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European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27

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European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejmsol

Buckling analysis of rectangular functionally graded plates under


various edge conditions using Fourier series expansion
Matin Latifi a, Fatemeh Farhatnia a, *, Mahmoud Kadkhodaei b
a
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Branch of Khomeinishahr, Boulevard Manzariye, Khomeinishahr, Isfahan 84181-48499,
Iran
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, the buckling problem of thin rectangular functionally graded plates subjected to propor-
Received 9 September 2011 tional biaxial compressive loadings with arbitrary edge supports is investigated. Classical plate theory
Accepted 27 January 2013 (CPT) based on the physical neutral plane is applied to derive the stability equations. Mechanical
Available online 19 February 2013
properties of the FGM plate are assumed to vary continuously along its thickness according to a power
law function. The displacement function is considered to be in the form of a double Fourier series whose
Keywords:
derivatives are determined using Stokes’ transformation. The advantage of this method is capability of
Buckling
considering any possible combination of boundary conditions with no necessity to be satisfied in the
Functionally graded material
Stokes’ transformation method
Fourier series. To give generality to the problem, the plate is assumed to be elastically restrained by
Classical plate theory means of rotational and translational springs at the four edges. Numerical examples are presented, and
Fourier series the effects of the plate aspect ratio, the FGM power index, and the loading proportionality factor on the
Rectangular plate buckling load of an FGM plate with different usual boundary conditions are studied. The present results
are compared with those have been previously reported by other analytical and numerical methods, and
very good agreement is seen between the findings indicating validity and accuracy of the proposed
approach in the buckling analysis of FGM plates.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction There are several researches on the stability analysis of isotropic,


composite, and functionally graded material plates. Reddy (2000)
To improve the mechanical properties of composites and to suggested a theoretical and numerical approach to obtain Navier
overcome problems arising in composite structures such as solution for FG plates. Numerical results based on FEM utilized to
delamination in high thermal gradients, functionally graded ma- show the influence of FG model on plate response. Leissa and Kang
terials (FGM) have been proposed. Briefly, FGM are composite (2001) investigated the stability and vibration of isotropic plates
materials with an inhomogeneous structure that comprise a spatial under varying in-plane compressive loads. The boundary condi-
gradation in structure and/or composition, tailored for a specific tions were at least two opposite simply supported edges. Javaheri
performance or function. For the first time in an industrial appli- and Eslami (2002) investigated the buckling of rectangular FGM
cation, Japanese scientists proposed FGM for thermal barriers in plates with four simply supported edges. They exploited the energy
aerospace structures (Yamanouchi et al., 1990; Koizomi et al., 1997). method to study the influence of geometrical and material pa-
The common type of FGM is a continuous composite of metals and rameters on the critical loads. Chen and Liew (2004) studied
refractory ceramics. By continuous change in the volume fraction of buckling of FG rectangular plates based on Mindlin’s plate
ceramic and metal, the FGM properties vary smoothly through a assumption under several in-plane compressive loadings by using a
specified coordinate direction. Nowadays, FGM plates of various mesh-free method. Shufrin and Eisenburger (2005) investigated
shapes under various loading and support conditions are one of the the buckling and vibration of isotropic plates with the use of the
main parts of engineering structures. first- and higher-order shear deformation plate theories utilizing
Kantorovich method. Shariat and Eslami (2005) analysed thermo-
mechanical buckling of thick functionally graded plates based on
the third order shear deformation plate theory. They obtained
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ98 0311 3660011 14; fax: þ98 311 3660088.
closed form results for a simply supported rectangular plate. Their
E-mail addresses: m.latifi@iaukhsh.ac.ir (M. Latifi), zh_farhat@yahoo.com, findings showed that higher temperature gradients across the
farhatnia@iaukhsh.ac.ir (F. Farhatnia), kadkhodaei@cc.iut.ac.ir (M. Kadkhodaei). thickness cause the plate to buckle at higher temperatures. Ni et al.

0997-7538/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2013.01.008
M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27 17

