Calculus

CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration
Chapter 7 Review and Preview Problems ª §1· º

9. f c( x) « x ¨ x ¸ (ln x)(1) » 1 ln x
¬ © ¹ ¼
1 1
1. ³ usin2 2x x dx 2³
sin u du cos u C
2
du 2 dx ª x º 2 x
10. f '( x) « (1) arcsin x »
1 ¬« 1 x ¼» 2 1 x
2 2
cos 2 x C
2 arcsin x
1 u 1 u 1 3t
³ u e3t 3³
e C e C
3t
2. dt e du 11. f c( x) ª (2 x)(cos x) ( x 2 )( sin x) º
3 3 ¬ ¼
>(2)(sin x) (2 x)(cos x)@ > 2( sin x)@
du 3 dt
1 1 x 2 sin x
³ ux sinx2 x 2³
cos u C
2
3. dx sin u du
2
du 2 x dx 12. f c( x) e x cos x sin x e x (sin x cos x)
1
cos x 2 C 2e x sin x
2
1 cos 2 x
2 1 u 1 u 1 3x2 13. cos 2 x 1 2sin 2 x ; thus sin 2 x
4. ³u xe3 x
3 x2
dx
6³
e du
6
e C
6
e C 2
du 6 x dx
1 cos 2 x
14. cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x 1 ; thus cos 2 x
2
sin t 1
5. ³ cos t
dt ³ du
u
ln u C
2
§ 1 cos 2 x ·
u cos t
du sin t dt 15. cos 4 x (cos 2 x)2 ¨ ¸
© 2 ¹
1 1
ln C ln C ln sec t C
u cos t sin(u v) sin(u v)
16. sin u cos v
2
u3 sin 3 x sin(7 x) sin( x ) sin 7 x sin x
³ sin x cos x dx ³ u C C
2 2 sin 3 x cos 4 x
6. du
u sin x 3 3 2 2
du cos x dx
cos(u v) cos(u v)
17. cos u cos v
1 1 32
³ xu x 2 dx
2³
u C 2
2
7. u du
x2 2 3 cos(8 x) cos(2 x)
du 2 x dx
cos 3x cos 5 x
2
cos8 x cos 2 x
3
1 2
x 2 2 C
3 2
x 1 1 1 cos(u v) cos(u v)
8. ³ x 1
2
dx
2³u
du
2
ln u C 18. sin u sin v
2

u x 2 1 cos( x) cos(5 x)
du 2 x dx sin 2 x sin 3x
2
ln u C ln x 2 1 C cos x cos 5 x
2
Instructor’s Resource Manual Chapter 7 Review and Preview 411

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19. a 2 (a sin t )2 a 2 (1 sin 2 t ) 7.1 Concepts Review
a cos 2 t a cos t 1. elementary function
³u
5
2. du
20. a (a tan t )
2 2
a (1 tan t )
2 2
a sec 2 t a sec t 3. e x
2 3
21. (a sec t )2 a 2 a 2 (sec2 t 1) 4. ³1 u du
a tan 2 t a tan t
Problem Set 7.1
a x 1 a 1
22. ³ e dx ª e x º
¬ ¼ 1
³ ( x – 2)
0 2 0 2 1. 5
dx ( x – 2)6 C
6
ª e a 1º 1 1 1
¬ ¼ 2 ea 2
1 2
ea 2a ln 2 2. ³ 3 x dx
3³
3x 3dx
9
(3x)3 / 2 C
1 1 x (1 x) 2x 1
23. 3. u x 2 1, du 2 x dx
1 x x (1 x) x x(1 x)
When x 0, u 1 and when x 2, u 5.
7( x 3) 8( x 2) 2 1 2 2
7 8
³0 x( x 1)5 dx ³ ( x 1)5 (2 x dx)
2
24. 0
5( x 2) 5( x 3) 5( x 2)( x 3) 2
15 x 5 5(3 x 1) 1 5 5
2 ³1
u du
5( x 2)( x 3) 5( x 2)( x 3)
5
(3 x 1) ª u6 º 56 16 15624
« » 1302
( x 2)( x 3) ¬« 12 ¼»1 12 12
1 1 3 4. u 1 – x 2 , du –2 x dx
25.
x 2( x 1) 2( x 3) When x 0, u 1 and when x 1, u 0.
2( x 1)( x 3) x( x 3) 3 x( x 1) 1 1 1
2 x( x 1)( x 3) ³0 x 1 – x 2 dx –
2 ³0
1 x 2 (2 x dx)
2( x 2 2 x 3) ( x 2 3 x) (3 x 2 3 x) 1 0 1/ 2 1 1 1/ 2
2 ³1 2 ³0
u du u du
2 x( x 1)( x 3)
1
10 x 6 2(5 x 3) ª1 3/ 2 º 1
2 x( x 1)( x 3) 2 x( x 1)( x 3) «3 u »
¬ ¼0 3
(5 x 3)
x( x 1)( x 3) dx 1 §x·
5. ³ x2 4 2
tan –1 ¨ ¸ C
©2¹
1 1 (2000 y ) y 2000
26.
y 2000 y y (2000 y ) y (2000 y ) 6. u 2 e x , du e x dx
ex du
³ 2 e x dx ³ u
ln u C
ln 2 e x C ln(2 e x ) C
412 Section 7.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

7. u x 2 4, du = 2x dx 13. u t , du
1
dt
x 1 du 2 t
³ x2 4 dx 2 ³ u sin t
1
³ t
dt 2 ³ sin u du
ln u C
2 = –2 cos u + C
1 –2 cos t C
ln x 2 4 C
2
1 14. u x 2 , du = 2x dx
ln( x 2 4) C
2 2 x dx du
³ ³
1 – x4 1 – u2
2t 2
2t 1 1
2
8. ³ 2t 2 1 dt ³ 2t 2 1
dt sin –1 u C
1 sin –1 ( x 2 ) C
³ dt – ³ 2t 2 1 dt
15. u = sin x, du = cos x dx
u 2t , du 2dt S / 4 cos x 2 / 2 du
1 1 du ³0 1 sin 2 x dx ³0 1 u 2
t–³ dt t– ³
2t 1 2 2 1 u2 2
1 [tan –1 u ]0 2 / 2 tan –1
t– tan –1 ( 2t ) C 2
2 | 0.6155
9. u 4 z 2 , du = 2z dz 16. u 1 – x , du –
1
dx
2 1– x
³ 6z 4 z dz 3³ u du
2
3 / 4 sin 1– x 1/ 2
2u 3/ 2
C ³0 1– x
dx –2 ³
1
sin u du
2(4 z 2 )3 / 2 C 1
2³ sin u du
1/ 2
10. u 2t 1, du 2dt § 1·
[–2 cos u ]11/ 2 –2 ¨ cos1 – cos ¸
5 5 du © 2¹
³ 2t 1
dt
2³ u | 0.6746
5 u C
3x2 2 x 1
5 2t 1 C 17. ³ x 1
dx ³ (3x – 1)dx ³
x 1
dx
tan z 3 2
³ cos2 z dz ³ tan z sec x – x ln x 1 C
2
11. z dz
2
u = tan z, du sec 2 z dz
x3 7 x 1
1 2 18. ³ dx ³ ( x 2 x 8)dx 8³ dx
³ tan z sec ³ u du u C
2 x –1 x –1
z dz
2 1 3 1 2
1 x x 8 x 8ln x – 1 C
tan 2 z C 3 2
2
2
12. u = cos z, du = –sin z dz 19. u ln 4 x 2 , du dx
x
³e – ³ ecos z (– sin z dz )
cos z
sin z dz
sin(ln 4 x 2 ) 1
³ e du
u
e C
u ³ x dx 2 ³ sin u du
– ecos z C 1
– cos u C
2
1
– cos(ln 4 x 2 ) C
2
Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 7.1 413

1 sin x cos x § cos x ·
20. u = ln x, du
x
dx 27. ³ sin x
dx ³ ¨1 ¸ dx
© sin x ¹
sec 2 (ln x ) 1 u = sin x, du = cos x dx
³ 2 x dx 2 ³ sec u du
2
sin x cos x du
1 1
³ sin x dx x ³ u
tan u C tan(ln x) C x ln u C
2 2
x ln sin x C
21. u e x , du e x dx
6e x du 28. u = cos(4t – 1), du = –4 sin(4t – 1)dt
dx 6³ du 6sin 1 u C sin(4t 1) sin(4t 1)
³ 1 e2 x 1 u2 ³ 1 sin 2 (4t 1) dt ³ cos2 (4t 1) dt
6sin 1 (e x ) C
1 1
³ du
4 u2
22. u x 2 , du = 2x dx
1 1 1
x 1 du 1 u u C sec(4t 1) C
³ x4 4 dx 2 ³ 4 u 2 tan 1 C 4 4
4 2
1 § x2 · 29. u e x , du e x dx
tan –1 ¨ ¸ C
¨ 2 ¸
4
³e ³ sec u du
x
© ¹ sec e x dx
ln sec u tan u C
23. u 1 – e2 x , du –2e2 x dx
ln sec e x tan e x C
3e2 x 3 du
³ dx – ³
2
1 – e2 x u
30. u e x , du e x dx
–3 u C
³e ³ sec tan u C
x
sec2 (e x )dx 2
u du
–3 1 – e2 x C
tan(e x ) C
x3 1 4 x3
24. ³ x4 4 dx 4 ³ x4 4
dx
sec3 x esin x
³ ³ (sec x esin x cos x) dx
2
31. dx
1 sec x
ln x 4 4 C
4 tan x ³ esin x cos x dx
1 u = sin x, du = cos x dx
ln( x 4 4) C
4 tan x + ³ esin x cos x dx tan x ³ eu du
1 t2 1 1 t2 tan x eu C tan x esin x C
25. ³0 t 3 dt
2 ³0
2t 3 dt
1
ª 3t 2 º 32. u 3t 2 t 1 ,
« » 3 1
– 1 2
« 2 ln 3 » 2 ln 3 2 ln 3 du (3t t 1)1/ 2 (6t 1)dt
¬ ¼0 2
1 (6t 1) sin 3t 2 t 1
| 0.9102
ln 3 ³ dt 2³ sin u du
3t 2 t 1
S / 6 cos x S / 6 cos x = –2 cos u + C
26. ³0 2 sin x dx –³
0
2 (– sin x dx)
2 cos 3t 2 t 1 C
ª 2 cos x º S / 6
«– »
¬« ln 2 ¼» 0
1
– (2 3 / 2 – 2)
ln 2
2 – 2 3/2
| 0.2559
ln 2

33. u t 3 2 , du 3t 2 dt 39. u 3 y 2 , du 6 y dy
t cos(t 2)
2 3
1 cos u y 1 1
³ sin 2 (t 3 2)
dt
3 ³ sin 2 u
du ³ dy
6 ³ 42 u 2
du
16 9 y 4
v = sin u, dv = cos u du 1 1 § u ·
1 cos u 1 2 1 sin ¨ ¸ C
v dv v 1 C
3 ³ sin 2 u 3³
du 6 ©4¹
3
1 1 § 3 y 2 ·
1 sin ¨ ¸C
C 6 ¨ 4 ¸
3sin u © ¹
1
C . 40. u = 3x, du 3 dx
3sin(t 3 2)
³ cosh 3x dx
1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x 1 1
34. ³ sin 2 x2
dx ³ sin 2 2 x dx ³ sin 2 2 x dx 3³
(cosh u )du
3
sinh u C
³ csc 2 x dx ³ cot 2 x csc 2 x dx

2 1
sinh 3 x C
3
1 1
cot 2 x csc 2 x C
2 2
41. u x3 , du 3 x 2 dx
1
t 3 2 , du 3t 2 dt ³ x sinh x dx 3 ³ sinh u du
2 3
35. u
t 2 cos 2 (t 3 2) 1 cos 2 u
³ sin 2 (t 3 2)
dt
3 ³ sin 2 u
du 1
cosh u C
3
1 1
3³ 3³
cot 2 u du (csc2 u –1)du 1
cosh x3 C
3
1
[ cot u u ] C1
3 42. u = 2x, du = 2 dx
5 5 1
1
[ cot(t 3 2) (t 3 2)] C1 ³ dx
2 ³ du
3 9 4 x2 32 u 2
1 5 1 § u ·
[cot(t 3 2) t 3 ] C sin ¨ ¸ C
3 2 ©3¹
5 1 § 2 x ·
36. u = 1 + cot 2t, du 2 csc2 2t sin ¨ ¸ C
2 © 3 ¹
2
csc 2t 1 1
³ 1 cot 2t
dt
2³ u
du
43. u e3t , du 3e3t dt
u +C e3t 1 1
1 cot 2t C ³ dt
3 ³ du
4e 6t
2 u2
2
1 1 § u ·
2 sin ¨ ¸ C
37. u tan 1 2t , du dt 3 ©2¹
1 4t 2
1 1 1 § e3t ·
e tan 2t
1 u sin ¨ ¸C
¨ 2 ¸
³ 1 4t 2 dt
2³
e du 3 © ¹
1 u 1 tan 1 2t 44. u = 2t, du = 2dt
e C e C
2 2 dt 1 1
³ 2 ³ 2 du
38. u t 2 2t 5 , 2t 4t 1
2
u u 1
du = (–2t – 2)dt = –2(t + 1)dt 1 ª 1 º
sec u C
t 2 2t 5 1 2¬ ¼
³ (t 1)e ³ eu du
2 1 1
sec 2t C
1 u 1 t 2 2t 5 2
e C e C
2 2

