams etal ists ‘ravine tetbodg! EK" Kaley® publiind ih. wand Sin the dnscdon of andre stances bone a ain af tenons othe snsceckna onde shun at atv peace tho past wore eek tn iblight save nls of ci anh propel The dal cpporisd on ean abl ie Ema or npg none i catia ae te sent invstgu, whick'apuly antal, spl, tans ton tat th ib eon sutton) Tare ts needy co tho case of homagentons caste ae’ “hay. divtons of "ry andy githout suppor by ber sitjottonconsteansactymathenatc dee ihedueeton of So wate the inigbee of Sige et Sf oasicty. ‘Sino the reiaforosd concrete bridge sis beams parallel tothe exis of oglgible at the pointe tags eum to ac han rapecteappont ewe Grete som tte ple salasedt lett alse abit ala fund ar pomp fave heath ean ir th mogenns sae dab maybe apie nin rin he ate of "yah, tat ge usinet se thw properties denise ceeds inthe dein ets” eth fame tne IRE tae rie th gp thir ssn, tse Wy pi ep Sites wide fo howe deren by B.'E elegans Jom Unde of is te det step {ho oa had to (Mog were ey af atu ah snctely, head ol un tence a heving apy Stioport honeteting edges slong tho contr ins of eet ma en eee ete tate SCAM Rete son age! Pat Bout’ fetlacng to ne spe Faded “he computers oi ead to iffrme sn abet ineinernelifissae of parity rested Sige vet the iran suo eSataoae Sufi ever apne the Mecton a ach of te force By Py nd a shown i igs iis the rola of’ eel promuse nih Ekta omer" tee Teng wth the - - thea Sey un th eed 2 el Bnet A ial ats cattle tint iia elged a Vy Y ibaa seer an arar but Ue onde Pe Bewnd B Zaye considered ‘contain foes.“ tad J Petals tata as aed nom ovr ae t tins with damoler "Yeti eprom efecls é Site datnace fom Fs one th fakery na vas 1-Suun Sewromae Wanny Louse __becouierad wa cocarkted a th pinto pcabek of hereto the pees vermin conse Prothane sae a dab are ey on of wich ipsa at, ede GRA ey ode Taare ach ad oe oe test hada yet TH Stes cp oan nt i ee ot F mroducel by the feo loads Peana’Ps Bch ate sage curve oF the beam. the esumptin fo sabe Sen ee ee beach (a ae oars a heed 0.6009e. Th roduced by Py alone, a dand Figure §(b show values computed from sina ewes * on Figu 9 shove two lade, Pat th pont 0, 0, and Pai plat enone peed ee Ply Bate enn tt any ae ‘ne tn manasa be ae he tendon of Br'by By Equation 81, wh 385, Reeth cosh 7. Been! noe icone 9-~Denoens Momesee PaoDeexo ay Powsr o Arrticanion ‘Tani Sap. Bossa Ras, ar, uno Bousions 7,12, an0 308 x0 2512 Pumtic Ross vena and with P=P,, gives at points y, for Poisson's ratio, v0.15. All of theco Guan moments tra defined by equations 4,45, 55,56, mith Mj O+sP, HPP owe e0.. Equations 68 aul 74 apply tthe’ spcetal eases Of y=0 and 20, rompectively With othe equ tions fr the twisting tnomonts (equations 83 and $f or or, with p=035, tus when e048) my Downton theses . ay , 0.21258, ‘ sin eos 27 Af]-o2tTa, toy ad 00 van pe TO il = 459 — ee) . cosh 27 os Coettcients 4& ana 4, computed from equation 74, ‘ . Py inp, comput ea grail in be it ston of Tale 5, Bavation 7 {ropes graphically by tho eaves drawh si 1 4 Hiner in the upper pat of igure 9 My (70) MOMENTS SRT EPRG SENT EBERA AONE SANGO. 