1

RESUMEN ÁMBITO DE INGLÉS. GRAMMAR

2
3
 4

Los adjetivos comparativos y superlativos en inglés se utilizan para comparar varios sujetos atendiendo a una característica. Los adjetivos se miden en varios grados, que son:

Grado positivo: Inteligente – intelligent

Grado comparativo:
de igualdad: tan inteligente como … – as intelligent as …
de superioridad: más inteligente que … – more intelligent than …
de inferioridad: menos inteligente que … – less intelligent than …
Grado superlativo: el más inteligente – the most intelligent

Así pues, vemos que los adjetivos comparativos y superlativos en inglés por regla general se construyen con: as … as, more … than, less … than, y the most, pero esto no siempre es así.
 5

El comparativo de superioridad y el superlativo siguen reglas distintas en ocasiones especiales. Veamos una tabla con todos los casos posibles:

Adjetivo Comparativo de superioridad Superlativo

Intelligent more intelligent than … the most intelligent

Adjetivos con más de 1 sílaba
Beautiful more beautiful than … the most beautiful She is the most beautiful woman of the world

Fast faster than … the fastest My car is the fastest ( Mi coche es el más rápido)

Adjetivos de 1 sílaba taller than …

Tall the tallest
He is taller than you

Adjetivos terminados en “y”, Slow slower than … the slowest

“er”, “le”, “ow” Easy easier than … the easiest

better than …
Good the best
You are better than him

Bad worse than … the worst

Adjetivos irregulares Far farther / further than … the farthest / furthest

Old older / elder than … the oldest / eldest

Little less than … the least

Many / Much more than … the most

Conviene hacer algunas observaciones en relación con:

Latter. Significa el segundo de dos.
Last. Es el último, el final.
Latest. Significa último hasta el presente. The latest news (Ultimas noticias, las más recientes en tanto no se reciban otras).
Farther. Se refiere generalmente a distancia. (Barcelona is farther from London than from Paris) (Barcelona está más lejos de Londres que de París).
Further. Significa adicional. (I will give you further details later.) (Le daré detalles adicionales -ulteriores- más tarde).
También further puede usarse para distancias, al igual que farther, pero, en cambio, sólo further puede utilizarse en sentido adicional.
Much. Se usa en singular. (I have no much time.) (No tengo mucho tiempo).
Many. Se usa en plural. (I have not many pencils.) (No tengo muchos lápices).

Finalmente, si el superlativo se refiere a lugar (complemento de lugar, según dicen las Gramáticas), en inglés se usa la preposición in. (New York is the biggest town in the U. S. A.)(Nueva York es la
mayor ciudad de los Estados Unidos).
6
7
8
 9

Formas simples Indicativo Formas simples

Imperativo
Subjuntivo
Presente Pretérito perfecto simple Presente ve (tú)
(yo) voy (nosotros) vamos (yo) fui (nosotros) fuimos (yo) vaya vaya (él, usted)
(tú) vas (vosotros) vais (tú) fuiste (vosotros) fuisteis (tú) vayas vayamos (nosotros)
(él) va (ellos) van (él) fue (ellos) fueron (él) vaya Pretérito imperfecto id (vosotros)
(nosotros) vayamos (yo) fuera o fuese vayan (ellos, ustedes)
(vosotros) vayáis (tú) fueras o fueses
(ellos) vayan (él) fuera o fuese
Futuro Pretérito imperfecto Condicional Futuro (nosotros) fuéramos o Infinitivo : ir
(yo) iré (yo) iba (yo) iría (yo) fuere fuésemos
(tú) irás (tú) ibas (tú) irías (tú) fueres (vosotros) fuerais o fueseis Gerundio : yendo
(él) irá (él) iba (él) iría (él) fuere (ellos) fueran o fuesen
(nosotros) iremos (nosotros) íbamos (nosotros) iríamos (nosotros) fuéremos Participio : ido
(vosotros) iréis (vosotros) ibais (vosotros) iríais (vosotros) fuereis
(ellos) irán (ellos) iban (ellos) iría (ellos) fueren