45. u = cos x, du = –sin x dx dx dx
S/2 sin x 0 1
50. ³ ³
³0 16 cos2 x dx ³1 16 u 2 du 16 6 x – x –( x – 6 x 9 – 25)
2 2
dx dx
1 1
³0 16 u 2 du ³ ³
–( x – 3)2 52 52 – ( x – 3)2
ª1
1 § x –3·
1 § u · º ª1 1 § 1 · 1 1 º sin –1 ¨ ¸C
« 4 tan ¨ 4 ¸ » « 4 tan ¨ 4 ¸ 4 tan 0 » © 5 ¹
¬ © ¹¼0 ¬ © ¹ ¼
1 §1· x 1 18 x 18
tan 1 ¨ ¸ | 0.0612 1
4 ©4¹
51. ³ 9 x2 18 x 10 dx ³
18 9 x 18 x 10
2
dx
1
46. u e2 x e2 x , du (2e2 x 2e2 x )dx ln 9 x 2 18 x 10 C
18
2(e2 x e2 x )dx 1

ln 9 x 2 18 x 10 C
1 e2 x e2 x 1 e2 e2 1 18
³0 e2 x e2 x dx 2 ³2 u
du
3– x 1 6 – 2x
1
ª¬ ln u º¼
e2 e 2 1 1
ln e2 e2 ln 2
52. ³ dx
2 ³ 16 6 x – x 2
dx
2
16 6 x – x 2
2 2 2
1 e4 1 1 16 6 x – x 2 C
ln ln 2
2 e2 2
53. u 2t , du 2dt
1 1 1
ln(e4 1) ln(e2 ) ln 2 dt du
2 2 2 ³ ³
t 2t 2 – 9 u u 2 – 32
1 § § e 1·
4 ·
¨ ln ¨ ¸ 2 ¸ | 0.6625 § ·
2 © ¨© 2 ¸¹ ¸¹
¨ 1 –1 ¨ 2t ¸
sec C
3 ¨ 3 ¸
© ¹
1 1
47. ³ x2 2 x 5 dx ³ x2 2 x 1 4 dx tan x cos x tan x
1
54. ³ 2
dx ³ cos x dx
sec2 x – 4
³ ( x 1)2 22 d ( x 1) sec x – 4
sin x
1 § x 1· ³ dx
tan –1 ¨ ¸C 1 – 4 cos 2 x
2 © 2 ¹ u = 2 cos x, du = –2 sin x dx
sin x 1 1
1 1 ³ dx ³ du
48. ³ x2 – 4 x 9 dx ³ x2 – 4 x 4 5 dx 1 4 cos 2 x 2 1 u2
1 1
1 sin 1 u C – sin –1 (2 cos x) C
³ ( x – 2)2 ( 5)2
d ( x – 2) 2 2
1 § x–2· 55. The length is given by

tan –1 ¨ ¸C 2
5 © 5 ¹ b § dy ·
L ³a 1 ¨© dx ¸¹ dx
dx dx
49. ³ 9 x2 18 x 10 ³ 9 x2 18 x 9 1 S/ 4 ª 1 º
2
dx
³0 1 «
¬ cos x
( sin x) » dx
¼
³ (3x 3)2 12 S/ 4 S/ 4
³0 1 tan 2 x dx ³0 sec2 x dx
u = 3x + 3, du = 3 dx
S/ 4
dx 1 du ³0 sec x dx ª¬ln sec x tan x º¼ 0S / 4
³ (3x 3)2 12 3 ³ u 2 12
ln 2 1 ln 1 ln 2 1 | 0.881
1
tan –1 (3x 3) C
3

1 1 sin x 57. u = x – S , du = dx
56. sec x
cos x cos x(1 sin x) 2 S x sin x S (u S) sin(u S)
³0 1 cos2 x dx ³– S 1 cos2 (u S) du
sin x sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x(1 sin x) cos 2 x
cos x(1 sin x) cos x(1 sin x) S (u S) sin u
sin x cos x
³– S 1 cos2 u du

cos x 1 sin x S u sin u S S sin u
§ sin x cos x · ³– S 1 cos2 u du ³– S 1 cos2 u du

³ sec x ³ ¨© cos x 1 sin x ¸¹dx S u sin u
sin x cos x ³– S 1 cos2 u du 0 by symmetry.
³ cos x dx ³ 1 sin x dx S S sin u S S sin u
For the first integral use u = cos x, du = –sin x dx, ³– S 1 cos2 u du 2³0 1 cos2 u du
and for the second integral use v = 1 + sin x,
v = cos u, dv = –sin u du
dv = cos x dx.
–1 S 1 1
sin x cos x du dv 2³ dv 2S ³ dv
³ cos x dx ³ 1 sin x dx – ³ u ³ v 1 1 v2 –1 1 v 2
ª S § S ·º
– ln u ln v C 2S[tan 1 v]11 2S « ¨ ¸ »
– ln cos x ln 1 sin x C ¬ 4 © 4 ¹¼
§S·
1 sin x 2S ¨ ¸ S2
ln C ©2¹
cos x
ln sec x tan x C
3S
4 §x S·
58. 2S ³
– S ¨© ¸ sin x – cos x dx
V
4 4¹
S
u x– , du dx
4
S
§ S· § S· § S·
V 2S³ 2S ¨ u ¸ sin ¨ u ¸ – cos ¨ u ¸ du
– © 2¹ © 4¹ © 4¹
2
S
§ S· 2 2 2 2
2S³ 2S ¨ u ¸ sin u cos u – cos u sin u du
– © 2 ¹ 2 2 2 2
2
S S S
§ S·
2S³ 2S ¨ u ¸ 2 sin u du 2 2S ³ 2S u sin u du 2S 2 ³ 2S sin u du
© 2¹
2 2 2
S
2 2S ³ 2 u sin u du 0 by symmetry. Therefore,
S
2
S S
V 2S2 2 ³ 2 sin u du 2 2S2 [ cos u ]02 2 2S 2
0

7.2 Concepts Review 6. u = x dv = sin 2x dx
1
du = dx v – cos 2 x
1. uv – ³ v du 2
1 1
2. x; sin x dx ³ x sin 2 x dx – 2 x cos 2 x – ³ – 2 cos 2 x dx
1 1
3. 1 – x cos 2 x sin 2 x C
2 4
4. reduction
7. u = t – 3 dv = cos (t – 3)dt
du = dt v = sin (t – 3)
Problem Set 7.2 ³ (t – 3) cos(t – 3)dt (t – 3) sin(t – 3) – ³ sin(t – 3)dt
= (t – 3) sin (t – 3) + cos (t – 3) + C
1. u = x dv e x dx
du = dx v ex 8. u = x – S dv = sin(x)dx
du = dx v = –cos x
³ xe xe x ³ e x dx xe x e x C
x
dx
³ ( x – S) sin( x)dx –( x – S) cos x ³ cos x dx
= ( S – x) cos x + sin x + C
2. u = x e3 x dx
dv
1 3x
du = dx v e 9. u = t dv t 1 dt
3
2
1 3x 1 3x du = dt v (t 1)3 / 2
³ xe dx 3 xe ³ 3 e dx
3x
3
2 2
1 3x 1 3x
xe e C ³t t 1 dt
3
t (t 1)3 / 2 – ³ (t 1)3 / 2 dt
3
3 9
2 4
t (t 1)3 / 2 – (t 1)5 / 2 C
3. u = t e5t S dt
dv 3 15
1 5t S
du = dt v e 10. u = t dv 3
2t 7dt
5
3
5t S 1 5t S 1 5t S du = dt v (2t 7)4 / 3
³ te dt 5 te – ³ 5 e dt 8
3 3
³t 2t 7dt t (2t 7) 4 / 3 – ³ (2t 7)4 / 3 dt
3
1 5t S 1 5t S
te – e C 8 8
5 25
3 9
t (2t 7) 4/3
– (2t 7) 7/3
C
4. u = t + 7 dv e2t 3 dt 8 112
1 2t 3 11. u = ln 3x dv = dx
du = dt v e
2 1
1 1 2t 3 du dx v=x
2t 3 2t 3
³ (t 7)e dt 2 (t 7)e – ³ 2 e dt x
1
1 1
(t 7)e2t 3 – e2t 3 C
³ ln 3x dx x ln 3 x ³ x dx
x
x ln 3 x x C
2 4
t 2t 3 13 2t 3 12. u ln(7 x5 ) dv = dx
e e C
2 4
5
du dx v=x
5. u = x dv = cos x dx x
du = dx v = sin x 5
³ ln(7 x x ln(7 x5 ) – ³ x dx
5
)dx
³ x cos x dx x sin x – ³ sin x dx x
= x sin x + cos x + C x ln(7 x5 ) – 5 x C
418 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

13. u = arctan x dv = dx 17. u = ln t dv t dt
1
du dx v=x 1 2 3/ 2
1 x2 du dt v t
t 3
x
³ arctan x x arctan x ³ e
dx e ª 2 3/ 2 º e2
1 x2 ³1 t ln t dt «3 t
¬
ln t » – ³ t1/ 2 dt
¼1 1 3
1 2x
2 ³ 1 x2
x arctan x dx e
2 3/ 2 2 ª4 º
e ln e – 1ln1 « t 3 / 2 »
1 3 3 ¬ 9 ¼1
x arctan x ln(1 x 2 ) C
2 2 3/ 2 4 4 2 3/ 2 4
e 0 e3 / 2 e | 1.4404
14. u = arctan 5x dv = dx 3 9 9 9 9
5
du dx v=x 18. u ln x3 dv 2 xdx
1 25 x 2 3 1
5x du dx v (2 x)3 / 2
³ arctan 5x dx x arctan 5 x – ³
1 25 x 2
dx x 3
5
5 ª1 3º 5 32
³1 2 x ln x3 dx « 3 (2 x) ln x » ³1 2
32
1 50 x dx x dx
x arctan 5 x – ³ ¬ ¼1
10 1 25 x 2
5
1
x arctan 5 x – ln(1 25 x 2 ) C ª 1 (2 x)3 / 2 ln x3 25 / 2 x3 / 2 º
10 ¬« 3 3 ¼»1
dx 1 25 2 3 / 2 § 1 3 2 3 25 2 ·
15. u = ln x dv (10)3 2 ln 53 5 ¨ (2) ln1 ¸
x2 3 3 ¨3 3 ¸¹
©
1 1 4 2 32 4 2
du dx v – 5 103 2 ln 5 | 31.699
x x 3 3
ln x ln x 1§1·
³ x2 dx – x – ³ – x ¨© x ¸¹ dx 19. u = ln z dv z 3dz
ln x 1 1 1 4
– – C du dz v z
x x z 4
1 4 1 1
³z z ln z ³ z 4 dz
3
5 1 ln z dz
16. u ln 2 x dv dx 4 4 z
x2 1 4 1 3
5 1 z ln z ³ z dz
du dx v 4 4
x x 1 4 1
3 z ln z z 4 C
3 ln 2 x5 ª 1 5º 3 1 4 16
³2 x2
dx « x ln 2 x » 5³2 2 dx
¬ ¼2 x
20. u = arctan t dv = t dt
3
ª 1 5 5º 1 1 2
« x ln 2 x x » du dt v t
¬ ¼2 1 t2 2
§ 1 5· § 1 5· 1 2 1 t2
¨ ln(2 3 ) ¸ ¨ ln(2 2 ) ¸ ³ t arctan t dt t arctan t – ³
5 5
dt
© 3 3¹ © 2 2¹ 2 2 1 t2
1 5 5 5 1 1 t2 1
ln 2 ln 3 3ln 2 1 2
t arctan t ³ dt
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 t2
8 5 5
ln 2 ln 3 | 0.8507 1 2 1 1 1
3 3 6 t arctan t ³ dt ³ dt
2 2 2 1 t2
1 2 1 1
t arctan t t arctan t C
2 2 2
Instructor's Resource Manual Section 7.2 419