0 "Table 5 and Figures 8 fo 14 show moments reduced. ta she yyecil ease ints 2, by loud, wt dh cate; point 0, 1 the special case, a at is, at the edge, these and moments produeed at point 0,0 by a load, P=1) equations give Meovn 10—Baxove Mowers Af Paoooanp vr Pome, y wx Lou Pl ax, on az nv Loab Pot at Port sy (onic ” Mivariow 8 Ano Tasua’ 5," Poiaow'a at, p06 26 >2816 PURLIC ROADS HP eazy MRAP EERE PRESSE, BY seconh ‘The two Toads Panda Figaro 1 vil be aaumed wat Mp toate loNt tga ta Ps dmorder to datennine the) 0 toes Sie the ending ments prodcd 8h aerate ofr and y, thats fw the nmedinte the point, 0 bythe fv ads beens 5 a anghbaruona of the pit 0,8, ome shay wo Fae etftoing contin, trode em poral Bont gee te 1 oe The “ia? anin 2, cosh 1, and pera ses $2 ntl 38a to an expression af th low Bonin 5 Sem fot beng a pated ot Sone 2f yh) bows by the load Pt atthe point = ‘thon equations 75 and 78 may be wien a Sosa mein nn 60 cn Or ae ths 2. we Ma Mar a Pty ge 8820-78) whore ihe events ae fanetions of 6 oly, ‘The TG fas ony wit trent ie of Oy, eae where # is the angle between tho a-axis and the radius presses the ne apoading vale of My, The twollonds ‘Veetor to the point 2, y; or, with «=0.15, “1 et tho points u, band a-+a, 6 then produce the omen, yy My = Mn) —0.00708 P 3.% = -o,0sa82 P sin 20 co) ae Sousa av Gin netsin nto) yi ey ouston 70 pve MM o0gsee, Weergewnlinn MMi gees 2 OHO sapely to Fg, DS co (e009) cco ae pe econo ROR MOR wouth gg PReDuEED AY FOINT GF AMRIEATION O77 8725 AMD ‘rooms 18-—Tisnna Moura Propsern st ort av anraanon or fre Tw, papa Pee an Pes (ears Hac rome'gST as Fase 0) Fowaoste Rao, w=018 30One finds, furthermore, (52) Se os ee anen santa. ‘whieh becomes zero when = 5-4, orem ge Tis com cluded that Mor M,, respectively, reaches an extreme velue when #=, and that this value is «/maximom ? ‘whon Af in equation 0 is positive for all values of TreiwoenO and'r ‘That in Geral by which two oul eats are placed ona ben soa to produce a xin ‘Romer aod wack was found to kpply to Py ond Ps, apes ls ty and Pe Be yas how mud back to the centeino of the slabs and the span ie aasued to have pny vale, ‘The tw? lad Py JP and P=? are plaeed a3 showin igure 6; For thes two loads equations 44 end 45 fie equal values of, but differen valutsof wick SM batmoted by yaad 1, seapectivey. One finds ny ois Boon Benen (8) Byeonh Oceana) ee une pyc y he gn, PP ad ‘thon may, be expressed at follows, by se of ta = Ph gay t8(1 A “ Pam ef 2) 00 Gane » Magn — OEP yt 6 on, with «038, Me at 364 010880 Plots exons mn BQ AB). pps Mea 0300057 *. oo) ‘Tele 6 contains values computed from equations 88 and 80 with woe of equations 83, 84, oud 85. Figure Te shows curves representing equation $8 "Aeomparion of equations 87 aud 70 aliows that the twisting moment May produced at tho point ~$5 0, by 8 pana 8% the two loeds P at the points ~ $5 and 24, is equal to the twisting moment M’., produeed at tie point 0, 0 bby a single losd P at point 2 therefore, supply the necestary information about the ‘visting moments produced by Pan 1’ ‘To produce the greatest pone ending moments arsine Bai enon of Fh ae Ma ARR toll a to Pa paced sla Hate thecomifoed eect of Pram Fence canine 34a. to Tab eetentice wid oqutis 00 ano} and Table 2 Fromabtl efesd ef Penal Pyare defied br eae Tasca at ar given‘ abe By ado the sa etal romney Ni, ted Mee pee Rated af Ue pina appa of Py Byte coed seipa te Boren? Hom tw aes one abate een ipl moments Mend Ade iat the gretst Peat tant ine ated bene exh a {eosin arpa at le ane betrcen ho SSRN dhe lreaon of bythe allowing fore ‘li, whic are anlogow co those applying fo a pan Nite ol sree: Meg [OR ap, ) = y= (00) fe ts 2M a=) ton 26 9 ie, values for P=2, of Mand ofthe moti Mew Ay, y= Ao, Me it = Mae stich are 6 be ade to My (as given by equation OF nd in'Table 2) jnonder to obtain the momente duo to Ae four oats. ‘The carves ia Wigures 10 and 17how the values of Mi Min, Man Moy and ¥ for diffrent ‘aloes of and At cenain of igure hos hth fll ng fqn applies as &erule approximation, giving Values ‘eich ape? hoe woo smelly when Os). The