Formas compuestas
Indicativo
Pretérito perfecto compuesto
(yo) he ido
(tú) has ido
(él) ha ido
(él) hay ido
(nosotros) hemos ido
(vosotros) habéis ido
(ellos) han ido
Futuro perfecto
(yo) habré ido
(tú) habrás ido
(él) habrá ido
(nosotros) habremos ido
(vosotros) habréis ido
(ellos) habrán ido
Subjuntivo
Pretérito perfecto
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto (2)
(yo) hubiese ido
(tú) hubieses ido
(él) hubiese ido
(nosotros) hubiésemos ido
(vosotros) hubieseis ido
(ellos) hubiesen ido
10
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto Pretérito anterior
(yo) había ido (yo) hube ido
(tú) habías ido (tú) hubiste ido
(él) había ido (él) hubo ido
(nosotros) habíamos ido (nosotros) hubimos ido
(vosotros) habíais ido (vosotros) hubisteis ido
(ellos) habían ido (ellos) hubieron ido
Condicional perfecto
(yo) habría ido
(tú) habrías ido
(él) habría ido
(nosotros) habríamos ido
(vosotros) habríais ido
(ellos) habrían ido
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto Infinitivo compuesto
(yo) hubiera ido
(tú) hubieras ido
haber ido
(él) hubiera ido
(nosotros) hubiéramos ido
(vosotros) hubierais ido
(ellos) hubieran ido
Gerundio compuesto
Futuro perfecto
(yo) hubiere ido
(tú) hubieres ido habiendo ido
(él) hubiere ido
(nosotros) hubiéremos ido
(vosotros) hubiereis ido
(ellos) hubieren ido
 11

Formas simples

Indicative Infinitive Imperative

Present Preterite to go go
I go I went let's go
you go you went go
Participle
he/she/it goes he/she/it went
we go we went
you go you went Present Past
they go they went
going gone

Formas compuestas

Past Participle

having gone

Indicative

Present continuousPresent perfect Future Future perfect

I am going I have gone I will go I will have gone
you are going you have gone you will go you will have gone
he/she/it is going he/she/it has gone he/she/it will go he/she/it will have gone Past perfect continuous Future perfect continuous
we are going we have gone we will go we will have gone I had been going I will have been going
you are going you have gone you will go you will have gone you had been going you will have been going
they are going they have gone they will go they will have gone he/she/it had been going he/she/it will have been going
we had been going we will have been going
Past continuous Past perfect Future continuous Present perfect you had been going you will have been going
I was going I had gone I will be going continuous they had been going they will have been going
you were going you had gone you will be going I have been going
he/she/it was goinghe/she/it had gone he/she/it will be goingyou have been going
we were going we had gone we will be going he/she/it has been going
you were going you had gone you will be going we have been going
they were going they had gone they will be going you have been going
they have been going
 12

También es importante saber que utilizamos el verbo Be para los siguientes casos:
Para presentarnos. I´m David (Yo soy David)
Saludar .Hello. How are you? (Hola. ¿Cómo estás?)
Disculparnos. I´m sorry. (Lo siento)
Expresar la profesión. We are lawyers (Somos abogados)
Expresar la nacionalidad. They are Spanish (Ellos son españoles)
Referirnos a lugares .My dad is in Palencia (Mi padre está en PAlencia)
Describir cosas .It´s an old film (Es una película vieja)
Expresar la edad. En español corresponde al verbo tener My brother is 10 years old (Mi hermano tiene 10 años)
Decir cómo nos sentimos. I´m very hungry (tengo mucha sed)
Hablar sobre el tiempo que hace .It´s very hot today (Hace mucho calor hoy)
Expresar la hora y la fecha. It´s six o´clock (son las 6 en punto). It´s Monday (Es lunes)

Utilizamos HAVE con o sin got en el sentido del verbo español “tener”, para:
Hablar de las cosas que poseemos She has got a house (ella tiene una casa)
Hablar de la familia We have got a sister (nosotros tenemos una hermana)
Describir rasgos físicos .I have got brown eyes (yo tengo los ojos marrones)
Expresar el malestar físico .I have got a headache (tengo dolor de cabeza)
Para hablar de comidas, vacaciones y la higiene You have a shower (tú te duchas) He has breakfast at seven o´clock (el desayuna a las 7)
13
 14