§1· 22. u ln(t 7 ) dv t 5 dt
21. u arctan ¨ ¸ dv = dt
©t ¹ 7 1 6
1 du dt v t
du – dt v=t t 6
1 t2
§1· §1· 1 6 7
³t t ln(t 7 ) – ³ t 5 dt
t 5
ln(t 7 )dt
³ arctan ¨© t ¸¹ dt t arctan ¨© t ¸¹ ³ 1 t 2 dt 6 6
§1· 1 1 6 7
t arctan ¨ ¸ ln(1 t 2 ) C t ln(t 7 ) – t 6 C
©t ¹ 2 6 36
23. u = x dv csc2 x dx
du = dx v cot x
S/2 S/ 2 S2
³S / 6 x csc
2
x dx > x cot x @SS // 62 ³S / 6 cot x dx ¬ª x cot x ln sin x º¼ S 6
S S 1 S
0 ln1 3 ln ln 2 | 1.60
2 6 2 2 3
24. u = x dv sec2 x dx
du = dx v = tan x
S4 S4 S4 S 2 § S 3·
³S 6 x sec
2
x dx > x tan x @SS 64 ³S 6 tan x dx ª¬ x tan x ln cos x º¼ ln ¨ ln ¸
S6 4 2 ¨© 6 3 2 ¸¹
S S 1 2
ln | 0.28
4 6 3 2 3
25. u x3 dv x 2 x3 4dx
2 3
du 3 x 2 dx v ( x 4)3 / 2
9
2 3 3 2 2 3 3 4
³x x3 4dx x ( x 4)3 / 2 – ³ x 2 ( x3 4)3 / 2 dx x ( x 4)3 / 2 – ( x3 4)5 / 2 C
5
9 3 9 45
26. u x7 dv x 6 x7 1 dx
2 7
du 7 x 6 dx v ( x 1)3 / 2
21
2 7 7 2 2 7 7 4 7
³x x7 1dx x ( x 1)3 / 2 – ³ x6 ( x7 1)3 / 2 dx x ( x 1)3 / 2 – ( x 1)5 / 2 C
13
21 3 21 105
t3
27. u t4 dv dt
(7 – 3t 4 )3 / 2
1
du 4t 3 dt v
6(7 – 3t 4 )1/ 2
t7 t4 2 t3 t4 1
³ (7 – 3t 4 )3 / 2 dt
6(7 – 3t ) 4 1/ 2
–
3 ³ (7 – 3t 4 )1/ 2
dt
6(7 – 3t ) 4 1/ 2
(7 – 3t 4 )1/ 2 C
9

28. u x2 dv x 4 – x 2 dx
1
du = 2x dx v – (4 – x 2 )3 / 2
3
1 2 2 1 2
³x – x (4 – x 2 )3 / 2 ³ x(4 – x 2 )3 / 2 dx – x 2 (4 – x 2 )3 / 2 – (4 – x 2 )5 / 2 C
3
4 – x 2 dx
3 3 3 15
z3
29. u z4 dv dz
(4 – z 4 ) 2
1
du 4 z 3 dz v
4(4 – z 4 )
z7 z4 z3 z4 1
³ (4 – z 4 )2 dz
4
4(4 – z )
³
4– z 4
dz
4
ln 4 – z 4 C
4(4 – z ) 4
30. u = x dv = cosh x dx
du = dx v = sinh x
³ x cosh x dx x sinh x – ³ sinh x dx = x sinh x – cosh x + C
31. u = x dv = sinh x dx
du = dx v = cosh x
³ x sinh x dx x cosh x – ³ cosh x dx = x cosh x – sinh x + C
32. u = ln x dv x –1/ 2 dx
1
du dx v 2 x1/ 2
x
ln x 1
³ x dx 2 x ln x – 2³ x1/ 2 dx 2 x ln x – 4 x C
33. u = x dv (3 x 10)49 dx
1
du = dx v (3x 10)50
150
x 1 x 1
³ x(3x 10) (3 x 10)50 –
150 ³
(3 x 10)50 dx (3x 10)50 – (3 x 10)51 C
49
dx
150 150 22,950
34. u t dv t 112 dt 36. u = z dv a z dz
1 1 z
du dt v t 113 du = dz v
ln a
a
13
z z 1
³ za ln a ³
1 z
ªt 13 º 1 1 dz a – a z dz
«13 t 1 » 13 ³0 t 1 dt
1
³0
13
t (t 1)12 dt ln a
¬ ¼0
z z 1
1 a – az C
ªt 1 14 º 1
«13 t 1 182 t 1 »
13 ln a 2
(ln a)
¬ ¼0 182
37. u x2 dv e x dx
x
35. u = x dv 2 dx
du = 2x dx v ex
1 x
du = dx ³x x 2 e x ³ 2 xe x dx
v 2 2 x
e dx
ln 2
x x 1 u=x dv e x dx
³ x2 dx ln 2 ³
x
2 – 2 x dx
ln 2 du = dx v ex
x x
ln 2
2 –
1
(ln 2) 2
2x C ³x
2 x
e dx
x 2 e x 2 xe x ³ e x dx
x 2 e x 2 xe x 2e x C

38. u x4 dv xe x dx
2
41. u et dv cos t dt
t
1 x2 du e dt v = sin t
du 4 x3 dx v e
³e e sin t ³ et sin t dt
2 t t
cos t dt
5 x2 1 4 x2 3 x2
³x e dx
2
x e – ³ 2 x e dx u et dv sin t dt
t
2 du e dt v = –cos t
u x2 dv 2 xe x dx
2 ³ e cos t dt
t
e sin t ª et cos t ³ et cos t dt º
t
du = 2x dx v ex ¬ ¼
³ e cos t dt et sin t et cos t ³ et cos t dt
t
5 x2 1 4 x2 § 2 x2 2 ·
³x e dx
2
x e – ¨ x e ³ 2 xe x dx ¸
© ¹ 2³ et cos t dt et sin t et cos t C
1 4 x2 2 x2 x2
x e –x e e C 1 t
³e e (sin t cos t ) C
t
2 cos t dt
2
39. u ln 2 z dv = dz
42. u e at dv = sin t dt
2 ln z
du dz v=z du ae dt at
v = –cos t
z
³e – e cos t a ³ e at cos t dt
at at
³ ln z ln 2 z – 2 ³ ln z dz
2 sin t dt
z dz
u = ln z dv = dz u e at dv = cos t dt
1 du ae dt at
v = sin t
du dz v=z
z
³ e sin t dt
at

– e cos t a eat sin t – a ³ e at sin t dt
at

³ ln z dz z ln 2 z – 2 z ln z – ³ dz
2
³ e sin t dt – e cos t ae sin t – a ³e

at at at 2 at
sin t dt
z ln 2 z – 2 z ln z 2 z C
40. u ln 2 x 20 dv = dx (1 a 2 ) ³ e at sin t dt – e at cos t ae at sin t + C

40 ln x 20 – e at cos t aeat sin t
v=x
³e C
du dx at
sin t dt
x a2 1 a2 1
³ ln x ln 2 x 20 – 40 ³ ln x 20 dx
2 20
x dx
43. u x 2 dv cos x dx
u ln x 20 dv dx
du 2 x dx v = sin x
20
du dx v=x
³x x 2 sin x ³ 2 x sin x dx
2
x cos x dx
³ ln
2 20
x dx
x ln 2 x 20 – 40 x ln x 20 – 20³ dx u = 2x dv sin x dx
du = 2dx v cos x
x ln 2 x 20 – 40 x ln x 20 800 x C
³x
2
cos x dx
x 2 sin x 2 x cos x ³ 2 cos x dx
x sin x 2 x cos x 2sin x C
2
44. u r 2 dv = sin r dr
du = 2r dr v = –cos r
³r – r 2 cos r 2³ r cos r dr
2
sin r dr
u=r dv = cos r dr
du = dr v = sin r
³r
2
sin r dr
– r 2 cos r 2 r sin r – ³ sin r dr – r 2 cos r 2r sin r 2 cos r C

45. u sin(ln x) dv = dx
1
du cos(ln x) dx v=x
x
³ sin(ln x)dx x sin(ln x) ³ cos(ln x) dx
u = cos (ln x) dv = dx
1
du sin(ln x) dx v=x
x
³ sin(ln x)dx x sin(ln x) ª¬ x cos(ln x) ³ sin(ln x)dx º¼
³ sin(ln x)dx x sin(ln x) x cos(ln x) ³ sin(ln x) dx

2³ sin(ln x)dx x sin(ln x) x cos(ln x) C
x
³ sin(ln x)dx 2
[sin(ln x) cos(ln x)] C
46. u = cos(ln x) dv = dx
1
du – sin(ln x) dx v=x
x
³ cos(ln x)dx x cos(ln x) ³ sin(ln x) dx
u = sin(ln x) dv = dx
1
du cos(ln x) dx v=x
x
³ cos(ln x)dx x cos(ln x) ª¬ x sin(ln x) – ³ cos(ln x)dx º¼
2³ cos(ln x)dx x[cos(ln x ) sin(ln x )] C
x
³ cos(ln x)dx 2
[cos(ln x ) sin(ln x)] C
47. u (ln x)3 dv = dx

2
3ln x
du dx v=x
x
³ (ln x) x(ln x)3 – 3³ ln 2 x dx
3
dx
x ln 3 x – 3( x ln 2 x – 2 x ln x 2 x C )
x ln 3 x – 3x ln 2 x 6 x ln x 6 x C
48. u (ln x)4 dv = dx

3
4 ln x
du dx v=x
x
³ (ln x) x (ln x )4 – 4³ ln 3 x dx x ln 4 x – 4( x ln 3 x – 3 x ln 2 x 6 x ln x 6 x C )
4
dx
x ln 4 x – 4 x ln 3 x 12 x ln 2 x 24 x ln x 24 x C
49. u = sin x dv = sin(3x)dx

1
du = cos x dx v – cos(3 x)
3
1 1
³ sin x sin(3x)dx – sin x cos(3 x) ³ cos x cos(3 x) dx
3 3
u = cos x dv = cos(3x)dx
1
du = –sin x dx v sin(3 x)
3

1 1 ª1 1 º
³ sin x sin(3x)dx – sin x cos(3 x) « cos x sin(3 x) ³ sin x sin(3 x) dx »
3 3 ¬3 3 ¼
1 1 1
– sin x cos(3 x ) cos x sin(3 x) ³ sin x sin(3 x)dx
3 9 9
8 1 1
9³
sin x sin(3 x) dx – sin x cos(3 x) cos x sin(3 x) C
3 9
3 1
³ sin x sin(3x)dx – 8 sin x cos(3x) 8 cos x sin(3x) C
50. u = cos (5x) dv = sin(7x)dx
1
du = –5 sin(5x)dx v – cos(7 x)
7
1 5
³ cos(5x) sin(7 x)dx – 7 cos(5x) cos(7 x) – 7 ³ sin(5 x) cos(7 x)dx
u = sin(5x) dv = cos(7x)dx
1
du = 5 cos(5x)dx v sin(7 x)
7
1 5 ª1 5 º
³ cos(5 x) sin(7 x)dx – 7 cos(5 x) cos(7 x) – 7 «¬ 7 sin(5 x) sin(7 x) – 7 ³ cos(5 x) sin(7 x)dx »¼
1 5 25
– cos(5 x) cos(7 x) – sin(5 x) sin(7 x) ³ cos(5 x) sin(7 x)dx
7 49 49
24 1 5
49 ³
cos(5 x ) sin(7 x)dx – cos(5 x ) cos(7 x ) – sin(5 x ) sin(7 x ) C
7 49
7 5
³ cos(5x) sin(7 x)dx – 24 cos(5 x) cos(7 x) – 24 sin(5 x) sin(7 x) C
51. u eD z dv = sin Ez dz
1
du D eD z dz v – cos E z
E
Dz 1 Dz D
³e sin E z dz – e cos E z ³ eD z cos E z dz
E E
u eD z dv = cos Ez dz
1
du D eD z dz v sin E z
E
Dz 1 Dz D ª1 D º
³e sin E z dz e cos E z « eD z sin E z ³ eD z sin E z dz »
E E ¬E E ¼
1 Dz D Dz D2 Dz
–
E
e cos E z e sin E z –
E2
³ e sin E z dz E2
E 2 D2 Dz 1 Dz D Dz
E 2 ³e sin E z dz –
E
e cos E z e sin E z C
E2
Dz –E D eD z (D sin E z – E cos E z )
³ e sin E z dz eD z cos E z eD z sin E z C C
D2 E2 D2 E 2 D2 E2

52. u eD z dv = cos E z dz
1
du D eD z dz v sin E z
E
Dz 1 Dz D
³e cos E z dz e sin E z – ³ eD z sin E z dz
E E
u eD z dv = sin Ez dz
Dz 1
du D e dz v – cos E z
E
Dz 1 Dz Dª 1 D º
³e cos E z dz e sin E z « eD z cos E z ³ eD z cos E z dz »
E E¬ E E ¼
1 Dz D Dz D2 Dz
E
e sin E z e cos E z –
E2
³ e cos E z dz E2
D2 E2 Dz D Dz 1
³e cos E z dz e cos E z eD z sin E z C
E 2
E 2 E
Dz eD z (D cos E z E sin E z )
³ e cos E z dz D2 E2
C
53. u = ln x dv xD dx
1 xD 1
du dx v , D z –1
x D 1
D xD 1 1 xD 1 xD 1
³x xD dx
D 1 ³
ln x dx ln x – ln x – C , D z –1
D 1 D 1 (D 1)2
54. u (ln x)2 dv xD dx

