Transformer

Protection

SLIDE 1
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
 Maximum fuse
maximum fuse rating
rating or
or circuit breaker
circuit breaker setting
setting 125% of full
125% of full load current
load current

480
240/120V

set ≤≤2·5I
Set 2.5 I fl
fl

Set≤≤1·25I
set 1.25fl I fl

SLIDE 4
SLIDE 5
 fuse rating
< 2·5Ifl

SI Relay set < 3Ifl

SLIDE 6
 Differential Protection

r r

y y

b b

R Y B

SLIDE 7
 When applying relays for the protection of
transformers, the following points must be
considered:

• Line currents present on either side

of star delta transformers will differ in
magnitude and/or phase.

• Any sudden change in the

energisation of the transformer will
produce an inrush magnetising current into
or out of one winding. This can occur when
energising a previously disconnected
transformer or when a sudden appreciable
drop in transformer load occurs.

• Delta connected windings do not

provide a path for zero sequence currents
during earth fault conditions.

• Tap changers used for voltage

regulation purposes cause the turns ratio
and hence the voltage and current
magnitudes to vary.
SLIDE 8
Magnetising Inrush for a Small Transformer

SLIDE 9
Generator Relay
point
1

Relay Relay
point point
2 1

1 0

1 1

Fault current flow in transformers

SLIDE 10
External fault
Stability

Internal fault
Operation

SLIDE 11
 Internal Fault: Operation of relay

External fault: maloperation of relay

Consider and modify connections for correct operation

Current Transformer Connections and Secondary Current Flow

SLIDE 12
Operating
current I2 (pu)
10
Bias Setting
9

8
40%
7

6
30%
5

4
20%
3

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Bias current I1 (pu)

SLIDE 13
SLIDE 14
Schematic of 1-pole of
differential relay system

Transformer

Bias coil

Harmonic
bias coil

Operating
coil

SLIDE 15
 Star-Delta-Star Station Transformer

250 / 1 132 kV 30MVA 11 kV 2500 / 1

SLIDE 16
 2I

3I
I I I

3I

I I I

Winding arrangement & current distribution

SLIDE 17
C.T. Connections

O.C. Relays

SLIDE 18
SLIDE 19
 High impedance differential
(Principle of operation)

A B
RACT RLA RLB RBCT

RR If
ZEA Vf ZEB
87 IR

Saturation has the effect of lowering the excitation

impedance and is deemed to have taken place in CT B
until, at the limit, the shunt impedance becomes zero and
the CT has no output.

Vf = If (RLB + RB CT)

Current through relay IR = Vf / (RR + RLB + RB CT)

If RR is small IR ≈ If which is not acceptable

If RR is large IR is reduced and without incurring

significant error
Vf (R +R )
IR = = If . LB B CT
RR RR
IR can be reduced below any specified relay setting

SLIDE 20
SLIDE 21
SLIDE 22
Percentage of Transformer Winding
Protected Against Earth Faults

SLIDE 23
SLIDE 24
Buchholz Relay

SLIDE 25
 HV bus

(3) connection
*

52-1 (3) (1)

50/51 50N
/51N

(1)
50G

49

87
(3)
63 51

(2)
51 G trips 52 - 1

86 52 - 2 (1)
151 G trips 52 - 2

** (3)
connection

Protection diagram

SLIDE 26
HV CTs

Y LV CTs

Auto transformer

SLIDE 27
 Bias coils

Operating
coil

Three-winding transformer

SLIDE 28
 POWER TRANSFORMER

Earthing
Transformer

Core Balance CT
Aux.
CT

E / F Relay

Differential Protection

B B

B B

B B

R R R
E / F Relay
r y b

Biased differential & earth fault protection

SLIDE 29
 CB 144 MVA
6000/20 13.8 kV 132 kV CB

B.T. W.T. REL

TR 600/1 R TC
R
Trip Relay R
BT 20/1
Bucholz trip R
OC 1000/5
Overcurrent OC / EF
R
EF
Earth Fault SEF
REL
Restricted earth R
ND
leakage
SEF
Standby
earthfault TR
ND
Neutral
displacement
CB
Circuit breaker
TC
Trip coil differential
R R R protection
WT
Winding temp.

SLIDE 30
Interposing CTs
Ratio 1 / 0.577

Differential Protection with Supplementary

Earth Fault Protection

SLIDE 31
Interposing CTs
Ratio 1 / 0.577

Typical Arrangement of Differential Protection

with Supplementary Earth Fault Protection

SLIDE 32
SLIDE 33
Differential Characteristics

SLIDE 34
 (a)

(b)

Transformer Feeder Circuits

SLIDE 35
 H.V. Balanced
E/F often used
RYB
R
Y

B
_ BT BG WT _
Restricted earth fault
_
FTS
Directional o/c & E/F

NO

+ _
_

Tripping relay

SLIDE 36
SLIDE 37
SLIDE 38
SLIDE 39
SLIDE 40
SLIDE 41
SLIDE 42
 66kV 11kV
875A 200 / 1 1500 / 0.577
1750A 9090A
875A

9090A
4.4A 3.5A
8.8A 7.0A
4.4A 3.5A

R Y B

0.9A 1.8A 0.9A

SLIDE 43
r r

y y

b b

R Y B

SLIDE 44