Tablas de Conjugación del verbo en inglés: bring

Infinitive: to bring . Present: bring . Past Simple: brought. Past Participle: brought. Gerund: bringing. Meaning: traer

Present Simple ( do-does , y añade –s o -es al verbo Present Simple Continuous to be + -ing
en las 3ª pers. Singular.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I bring. Do I bring? I do not bring. I am bringing. Am I bringing? I am not bringing.

You bring. Do you bring? You do not bring. You are bringing. Are you bringing? You are not bringing.

He/She/It brings. Does he/she/it bring? He/She/It does not bring. He/She/It is bringing. Is he/she/it bringing? He/She/It is not bringing.

We bring. Do we bring? We do not bring. We are bringing. Are we bringing? We are not bringing.

You bring. Do you bring? You do not bring. You are bringing. Are you bringing? You are not bringing.

They bring. Do they bring? They do not bring. They are bringing. Are they bringing? They are not bringing.

Present Perfect Se compone del verbo Haber : Have – has ( 3ªpers.sing )

+ la forma del verbo en participio ( Termina en –ed , o en los verbos irregulares
sería la forma verbal de la 3ª columna. Present Perfect Continuous Verbo have –has + been + verbo en gerundio –ing

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I have been bringing. (He

I have brought. ( He traído) Have I brought? I have not brought. Have I been bringing? I have not been bringing.
estado trayendo)

You have brought. (has traído) Have you brought? You have not brought. You have been bringing. Have you been bringing? You have not been bringing.

He/She/It has not He/She/It has been bringing. Has he/she/it been bringing? He/She/It has not been bringing.
He/She/It has brought. ( ha traído) Has he/she/it brought?
brought.
We have been bringing. Have we been bringing? We have not been bringing.
We have brought. Have we brought? We have not brought.

You have been bringing. Have you been bringing? You have not been bringing.
You have brought. Have you brought? You have not brought.

They have brought. Have they brought? They have not brought. They have been bringing. Have they been bringing? They have not been bringing.
 15

Past Simple Pasado del presente simple : El auxiliar es did para todas las presonas. Past Continuous Es el pasado del presente continuo. Verbo to be en pasado : was- were + verbo
El pasado de un verbo se hace con la terminación –ed ( verbos regulares ) , en gerundio –ing.
o la 3ªcolumna verbos irregulares.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I brought. Did I bring? I did not bring. I was bringing. Was I bringing? I was not bringing.

You brought. Did you bring? You did not bring. You were bringing. Were you bringing? You were not bringing.
He/She/It was not
He/She/It brought. Did he/she/it bring? He/She/It did not bring. He/She/It was bringing. Was he/she/it bringing?
bringing.
We brought. Did we bring? We did not bring. We were bringing. Were we bringing? We were not bringing.

You brought. Did you bring? You did not bring. You were bringing. Were you bringing? You were not bringing.

They brought. Did they bring? They did not bring. They were bringing. Were they bringing? They were not bringing.

Past Perfect Es el pasado del presente perfecto. Had ( forma pasada de have) + participio Past Perfect Continuous. Pasado del presente perfecto continuo: Se forma con had been + verbo en
(verbo terminado en –ed , o los irregulares la 3ªcolumna ) gerundio –ing.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I had brought. ( Había
traído)
You had brought.
I had been bringing. I had not been bringing.
Had I brought? I had not brought. Had I been bringing?
(había estado trayendo)
You had not been bringing.
Had you brought? You had not brought. You had been bringing. Had you been bringing?

He/She/It had brought.
We had brought.
You had brought.
Had he/she/it brought? He/She/It had not brought. He/She/It had not been
Had he/she/it been
He/She/It had been bringing. bringing.
bringing?
Had we brought? We had not brought.
We had been bringing. Had we been bringing? We had not been bringing.
Had you brought? You had not brought. You had not been bringing.
You had been bringing. Had you been bringing?