(2005) studied rectangular laminated composite plates using a tubes with various boundary conditions based on Flugge shell
higher order shear deformation theory. In their research, the plate theory. The tubes were exposed to different types of loadings. They
was supported by elastic beams under the edges. They utilized pb-2 assumed the modal forms to be in form of simple Fourier series
Ritz method to obtain the buckling characteristics of the plate. with Stokes’ transformation. Their results were in good agreement
Ungbhakorn and Singhatanadgid (2006) used an extended Kant- with other theoretical and experimental results. Kim and Kim
orovich method to investigate the buckling problem of rectangular (2001) studied the vibration of an EulereBernoulli beam with
laminated composite plates with different edge supports. They generally restrained boundary conditions by the same approach.
utilized the principle of minimum total potential energy along with The beam edges were assumed to be connected to translational and
a separable displacement function to obtain a set of governing or- rotational springs. Khalili et al. (2005) studied static and dynamic
dinary differential equations. By using the initial arbitrary trial behaviour of multi-layered laminated composite plates under va-
function, they found the buckling load and mode shapes of lami- riety of edge conditions using Fourier expansion method with
nated unidirectional and cross-ply symmetrical plates with any Stokes’ transformation. Shao and Ma (2007) used this method to
combinations of simple, clamped, and free supports. Morimoto and analyse the vibration behaviour of laminated cylindrical shells with
Tanigava (2006) analysed buckling of inhomogeneous orthotropic arbitrary boundary conditions based one Love’s shell theory. Ansari
plates based on classical plate theory and Von-Karman model. They and Darvizeh (2008) investigated vibrations of functionally graded
linearized the equations and decoupled the resultant forces and shells under different edge constraints. They used the axial de-
moments from strain components and bending curvatures, pendency in the form of Fourier series with Stokes’ transformation
respectively. Hosseini-Hashemi et al. (2008) presented an analyt- for studying the modal forms. Material properties were assumed to
ical approach for the buckling of isotropic rectangular Mindlin be temperature-dependent and graded in the thickness direction
plates. The boundary conditions were assumed to be consisting of according to different volume fraction functions based on power
two simply supported edges for the opposite sides along with law, sigmoid, and exponential distributions. To the authors’
arbitrary conditions for the two other sides. They obtained the knowledge, stability analysis of plates under arbitrary boundary
shape modes of six different boundary conditions when the plate is conditions has not been carried out using Fourier expansion series
subjected to uniaxial and/or biaxial compressive loadings. with Stokes’ transformation.
Matsunaga (2008) considered the buckling and vibration of FG In the present study, buckling of thin rectangular FGM plates is
plates according to 2D higher order shear deformation theory. He analysed using double Fourier series method and Stokes’ trans-
derived the governing equations through Hamilton’s principal us- formation. The plate has arbitrary edge constraints and is subjected
ing the method of power series expansion of displacement com- to proportional biaxial compressive loadings. Based on classical
ponents. By integrating the 3D governing equations in the thickness plate theory and considering large deformations, the equilibrium
direction, the modal transverse stresses were obtained. In his study, equations are derived. Since the functionally graded material
the edges were assumed to be simply supported. Chen et al. (2009) properties do not have symmetry about the middle plane, the
investigated buckling and vibration of FGM plates subjected to an stability equations are developed in reference to the physical
initial stress based on a higher order shear deformation theory. neutral plane so that the resultant forces and moments are
Zhao et al. (2009) investigated thermal buckling of FG plates using expressed only as a function of stretching and curvature in the
the first order shear deformation theory. For solving the governing reference plane, respectively. Mechanical properties of the FGM
equations, they employed the element-free kp-Ritz method. plate are assumed to vary continuously along its thickness ac-
Najafizadeh and Mahdavian (2010) studied the buckling of simply cording to a power law function. For an FGM plate with different
supported FG rectangular plates under non-uniformly distributed usual boundary conditions, the influence of the plate aspect ratio,
in-plane compressive loadings by utilizing Galerkin method. the FGM power index, and the loading proportionality factor on the
Zenkour and Mashat (2010) investigated on thermal buckling of FG buckling load is studied in some numerical examples. The obtained
plates under uniform and non-uniform temperature gradient using results are compared with the available ones found by the energy
sinusoidal shear deformation plate theory (SPT). They studied the method, Levy solution, and the finite element method. There are
influence of geometrical parameters on critical temperature. very good agreements between the findings indicating the validity
Mohammadi and Saidi (2010) investigated buckling of thin rect- and accuracy of the proposed approach in the buckling analysis of
angular functionally graded plates under in-plane biaxial loadings FGM plates.
using Levy solution. The boundary conditions of the plate were
simply supported along two opposite edges and arbitrary along the 2. Formulation of the problem
other ones. In another work, Naderi and Saidi (2011) studied pre-
buckling of Mindlin functionally graded rectangular plates. They It is assumed that the FGM plate is a mixture of a ceramic and a
considered two approaches about pre-buckling behaviour of plates. metal, as shown in Fig. 1, and that the material continuously varies
In one approach, the plate cannot remain flat under external in- in the thickness direction.
plane loads and, in the other one, the plate remains flat in the
pre-buckling configuration.
When investigating various arbitrary edge constraints, direct
solution of the governing differential equations is a difficult job.
Moreover, prediction of an admissible displacement function
capable of satisfying any arbitrary boundary conditions in an in-
verse method is totally complicated. The use of Fourier series
expansion method is an effective method in such cases since the
derivatives of the series are independently defined based on Stokes’
transformation (Bromwich, 1955; Budiansky and Diprima, 1960).
Chung (1981) exploited the Fourier series with Stokes’ trans-
formation to analyse circular cylindrical shells based on Sander’s
shell equations under arbitrary boundary conditions. Al-Hassani
et al. (1997) investigated the buckling problem of composite Fig. 1. Coordinate system of rectangular FG plate.
18 M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27

Variation of the Young modulus through the plate thickness is


08 9 8 91 h8 9
considered as: < Nx = < Mx = Z2 < sx =
@ Ny ; My A ¼ sy ð1; zÞdz (7)
: ; : ; :
z k Nxy Mxy h
sxy ;
EðzÞ ¼ Em þ ðEc  Em Þ þ 0:5 k0 2
h (1)
vðzÞ ¼ constant The equation above may be expressed in terms of the in-plane
strains and curvatures by using Equations (3)e(6):
where Em and Ec respectively denote the Young moduli of metal (in
the lower surface) and ceramic (in the upper surface), and k is the 08 9 8 91 0 8 ð0Þ 9 8 ð1Þ 91
< Nx = < Mx = >
< εx > = >
< εx > =
FGM power index. In FG structures, the distribution of constructing B ð0Þ C
@ Ny ; My A ¼ @½A εy ; ½D εð1Þ
y A (8)
materials is not symmetric about to middle surface. Consequently, : ; : ; >
: ð0Þ
>
; >
: ð1Þ
>
;
Nxy Mxy ε ε
stretching-bending coupling effect exists in the governing equa- xy xy
tions based on the middle plane thin plate theory. The governing
Matrices [A] and [D] represent in-plane and bending couplings,
equations derived based on the physical neutral plane where is not
respectively and are defined in terms of the reduced stiffness ma-
located at the mid-thickness, have the simple forms as those of
trix Q as follows (Abrate, 2008):
classical thin plate theory for homogeneous isotropic materials. The
position of this plane (z0) from the middle surface is introduced by h
Zhang and Zhou (2008): Z2
 
Aij ; Dij ¼ Q ij ð1; ðz  z0 ÞÞ2 dz i; j ¼ 1; 2; 6 (9)
h
h
Z2 2
zEðzÞdz
Thus the components of matrices [A] and [D] are determined as
h follows:
2
z0 ¼ (2)
h 2 3
Z2 1 n 0
 
EðzÞdz Aij ; Dij ¼ ðA11 ; D11 Þ4 n 1 0 5 i; j ¼ 1; 2; 6 (10)
h
0 0 1n
2

The kinematical strainedisplacement relations in any arbitrary where


plane parallel to the neutral surface are as follows: 

h Em h2 9
8 ð0Þ 9 8 ð1Þ 9 D11 ¼   1 þ
8 9 1  n2 12 ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2Þðk þ 3Þ
< εx = >
< εx > = >
< εx > =