detec. fing, S) and bending moments, Me and M,, produced by the bwo loads at the line yb, will neutralize each tlhe, so that at thit Tine obe finds 2~-A2=0. ‘Tho Dart of the slab for which yh, therefore, behaves 65 Tithgalah hed simply supports edge at yb,” Like je if one introduces a set of louds 4-P't the points yet dnt, and lous Pat the points a3 ge Sal with mn, ot, 22,0 the par of the slab ‘Setwree the lines y~B, and y bef wil net sveectanguler sla which has simply supported edges 31tas vives oF aneLt —p Monee wo aaa ss 6ions 17.—Conmusao Errno ox Four Lose, Conus en cast Vastrs on hyve sexsi Feat Weave le. Pomona, wtb. ‘Tam Bending memes Mant My profvend at point —S by to tons, Pt at points ~$.0 and 3, compte from ry 88 ad 3, wl cere marly BrPAC seve too tas by ther Toit confneton il Py eeepc rans Sg a Fee ied and Bi Ae be oie to Sse dai te moment produ at pont 4,0 by Ue combined ‘ation of four lade, P= aie Bade ame Me Mieco Men The wes af Bon, HES aos Pee cpl pon er ond ‘Posse rate note mee hae eagle | S| eee | at 3/12 hes) | SS ae eae ae Se: 3 | (ra 8 om tom aot ¢ 22 | aa gel mls 3 | | e/a meee ame: 5, Ss Bab at 3 | | = stan ef and at yb aod yb, —band which sou by the ve Pa the pt, This nuivalonce of {Bo cases lade to a smpledeterigation tf the action of he yoann say path ret ound for the db etd inet fr in the drctons of = ay "Ae at example, som slab which as singly supported edges at 2~2$ anil at y=$, and which ex tend infinitely far in the divection of —y. Tat this slab be loaded by a free Pat the point 0, 0. ‘The slab ‘cxtending infinitely far also in tho dirvetion of + y then ant3© ROADS is to bo louded by the additional force ~P at the point 2o0,y=3b.—y, 8.” Values stated in the first section of Table 5, then give at the point 0,0: M,~My—0.0268P My= My +0.0105P ‘As a second example, considor « square slab loaded ‘ut the center, With 5,=$,1~s, the loads P are intro- duced at the points #=0, 7=0, £25, 245, «and the londs “Pave tntrodueed at the points #0, y= +5, saya, + Then one finds st point 0, 0, By use of ‘Table'5 ‘and equation 62: My~ Mor 2(—0.0263-+0.010—0.00014. Mae 0.0100P, Ma. 0,0076P} +2(0.0105 ~ 0.0018 0.0001~. . )P » = Mae 0.04002. ‘Tho equality of the two moments, so determined, is noted, They sould bea sine the sab fa squnee. which has simply EF andisloaded by By introe ‘A rectangular slab is considered ‘uupported edges at: a single force P as tho center, pint 0, 0 ducing the symbols, where a=, 8; 6, Te os) ‘one may show that the following formule expresses the ‘elieetion of this slab at the pain x,y when 2=0% Ey lee attendee tah ih rsh iach we 00 sity hoo may gin oer that. when 2 $ (giving «9 Onn wn Sg sah oe our tanh ay cosh oat }-(08) which becomes zero hen 2-0. By further diferenti- tons one finds [-tehastenrtsinha]. 67 3320 Puptsc which becomes zero when 2—5 hoor ine section parallel to the, ing to equation 17, “xB AD ansat on v. (08) ~tenh ay sinh wae}. When 2=0, this series assumes the divergent form, (9) By comparing this equation with tho exprsion for V Prgantan SE an ts equaton expres ses banda conta ithe ston 0, set om am peece th conetrted ond ule yaoiefad bytes deren of a ip ends ae. Tina, the Toncan sauna of aes the gaaton of oreo wll > sy Qetcomfoneaf the bowery. ‘ho slope a the ee x= of pane intrest, equation 9 iver a tis ie get Disernathenow Comidr now the ation, PR SS Veos wey _ay tanh ay Be Stas, [otnhoste —ogrsinh we on ‘This fanotion is found to have the following propertios: deyrabs amano ay, ae, At e=0:83t=0, Van 298 ay aa. At all points: ax =0, Atzn$ % cquton 10 It follows that the function e'=-2-+ representa tho dollection (lor #0) of © rectangular slab which as simply supported egos at y= and fd ges at 22=4 and whieh oade by the fee P at the point 0, 0, That is, 2; ropresents the chango of dedeotion aused by’ fini the two edges parallel to the yous, 34 ‘he comtaponding changes ofthe omens in the tolicy bare en exprseed so follows, Dy 1s® of ‘Snadone 11 and 122 1 Myon 248 weemens[-SE-be = ay tan og 2} (102) 5) oP Pry eos ogy tan WH 2usiah ? 