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Tipul A de personalitate si bolile cardiovasculare

Personalitatea, set relativ stabil de potentialitati ale individului de a raspunde in mod specific
situatiilor cu care se confrunta (Jullian B. Rotter).
Tipul A de personalitate, un partern de comportament observabil sau stil de viata caracterizat
printr-o ostilitate intensa, competivitate, graba, nerabdare, neliniste, agresivitate, vorbire
intempestiva, si o stare de vigilenta insotita de o tensiune musculara. Persoanele cu un
comportament marcant de tip A lupta impotriva tensiunii timpului si a cerintei
responsabilitatii (Jenkins, 1979).

Patternul de tip A a fost descris pentru prima oara in 1959 de catre cardiologii americani
Meyer Friedman si Ray Rosenman. Acestia investigau la pacienti o serie de factori de risc
traditionali in etiologia bolilor coronariene, cum ar fi comportamentul alimentar, fumatul,
hipertensiunea arteriala etc. Pe parcurs au remarcat o serie de caracteristici la majoritatea
pacientilor cu afectiuni coronariene care pareau sa constituie trasaturi sau un pattern
comportamental specific pacientilor de sex masculin cu boala cardiaca ischemica (BCI).
Observatiile clinice ale pacientilor cu risc coronarian au sugerat drept caracteristici posibile
“graba permanenta, o lupta neintrerupta cu timpul si o obsesie a reperelor
numerice”(Friedman, 1969). In urma studierii pe o perioada indelungata – peste 8 ani si
jumatate- a barbatilor sanatosi de varsta medie, au fost identificate o serie de caracteristici
tipice drept patternului de tip A, estimandu-se ca acestea dubleaza riscul de afectiune
coronariana la indivizii sanatosi.
Utilizand un interviu structurat, instrument ce si-a adus o contributie importanta in evolutia
acestui concept, ei au descris patternul de tip A ca fiind caracterizat prin ambitie,
competivitate, nerabdare, inclinatie spre ostilitate si un sentiment exagerat de presiune a
timpului.
Inca de la emiterea acestui concept in 1959, comportamentul de tip A a generat un numar de
studii ce au avut in vedere initial existenta asocierilor cu diferite afectiuni, printre care BCI.
Friedman si Rosenman publica in 1974 volumul “Type A Behavior And Your Heart”, o
lucrare ce fundamenteaza legatura intre patternul de comportament de tip A si consecintele
fiziologice. Aceasta carte privita adesea ca un revolutionara, a stimulat controverse in
domeniul medicinei si a declansat o explozie in cea ce priveste cercetarea acestei legaturi. Tot
aici, tipul A este descris ca un comportament care poate fi schimbat si nu ca o trasatura de
personalitate stabila. Drept elemente descriptive majore ale comportamentului de tip A sunt
mentionate eforturile intense de realizare, sentimentul de urgenta si nerabdarea, ostilitatea si
agresivitatea.
In 1985, respectiv 1987, Dembroski si colaboratorii sai au completat aceasta descriere initiala
prin identificarea ostilitatii si furiei drept subcomponentele cele mai influente ale patternului
de tip A implicate in BCI. Wright, in 1988 a examinat furia ca un predictor semnificativ in
BCI, dar si sentimentul urgentei si activarea permanenta drept faptori cu o contributie
semnificativa la afectiunile coronariene. El a remarcat ca nu toate componentele acestui
comportament sunt “toxice”, si ca unele personalitati de tip A au avut mai mult succes la locul
de munca, fara a suferii efecte negative asupra sanatatii.
Benttecourt si colaboratorii sai (2006), au analizat in profunzime modul cu tresaturile de
personalitate afecteaza tiparele de comportament agresiv. Acest articol s-a concentrat pe
intelegerea motivului si momentului in care o persoana se angajeaza intr-un comportament
agresiv.
Bibliografie
Psihologie socială clinică, Ion Dafinoiu si Ștefan Boncu, Editura Polirom, 2014.

Tipul A de personalitate- Abridged

1. If a co-worker is performing better than me …

I double my efforts so I can outdo him or her.


I try a bit harder to catch up or outdo him or her.
I consider that I may have something to learn from him or her.
I don't mind - it has nothing to do with my performance.
I wouldn't even notice.

2. Unless you are walking with a destination in mind, you are losing time.

Completely agree
Mostly agree
Somewhat agree/somewhat disagree
Mostly disagree
Completely disagree

3. In heavy traffic on the way to an airport, your cab driver keeps taking bad "shortcuts"
and then turns and says, "Nice day isn't it?", as though nothing was wrong. How do you
feel?

I feel furious.
I feel very angry.
I feel a little angry.
I feel annoyed.
I feel slightly annoyed.
I don't feel angry or annoyed at all.

4. I am frequently disappointed in my friends/co-workers.

Completely true
Mostly true
Somewhat true/somewhat false
Mostly false
Completely false

5. If I can't do something perfectly, I don't do it at all.

Completely true
Mostly true
Somewhat true/somewhat false
Mostly false
Completely false
6. I tend to find it ____ to relax.

extremely difficult
somewhat difficult
quite easy
very easy

7. I get angry over minor things.

Always
Often
Sometimes
Very rarely
Never

8. "Time is money!"

Strongly agree
Agree
Somewhat agree/somewhat disagree
Disagree
Strongly disagree

9. Unless a person can be useful for my advancement, I have little interest in pursuing a
relationship.

Completely true
Mostly true
Somewhat true/somewhat false
Mostly false
Completely false
10. I feel tense.

Always
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
Type A Personality Test - Abridged

According to the scientific literature, the Type A Personality construct describes someone
who is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in
less and less time. The defining characteristics of the Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) are a
strong drive to succeed, hostility, competitiveness, perfectionism, a desire for recognition,
wealth and advancement, difficulty talking about feelings, and a sense of urgency and
impatience. More up-to-date research has found that there are actually two main types of
behaviors in the TABP: Achievement Striving and Impatience-Irritability.

The behaviors and traits that make up Achievement Striving, such as competitiveness and
drive, are often quite positive and can make for super-achievers and high-powered people.
Persons with these more constructive traits of TABP have immense reserves of drive and
energy. These traits are associated with greater potential for success in life. However,
everything at its most extreme can be unhealthy, and this is the case with Achievement
Striving as well. Anyone who pushes him or herself too hard is at risk for emotional and
physical burnout. The Impatience-Irritability trait of TABP, on the other hand, is
characterized by a tendency to react to unpleasant situations with responses that reflect anger,
frustration, irritation, and disgust. A tendency to lack trust in others, an inability to
communicate about feelings, and a general feeling of discontent also typifies people with this
aspect of TABP. Persons with this group of traits are motivated by external factors such as
material reward and recognition rather than by inner motivators. They experience a constant
sense of opposition, wariness, and apprehension - they are always ready for battle. This
constant, and very exhausting presence of negative emotions depletes reserves of energy,
impacts heavily on health, and disrupts personal equilibrium.
Psychometric Report
Type A Personality
Test- Abridged
Copyright

2011 PsychTests AIM, Inc

Percentile Scores
Overall Score
Percentiles
5
19.00
10
24.00
15
27.00
20
30.00
25
32.00
30
34.00
35
37.00
40
39.00
45
41.00
50
43.00
55
46.00
60
48.00
65
50.00
70
53.00
75
56.00
80
60.00
85
64.00
90
69.00
95
78.00
99
92.0

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