ð0Þ ð1Þ ðEc  Em Þh 2 6k


εy ¼ εy þ ðz  z0 Þ εy (3) þ 1
: ; >
: ð0Þ >; >
: ð1Þ >; ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2Þðk þ 3Þ
εxy εxy εxy
4


kðEc  Em Þ ðEc  Em Þ
 z0 h þ z20 Em þ (11a)
where {ε(0)} and {ε(1)} are the in-plane strains and the plate cur- ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2Þ kþ1
vatures, respectively. As the material is isotropic in the xey plane
and only the modulus of elasticity E varies with z, the stressestrain

h Ec  Em
relations are (Shanmugam and Wang, 2006): A11 ¼ Em þ (11b)
1  n2 kþ1
8 9 8 9
< εx =
< sx = It is seen that coefficients A11 and D11 depended on the plate

sy ¼ Qij εy i; j ¼ 1; 2; 6 (4) thickness, FGM power index, Young modulus of ceramic and metal,
:
sxy ; :
εxy
; and Poisson’s ratio. Consequently, seeing Equation (8), there is not
any coupling between either the resultant forces and the curvatures
or: or the resultant moments and the in-plane strains. As a result,
buckling equations of the FGM plate can be derived like those of an
8 9 2 308 ð0Þ 9 8 ð1Þ 91 isotropic one (Abrate, 2008) in the form of:
< sx = Q 11 Q 12 0 >
< εx > = >
< εx > =
B ð0Þ ð1Þ C
sy ¼ 4 Q 21 Q 22 5
0 @ εy þ ðz  z0 Þ εy A
:
sxy ; 0 0 Q 66
>
:
ε
ð0Þ
>
; >
:
ε
ð1Þ
>
; D11 v4 w=vx4 þ 2ðD12 þ 2D66 Þv4 w=vx2 vy2 þ D22 v4 w=vy4
xy xy
(5) ¼ Nx v2 w=vx2 þ 2Nxy v2 w=vxvy þ Ny v2 w=vy2 (15)

½Q is the reduced stiffness matrix and Q ij ’s are defined as follows For the sake of brevity, the details for derivation of buckling
(Abrate, 2008): equation are omitted. One can find more details in Brush and
Almroth (1975). Solution of Equation (15) makes the ability of
analysing all linear and non-linear equilibrium configurations of
EðzÞ Q 12 ¼ nQ 11
Q 11 ¼ the plate. Transition from the pre-buckled state (linear configura-
1  n2 Q 66 ¼ Q 11  Q 12 (6) tion) to the buckled one (non-linear configuration) is the bifurca-
tion point (Brush and Almroth, 1975). In the present work, it is
Q 22 ¼ Q 11 Q 21 ¼ Q 12
assumed that no in-plane shear force Nxy exists and that the rela-
For plane stress condition, the resultant in-plane forces (Nx, Ny, tion a ¼ Ny/Nx holds for the axial forces. Such a biaxial compressive
Nxy) and moments (Mx, My, Mxy) can be obtained by integrating the loading is shown in Fig. 2. Accordingly, the resultant buckling
corresponding stresses as (Venstel and Krauthammer, 2001): equation takes the form:
M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27 19

(
vwðx;yÞ w0y þway X N
2 
¼ þ way ð1Þm þw0y
vx a m¼1
a
)
X
N
mp npy mpx
þ wmn sin cos
n¼1
a b a
0 < y < b; 0  x  a
(19)
(
v2 wðx;yÞ XN
2p  
¼ w0y mþway mð1Þm
vx2 m¼1
a2
)
X
N
m2 p2 npy mpx (20)
Fig. 2. Schematic of a rectangular plate under uniform bi-directional compression.
þ wmn sin sin
n¼1
a2 b a
 
4 4 4
D11 v w=vx þ 2v w=vx vy þ v w=vy 2 2 4 4 0 < y < b; 0 < x < a
 
¼ Nx v2 w=vx2 þ av2 w=vy2 (16) and
(
v4 wðx;yÞ XN
2p3  3 3 m
 2p
This equation is similar to a classical buckling equation. In other ¼  w0y m þway m ð1Þ þ 2
vx4 m¼1
a4 a
words, functionally graded plates with the present loading condi- )
 x XN npy
tions and the material properties which vary continuously through x m m4 p4
 w0y mþway mð1Þ þ wmn sin
the thickness behave like homogeneous plates. In this paper, for
n¼1
a4 b
simplicity in writing, we drop the subscript of D11 when deal with it. mpx
sin 0<y<b; 0<x<a (21)
a
3. Double Fourier series and application of Stokes’ In the equations above:
transformation in buckling analysis
x v2 wð0; yÞ x v2 wða; yÞ
To analyse the buckling behaviour of a plate, the lateral w0y ¼ way ¼
vx2 vx2
displacement is described by five different functions; the first one is
The first and higher derivatives respect to y is expressed using
a double Fourier series corresponding to all non-boundary points
Stokes’ transformation with similar manner. The second derivatives
within the plate while the other ones are four different Fourier
of the lateral displacement should satisfy the relation below:
series corresponding to the plate edges:
 
P
N P
N mpx npy Mab ¼ D dab vV2 w þ ð1  vÞw;ab a; b ¼ x; y (22)
wðx;yÞ ¼ wmn sin sin ð0 < x < a; 0 < y < bÞ
n¼1 m¼1 a b
(17) in which V2, dab, and w,ab are two dimensional Laplacian operator,
Kronecker Delta, and partial derivative respect to a and b, respec-
The displacements on the boundaries are defined using Fourier tively. Therefore, the boundary second derivatives of lateral
series’ law as follows (Chung, 1981): displacement at the four edges are associated to the in-plane mo-
ments in x and y direction for any arbitrary conditions as follows:
p X
N npy
w0y ¼ wð0; yÞ ¼  w0y
n sin x
 .   y  .  
2 n¼1 b x  nM y
w0y ¼ M0y
y
D 1  n2 w0y ¼ M0y  nM0y
x D 1  n2
0y
(18a)
p X
N npy (23a)
ay
way ¼ wða; yÞ ¼ wn sin
2 b
n¼1
x
 .   y  .  
x  nM y
way ¼ May y
D 1  n2 way ¼ May x
 nMay D 1  n2
ay
p X
N mpx
wx0 ¼ wðx; 0Þ ¼  wx0 (23b)
m sin
2 m¼1
a
(18b) x  x y    y  y   
p X
N mpx wx0 ¼ Mx0  nMx0 D 1  n2 wx0 ¼ Mx0 x
 nMx0 D 1  n2
wxb ¼ wðx; bÞ ¼ wxb
m sin
2 m¼1
a (23c)