0,4 2a. [= 01) es tanh 24) (108) ‘The values stated in Table 7 have been computed rom equctious 102 and 103 with 0.18 and 0 Bore Bote "Tho valu offs solange Ghat changing it to infinity would mao 0 noticeable difference fel at roped rpaly by dhe cave nthe ower pert of Figare Pho curves for Af", and 1M", {nthe upper par of Figure $ were constructed from thé Curves for My and My laying off intercepts equal 0 M, AM, and MM, ‘From the values given in the table for point 2~y=0, coe finds by use of equation 60: Mise Mor~0.0600P 108) My~ Mye~Q08704P —DOSSESP ~Me— 03008, ‘These formulas explain tho two sles farthest to the right ia Figure 6 ‘Taman 1—Chager, “ote er Av spporel ar 2d Be Be 0 Fale oy {eet 105, al loon grok ara staf tet the sla, “saused by change frove sini 8 tome ‘Tho slab shown in Figure 18 has fisod odo along the posi ad Se asnsnod to cover Oneal of the ay Pgh pc ee pn: Conte, oagmaman pro ae pine, hy tad mathe pont», yn The loous of point with i {iro Fecangular coordinates 7, M's the infloence spe 10 rl hh ti ay ie tarom nay bo obtained as a defection diagram by eto the proper diseounulty at the pot under Jvcoigeion fa applying tis pring to the present sane eke to devenmane s sunlace with coordinates 2, Shtloo that tho function 2 eatales tho following cond ots Tes required, fis, that the equation of fexuee,umtIo ROADS 2 -o3P 02P Mar riven Boot. VALUES OF y ‘Fiovnx 18-—Dewonno Monnet At Fino Enon oF Lanse Suan (enox Bavasiow i30 ax Tame 8) 2750, be salsa otal points excopt atthe point 0 0, ‘trot function has 6 sngulanty; secondly, tht 2= 22-0 at tho elgo 2=0, except at the point 0, 0; thirdly, that 2 and Ae shall converge toward zero whe Por y increases indefiiely; and fourthly, that th Soguluity st the point 0, O shall represent « proper Sovventration of slope at the perticnlar point. ‘ne nny think of thie concentration of slope one ithe onenration a oT dc fed fores p=ply) zepresoats total nF Dy changing the function p gradually, but maingaining THo‘valuo of the integral, the diatnbuted foree may be cebanged into the concentrated load. ‘The function 5 ray be concentrated by gradual change in the same Ianner ax te funetion ‘tfunetion sof the ftfowring form is found to satisfy tha equitements: ke aot 08) ‘where Lis wconstant, A simple method of dotecniningg Tine eonstent is by noting tat e distubuted load, one unit per unit of length, on the line ¢=1, produces a mromént AL at the edge. That is, Las Sings ¢ in equation 106 i interpret as equa to the detied mount yet the point 0, 0, one Ads (107) 1 sor, b=} Men 10s) 2 ev) ‘or, in terms of the angle 0 from the axis to the radius vector, (400) "pe ret ered in pation 108 may be ett as lowes A'Tond P ns the point 0 produces ‘otent ‘diagram ut che edge nth the equation, pa Mn E Fie - (110) ‘Tablo § and Figure 18 show values computed from ‘this equation ‘Panun 8—Momnle Ay ab aid edge in Figure 18 when Pt, iosied fom speston 110 sig rs i ag bulge apace plat 0 igure whet the ou PRitabuted uniformly over a elo with diameter ¢ fangsit oth edge e pin 0, Equation 108 gee 1 Pedr os (tn) 352 unto nosps Yioons 10 —Rgsovows a4 Lary