2 ln x xD 1
du dx v , D z –1
x D 1
D xD 1 2 xD 1 2 ª xD 1 xD 1 º
³ x (ln x) dx xD ln x dx
D 1 ³
2
(ln x)2 – (ln x)2 « ln x »C
D 1 D 1 D 1 «¬ D 1 (D 1) 2 »¼
xD 1 xD 1 xD 1
(ln x) 2 – 2 ln x 2 C , D z –1
D 1 (D 1) 2
(D 1)3
D
Problem 53 was used for ³x ln x dx.
55. u xD dv e E x dx
1 Ex
du D xD –1dx v e
E
D Ex xD e E x D D –1 E x
³ x e dx E
–
E³
x e dx
56. u xD dv = sin Ex dx
1
du D xD –1dx v – cos E x
E
D
D x cos E x D D –1
³x sin E x dx –
E

E³
x cos E x dx

57. u xD dv = cos Ex dx
1
du D xD –1dx v sin E x
E
D
D x sin E x D D –1
³x cos E x dx
E
–
E³
x sin E x dx
58. u (ln x)D dv = dx

D –1
D (ln x)
du dx v=x
x
D
³ (ln x) dx x(ln x)D – D ³ (ln x)D –1 dx
59. u (a 2 – x 2 )D dv = dx
2 D –1
du –2D x(a – x )
2
dx v=x
³ (a
2
– x 2 )D dx x (a 2 – x 2 )D 2D ³ x 2 ( a 2 – x 2 )D –1 dx
60. u cosD –1 x dv = cos x dx

D –2
du –(D – 1) cos x sin x dx v = sin x
D D –1
³ cos x dx cos x sin x (D – 1) ³ cosD –2 x sin 2 x dx
cosD 1 x sin x (D 1) ³ cosD 2 x(1 cos 2 x) dx cosD –1 x sin x (D – 1) ³ cosD –2 x dx – (D – 1) ³ cosD x dx
D ³ cosD x dx cosD 1 x sin x (D 1) ³ cosD 2 x dx
D cosD –1 x sin x D – 1 D –2
³ cos x dx
D
³ cos x dx
D
61. u cosD –1 E x dv = cos Ex dx

1
du – E (D – 1) cosD –2 E x sin E x dx v sin E x
E
D cosD –1 E x sin E x
³ cos E x dx (D – 1) ³ cosD –2 E x sin 2 E x dx
E
cosD 1 E x sin E x
(D 1) ³ cosD 2 E x(1 cos 2 E x) dx
E
cosD –1 E x sin E x
(D – 1) ³ cosD –2 E x dx – (D – 1) ³ cosD E x dx
E
cosD 1 E x sin E x
D ³ cosD E x (D 1) ³ cosD 2 E x dx
E
D cosD –1 E x sin E x D – 1 D –2
³ cos E x dx DE
³ cos E x dx
D
1 4 3x 4 3 3x 1 4 3x 4 ª 1 3 3x º
³x x e – ³ x e dx x e – « x e – ³ x 2 e3 x dx »
4 3x
62. e dx
3 3 3 3 ¬3 ¼
1 4 3x 4 3 3x 4 ª 1 2 3x 2 º 1 4 4 8 ª1 1 º
x e – x e « x e – ³ xe3 x dx » x 4 e3 x – x3e3 x x 2 e3 x – « xe3 x – ³ e3 x dx »
3 9 3 ¬3 3 ¼ 3 9 9 9 ¬3 3 ¼
1 4 3x 4 3 3x 4 2 3x 8 3x 8 3x
x e – x e x e – xe e C
3 9 9 27 81

1 4 4 1 4 4ª 1 º
³x x sin 3 x – ³ x3 sin 3 x dx x sin 3 x – « – x3 cos 3x ³ x 2 cos 3 x dx »
4
63. cos 3 x dx
3 3 3 3¬ 3 ¼
1 4 4 3 4 ª1 2 2 º
x sin 3 x x cos 3 x – « x sin 3x ³ x sin 3 x dx »
3 9 3 ¬3 3 ¼
1 4 4 3 4 2 8ª 1 1 º
x sin 3 x x cos 3 x – x sin 3 x « – x cos 3 x ³ cos 3 x dx »
3 9 9 9¬ 3 3 ¼
1 4 4 3 4 2 8 8
x sin 3 x x cos 3 x – x sin 3 x – x cos 3 x sin 3 x C
3 9 9 27 81
1 5 1 5ª 1 3 º
³ cos cos5 3x sin 3 x ³ cos 4 3x dx cos5 3x sin 3x « cos3 3x sin 3x ³ cos 2 3 x dx »
6
64. 3 x dx
18 6 18 6 ¬12 4 ¼
1 5 5 ª1 1 º
cos5 3 x sin 3 x cos3 3 x sin 3 x « cos 3 x sin 3 x ³ dx »
18 72 8 ¬6 2 ¼
1 5 5 5x
cos5 3x sin 3x cos3 3x sin 3x cos 3x sin 3x C
18 72 48 16
65. First make a sketch.
From the sketch, the area is given by

e
³1 ln x dx
u = ln x dv = dx
1
du dx v=x
x
³1 ln x dx > x ln x @1 ³1 dx
e e e
[ x ln x x]1e = (e – e) – (1 · 0 – 1) = 1
e
³1 S(ln x)
2
66. V dx
u (ln x)2 dv dx
2 ln x
du dx v=x
x
§ e · e
S ¨ ª x(ln x) 2 º 2³ ln x dx ¸ S ª x(ln x)2 2( x ln x x) º
e e
S³ (ln x) 2 dx S[ x (ln x) 2 2 x ln x 2 x]1e
1 ©¬ ¼1 1 ¹ ¬ ¼1
S[(e 2e 2e) (0 0 2)] S(e 2) | 2.26

67.
9 9 § 1 · 9
³0 3e –9³ e – x / 3 ¨ – dx ¸ 9 | 8.55
–x/3
dx –9[e – x / 3 ]90 –
0 © 3 ¹ e3
9 9
³0 S(3e 9S ³ e –2 x / 3 dx
–x/3 2
68. V ) dx
0
§ 3· 9 § 2 · 27S –2 x / 3 9 27S 27 S
9S ¨ – ¸ ³ e –2 x / 3 ¨ – dx ¸ – [e ]0 – | 42.31
© 2¹ 0 © 3 ¹ 2 2e 6 2
S/4 S/ 4 S/4
69. ³0 ( x cos x – x sin x)dx ³0 x cos x dx – ³
0
x sin x dx
§ S4 S4 · § S4 S4 ·
¨ ª¬ x sin x º¼ 0 ³0 sin x dx ¸ ¨ > x cos x @0 ³0 cos x dx ¸
© ¹ © ¹
2S
[ x sin x cos x x cos x – sin x]0S / 4–1 | 0.11
4
Use Problems 60 and 61 for ³ x sin x dx and ³ x cos x dx.
§x·
2S
70. V 2S ³
x sin ¨ ¸ dx
0©2¹
x
u=x dv sin dx
2
x
du = dx v –2 cos
2
§ª 2S 2S
xº 2S x · § ª xº ·
V 2S ¨ « –2 x cos » ³ 2 cos dx ¸ 2S ¨ 4S « 4sin » ¸ 8S2
¨¬ 2 ¼0 0 2 ¸ ¨ ¬ 2 ¼0 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
e e
³1 ln x 2 ³ ln x dx
2
71. dx
1
u = ln x dv = dx
1
du dx v=x
x
1
e
2³ ln x dx
§ e ·
2 ¨ [ x ln x]1e ³ dx ¸
© 1 ¹

2 e [ x]1e 2
e e
³1 x ln x 2 ³ x ln x dx
2
dx
1
u = ln x dv = x dx
1 1 2
du dx v x
x 2
e § ª1 º
e
e1 · §1 ª1 º ·
e
1 2
2³ x ln x dx 2 ¨ « x 2 ln x » – ³ x dx ¸ 2 ¨ e2 – « x 2 » ¸ (e 1)
1 ¨ ¬2 ¼1 1 2 ¸ ¨2 ¬ 4 ¼1 ¸¹ 2
© ¹ ©

1 e
2 ³1
(ln x)2 dx
u (ln x)2 dv = dx
2 ln x
du dx v=x
x
1 e 1§ e · 1
2 ³1
(ln x )2 dx ¨ [ x(ln x) ]1 – 2³1 ln x dx ¸
2 e
(e – 2)
2© ¹ 2
1 (e 2
2
1) e2 1
x
2 4
1 (e – 2)
2 e–2
y
2 4
72. a. u = cot x dv csc2 x dx

du – csc2 x dx v = –cot x
³ cot x csc cot 2 x ³ cot x csc2 x dx

2
x dx
2³ cot x csc2 x dx cot 2 x C

1
³ cot x csc2 x dx cot 2 x C
2
b. u = csc x dv = cot x csc x dx

du = –cot x csc x dx v = –csc x
³ cot x csc csc2 x ³ cot x csc2 x dx
2
x dx
2³ cot x csc2 x dx csc2 x C

1
³ cot x csc2 x dx csc 2 x C
2
1 1 1 1
c. – cot 2 x – (csc2 x – 1) – csc2 x
2 2 2 2
73. a. p( x) x3 2 x
g ( x) ex
All antiderivatives of g ( x) ex
³ (x 2 x)e x dx ( x3 2 x)e x (3 x 2 2)e x 6 xe x 6e x C

3
b. p( x) x 2 3x 1
g(x) = sin x
G1 ( x) cos x
G2 ( x) sin x
G3 ( x) cos x
³ (x 3 x 1) sin x dx ( x 2 3x 1)( cos x) (2 x 3)( sin x) 2 cos x C

2

74. a. We note that the nth arch extends from x 2S (n 1) to x S (2n 1) , so the area of the nth arch is
S (2 n 1)
A(n) ³2S (n1) x sin x dx . Using integration by parts:
u x dv sin x dx
du dx v cos x
A(n) S (2 n 1)
> x cos x @S2S(2(nn1)1) ³2SS(2(nn1)1) cos x dx > x cos x@S2S(2(nn1)1) >sin x@S2S(2(nn1)1)
³2S ( n 1) x sin x dx
> S (2n 1) cos(S (2n 1)) 2S (n 1) cos(2S (n 1))@ >sin(S (2n 1)) sin(2S (n 1))@
S (2n 1)(1) 2S (n 1)(1) 0 0 S > (2n 1) (2n 2) @ . So A(n) (4n 3)S
3S 2
b. V 2S ³ x sin x dx
2S
u x2 dv = sin x dx
du = 2x dx v = –cos x
§ 3S 3S · § 3S ·
V 2S ¨ ª – x 2 cos x º ³ 2 x cos x dx ¸ 2 S ¨ 9S 2 4 S 2 ³ 2 x cos x dx ¸
© ¬ ¼ 2S 2 S ¹ © 2S ¹
u = 2x dv = cos x dx
du = 2 dx v = sin x
§ 3S ·
V 2S ¨13S2 [2 x sin x]32SS – ³ 2sin x ¸
© 2 S ¹

2S 13S2 [2 cos x]32SS 2S(13S2 – 4) | 781
75. u = f(x) dv sin nx dx

1
du f c( x)dx v cos nx
n
S
1ª ª 1 º 1 S º
an « « cos(nx) f ( x) » ³ cos(nx) f c( x)dx »
S¬ ¬ n ¼ n S
S
¼

Term 1 Term 2
1 1
Term 1 = cos(nS)( f (S) f (S)) r ( f (S) f (S))
n n
S
Since f c( x) is continuous on [– f , f ], it is bounded. Thus, ³– S cos(nx) f c( x)dx is bounded so
1 ª S
lim an lim r ( f (S) f (S)) ³ cos(nx) f c( x) dx »º 0.
n of nof Sn ¬« S ¼
1/ n
Gn [(n 1)(n 2) (n n)]1 n ª§ 1 ·§ 2 · § n · º
76. «¨1 n ¸¨ 1 n ¸ }¨1 n ¸ »
n [n n ]1 n ¬© ¹© ¹ © ¹¼
§G · 1 ª§ 1 · § 2 · § n · º
ln ¨ n ¸ ln ¨1 ¸ ¨ 1 ¸ }¨ 1 ¸
© n ¹ n «¬© n ¹ © n ¹ © n ¹ »¼
1ª § 1· § 2· § n ·º
« ln ¨1 ¸ ln ¨ 1 ¸ ln ¨1 ¸ »
n¬ © n¹ © n¹ © n ¹¼
§G · 2
lim ln ¨ n ¸
n of © n ¹
³1 ln x dx 2 ln 2 –1
§G · 4
lim ¨ n ¸ e2 ln 2–1 4e –1
n of © n ¹ e