In fact, w(x,y) is a mode function of the lateral displacement and x


 .   y  .  
0y ay x  nM y
wxb ¼ Mxb y
D 1  n2 wxb ¼ Mxb x
 nMxb D 1  n2
wmn, wn ; wx0 xb
m ; wn ; and wn are unknown coefficients of the Fourier xb
series. It is clear from Equation (17) that this Fourier sine series (23d)
satisfies only the geometric and natural boundary conditions of a
plate whose four edges are all simply supported. However, it is not where:
necessary that the series satisfies all other boundary conditions
since Stokes’ transformation can be exploited for any arbitrary x v2 wðx; 0Þ x v2 wðx; bÞ y v2 wðx; 0Þ
boundary condition with non-zero lateral displacement and in-
wx0 ¼ wxb ¼ wx0 ¼
vx2 vx2 vy2
plane moments. To deal with the geometric and natural boundary
conditions of any arbitrary constraint, the first- and higher-order
y v2 wð0; yÞ y v2 wða; yÞ y v2 wðx; bÞ
derivatives of the double Fourier series are determined as (See w0y ¼ way ¼ wxb ¼
Appendix A): vy2 vy2 vy2
20 M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27

y
x ; M x ; M x ; M x ; M ; M ; M ; and M y y y
In relations above, M0y ay x0 xb 0y ay x0 xb
As seen in Table (1), Equation (17) satisfies all geometrical and
denote the bending moments along the edges. The superscript natural boundary conditions of a simply supported plate (SSSS),
denotes the axis of applied bending moment and the subscripts while it is not the case for other kinds of boundary conditions. If the
reveal the considered boundary edge. springs are attached to the edge x ¼ 0, the geometrical and natural
Consequently, substitution of Equation (17) through (21) into boundary conditions are presented as:
Equation (16), wmn is written in terms of twelve unknown bound-
ary quantities ðM0y x ; Mx ; Mx ; Mx ; My ; My ; My ; My ; w ; w ; 8
< Vx ð0; yÞ ¼ T1 wð0; yÞ
ay x0 xb 0y ay x0 xb 0y 0y
w0y ; w0y Þ for various boundary conditions:
(26)
: Mx ð0; yÞ ¼ R vw ð0; yÞ
m n 1
wmn ¼ Pmn1 w0y þ ð1Þ Pmn1 way þ Pmn2 wx0 þ ð1Þ Pmn2 wxb vx
y
x
þ Pmn3 M0y þ ð1Þm Pmn3 May
x
þ Pmn4 Mx0
where T1 and R1 are translational and rotational spring stiffness on
y
þ ð1Þn Pmn4 Mxb x
þ Pmn5 Mx0 þ ð1Þn Pmn5 Mxb
x
this edge, respectively. Vx and Mx are effective shear force and
y y
þ Pmn6 M0y þ ð1Þm Pmn6 May bending moment (Venstel and Krauthammer, 2001):

(24) " #
where: v v2 wðx; yÞ v2 wðx; yÞ
Vx ðx; yÞ ¼ D þ ð2  vÞ (27)

vx vx2 vy2
1 Dp4 m3 Dp4 mn2 p2 mNx
Pmn1 ¼  þ
Jmn a4 a2 b2 a2
(25a) When all the edges are constrained by the springs, the boundary

1 Dp4 n3 Dp4 nm2 p2 naNx conditions are all similar to relation (26). In this case, none of the
Pmn2 ¼  þ
Jmn b4 a2 b2 b2 eight boundary conditions is satisfied by the Fourier sine series. By
applying Stokes’ transformation in relations (26) and similar ones

for the other edges, the natural boundary conditions can be re-
1 p4 m np4 m
Pmn3 ¼     written in terms of the edge values as follows:
Jmn a 1n
4 2 a b 1  n2
2 2


(25b) ( x x (
1 p4 n np4 n w0y þ way X
N
2 x x  2p2 m2
Pmn4 ¼     D þ w0y þ way ð1Þm 
Jmn b4 1  n 2 a2 b2 1  n2 a a a3
m¼1
))
 X
N npy

m p3 m3
1 np4 n p4 n  w0y þ way ð1Þ  wmn sin
Pmn5 ¼  þ   n¼1
a3 b
Jmn b4 1  n2 a2 b2 1  n2

(25c) p X
N npy
0y
1 np4 m p4 m ¼ T1 wn sin (28a)
Pmn6 ¼  þ   2 n¼1
b
Jmn a 1  n
4 2 a b 1n
2 2 2


and
2Dp4 m2 n2 p2 m2 Nx p2 n2 aNx Dp4 m4 Dp4 n4 (
Jmn ¼    
a 2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2 w0y þ way XN
2 
x
M0y ¼ R1 þ way ð1Þm þ w0y
(25d) a m¼1
a
)!
XN
mp  npy
þ wmn sin (28b)
4. Boundary conditions a b
n¼1

In order to employ Stokes’ formulation in any combination of Similar equations can be derived for other edges of the plate
the boundary conditions, the plate is assumed to be elastically leading to twelve simultaneous homogeneous equations:
restrained by means of rotational and translational springs at the
 n x ; Mx ; Mx ; Mx ; My ; My ;
four edges. Table (1) shows how each constraint is satisfied in the Sij w0y ; way ; wx0 ; wxb ; M0y ay x0 xb 0y ay
Fourier sine series. oT
y y
Mx0 ; Mxb ¼ 0 ði ¼ 1; 2; .; 8Þ; ðj ¼ 1; 2; .; 12Þ (29)
Table 1
State of boundary conditions for any kind of edge constraints in the Fourier sine Components of the coefficients matrix [Sij] depend on Nx, a, a, b,
series. T1 to T4 and R1 to R4.
Edge constraint Boundary condition Ti and Ri (i ¼ 1,2,3,4) are translational and rotational spring
w Mx My vw/vx vw/vy
stiffness along four edges of plate, respectively. Bending moments
ðMx0x ; M x ; M y ; M y Þ; which do not appear in expressing the natural
xb 0y ay
boundary conditions of four edges, should be eliminated in this
Simply supported e e stage. For example, for simply supported and clamped conditions
Clamped e e for the edge x ¼ 0, the following relations can be used:

Free e e
x ¼ 0; M y ¼ 0
M0y Simply supported
0y
y x (30)
M0y ¼ vM0y Clamped edge
Translational and rotational spring

: satisfied boundary condition.


: unsatisfied boundary condition. Consequently, 8 linear equations containing 8 unknown pa-
e: inapplicable boundary condition. rameters are obtained as:
M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27 21

 n y
x ; Mx ; M ; M y
oT
Sij w0y ; way ; wx0 ; wxb ; M0y ay x0 xb
¼ 0 T1;2;3 /N T4 /0 (36a)
(31)
ði ¼ 1; 2; .; 8Þ; ðj ¼ 1; 2; .; 8Þ