Hogs (mow Ravaviow Tis nw Fans 1). “omeow's soso, 403 ‘This moment ie three-fourths of the moment produced ben the loud Pie eoncentrted tthe eaner of the Comidr the cts shown in gure 18, The aii ov Geel tre edges ely sugges tal tia Sanh anes Tah te ance ry ctd ee "Heed Pye attie as, Ft alone tot a oy andy Contr Envaf it etgel peti oth eat, he i de see ast tReet Aa heeled, pin 12) 2 oa Yon Oaeey a ono t quia) According to equation 10 this combination of shears and tinsting moments is equivalent to. the verti renction, Rev eY a4) or, with rons! cosh 78 con 1 sinh TY t-ogose5—* | cs) conh "con ‘Table 9 and Figure 10 show valucs computed from ‘equstion 115. 36 | case Moownn 20-—Poeons or Masuyrawe, Baou, Kerns ‘brace’ Lavt Hsy on Ryors Hat gy ee Disa OF Wicatiny tm Caany Som be Saou 10 tena Boearios 106). "Powcoy’s Naso, al ‘age 9g oud ae hy ead P= ‘ution Hl, nd ested rapa Bigee 8B For the the suppording beauns sis of interest to know the post pote of computing bending moments in tion of the resuleent foree representing. the night elf ff each of the symmetrical dlagrarasin Figure 19. The stance, yg fom the point 0, 0 to tas resultant is defined by the equation of moments, efter [Ra ‘Tho integral om th Jolt side of this equation becomes in the thieo cases, , and, respeatively. ‘The in- togral on the right side was determined in each of the three eases by: numeral integeation. By chs method etn stances yg alow a Figut 20 vere china. ne ay daterpred these results by. saying . Ferultant ofthe whole reaction is resolved i cach case into (wo subsresultants, each representing one:balt of the diagram, end locatéd a shown ia Figur 20.” An ‘amination of the values given in Figure 20 shows that the following formula apple as «rough approximation yan 0h (7) (118) ®Yoga te seams Progooey 5, Toue unt ge RGus or sures Serrenr eos ‘When the distanco w from the edge to the load bo- ‘comes email sn somperison with ‘he span, one may imply equation 11d by substituting, 2, ah VF, coch co (yt sin 2 sinh YF, cont U—c00 aE GF ) "Thon one finds P (vee mity)0m9 onth *cu( 5) ‘When the edge is fixed, one finds, by e procedure similar {o that which lod to equation 110, Rk 1 _P 06386 P Se apie coe 20) (et) “OD ‘Table 10 and Figure 21 show results computed from cogustions 119 and 120, i's subutted fru in equations 15 120 thee ‘equations may be interproted as defining the reaction produced st point. 0,0 by aload P xt point zy. In ferme of polar enordinstes, with 2=reos 8, y=" sin @ Oe dns then pnt 0,8 at he ply spported edge nuPeose 008 (yy 2(1~ cos"). (121) “aga 10 Resins Hy eed fe le yo Miaans fold Tae, and rpreciedpraphtcaly tn Fipu 3. fie aa amply aupportod eps, Pron atl, «= 819 and at point 0, 0 of the fixed edge BB cos 0. (022) ‘Ong may use these formulas to determin the rexetion int of length produced at point 0, O wlien the load distributed tasformly over the’ area of s small ‘ile with diameter e, tangent to the edge at point 0, 0. ‘By integrating over the area in the same manner as in EASES Sear eee sn pint 0,0 ed een nT) Twista tat ha va ht ou be bind if the force were distsbuted uniformly oyer the length ff the creumferenee of the circle. At tho fixed edge fhe twisting moments aro aero, und 2 is the saine, a the sheur P. At the simply supportad edge, on the ther hand,” the presence of the twisting tnoments fause 22 in) equation 128 to be larger than the shear PERC tht saane point. One fins at point 0, 0 Vn tE (125) ‘That, the shear V at point 0, Os twice the value that ‘would bo found by disttbuting the loud uniformly over The etetmaferened of the ciel. 37