77. The proof fails to consider the constants when integrating 1t .
The symbol ³ 1 t dt is a family of functions, all of who whom have derivative 1t . We know that any two of these
functions will differ by a constant, so it is perfectly correct (notationally) to write ³ 1 t dt ³ 1 t dt 1
d 5x
78. [e (C1 cos 7 x C2 sin 7 x) C3 ] 5e5 x (C1 cos 7 x C2 sin 7 x) e5 x (–7C1 sin 7 x 7C2 cos 7 x)
dx
e5 x [(5C1 7C2 ) cos 7 x (5C2 – 7C1 ) sin 7 x]
Thus, 5C1 7C2 4 and 5C2 – 7C1 6.
11 29
Solving, C1 – ; C2
37 37
79. u = f(x) dv = dx
du f c( x)dx v=x
> xf ( x)@ba – ³a xf c( x)dx

b b
³a f ( x)dx
Starting with the same integral,
u = f(x) dv = dx
du f c( x)dx v=x–a
> ( x – a) f ( x)@ba – ³a ( x – a) f c( x)dx

b b
³a f ( x) dx
80. u f c( x) dv = dx
du f cc( x)dx v=x–a
> ( x – a) f c( x)@ba – ³a ( x – a) f cc( x)dx

b b b
f (b) – f (a ) ³a f c( x)dx f c(b)(b – a ) – ³ ( x – a ) f cc( x)dx
a
Starting with the same integral,
u f c( x) dv = dx
du f cc( x)dx v=x–b
> ( x – b) f c( x)@ba – ³a ( x – b) f cc( x)dx

b b b
f (b) f (a) ³a f c( x)dx f c(a)(b a) – ³ ( x – b) f cc( x)dx
a
81. Use proof by induction.

t t
n = 1: f (a) f c(a )(t – a) ³ (t – x) f cc( x)dx f (a ) f c( a )(t – a ) [ f c( x)(t – x)]ta ³ f c( x) dx
a a
f (a) f c(a)(t – a) – f c(a)(t – a) [ f ( x)]ta f (t )

Thus, the statement is true for n = 1. Note that integration by parts was used with u = (t – x), dv f cc( x)dx.
Suppose the statement is true for n.
n
f (i ) ( a ) t (t – x ) n ( n 1)
f (t ) f (a ) ¦ (t – a)i ³ f ( x)dx
i! a n!
i 1
(t – x)n ( n 1)
t
Integrate ³a n ! f ( x)dx by parts.
(t – x)n
u f ( n 1) ( x) dv dx
n!
(t – x)n 1
du f ( n 2) ( x) v –
(n 1)!
t
(t – x) n ( n 1)
t ª (t – x)n 1 ( n 1) º t (t – x) n 1 ( n 2)
³a n ! f ( x)dx «– f ( x) » ³ f ( x)dx
¬« (n 1)!
a ( n 1)!
¼» a

(t – a )n 1 ( n 1) t (t – x ) n 1 ( n 2)
f (a) ³ f ( x)dx
(n 1)! a (n 1)!
f (i ) ( a )
n
(t – a) n 1 ( n 1) t (t – x) n 1 ( n 2)
Thus f (t ) f (a) ¦ (t – a)i f (a) ³ f ( x)dx
i 1 i! (n 1)! a ( n 1)!
n 1 (i )
f (a) t (t – x ) n 1 ( n 2)
f (a) ¦ (t – a)i ³ f ( x)dx
i! a ( n 1)!
i 1
Thus, the statement is true for n + 1.
1 D 1
82. a. B (D , E ) ³0 x (1 x) E 1 dx where D t 1, E t 1
x = 1 – u, dx = –du
1 D 1
(1 x) E 1 dx D 1
(u ) E 1 (du ) D 1 E 1
0 1
³0 x ³1 (1 u ) ³0 (1 u ) u du B(E , D )
Thus, B(D, E) = B(E, D).
1 D 1
b. B (D , E ) ³0 x (1 x) E 1 dx
u xD 1 dv (1 x) E 1 dx
1
du D 1 xD 2 dx v (1 x) E
E
1
ª 1 D 1 Eº D 1 1 D 2 D 1 1 D 2
« E x (1 x) » E ³0 x (1 x) E dx (1 x) E dx
E ³0
B (D , E ) x
¬ ¼0 (*)
D 1
B (D 1, E 1)
E
Similarly,
1 D 1
B (D , E ) ³0 x (1 x) E 1 dx
u (1 x) E 1 dv xD 1dx
1 D
du E 1 (1 x) E 2 dx v x
D
1
ª1 D E 1 º E 1 1 D E 2 E 1 1 D E 1
« D x (1 x) » D ³0 x (1 x) x (1 x) E 2 dx
D ³0
B (D , E ) dx B (D 1, E 1)
¬ ¼0 D
c. Assume that n d m. Using part (b) n times,

n 1 n 1 (n 2)
B (n, m) B (n 1, m 1) B (n 2, m 2)
m m(m 1)
n 1 (n 2) n 3} 2 1
} B(1, m n 1).
m(m 1) m 2 } (m n 2)
1 m n 2 dx 1 1
B(1, m n 1) ³0 (1 x) [(1 x)m n 1 ]10
m n 1 m n 1
n 1 (n 2) n 3} 2 1 n 1! m 1! n 1! m 1!
Thus, B (n, m)
m(m 1) m 2 } (m n 2) m n 1 (m n 1)! (n m 1)!
n 1! m 1!
If n > m, then B (n, m) B (m, n) by the above reasoning.
(n m 1)!

83. u = f(t) dv f cc(t )dt
du f c(t )dt v f c(t )
> f (t ) f c(t )@ba – ³a [ f c(t )]2 dt

b b
³a f cc(t ) f (t )dt
b b
f (b) f c(b) f (a) f c(a) ³ [ f c(t )]2 dt ³ [ f c(t )]2 dt
a a
b
[ f c(t )]2 t 0, so ³ [ f c(t )]2 d 0 .
a
x§ t ·
84. ³0 ¨© ³0 f ( z )dz ¸¹ dt
t
u ³0 f ( z )dz dv = dt
du = f(t)dt v=t
x§ t x
· ªt t f ( z )dz º – x t f (t )dt x x
³0 ¨© ³0 f ( z )dz ¸¹ dt ¬« ³0 ¼» 0 ³0 ³0 x f ( z)dz – ³0 t f (t )dt
x x
By letting z = t, ³0 x f ( z )dz ³0 x f (t )dt , so
x§ t · x x x
³0 ¨© ³0 f ( z )dz ¸¹ dt ³0 x f (t )dt – ³0 t f (t )dt ³0 ( x – t ) f (t )dt
x t1 tn 1
85. Let I ³0 ³0 ³0 f (tn ) dtn ...dt2 dt1 be the iterated integral. Note that for i t 2, the limits of integration of the
integral with respect to ti are 0 to ti 1 so that any change of variables in an outer integral affects the limits, and
hence the variables in all interior integrals. We use induction on n, noting that the case n 2 is solved in the
previous problem.
Assume we know the formula for n 1 , and we want to show it for n.
x t1 t2 tn 1 t1 t2 tn 2
I ³0 ³0 ³0 ³0 f (tn ) dtn ...dt3 dt2 dt1 ³0 ³0 ³0 F (tn 1 ) dtn 1...dt3 dt2 dt1
where F tn 1 f tn dn .
tn 1
³0
By induction,
1 n2
F t1 x t1 dt1
x
I
n 2 ! ³0
F t1 ³0 f tn dtn , x t1 n 2
t1
u dv
1
du f t1 dt1 , v x t1 n 1
n 1
1 ° ª 1 ½°
t1 x
x t1 n 1 ³01 f tn dtn º»
1 x n 1
f t1 x t1 dt1 ¾ .
t
I ®«
n 2 ! ¯° ¬ n 1 ¼ t1

n 1 ³
¿°
0
0
1 x
³ f (t1 )( x t1 ) n 1 dt1
(n 1)! 0
(note: that the quantity in square brackets equals 0 when evaluated at the given limits)

86. Proof by induction.
n = 1:
u P1 ( x) dv e x dx
dP1 ( x)
du dx v ex
dx
dP1 ( x) dP1 ( x ) x dP1 ( x)
³e e x P1 ( x) – ³ e x
dx ³
x
P1 ( x)dx dx e x P1 ( x) – e dx e x P1 ( x) – e x
dx dx
dP1 ( x)
Note that is a constant.
dx
Suppose the formula is true for n. By using integration by parts with u Pn 1 ( x) and dv e x dx,
dPn 1 ( x)
³e e x Pn 1 ( x) – ³ e x
x
Pn 1 ( x)dx dx
dx
dPn 1 ( x)
Note that is a polynomial of degree n, so
dx
ª n
d j § dPn 1 ( x) · º n d j 1Pn 1 x
³ e Pn1 ( x)dx e x Pn 1 ( x) « e x ¦ (1) j e x Pn 1 x e x ¦ 1
j
¸»
x
¨
«¬ j 0 dx j © dx ¹ »¼ j 0 dx j 1
n 1 d j Pn 1 ( x ) n 1 d j Pn 1 ( x)
e x Pn 1 ( x) e x ¦ (1) j e x ¦ (1) j
j 1 dx j j 0 dx j
4
d j (3 x 4 2 x 2 )
87. ³ (3x
4
2 x 2 )e x dx e x ¦ (–1) j
j 0 dx j
e x [3x 4 2 x 2 – 12 x3 – 4 x 36 x 2 4 – 72 x 72]
e x (3x 4 – 12 x3 38 x 2 – 76 x 76)
7.3 Concepts Review 2. u = 6x, du = 6 dx

1
³ sin 6 x dx 6 ³ sin u du
4 4
1 cos 2 x
1. ³ 2
dx
2
1 § 1 – cos 2u ·
6 ³©
¨ ¸ du
2 ¹
³ (1 – sin
2
2. x) cos x dx
1
24 ³
(1 – 2 cos 2u cos 2 2u )du
³ sin
2
3. x(1 – sin 2 x) cos x dx
1 1 1
24 ³ 24 ³
du – 2 cos 2u du ³ (1 cos 4u )du
48
1
4. cos mx cos nx > cos(m n) x cos(m n) x @ 3 1 1
2
48 ³ du –
24 ³ 2 cos 2u du
192 ³
4 cos 4u du
Problem Set 7.3 3 1 1

(6 x ) – sin12 x sin 24 x C
48 24 192
1 – cos 2 x
³ sin ³ 3 1 1
2
1. x dx dx x – sin12 x sin 24 x C
2 8 24 192
1 1
2³
dx – ³ cos 2 x dx
2
1 1
x – sin 2 x C
2 4

S/2 S/2
³ sin x dx ³ sin x(1 cos x)dx
3 2
3. 5. ³0 cos5 T dT ³0 (1 – sin 2 T )2 cosT dT
³ sin x dx ³ sin x cos x dx

2
S/ 2
1
³0 (1 – 2sin 2 T sin 4 T ) cos T dT
cos x cos3 x C S/2
3 ª 2 3 1 5 º
«sin T – 3 sin T 5 sin T »
¬ ¼0
³ cos x dx
3
4. § 2 1 · 8
¨1 – ¸ – 0
© 3 5¹
³ cos x(1 sin x)dx 15
2
³ cos x dx ³ cos x sin x dx

2
1
sin x sin 3 x C
3
3
S/2 S / 2 § 1 – cos 2T ·
6. ³0 sin 6 T dT ³0 ¨
© 2
¸ dT
¹
1 S/ 2
8 ³0
(1 – 3cos 2T 3cos 2 2T – cos3 2T )dT
1 S/ 2 3 S/2 3 S/ 2 2 1 S/2 3
8 ³0
dT – ³ 2 cos 2T dT ³ cos 2T – ³ cos 2T dT
16 0 8 0 8 0
1 S/2 3 3 S / 2 § 1 cos 4T · 1 S/2
[T ]0 – [sin 2T ]0S / 2 ³ ¨ ¸ dT – ³ (1 – sin 2 2T ) cos 2T dT
8 16 8 0 © 2 ¹ 8 0
1 S 3 S/ 2 3 S/2 1 S/2 1 S/2 2
³ dT ³ 4 cos 4T dT – ³ 2 cos 2T dT ³ sin 2T 2 cos 2T dT
8 2 16 0 64 0 16 0 16 0
S 3S 3 1 1 5S
[sin 4T ]0S / 2 – [sin 2T ]0S / 2 [sin 3 2T ]0S / 2
16 32 64 16 48 32
³ sin ³ (1 – cos ³ (1 – 2 cos 4 x cos 4 4 x) cos 2 4 x sin 4 x dx