Existence of a non-trivial solution for this system of linear R1;2;3 /N R4 /0 (36b)


equations implies that determinant of the coefficient matrix [Sij]
should be zero. The resultant characteristic equation can be solved
by assigning the proper values of R’s and T’s corresponding to any
4.3. CSCS
specified boundary conditions. The minimum value of the results
should be considered as the critical load. As an alternative solution,
This symmetric set of boundary conditions can be expressed as:
one can first eliminate inapplicable rows and columns in [Sij] for the
desired boundary conditions and then set the determinant of the w0y ¼ way ¼ wx0 ¼ wxb ¼ 0 (37a)
resultant matrix to be zero to obtain the minimum value of results
as the critical load. Buckling load of a rectangular plate with any y y
arbitrary combination of boundary conditions, related to whether Mx0 ¼ Mxb ¼ 0 (37b)
rigid or elastic edge constraints, can be determined by the afore-
mentioned procedure. vw vw
ð0; yÞ ¼ ða; yÞ ¼ 0 (37c)
In the following, the most applicable boundary conditions are vx vx
separately discussed to exhibit the method of obtaining the buck-
ling load in more details. The letters S, C, and F respectively stand The conditions vw/vx(0,y) ¼ vw/vx(a,y) ¼ 0 must be stated in
for simply supported, clamped, and free edges. terms of the corresponding bending moments M0y and May.
Retaining the rows and columns associated with these bending
4.1. SSCC moments, the following determinant is achieved:


When the plate is simply supported at two edges (x ¼ 0, y ¼ 0) S55 S57
¼ 0 (38)
and clamped at the others (x ¼ a, y ¼ b), the boundary conditions S75 S77
are expressed as:
The same result can be found from determinant of [Sij] by
w0y ¼ way ¼ wx0 ¼ wxb ¼ 0 (32a) putting:

x
M0y y
¼ Mx0 ¼ 0 (32b) T1;2;3;4 /N (39a)

R1;3 /N R2;4 /0 (39b)


vw vw
ða; yÞ ¼ ðx; bÞ ¼ 0 (32c)
vx vy
Hence, the buckling determinant is found from Equation (32) by 4.4. CCCC
x and M y . The
retaining the rows and columns associated with May xb
resultant determinant is: These boundary conditions indicate that displacement and
slope of the plate at all edges should be zero, i.e.:
w0y ¼ way ¼ wx0 ¼ wxb ¼ 0
S66 S68 (40a)
¼ 0 (33)
S86 S88
vw vw vw vw
ð0; yÞ ¼ ða; yÞ ¼ ðx; 0Þ ¼ ðx; bÞ ¼ 0 (40b)
The same result can be found from determinant of [Sij] by vx vx vy vy
putting:
Characteristic equation of this symmetric set of boundary con-
T1;2;3;4 /N (34a) ditions can be found by setting the following determinant to be
zero:
R3;4 /N (34b)
S55 / S58

« 1 « ¼ 0 (41)

S85 / S88
4.2. SSSF
The same result can be obtained from determinant of [Sij] by
When the plate is simply supported in three edges (x ¼ 0, y ¼ 0 putting:
and x ¼ a) and free in the last one (y ¼ b), this non-symmetric set of
boundary conditions are expressed as follows: T1;2;3;4 /N (42a)

w0y ¼ way ¼ wx0 ¼ 0 (35a)


R1;2;3;4 /N (42b)
x x y y
M0y ¼ May ¼ Mx0 ¼ Mxb ¼ 0 (35b)

Hence, all components of [Sij] but S44 are arbitrary quantities. So 4.5. CCCS
the buckling load can be determined by using the relation S44 ¼ 0.
The same result can be obtained from determinant of [Sij] by When the plate is clamped in three edges (x ¼ 0, y ¼ 0 and x ¼ a)
putting: and simply supported in the last one (y ¼ b), one can write:
22 M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27

Table 2
w0y ¼ way ¼ wx0 ¼ wxb ¼ 0 (43a) Variations of z0 as well as A and D with k.

k z0 (104 m) D (N m) A (106 N/m)


vw vw vw y 0 0 4349.82 2087.91
ð0; yÞ ¼ ða; yÞ ¼ ðx; 0Þ ¼ Mxb ¼ 0 (43b)
vx vx vy 1 5.74074 2168.13 1236.26
2 7.45192 1691.83 952.38
Due to selection of sinus expansion series as the displacement 5 7.58317 1430.73 668.50
field, the first three relations in Equation (43b) are not satisfied.
Thus the fifth to the seventh rows and columns of [Sij], which are
associated with the bending moments along the three clamped
expected, the physical neutral plane coincides with the middle
edges, should be retained to obtain the buckling load from the
plane for an isotropic plate with k ¼ 0. It is seen that, by increasing
equation below:
the FGM power index, z0 increases while the coefficients A and D
decrease.
S55 / S57
To make sure of the convergence of the results, buckling loads of
« 1 « ¼ 0 (44)
a square isotropic plate with selected edge constraints are obtained
S75 / S77
with the use of different numbers of terms in the Fourier series. It is
The same result can be found from determinant of [Sij] by shown in Table (3) that the convergence is obtained if the first 30
putting: terms of the series are utilized.
Buckling loads of a simply supported FGM plate subjected to
T1;2;3;4 /N (45a) unidirectional compression for different FGM power indices and
aspect ratios are calculated, and comparison of the results with
R1;2;3 /N (45b) those obtained by the energy method (Javaheri and Eslami, 2002) is
presented in Table (4). A very good agreement is seen between the
results.
It should be noted that the Young modulus of Alumina is greater
4.6. SSCS and SSSC than that of Aluminium. So, when k equals zero, the plate is
isotropic with the highest possible stiffness, and increasing the
When the plate is simply supported at three edges (x ¼ 0, y ¼ 0 FGM power index causes the portion of Aluminium to be more
and y ¼ b) and clamped at the last one (x ¼ a), this non-symmetric pronounced leading to decrease in the plate stiffness. Conse-
set of boundary conditions are expressed as follows: quently, for each aspect ratio in Table (4), the greatest buckling load
corresponds to k ¼ 0 and the buckling load decreases with increase
w0y ¼ way ¼ wx0 ¼ wxb ¼ 0 (46a)
in the FGM power index. Moreover, by increasing the ratio b/a, the
plate becomes shorter in the direction of the compressive load Nx as
x y y vw the length b is constant. This is the reason why the buckling load
M0y ¼ Mx0 ¼ Mxb ¼ ða; yÞ ¼ 0 (46b)
vx increases with increase in the aspect ratio for each FGM power
Hence, all components of the coefficient matrix but S66 are index. Similar studies are presented for CCCS condition under
arbitrary quantities. So the buckling load can be determined using uniaxial compression (a ¼ 0) and CCCC condition under biaxial
the relation S66 ¼ 0. The same result can be obtained from deter- compression (a ¼ 1) in Tables (5) and (6), respectively. The results
minant of [Sij] by putting: are compared with available buckling loads obtained by the finite
element method (Latifi, 2010), and it is seen that they are in a very
T1;2;3;4 /N (47a) good agreement with the FE predictions. Effects of the aspect ratio