They had brought. Had they brought? They had not brought. They had not been
They had been bringing. Had they been bringing?
bringing.

Future Simple Se forma con will para todas las personas + el verbo en infinitivo sin to. Future Perfect : Se forma con will+ presente perfecto

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I will bring.(Traeré) Will I bring? I will not bring. I will have brought.
Will I have brought? I will not have brought.

You will bring. Will you bring? You will not bring. You will have brought. Will you have brought? You will not have brought.

Will he/she/it have He/She/It will not have

He/She/It will bring. Will he/she/it bring? He/She/It will not bring. He/She/It will have brought.
brought? brought.
We will bring. Will we bring? We will not bring. We will have brought. Will we have brought? We will not have brought.

You will have brought. Will you have brought? You will not have brought.
You will bring. Will you bring? You will not bring.

They will have brought. Will they have brought? They will not have brought.
They will bring. Will they bring? They will not bring.
 16

Conditional : Se forma con el pasado de will : would + infinitivo sin to. Conditional Perfect : Se forma con would + have+participio (-ed , los verbos regulares,3ªcolumna
los irregulares).

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I would bring.(Traería) Would I bring? I would not bring. I would have brought. Would I have brought? I would not have brought.

You would bring. Would you bring? You would not bring. You would have brought. Would you have brought? You would not have brought.

He/She/It would bring. Would he/she/it bring? He/She/It would not bring. Would he/she/it have He/She/It would not have
He/She/It would have brought.
brought? brought.

We would bring. Would we bring? We would not bring. We would have brought. Would we have brought? We would not have brought.

You would bring. Would you bring? You would not bring. You would have brought. Would you have brought? You would not have brought.

They would bring. Would they bring? They would not bring. They would have brought. Would they have brought? They would not have brought.

Shape - Forma Size/Measure -Tamaño/Medida Age/Time -Edad/Tiempo Weather - Tiempo (clima) Temperature - Temperatura
square - cuadrado
round - redondo curved) - curvo big - grande high - elevado old - viejo quick - rápido rainy - lluvioso foggy - con niebla freezing - helado
rectangular - crooked) - large - grande low - bajo young - joven slow - lento stormy - overcast - nublado chilly - frío
rectangular torcido huge - enorme tall - alto new - nuevo senior - mayor tormentoso cloudy - nuboso cold - frío
triangular - triangular broad - ancho small - pequeño short - corto, bajo modern - moderno junior - más joven sunny - soleado clear - despejado cool - fresco
oval - oval narrow -angosto tiny - diminuto long - largo ancient - antiguo current - actual windy - ventoso mild - templado lukewarm - tibio
conical - cónico flat - plano heavy - pesado medium - medio old fashioned - past - pasado snowy - con nieve chilly - frío boiling - hirviendo
spherical - esférico steep - light - liviano narrow - angosto anticuado future - futuro damp - húmedo icy - con hielo muggy - caluroso
cubical - cúbico empinado thick - grueso deep - profundo updated -actualizado fast - rápido dry - seco hot - caluroso
straight -recto hollow - hueco thin - delgado shallow - playo outdated- warm - cálido
cylindrical - cilíndrico solid- sólido wide - ancho broad - ancho desactualizado pleasant - agradable
Personality (positive) - Personalidad (positivo) Personality (negative) - Personalidad (negativo)
ambitious- ambicioso tolerant - tolerante courageous - valiente disciplined - disciplinado dishonest - deshonesto lazy- haragán possesive - posesivo gullible - ingenuo
modest - modesto patient - paciente intelligent - inteligente sympathetic - comprensivo pessimistic- pesimista greedy - codicioso conceited - engreído stubborn - terco
sensible - sensato honest - honesto generous - generoso considerate considerado miserly- avaro resentful - resentido arrogant - arrogante careless - negligente
friendly - amistoso optimistic- optimista humorous - divertido responsible - responsable coward (- cobarde envious - envidioso fussy - quisquilloso selfish - egoísta
practical - práctico sincere - sincero jealous - celoso impatient - impaciente