5
7. 4 x cos 2 4 x dx 2
4 x) 2 cos 2 4 x sin 4 x dx 2
1 1 1 1
4³
– (cos 2 4 x – 2 cos 4 4 x cos6 4 x)(–4sin 4 x)dx – cos3 4 x cos5 4 x – cos7 4 x C
12 10 28
1
³ (sin ³ (1 – cos 2³
[(cos 2t )1/ 2 – (cos 2t )5 / 2 ](–2sin 2t )dt
3 2
8. 2t ) cos 2tdt 2t )(cos 2t )1/ 2 sin 2t dt –
1 1
– (cos 2t )3 / 2 (cos 2t )7 / 2 C
3 7
1
(sin 2 3T 1)3cos 3T dT
³ cos ³ (1 – sin 3³
9. 3
3T sin –2 3T dT 2
3T ) sin –2 3T cos 3T dT
1 1
– csc3T – sin 3T C
3 3
³ sin ³ (1 – sin
1/ 2
10. 2 z cos3 2 z dz 2
2 z ) sin1/ 2 2 z cos 2 z dz
1 1 3/ 2 1
2³
(sin1/ 2 2 z – sin 5 / 2 2 z )2 cos 2 z dz sin 2 z – sin 7 / 2 2 z C
3 7

2 2
§ 1 – cos 6t · § 1 cos 6t · 1
³ sin ³ ¨© ³ (1 – 2 cos 2 6t cos 4 6t )dt
4
11. 3t cos 4 3t dt ¸ ¨ ¸ dt
2 ¹ © 2 ¹ 16
1 ª 1 2º 1 1
– ³ cos12t dt ³ (1 2 cos12t cos 2 12t )dt
16 ³ «¬
1 – (1 cos12t ) (1 cos12t ) » dt
4 ¼ 16 64
1 1 1 1
192 ³
12 cos12t dt ³ dt
384 ³ 128 ³
– 12 cos12t dt (1 cos 24t )dt
64
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
– sin12t t sin12t t sin 24t C t– sin12t sin 24t C
192 64 384 128 3072 128 384 3072
3
§ 1 cos 2T · § 1 – cos 2T · 1
³ cos T sin T dT ³ ¨© 2 ¸¹ ¨© 2 ¸¹ dT 16 ³ (1 2 cos 2T – 2 cos 2T – cos 2T )dT
6 2 3 4
12.
1 1 1 1
16 ³
dT ³ 2 cos 2T dT – ³ (1 – sin 2 2T ) cos 2T dT – ³ (1 cos 4T )2 dT
16 8 64
1 1 1 1 1
16 ³
dT ³ 2 cos 2T dT – ³ 2 cos 2T dT ³ 2sin 2 2T cos 2T dT – ³ (1 2 cos 4T cos 2 4T )dT
16 16 16 64
1 1 1 1 1
16 ³ dT ³ sin 2 2T 2 cos 2T dT – ³ dT –
16 64 128 ³ 4 cos 4T dT –
128 ³
(1 cos8T )dT
1 1 1 1 1 1
= T sin 3 2T T sin 4T T sin 8T C
16 48 64 128 128 1024
5 1 1 1
T sin 3 2T – sin 4T – sin 8T + C
128 48 128 1024
1 1
13. ³ sin 4 y cos 5 y dy ³ >sin 9 y sin( y)@ dy ³ (sin 9 y sin y)dy
2 2
1§ 1 · 1 1
¨ cos 9 y cos y ¸ C cos y cos 9 y C
2© 9 ¹ 2 18
1 1 1 1 1
14. ³ cos y cos 4 y dy 2³
[cos 5 y cos(3 y )]dy
10
sin 5 y sin(3 y ) C
6 10
sin 5 y sin 3 y C
6
2
4 § w· 2§ w· § 1 – cos w · § 1 cos w · 1
³ sin ¨© 2 ¸¹ cos ¨© 2 ¸¹ dw ³ ¨© 2 ¸¹ ¨© 2 ¸¹ dw 8 ³ (1 – cos w – cos w cos w)dw
2 3
15.
1 ª 1 º 1 ª1 1 º
³
8 ¬ «1 – cos w – (1 cos 2w) (1 – sin 2 w) cos w» dw
2 ¼
³ « – cos 2 w – sin 2 w cos w»dw
8 ¬2 2 ¼
1 1 1
w – sin 2 w – sin 3 w C
16 32 24
1
16. ³ sin 3t sin t dt ³ 2 >cos 4t cos 2t @ dt

1
2 ³

cos 4tdt ³ cos 2tdt
1§1 1 ·
¨ sin 4t sin 2t ¸ C
2©4 2 ¹
1 1
sin 4t sin 2t C
8 4
436 Section 7.3 Instructor's Resource Manual

³ x cos ³ tan ³ tan
2
17. x sin x dx 19. 4
x dx 2
x tan 2 x dx
³ tan x (sec x 1) dx
u x du 1 dx 2 2
dv cos 2 x sin x dx
³ tan x sec x tan x dx
2 2 2
1
v ³ (cos x)2 ( sin x) dx cos3 x
3
³ tan x sec2 x dx ³ (sec2 x 1)dx
t cos x 2
Thus
1 3
tan x tan x x C
³ x cos x sin x dx
2
3
1 1
x( cos3 x) ³ (1)( cos3 x) dx
³ cot ³ cot
4 2
3 3 20. x dx x cot 2 x dx
1ª
³ cot
x cos3 x ³ cos3 x dx º 2
x (csc2 x 1) dx
3¬ ¼
³ cot x csc x cot x dx

1ª
x cos3 x ³ cos x (1 sin 2 x) dx º 2 2 2
3¬ ¼
1ª º ³ cot x csc x dx ³ (csc x 1)dx
2 2 2
« x cos x ³ (cos x cos x sin x) dx »
3 2
3¬ t sin x ¼ 1
cot 3 x cot x x C
1ª 1 º 3
x cos3 x sin x sin 3 x » C
3 «¬ 3 ¼
21. tan 3 x ³ tan x tan
2
x dx
³ x sin x cos x dx
3
18.
³ tan x sec
x 1 dx
2
u x du 1 dx
1
dv sin 3 x cos x dx tan 2 x ln cos x C
2
1 4
³ (sintx)sin(cos
3
v x) dx sin x
³ cot ³ cot 2t cot
x 4 22. 3
2t dt 2
2t dt
Thus
³ cot 2t csc 2t 1dt
2
³ x sin
3
x cos x dx
³ cot 2t csc 2t dt ³ cot 2t dt

1 1 2
x( sin 4 x ) ³ (1)( sin 4 x) dx
4 4
1 1
1ª cot 2 2t ln sin 2t C
x sin x ³ (sin x) dx º
4 2 2
4 2
4¬ ¼
1ª 1 º
« x sin 4 x ³ (1 cos 2 x) 2 dx »
4¬ 4 ¼
1ª 1 º
x sin 4 x ³ (1 2 cos 2 x cos 2 2 x) dx »
4 «¬ 4 ¼
1ª 1 1 1 º
x sin 4 x x sin 2 x ³ (1 cos 4 x) dx »
4 «¬ 4 4 8 ¼
1ª 3 1 1 º
« x sin 4 x x sin 2 x sin 4 x » C
4¬ 8 4 32 ¼

5 §T ·
23. ³ tan ¨ ¸ dT
©2¹
§T · dT
u ¨ ¸ ; du
©2¹ 2
5 §T·
³ tan ¨ ¸ dT
©2¹
2³ tan 5 u du

2³ tan 3 u sec2 u 1 du
2³ tan 3 u sec2 u du 2³ tan 3 u du
2³ tan 3 u sec2 u du 2³ tan u sec2 u 1 du

2³ tan 3 u sec2 u du 2³ tan u sec2 u du 2³ tan u du
1 §T · §T · T
tan 4 ¨ ¸ tan 2 ¨ ¸ 2 ln cos C
2 © ¹
2 © ¹
2 2
³ cot
5
24. 2t dt
u 2t ; du
2dt
1
³ cot 2t dt 2 ³ cot u du
5 5
1
2 ³
cot 3 u cot 2 u du
1

2³

cot 3 u csc2 1 du
1
2³
1

cot 3 u csc 2 u du ³ cot 3 u du
2

1
2³
1

cot 3 u csc2 u du ³ cot u csc2 u 1 du
2

1
2³
3
2 1
2
1
cot u csc u du ³ cot u csc2 u du ³ cot u
2

1 4 1 2 1
cot u cot u ln sin u C
8 4 2
1 4 1 2 1
cot 2t cot 2t ln sin 2t C
8 4 2
³ tan
3 3
25. ³ tan x sec4 xdx x sec2 x sec2 x dx
³ tan x 1 tan x sec x dx

3 2 2
3 1
³ tan x sec2 x dx ³ tan x sec2 x dx
1
tan 2 x ln tan x C
2
³ tan
3 / 2 3 / 2
26. ³ tan x sec4 x dx x sec2 x sec2 x
³ tan x 1 tan x sec x dx

3 / 2 2 2
3 / 2
³ tan x sec2 x dx ³ tan1/ 2 x sec2 x dx
2
2 tan 1/ 2 x tan 3 / 2 x C
3

³ tan
3
27. x sec2 x dx
Let u tan x . Then du sec 2 x dx .
1 4 1
³ tan ³ u C tan 4 x C
3
x sec2 x dx u 3 du
4 4
28. ³ tan
3
x sec1/ 2 x dx 3 / 2
³ tan x sec x(sec x tan x)dx
2
³ sec x 1 sec x sec x tan x dx

2 3 / 2
3 / 2
³ sec x sec x tan x dx ³ sec x sec x tan x dx
1/ 2
2 3/ 2
sec x 2sec1/ 2 x C
3
S
S 1 S 1ª 1 1 º
29. ³– S 2 ³– S
cos mx cos nx dx (cos[(m n) x] cos[(m n) x])dx «
2 ¬m n
sin[(m n) x]
mn
sin[(m n) x]»
¼ S
= 0 for m z n, since sin k S = 0 for all integers k.
Sx S
30. If we let u then du dx . Making the substitution and changing the limits as necessary, we get
L L
L mS x nS x L S
³ L cos L cos L dx S ³S cos mu cos nu du 0 (See Problem 29
S S S S S S
S³ x 2 dx 2S³ x sin x dx
³0 S( x sin x) 2 ³0
31. 2
dx S³ ( x 2 2 x sin x sin 2 x) dx (1 cos 2 x)dx
0 0 0
S S
ª1 º S Sª 1 º 1 4 S 1 4 5 2
S « x3 » 2S >sin x x cos x @0 « x sin 2 x » S 2S(0 S 0) (S 0 0) S S | 57.1437
¬ 3 ¼0 2¬ 2 ¼0 3 2 3 2
Use Formula 40 with u = x for ³ x sin x dx
S/2
32. V 2S ³ x sin 2 ( x 2 )dx
0
u x 2 , du = 2x dx
S/ 2
S/2 S / 2 1 – cos 2u ª1 1 º S2
V S³ sin 2 u du S³ du S « u – sin 2u » | 2.4674
0 0 2 ¬2 4 ¼0 4
1 S 1 S§ N · 1 N S
33. a.
S ³S
f ( x) sin(mx)dx
S ³S
¨¨ ¦ an sin(nx) ¸¸ sin(mx)dx ¦
Sn 1
an ³ sin(nx) sin(mx) dx
S
©n 1 ¹
From Example 6,
S 0 if n z m
³S sin(nx) sin(mx)dx ®
¯S if n m
so every term in the sum is 0 except for when n = m.
If m > N, there is no term where n = m, while if m d N, then n = m occurs. When n = m

S
an ³ sin(nx) sin(mx) dx am S so when m d N,
S
1 S 1
S ³S
f ( x) sin(mx) dx am S am .
S