R3 /N R1;2;4 /0 (47b) Table 3


Convergence of solutions by increasing the number of terms in the Fourier series for
For the last boundary condition, SSSC, the buckling load can be the condition k ¼ 0 and b/a ¼ 1,buckling load (105 N/m).
found through the same procedure leading to the relation S88 ¼ 0. Boundary conditions Number of polynomial terms of infinite series in
calculating bauckling load (N/m)
5. Presentation of the results 10 20 30 35
SSSS 7.136 6.811 6.811 6.811
Numerical investigation is performed to show the validity and SSCC 11.916 11.023 10.619 10.619
accuracy of Stokes’ transformation in calculating buckling loads. CCCS 16.108 14.613 13.809 13.809
The results are compared with those have been reported to be CCCC 20.301 18.431 17.261 17.261
obtained by the energy method (Javaheri and Eslami, 2002), Levy
solution (Mohammadi and Saidi, 2010), and the finite element
method (Latifi, 2010). The constituent materials considered here Table 4
are Alumina (as ceramic) and Aluminium (as metal). The Young’s Comparison of buckling loads (105 N/m) of a SSSS FGM plate using the present
method (P. M.) with those obtained by the energy method (E. M.) (Javaheri and
moduli of Aluminium and Alumina are Em ¼ 70 GPa and
Eslami, 2002), for a ¼ 0.
Ec ¼ 380 GPa, respectively, and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3 throughout the
whole plate. Referring to Fig. 1, the plate thickness is h ¼ 5 mm and b/a k¼0 k¼1 k¼2 k¼5

the length along y-axis is b ¼ 0.5 m. Some arbitrary values for the P. M. E. M. P. M. E. M. P. M. E. M. P. M. E. M.
FGM power index (k ¼ 0, 1, 2, 5), aspect ratio (b/a ¼ 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3), 1 6.811 6.805 3.392 3.390 2.650 2.652 2.241 2.24
and the load proportionality factor (a ¼ 1, 0, 1) are selected to 1.5 7.981 7.984 3.970 3.973 3.112 3.110 2.621 2.621
study buckling behaviour of the FGM plate at different conditions. 2 10.630 10.632 5.312 5.310 4.130 4.131 3.512 3.511
2.5 14.311 14.311 7.132 7.134 5.564 5.562 4.723 4.722
Variations of z0 as well as A and D, calculated based on the 3 18.921 18.922 9.431 9.430 7.352 7.350 6.223 6.221
physical neutral plane, with k are given in Table (2). As it is
M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27 23

Table 5 Table 9
Comparison of buckling load (105 N/m) from the present method (P. M.) with FEM Variation of the buckling load (105 N/m) for different boundary conditions, k ¼ 1.
results (Latifi, 2010), for CCCS plate, a ¼ 0.
Boundary a b/a
b/a k¼0 k¼1 k¼2 k¼5 condition
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
P. M. FEM P. M. FEM P. M. FEM P. M. FEM SSSF 1 1.651 2.563 4.003 5.889 8.205
1 13.809 13.819 6.887 6.879 5.372 5.370 4.539 4.541 0 1.192 2.243 3.711 5.6 7.923
1.5 20.632 20.639 10.292 10.298 8.028 8.026 6.781 6.783 1 0.896 1.93 3.37 5.219 7.476
2 31.904 31.909 15.920 15.923 12.418 12.413 10.482 10.483 SSSS 1 7.088 7.166 7.069 8.498 10.612
2.5 46.846 46.840 23.387 23.389 18.240 18.244 15.384 15.384 0 3.392 3.97 5.311 7.132 9.431
3 65.211 65.215 32.575 32.572 25.403 25.400 21.404 21.402 1 1.697 2.752 4.242 6.141 8.484
SSSC 1 7.993 9.232 7.972 9.076 11.039
0 4.888 4.76 5.818 7.522 9.738
1 2.264 3.167 4.553 6.411 8.693
SSCS 1 7.993 9.039 11.051 14.568 19.143
0 4.121 5.923 8.835 12.682 17.48
Table 6
1 2.264 4.339 7.333 11.215 15.968
Comparison of buckling load (105 N/m) from the present method (P. M.) with FEM
SSCC 1 9.132 10.314 11.804 15.086 19.539
results (Latifi, 2010), for CCCC plate, a ¼ 1.
0 5.297 6.584 9.282 13.019 17.648
b/a k¼0 k¼1 k¼2 k¼5 1 2.765 4.666 7.558 11.382 16.098
CSCS 1 9.191 14.233 19.001 26.155 35.24
P. M. FEM P. M. FEM P. M. FEM P. M. FEM
0 5.752 9.663 15.489 23.03 32.251
1 9.112 9.11 4.541 4.54 3.542 3.54 2.993 2.991 1 3.356 7.147 12.838 19.991 25.533
1.5 15.88 15.878 7.921 7.923 6.182 6.181 5.522 5.525 CCCS 1 10.195 15.594 19.801 26.739 35.669
2 26.821 26.82 13.374 13.372 10.431 10.431 8.82 8.824 0 6.886 10.292 15.92 23.387 32.575
2.5 41.471 41.47 20.67 20.672 16.131 16.132 13.64 13.642 1 3.679 7.407 13.038 20.29 28.833
3 58.982 58.984 29.41 29.411 22.94 22.941 19.401 19.403 CCCC 1 12.773 17.251 20.751 27.383 36.154
0 8.608 11.18 16.473 23.761 33.61
1 4.541 7.921 13.374 20.67 29.410

Table 7
Comparison of dimensionless buckling loads (Nxb2/D) obtained by the present and the FGM power index on the buckling load are the same as
method (P. M.) with those reported to be found by Levy solution (L. S.) (Mohammadi
what were shown in Table (4).
and Saidi, 2010) for k ¼ 0.
Buckling loads of an isotropic plate (k ¼ 0) for two different edge
Boundary condition b/a a P. M. L. S. constraints are shown in Table (7), and the results are compared
SSSS 1 0 15.422 15.421 with those reported to be obtained by Levy solution (Mohammadi
1 12.337 12.337 and Saidi, 2010).
2 0 39.48 39.478
1 19.733 19.732
Two different aspect ratios are investigated for each boundary
SCSC 1 0 18.976 18.977 condition, and uniaxial as well as biaxial compressive load is
1 14.617 14.617 studied for each aspect ratio. The shown good agreement between
2 0 75.911 75.910 the results indicates validity of the current approach in buckling
1 37.799 37.800
analysis of FGM plates. It is clear that increase in a makes more

Table 10
Table 8
Variation of the buckling load (105 N/m) for different boundary conditions, k ¼ 2.
Variation of the buckling load (105 N/m) for different boundary conditions, k ¼ 0.

