Tests for special quadrilaterals:
Co-ordinate Geometry
Straight line
 Gradient form: y = m + b
 General form: A + By + C = 0
 Distance: d = (1-2)2 + (y1-y2)2
 Midpoint: mp = (1 + 2 , y1 + y2 )
2 2
 Gradient: m = y2-y1
2-1
 Perpendicular distance
P= A1 + By1 + C
A2 + B2
 m = tan
Geometrical Properties
 Complementary angles add to 90
 Supplementary angle add to 180
 Vertically opposite angles are equal
 Angles at a point add to 360
 Angle sum of a triangle is 180
 The exterior angle of a triangle is
equal to the sum of the opposite
interior angles
 An isosceles triangle has equal base
angles
 Equilateral triangles have all angles
60
 Alternate angles on parallel lines are
equal
 Corresponding angles on parallel
lines are equal
 Co-interior angles between parallel
lines are supplementary
 The angle sum of a polygon is
(n-2)x180
 The sum of the exterior angles of
any polygon is equal to 360
 The angle sum of a quadrilateral is
360
Parallelograms:
 Two opposite sides equal and
parallel or
 Opposite sides are equal or
 Opposite angles are equal or
 Diagonals bisect each other
Rhombus:
 All sides equal or
 Diagonals bisect each other at right
angles
Rectangle:
 All angles are right angles or
 Parallelogram with equal diagonals
Square:
 All sides equal and one angle right
or
 All angles right and two adjacent
sides equal.
Tests for congruent triangles
 SSS
 SAS
 AAS
 RHS
Tests for similar triangles
 AA
 Corresponding sides proportional
(SSS)
 Two sides are proportional and
included angles are equal (SAS)
Applications of Differentiation
 First derivative dy/d
- Stationary point when equals 0
- Curve increasing>0
- Curve decreasing<0
-Max turning point if second
derivative negative
-Minimum turning point if second
derivative positive
 Second derivative d2y/d2
- Point of inflexion when equals 0
-Concave up when >0
-Concave down when <0
 Horizontal point of inflexion if both
first and second derivative equals
zero.
1
 Integration
n d = 1 n+1 + c Logarithmic Functions
n+1 loge =

 Area between curve and axis

A = ba f() d logef() =

 Volume of revolution
V =  ba [ f() ]2 d  d = loge = c

 Area between two curves  d = logef() + c

A =  top curve -  bottom curve
Log laws
 Volume between two curves  logee2 = 2logee = 2
A =   (top curve)2 – (bottom curve)2  logek = logek + loge
 loge = loge ½ = ½ loge
Approximating integrals  loge/k = loge - logek
Simpson’s Rule
A = h [ f(a) + 4 x f((a+b)/2) + f(b) ] 2.5

3
2
Trapezoidal Rule
A = ½ h [ f(a) + f(b) ] 1.5

1
Logarithmic and Exponential
Functions 0.5

Exponential functions 0

e = e 0 2 4 6 8 10

Trigonometric Functions
ec = cec  Arc length
l = rΘ
 area of sector
ef() = f’() ef(x) A = ½ r2Θ
 y = sin
 e d = e + k 1.5

 ec d = ec + k 0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.5

-1
8
-1.5
7

6 Period = 2
5 Amplitude = 1
4  y = cos
3 1.5

2 1

1 0.5

0
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.5

-1

-1.5

2
Period = 2  Decay y = Ae-k
Amplitude = 1
 y = tan 2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

 Exponential Growth
If the rate of change is proportional
Period =  to P, ie dP/dt = kP
Then P = Poekt
  Exponential Decay
=1 If dP/dt = -kP
Then P = Poe-kt
 Derivatives Where Po is the initial value of P
sin = cos k is the constant of proportionality
P is the amount of quantity present at
cos = -sin time t

tan = sec2 Series and Applications

Arithmetic Series
 Integrals  Tn = a + (n-1)d
 sina d = -1/a cos + c  Sn = n/2 (a+l) or
 cosa d = 1/a sin + c Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]
Geometric Series
 sec2a d = 1/a tan + c
 Tn = arn-1
 Sn = if r > 1
Rates of Change
The rate of change of some physical  Sn = if r < 1
quantity Q is defined as dQ/dt
 Given Q = f(t) then rate of change,
dQ/dt = f ‘(t)
 S∞ = where <1
 Given the rate of change, R = dQ/dt, Compound Interest
then Q =  R dt
A=P
Kinematics
Displacement =  Superannuation
Velocity = v = d/dt If $P is invested at the beginning of
Acceleration = a = dv/dt = d2/dt2 each year in a superannuation fund
 =  v dt earning interest at r% pa, the investment
v =  a dt after n years will amount to T

Exponential Growth and Decay A1 = P

 If e = a, then  = logea
 Growth y = aek A2 = P

3
And so on, so that investment = A1 +
A2…
=P +P …

forms a geometric series with

a=P n = number of years

and r =

Time payments
A person borrows $P at r% per term,
where the interest is compounded per
term on the amount owing. If they pay
off the loan in equal term instalments
over n terms, their equal term instalment
is M, where

M=

Deriving the equation:

An = P (rate)n – M (1 + rate + rate2…)

After fully paid An = 0

Rearrange to find M, using (1 + rate +
rate2…) as a geometric series.

Probability
Probability of an event occurring =

The probability of two events A and B

occurring is given by:
P(AB) = P(A) x P(B)

Sum and Difference of Two Cubes

X 3+ Y 3 = (x + y)(X 2 - XY + Y 2 )
X 3 -Y 3 = (X - Y)(X 2 + XY + Y 2 )

Parabolas
(-b)2 = 4a(y-c)
where (b,c) is the vertex
a is the focal length