1 S 2 1 S§ N ·§ N · 1 N N S
b.
S ³S
f ( x)dx ³ ¨¨ ¦ an sin(nx) ¸¸ ¨¨ ¦ am sin(mx) ¸¸ dx
S S © n 1
¦ an ¦ am ³ sin(nx) sin(mx) dx
Sn 1 m 1 S
¹© m 1 ¹
From Example 6, the integral is 0 except when m = n. When m = n, we obtain
1 N N
¦
Sn 1
an (an S) ¦ an2 .
n 1
34. a. Proof by induction

x x
n = 1: cos cos
2 2
Assume true for k d n.
x x x x ª 1 3 2n –1 º 1 x
cos cos " cos cos « cos n x cos n x " cos n x » n –1 cos n 1
n n 1
2 4 2 2 ¬« 2 2 2 ¼» 2 2
Note that
§ k ·§ 1 · 1ª 2k 1 2k –1 º
¨ cos n x ¸¨ cos n 1 x ¸ «cos n 1 x cos n 1 x » , so
© 2 ¹© 2 ¹ 2 ¬ 2 2 ¼
ª 1 3 n
2 –1 § º 1 · 1 ª 1 3 2n 1 –1 º 1
«cos n x cos n x " cos n x » ¨ cos n 1 x ¸ n –1 «cos n 1 x cos n 1 x " cos n 1 x » n
¬« 2 2 2 ¼» © 2 ¹2 ¬« 2 2 2 ¼» 2
ª 1 3 2n –1 º 1 1 ª 1 3 2n –1 º x
b. lim « cos x cos x " cos x» lim «cos x cos x " cos x»
n of «
¬ 2n 2n 2n ¼» 2n –1 x nof ¬« 2n 2n 2n ¼» 2n –1
1 x
x ³0
cos t dt
1 x 1 sin x
x ³0
c. cos t dt [sin t ]0x
x x
x 1 cos x
35. Using the half-angle identity cos , we see that since
2 2
S
S 2 2
cos cos
4 2 2
S 1 2
S 2 2 2 2
cos cos ,
8 4 2 2
S
S 1 22 2 2 2 2
cos cos 2 , etc.
16 8 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 §S· §S· §S·
Thus, " cos ¨ 2 ¸ cos ¨ 2 ¸ cos ¨ 2 ¸"
2 2 2 ¨2¸ ¨4¸ ¨8¸
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹
§S· §S· § S
lim cos ¨ 2 ¸ cos ¨ 2 ¸" cos ¨ 2
·
¸

sin S2 2
nof ¨2¸ ¨4¸ ¨ 2n ¸ S S
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹ 2

S S
36. Since (k sin x)2 (sin x k ) 2 , the volume of S is ³0 S(k sin x) S ³ (k 2 2k sin x sin 2 x) dx
2
0
S
S S S S S S Sª 1 º
Sk 2 ³ dx 2k S³ sin x dx Sk 2 > x @0 2k S > cos x @0
2 ³0
(1 cos 2 x) dx x sin 2 x »
0 0 2 «¬ 2 ¼0
S S2
S2 k 2 2k S(1 1) (S 0) S2 k 2 4k S
2 2
S 2
2
Let f (k ) S2 k 2 4k S , then f c(k ) 2S2 k 4S and f c(k ) 0 when k .
2 S
2
The critical points of f(k) on 0 d k d 1 are 0, , 1.
S
S2 §2· S2 S2
f (0) | 4.93, f¨ ¸ 48 | 0.93, f (1) S 2 4S | 2.24
2 ©S¹ 2 2
2
a. S has minimum volume when k .
S
b. S has maximum volume when k 0.
7.4 Concepts Review 4. u x 4, u 2 x 4, 2u du = dx

1. x–3 x 3x
2
(u 2 – 4)2 3(u 2 – 4)
2. 2 sin t
³ x4
³ dx
u
2u du
2 5 10 3
3. 2 tan t 2 ³ (u 4 – 5u 2 4)du u – u 8u C
5 3
4. 2 sec t
2 5 / 2 10
( x 4) – ( x 4) 3/ 2
8( x 4)1/ 2 C
Problem Set 7.4 5 3
1. u x 1, u 2 x 1, 2u du dx 5. u t , u2
t , 2u du = dt
uee
³x ³ (u
x 1dx 2 2 dt2 2u du 2
– 1)u (2u du )
³1 t e ³1 u e 2³1 ue
du
2 5 2 3
³ (2u u – u C
4
– 2u 2 )du 2 2 e
5 3 2 ³ du – 2³ du
1 1 ue
2 2
( x 1)5 / 2 – ( x 1)3 / 2 C 2
5 3 2[u ]1 2 – 2e ¬ªln u e º¼
1
2( 2 – 1) – 2e[ln( 2 e) – ln(1 e)]
2. u 3
x S , u3 x S, 3u 2 du dx
§ 2 e·
³x x Sdx ³ (u – S)u (3u 2 du )
3 3
2 2 – 2 – 2e ln ¨¨ ¸¸
© 1 e ¹
3 7 3S 4
³ (3u – 3Su 3 )du u – u C
6
7 4
6. u t , u2 t , 2u du = dt
3 3S
( x S)7 / 3 – ( x S)4 / 3 C 1 t 1 u
7 4 ³0 t 1 dt ³0 u 2 1 (2u du )
3. u 3t 4, u 2 3t 4, 2u du = 3 dt 1 u2 1 u2 11
2³ du 2³ du
t dt
1 (u 2
4) 23 u du 2
0 u2 1 0 u 12
³ ³ 9³
(u 2 – 4)du
3
1 1 1
3t 4 u 2 ³ du – 2³ du 2[u ]10 – 2[tan –1 u ]10
2 3 8
0 1 0 u2
u – uC S
27 9 2 – 2 tan –1 1 2 – | 0.4292
2
2 8
(3t 4)3 / 2 – (3t 4)1/ 2 C
27 9

7. u (3t 2)1/ 2 , u 2 3t 2, 2u du 3dt 12. t = sec x, dt = sec x tan x dx
S
1 §2 · Note that 0 d x .
³ t (3t 2) ³ 3 (u
3/ 2 2
dt – 2)u 3 ¨ u du ¸ 2
©3 ¹
2 2 7 4 5 t2 –1 tan x tan x
9³
(u 6 – 2u 4 )du u u C
63 45 3 dt sec –1 (3) sec x tan x
2 4 ³2 2 2 ³S / 3 sec 2 x tan x
dx
(3t 2)7 / 2 – (3t 2)5 / 2 C t t –1
63 45 sec –1 (3)
1/ 3 3 2
³S / 3 cos x dx
8. u (1 – x) ,u 1 – x, 3u du – dx –1 S
[sin x]sec
S/3
(3)
sin[sec1 (3)] sin
³ x(1 – x) ³ (1 – u
2/3 3 2 2
dx )u (–3u )du 3
ª § 1 ·º 3 2 2 3
3³ (u 7 – u 4 )du
3 8 3 5
u u C sin «cos 1 ¨ ¸ » – | 0.0768
8 5 ¬ © 3 ¹¼ 2 3 2
3 3
(1 – x)8 / 3 – (1 – x)5 / 3 C 13. t = sec x, dt = sec x tan x dx
8 5
S
Note that x d S.
9. x = 2 sin t, dx = 2 cos t dt 2
4 – x2 2 cos t t2 –1 tan x – tan x
³ x
dx ³ 2sin t (2 cos t dt )
–3 t2 –1 sec –1 (–3) – tan x
2³
1 – sin 2 t
dt 2 ³ csc t dt – 2³ sin t dt
³–2 t 3
dt ³2S / 3 sec3 x
sec x tan x dx
sin t
sec –1 (–3) sec –1 (–3) § 1 1·
2 ln csc t cot t 2 cos t C ³2S / 3 – sin 2 x dx ³2S / 3 ¨ cos 2 x – ¸ dx
©2 2¹
2 4 – x2 sec –1 (–3)
2 ln 4 – x2 C ª1 1 º
x « 4 sin 2 x – 2 x »
¬ ¼ 2S / 3
sec –1 (–3)
10. x 4sin t , dx 4 cos t dt ª1 1 º
« 2 sin x cos x – 2 x »
x 2 dx sin 2 t cos t ¬ ¼ 2S / 3
³ 16 ³
cos t
dt
2 1 3 S
16 – x 2 – – sec –1 (–3) | 0.151252
9 2 8 3
16 ³ sin 2 t dt 8³ (1 – cos 2t )dt
8t – 4sin 2t C 8t 8sin t cos t C 14. t = sin x, dt = cos x dx
t
§ x · x 16 – x
8sin –1 ¨ ¸ –
2
C ³ dt ³ sin x dx = –cos x + C
1– t2
©4¹ 2
– 1– t2 C
2
11. x 2 tan t , dx 2sec t dt
15. z = sin t, dz = cos t dt
dx 2sec 2 t dt 1
³ ( x 2 4)3 / 2 ³ (4sec2 t )3 / 2 4³
cos t dt
³
2z – 3
dz ³ (2sin t – 3)dt
1 – z2
1 x = –2 cos t – 3t + C
sin t C C
4 4 x2 4 –2 1 – z 2 – 3sin –1 z C

16. x = S tan t, dx S sec 2 t dt 19. x 2 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 1 4 ( x 1)2 4
Sx – 1 u = x + 1, du = dx
³ ³ (S
2
dx tan t – 1) sec t dt
3x 3u – 3
x S ³ 2 dx ³
2 2
du
S2 ³ tan t sec t dt – ³ sec t dt x 2x 5 u2 4
u du
S2 sec t – ln sec t tan t C 3³ du – 3³
u 4
2
u2 4
1 2 x (Use the result of Problem 17.)
S x 2 S2 ln x S2 C
S S
3 u 2 4 – 3ln u 2 4 u C
S Sx 1
³0 dx
x 2 S2 3 x 2 2 x 5 – 3ln x2 2 x 5 x 1 C
S
ª º
« S x 2 S2 – ln x 2 S2 x »

« S S» 20. x 2 4 x 5 x 2 4 x 4 1 ( x 2)2 1
¬ ¼0
u = x + 2, du = dx
[ 2S2 – ln( 2 1)] – [S2 ln1] 2x – 1 2u 5
( 2 – 1)S2 – ln( 2 1) | 3.207
³ 2 dx ³ du
x 4x 5 u2 1
2u du du
17. x 2 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 1 4 ( x 1)2 4 ³ 2 – 5³ 2
u 1 u 1
u = x + 1, du = dx (Use the result of Problem 18.)
dx du
³ ³ 2 u 2 1 – 5ln u 2 1 u C
x2 2 x 5 u2 4
u = 2 tan t, du 2sec 2 t dt 2 x 2 4 x 5 – 5ln x2 4 x 5 x 2 C
du
³ ³ sec t dt ln sec t tan t C1
u2 4 21. 5 4 x x 2 9 (4 4 x x 2 ) 9 ( x 2)2
u2 4 u u = x + 2, du = dx
ln C1
2 2 ³ 5 – 4 x – x 2 dx ³ 9 – u 2 du
u = 3 sin t, du = 3 cos t dt
x2 2 x 5 x 1
C1 9
³ 9 u 2 du 9 ³ cos 2 t dt
2³
ln (1 cos 2t )dt
2
9§ 1 · 9
ln x2 2 x 5 x 1 C ¨ t sin 2t ¸ C (t sin t cos t ) C
2© 2 ¹ 2
9 –1 § u · 1
sin ¨ ¸ u 9 – u 2 C
18. x 2 4 x 5 x 2 4 x 4 1 ( x 2)2 1 2 ©3¹ 2
u = x + 2, du = dx 9 –1 § x 2 · x 2
dx du sin ¨ ¸ 5 – 4 x – x2 C
© 3 ¹
³ ³ 2 2
x2 4 x 5 u2 1
u tan t , du sec2 t dt 22. 16 6 x – x 2 25 (9 6 x x 2 ) 25 – ( x – 3) 2
u = x – 3, du = dx
du
³ ³ sec t dt ln sec t tan t C dx du
u2 1 ³ ³
16 6 x – x 2 25 – u 2
dx
³ ln u 2 1 u C u = 5 sin t, du = 5 cos t
x 4x 5
2
du §u·
³ ³ dt t C sin –1 ¨ ¸ C
©5¹
ln x2 4 x 5 x 2 C 25 u 2
§ x –3·
sin –1 ¨ ¸C
© 5 ¹