Boundary a b/a
Boundary a b/a
condition
condition 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
SSSF 1 1.288 1.999 3.122 4.592 6.399
SSSF 1 3.31 5.141 8.028 11.809 16.453
0 0.931 1.755 2.899 4.372 6.181
0 2.392 4.497 7.442 11.243 15.885
1 0.699 1.505 2.628 4.07 5.829
1 1.796 3.869 6.755 10.461 14.982
SSSS 1 5.529 5.588 5.513 6.627 8.275
SSSS 1 14.209 14.367 14.17 17.033 21.271
0 2.65 3.112 4.134 5.564 7.352
0 6.811 7.981 10.632 14.311 18.921
1 1.32 2.151 3.31 4.821 6.621
1 3.411 5.524 8.501 12.333 17.023
SSSC 1 6.235 7.2 6.218 7.078 8.609
SSSC 1 16.025 18.505 15.981 18.192 22.127
0 3.809 3.713 4.537 5.866 7.594
0 8.261 9.542 11.662 15.077 19.519
1 1.766 2.47 3.551 4.992 6.779
1 4.542 6.348 9.127 12.83 17.425
SSCS 1 6.234 7.05 8.619 11.361 14.928
SSCS 1 16.024 18.122 22.153 29.194 38.356
0 3.225 4.619 6.891 9.892 13.583
0 8.262 11.874 17.71 25.419 34.9
1 1.766 3.384 5.719 8.746 12.452
1 4.541 8.698 14.699 22.477 31.994
SSCC 1 7.123 8.045 9.206 11.765 15.237
SSCC 1 18.308 20.676 23.661 30.235 39.151
0 4.131 5.136 7.239 10.153 13.792
0 10.619 13.201 18.605 26.093 35.439
1 2.157 3.639 5.895 8.877 12.554
1 5.545 9.353 15.151 22.811 32.354
CSCS 1 7.169 11.123 14.828 20.423 27.483
CSCS 1 18.433 28.531 38.093 52.449 70.545
0 4.48 7.541 12.08 17.975 25.191
0 11.531 19.382 31.054 46.201 64.68
1 2.269 5.438 10.001 15.46 22.144
1 7.207 14.581 25.87 40.008 57.371
CCCS 1 7.952 12.165 15.445 20.855 27.816
CCCS 1 20.44 31.258 39.679 53.558 71.402
0 5.372 8.028 12.418 18.24 25.403
0 13.809 20.632 31.904 46.846 65.211
1 2.871 5.778 10.165 15.76 22.444
1 7.377 14.851 26.1 40.408 57.771
CCCC 1 9.964 13.457 16.186 21.357 28.194
CCCC 1 25.612 34.579 41.583 54.848 72.374
0 6.715 8.721 12.852 18.542 26.222
0 17.261 22.432 33.04 47.66 65.84
1 3.542 6.182 10.431 16.131 22.94
1 9.112 15.88 26.821 41.471 58.982
24 M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27

Table 11 applied compression resulting in decrease in the buckling load of


Variation of the buckling load (105 N/m) for different boundary conditions, k ¼ 5. the plate. By increasing the ratio b/a, the plate becomes shorter in
Boundary condition a b/a the direction of the compressive load Nx as the length b is constant.
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
This is the reason why the buckling load increases with increase in
the aspect ratio for each load proportionality factor.
SSSF 1 1.087 1.689 2.638 3.881 5.405
0 0.752 1.484 2.452 3.775 5.221 A summary of the obtained buckling loads for different aspect
1 0.59 1.27 2.218 3.434 4.916 ratios, the FGM power indices, and loading directions at various
SSSS 1 4.667 4.716 4.653 5.593 6.983 usual boundary conditions is given in Tables (8)e(11). All the be-
0 2.241 2.621 3.511 4.723 6.223
haviours affected by k, b/a, and a are the same as those were shown
1 1.121 1.823 2.793 4.05 5.6
SSSC 1 5.264 6.077 5.248 5.973 7.264
in the previous Tables. As it is expected, boundary conditions have a
0 3.216 3.134 3.829 4.95 6.408 significant effect on the results, and more constraining the plate
1 1.491 2.085 2.997 4.213 5.721 edges gives rise to increase in the buckling load.
SSCS 1 5.264 5.957 7.276 9.586 12.592 Dimensionless displacement (relative to the maximum lateral
0 2.715 3.9 5.817 8.347 11.457
displacement) contours of a square plate (b/a ¼ 1) in different
1 1.491 2.857 4.828 7.381 10.503
SSCC 1 6.015 6.791 7.771 9.929 12.852 boundary conditions for various load proportionality factors are
0 3.489 4.337 6.111 8.568 11.457 shown in Figs. 3e7. Fig. 3 shows that the contours are similar for
1 1.821 3.072 4.977 7.491 10.588 the different load proportionality factors and that the highest
CSCS 1 6.054 9.376 12.516 17.224 23.155 deflections occur near the free edge. However, Figs. 4e7 show
0 3.791 6.372 10.218 15.211 21.31
1 2.211 4.46 8.342 13.086 18.941
that two halves of the plate deflect in opposite directions for the
CCCS 1 6.714 10.271 13.036 17.589 23.436 case a ¼ 1 when none of the edges are free. Moreover, the
0 4.539 6.781 10.482 15.384 21.404 contours for the cases a ¼ 0 and a ¼ 1 are still similar for any
1 2.425 4.88 8.582 13.286 18.941 combination of boundary conditions. It should be noted that the
CCCC 1 8.414 11.361 13.661 18.012 23.755
amount of dimensionless displacement is regardless of the FGM
0 5.671 7.38 10.871 15.681 22.171
1 2.993 5.222 8.82 13.64 19.401 power index.

Fig. 3. Comparison of displacement contours in SSSF edge condition for various amounts of (a).

Fig. 4. Comparison of displacement contours in SSSC edge condition for various amounts of (a).
M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27 25

Fig. 5. Comparison of displacement contours in SSCC edge condition for various amounts of (a).

Fig. 6. Comparison of displacement contours in CCCS edge condition for various amounts of (a).

Fig. 7. Comparison of displacement contours in CCCC edge condition for various amounts of (a).

6. Conclusion remarks ratio, the FGM power index, and the loading proportionality factor
for different usual boundary conditions are investigated. As it is
In this paper, a buckling analysis is carried out for thin rectan- expected, it is found that shortening the plate in the direction of
gular FGM plates by using Fourier expansion method and Stokes’ uniaxial compressive load gives rise to increase in the buckling load.
transformation. The advantage of this approach is its capability of Also the buckling load increases by more constraining the plate
dealing with various boundary conditions using a general Fourier edges. Comparison of the results with those has been previously
series to determinate the critical load. For this aim, the plate edges obtained by other analytical and numerical methods shows a very
are all assumed to be restrained by means of some rotational and good agreement between the findings, and this indicates the val-
translational linear springs. The plate is considered to be under idity and accuracy of this approach in the buckling analysis of FGM
proportional biaxial compression, and its Young modulus is plates. The present method can be extended to buckling as well as
assumed to continuously vary along the thickness according to a vibration analysis of other structures such as beams and shells.
power law function. The convergence of the Fourier series method
is evaluated. It is apparent that the precision of solution is respon- Appendix A
sive to the number of truncated terms from the infinitive Fourier
series. In the present work, a good convergence is achieved for the In solving any boundary value problem, derivatives of the
first 30 terms. Variations of the buckling load with the plate aspect response function are needed to apply the geometric and natural
26 M. Latifi et al. / European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids 41 (2013) 16e27

boundary conditions. When a Fourier series is employed, it gener- Employing the integration by parts, the right hand side of the
ally satisfies only one or a few particular sets of boundary condi- relation above is simplified as follows:
tions. Accordingly, for the problems with various unspecified

h

Zl

mpx il
boundary conditions, a particular derivation method different from
2 2mpx mpx
the conventional techniques should be applied to be able to f ðxÞcos þ f ðxÞsin dx
l l + l2 l
simultaneously deal with different boundary conditions. By +
employing Stokes transformation, first- and higher-order derivates

2   mp
of a Fourier series are defined in a particular manner so that the ¼ ð1Þm fl  f0 þ Am (A-7)
l l
derivative functions are related to the boundary values needed to
obtain the response. For instance, assume that f(x) is a sine Fourier Consequently:
series in the interval 0  x  l in the following form so that f(0) and

f(l) are zero: 2   mp


Bm ¼ ð1Þm fl  f0 þ Am (A-8)
l l
X
N

mpx
f ðxÞ ¼ Am sin (A-1) 8
l >
> f ¼ f0 fðx ¼ lÞ ¼ fl
m¼1 < ðx ¼ 0Þ

P
N mpx (A-9)
>
> f ðxÞ ¼ A sin 0<x<l
Using Stokes transformation, the boundary values are separately : m
l
m¼1
determined without using the series above in order for them to be
participated in obtaining the derivatives leading to the ability of f(x) " #
XN


in considering various boundary conditions. Derivative of f(x) may 0 fl  f0 2 m  mp mpx


f ðxÞ ¼ þ  f0 þ ð1Þ fl þ Am cos
be defined as (Latifi, 2010): l m¼1
[ l l
(A-10)
X
N

mpx
f 0 ðxÞ ¼ B0 þ Bm cos (A-2) The higher-order derivatives are further obtained with the use
m¼1
l of the similar procedure. For instance, the second derivate is:
8
>
> f 00 ¼ f000 fðx
00 ¼ fl00
To relate the coefficients A and B, both sides of the reaction >
< ðx¼0Þ ¼ lÞ
above are first multiplied by cosðm1 px=lÞ:   P 
2


> 00 ¼ p
N 2  m  m p mpx
> f
> ðxÞ m f  ð1Þ f  A sin

"
# : 0 l m
XN
l m¼1 l l l
0 m1 px mpx m1 px
f ðxÞcos ¼ B0 þ Bm cos cos (A-3)
l l l (A-11)
m¼1
The present approach may be utilized for a cosine Fourier series
And then the following integration is applied:
as well (Khalili et al., 2005).

Zl
Zl

0 m1 px m1 px References
f ðxÞcos dx ¼ B0 cos dx
l l
0 0 Abrate, S., 2008. Functionally graded plates behave like homogeneous plates.
Compos. Part B: Eng. 39 (1), 151e158.
X
N Zl

Al-Hassani, Darvizeh, M., Haftchenari, H., 1997. An analytical study of buckling of
mpx m1 px
þ Bm cos $cos dx composite tubes with various boundary conditions. Compos. Struct. 39 (1e2),
m¼1
l l 157e164.
0 Ansari, R., Darvizeh, M., 2008. Prediction of dynamic behaviour of FGM shells under
arbitrary boundary conditions. Compos. Struct. 85, 284e292.
(A-4)
Bromwich, T.J.I.A., 1955. An Introduction to the Theory of Infinite Series, second ed.
revised. MacMillan Publications, London.
The first integral in the right hand side is zero, and the second
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one is: New-York.
Budiansky, B., Diprima, R.C., 1960. Bending and vibrations of twisted beams. J. Math.
X
N Z[

Phys. 39, 237e245.
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m¼1
l l
0 Struct. 13, 1430e1437.
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Z[ 
1 XN
px plates based on a higher-order deformation theory. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 28,
¼ Bm cos ðm1 þ mÞ dx (A-5) 1215e1234.
2 m¼1 l Chung, H., 1981. Free vibration analysis of circular cylindrical shells. J. Sound Vib. 74,
0 331e350.
Zl  Hosseini-Hashemi, S., Khorshidi, K., Amabili, M., 2008. Exact solution for linear
1 XN
px buckling of rectangular Mindlin plates. J. Sound Vib. 315, 318e342.
þ Bm cos ðm1  mÞ dx Javaheri, R., Eslami, M.R., 2002. Buckling of functionally graded plates under in-
2 m¼1 l
+ plane compressive loading. Zamm. Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 82, 277e283.
Khalili, M.R., Malekzadeh, K., Mitta, R.K., 2005. A new approach to static and dy-
One can show that the right hand side of the relation above is namic analysis of composite plates with different boundary conditions. Com-
zero unless m ¼ m1 where the integral result is l/2Bm. According to pos. Struct. 69, 149e155.
Kim, H.K., Kim, M.S., 2001. Vibration of beams with generally restrained boundary
Equation (A-3), this leads to: conditions using Fourier series. J. Sound Vib. 245 (5), 771e784.

Zl
Koizomi, M., Nino, M., Mayamoto, Y., 1997. FGM activities in Japan. Compos. Part B
2 mpx 28B, 1e4.
Bm ¼ f 0 ðxÞcos (A-6) Latifi, M., 2010. Buckling Analysis of FG Rectangular Plates Under Various Boundary
l l Conditions. M.S. thesis (in Persian), Islamic Azad University, Branch of
0
Khomeinishahr.
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