23. 4 x – x 2 4 (4 4 x x 2 ) 4 – ( x – 2)2 x + 1 = 2 tan t, dx 2sec 2 t dt
u = x – 2, du = dx 2
S/4 § 1 ·
S³ 2sec2 t dt
tan –1 (1/ 2) ¨© 4sec 2 t ¸¹
dx du V
³ ³
4 x – x2 4 – u2 S S/4 1 S S/ 4
8 ³tan (1/ 2) sec2 t 8 ³tan (1/ 2)
u = 2 sin t, du = 2 cos t dt –1 dt –1 cos 2 t dt
du §u·
³ 2 ³
dt t C sin –1 ¨ ¸ C S S/ 4 §1 1 ·
8 ³tan (1/ 2) © 2 2
4u ©2¹ –1 ¨ cos 2t ¸ dt
¹
§ x–2· S/ 4
sin –1 ¨ ¸C S ª1 1 º
© 2 ¹ t sin 2t »
8 «¬ 2 4 ¼ tan –1 (1/ 2)
24. 4 x – x 2 4 (4 4 x x 2 ) 4 – ( x – 2)2 S/4
S ª1 1 º
« t sin t cos t »
u = x – 2, du = dx 8 ¬2 2 ¼ tan –1 (1/ 2)
x u2
³ dx ³ du S ª§ S 1 · § 1
« ¨ ¸ – ¨ tan
–1 1 1 · º
¸
4 x – x2 4 – u2 8 ¬© 8 4 ¹ © 2 2 5 ¹ »¼
– u du du
–³ 2³ S§1 S –1 1 ·
2
4 – u2 ¨ – tan ¸ | 0.082811
4–u 16 © 10 4 2¹
(Use the result of Problem 23.)
§u· 1 1
– 4 – u 2 2sin –1 ¨ ¸ C 28. V 2S ³ x dx
©2¹ 2x 5
0 x2
§ x–2· 1 x
– 4 x – x 2 2sin –1 ¨ ¸C 2S ³ dx
© 2 ¹ 0 ( x 1) 2 4
1 x 1 1 1
25. x 2 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 ( x 1) 2 1 2S ³ dx – 2S³ dx
0 ( x 1) 2
4 0 ( x 1) 2 4
u = x + 1, du = dx
1 1
2x 1 2u – 1 ª1 º ª1 § x 1 ·º
³ x2 2 x 2 dx ³ u 2 1 du 2S « ln[( x 1) 2 4]» – 2S « tan –1 ¨
¬ 2 ¼0 ¬ 2 © 2 ¹¼0
¸»
2u du ª 1º
³ u 2 1 du – ³ u 2 1 S[ln 8 – ln 5] – S « tan –1 1 – tan –1 »
¬ 2¼
ln u 2 1 – tan –1 u C § 8 S 1·
S ¨ ln – tan –1 ¸ | 0.465751
© 5 4 2¹

ln x 2 2 x 2 tan 1 ( x 1) C
29. a. u x 2 9, du 2 x dx
26. x – 6 x 18 x – 6 x 9 9 ( x – 3) 9
2 2 2 x dx 1 du 1
u = x – 3, du = dx
³ x2 9 2³ u 2
ln u C
2x – 1 2u 5
³ x2 – 6 x 18 dx ³ u 2 9 du
1
2
ln x 2 9 C
1
2

ln x 2 9 C
2u du du
³ u 2 9 5³ u 2 9 b. x = 3 tan t, dx 3sec 2 t dt
§u· x dx
³ x2 9 ³ tan t dt
5
ln u 2 9 tan 1 ¨ ¸ C – ln cos t C
3 ©3¹
5
ln x 2 6 x 18 tan 1 ¨
3
§ x3·
© 3 ¹
¸C ln
3
C1
§
ln ¨
¨ 2
3 ·
¸ C1
¸
x2 9 © x 9 ¹
1§ 1 ·
2 ln §¨ x 2 9 ·¸ ln 3 C1
27. V S³ ¨ © ¹
0 © x 2 2 x 5 ¸¹
dx
1ª 1 º
2
ln ( x 2 9)1/ 2 C 1
2
ln x 2 9 C
S³ « » dx
0 ( x 1) 4
2
¬« ¼»

32. The equation of the circle with center (–a, 0) is
30. u 9 x2 , u 2 9 x 2 , 2u du = 2x dx
( x a )2 y 2 b 2 , so y r b 2 – ( x a )2 . By
3 x3 dx 3 x2 3 2 u2 9
³0 ³0 x dx ³3 u
udu symmetry, the area of the overlap is four times
9 x2 9 x2 the area of the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0,
3 2
3 2 ª u3 º and y b 2 – ( x a )2 dx .
³3 (u 9) du
2
« – 9u » 18 – 9 2
b–a
¬« 3 ¼» 3 A 4³ b 2 – ( x a) 2 dx
0
| 5.272
x + a = b sin t, dx = b cos t dt
S/ 2
31. a. u 4 – x2 , u 2 4 – x 2 , 2u du = –2x dx A 4³ b 2 cos 2 t dt
sin –1 ( a / b )
S/2
4 – x2 4 x2 u 2 du 2b 2 ³ (1 cos 2t )dt
³ x
dx ³ x2
x dx –³
4 – u2
sin –1 ( a / b )
S/2
4 4 u 2 ª 1 º
1 2b 2 «t sin 2t »
³ 4 u2
du 4 ³
4 u2
du ³ du ¬ 2 ¼ sin –1 ( a / b )
1 u2 2b 2 [t sin t cos t ]S / 2–1
4 ln uC sin (a / b)
4 u2
ª 2 ·º
S § 2
§ a · a b – a ¸»
4 x2 2 2b 2 « – ¨ sin –1 ¨ ¸
ln 4 x2 C «2 ¨ ©b¹ b b ¸»
4 x 2 2 ¬ © ¹¼
§ a ·
Sb 2 – 2b 2 sin –1 ¨ ¸ – 2a b 2 – a 2
b. x = 2 sin t, dx = 2 cos t dt ©b¹
4 – x2 cos 2 t 33. a. The coordinate of C is (0, –a). The lower arc
³ x
dx 2³
sin t
dt
of the lune lies on the circle given by the
(1 – sin 2 t ) equation x 2 ( y a)2 2a 2 or
2³ dt
sin t y r 2a 2 – x 2 – a. The upper arc of the
2 ³ csc t dt – 2³ sin t dt lune lies on the circle given by the equation
2 ln csc t cot t 2 cos t C x2 y 2 a 2 or y r a2 – x2 .
a 2 – x 2 dx – ³ §¨ 2a 2 – x 2 – a ·¸ dx
a a
4 x2
2 ln
2
4 x2 C A ³– a –a © ¹
x x
a a
³– a a 2 – x 2 dx – ³
–a
2a 2 – x 2 dx 2a 2
2 4 x 2
2 ln 4 x2 C a
x Note that ³– a a 2 – x 2 dx is the area of a
To reconcile the answers, note that semicircle with radius a, so
4 x 22
4 x 2 2 a Sa 2
³– a
2 2
ln ln a – x dx .
2
4 x2 2 4 x2 2 a
For ³– a 2a 2 – x 2 dx, let
( 4 x 2) 2 2
ln x 2a sin t , dx 2a cos t dt
( 4 x 2 2)( 4 x 2 2) a S/4
³– a 2a 2 – x 2 dx ³– S / 4 2 a
2
cos 2 t dt
(2 4 x ) 2 2
(2 4 x ) 2 2
ln ln S/4
4 x2 4 x2 S/4 ª 1 º
a2 ³ (1 cos 2t )dt a 2 «t sin 2t »
–S / 4 ¬ 2 ¼–S / 4
2
§ 2 4 x2 · 2 4 x2 Sa 2
ln ¨ ¸ 2 ln a2
¨ x ¸ x 2
© ¹
Sa 2 § Sa 2 ·
A –¨ a 2 ¸ 2a 2 a2
2 ¨© 2 ¸
¹
Thus, the area of the lune is equal to the area
of the square.

b. Without using calculus, consider the 7.5 Concepts Review
following labels on the figure.
1. proper
5
2. x – 1
x 1
3. a = 2; b = 3; c = –1
A B Cx D
4.
x –1 ( x –1) 2
x2 1
Area of the lune = Area of the semicircle of
radius a at O + Area ('ABC) – Area of the
sector ABC. Problem Set 7.5
1 2 1§S·
A Sa a 2 – ¨ ¸ ( 2a )2 1 A B
2 2© 2¹ 1.
x( x 1) x x 1
1 2 1
Sa a 2 – Sa 2 a 2 1 = A(x + 1) + Bx
2 2 A = 1, B = –1
Note that since BC has length 2a, the 1 1 1
S ³ x( x 1) dx ³ x dx – ³ x 1 dx
measure of angle OCB is , so the measure
4 ln x – ln x 1 C
S
of angle ACB is .
2 2 2 A B
2.
34. Using reasoning similar to Problem 33 b, the area is x 3x
2 x ( x 3) x x 3
1 2 1 1§ a· 2 = A(x + 3) + Bx
Sa (2a ) b 2 – a 2 – ¨ 2sin –1 ¸ b 2 2 2
2 2 2© b¹ A ,B –
1 2 a 3 3
Sa a b 2 – a 2 – b 2 sin –1 . 2 2 1 2 B
2 b
³ x2 3x dx 3 ³ x dx – 3 ³ x 3 dx
a2 – x2 a2 – x2 2 2
35.
dy
– ; y ³– dx ln x – ln x 3 C
dx x x 3 3
x = a sin t, dx = a cos t dt
3 3 A B
a cos t cos 2 t 3.
y ³– a cos t dt – a ³ dt x – 1 ( x 1)( x – 1) x 1 x – 1
2
a sin t sin t
3 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 1)
1 – sin 2 t
–a³ dt a ³ (sin t – csc t )dt A – ,B
3 3
sin t 2 2
a – cos t ln csc t cot t C 3 3 1 3 1
³ x2 – 1 dx – 2 ³ x 1 dx 2 ³ x – 1 dx
a2 – x2 a2 – x2
a
cos t , csc t , cot t 3 3
a x x – ln x 1 ln x – 1 C
2 2
§ ·
a2 – x2 a a2 x2 ¸
y a¨ – ln C
¨ a x x ¸
© ¹
a a2 x2
a 2 x 2 a ln C
x
Since y = 0 when x = a,
0 = 0 – a ln 1 + C, so C = 0.
a a2 – x2
y – a 2 x 2 a ln
x

5x 5x 5 3x 13 3x 13 A B
4. 7.
2x 6x
3 2
2 x ( x 3)
2 2 x( x 3) x 3 x 10
2 ( x 5)( x 2) x5 x2
A B 3x 13 A( x 2) B ( x 5)

x x3 A = 4, B = –1
3 x 13 1 1
5
2
A( x 3) Bx ³ x2 3x 10 dx 4³ x 5 dx ³ x 2 dx
5 5 4 ln x 5 ln x 2 C
A ,B –
6 6
xS xS A B
5x 5 1 5 1 8.
³ 2 x3 6 x2 6 ³ x dx – 6 ³ x 3 dx x – 3Sx 2S
2 2 ( x – 2S)( x – S) x – 2S x – S
5 5 x S A( x S ) B ( x 2S )
ln x – ln x 3 C A = 3, B = –2
6 6
xS 3 2
x 11 x 11 A B ³ x2 – 3Sx 2S2 dx ³ x – 2S dx – ³ x – S dx
5.
x 2 3 x 4 ( x 4)( x 1) x 4 x 1 3ln x – 2S – 2 ln x – S C
x – 11 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 4)
A =3, B = –2 2 x 21 2 x 21 A B
9.
x 11 1 1 2 x 9 x – 5 (2 x – 1)( x 5) 2 x – 1 x 5
2
³ x2 3x 4 dx 3³ x 4 dx 2³ x 1 dx 2x + 21 = A(x + 5) + B(2x – 1)
3ln x 4 2 ln x 1 C A = 4, B = –1
2 x 21 4 1
x–7 x–7 A B ³ 2 x2 9 x – 5 dx ³ 2 x – 1 dx – ³ x 5 dx
6.
2
x – x – 12 ( x – 4)( x 3) x – 4 x 3 2 ln 2 x – 1 – ln x 5 C
x – 7 = A(x + 3) + B(x – 4)
3 10 2 x 2 x 20 2( x 2 x 6) 3x 8
A – ,B 10.
7 7 x2 x 6 x2 x 6
x–7 3 1 10 1 3x 8
³ x2 – x – 12 dx – 7 ³ x – 4 dx 7 ³ x 3 dx 2
x x6
2
3 10
– ln x – 4 ln x 3 C 3x 8 3x 8 A B

7 7 x x6
2 ( x 3)( x 2) x 3 x 2
3x + 8 = A(x – 2) + B(x + 3)
1 14
A ,B
5 5
2 x 2 x 20
³ x2 x 6
dx
1 1 14 1
³ 2 dx 5 ³ x 3 dx 5 ³ x 2 dx
1 14
2 x ln x 3 ln x 2 C
5 5
17 x – 3 17 x – 3 A B
11.
3x x – 2 (3 x – 2)( x 1) 3x – 2 x 1
2
17x – 3 = A(x + 1) + B(3x – 2)

A = 5, B = 4
17 x – 3 5 4 5
³ 3x2 x – 2 dx ³ 3x – 2 dx ³ x 1 dx 3 ln 3x – 2 4 ln x 1 C

5– x 5– x A B
12.
x – x(S 4) 4S
2 ( x – S)( x – 4) x–S x–4
5 – x = A(x – 4) + B(x – S )
5–S 1
A ,B
S–4 4–S
5– x 5–S 1 1 1 5–S 1
³ x2 x(S 4) 4S dx S – 4 ³ x – S dx 4 – S ³ x – 4 dx S–4
ln x – S
4–S
ln x – 4 C
2 x2 x 4 2 x2 x 4 A B C
13.
x x 2x
3 2 x( x 1)( x 2) x x 1 x 2
2 x 2 x 4 A( x 1)( x 2) Bx( x 2) Cx( x 1)
A = 2, B = –1, C = 1
2 x2 x 4 2 1 1
³ x3 x2 2 x dx ³ x dx ³ x 1 dx ³ x 2 dx 2 ln x ln x 1 ln x 2 C
7 x2 2 x – 3 A B C
14.
(2 x – 1)(3x 2)( x – 3) 2 x – 1 3x 2 x – 3
7 x2 2 x – 3 A(3 x 2)( x – 3) B(2 x – 1)( x – 3) C (2 x – 1)(3 x 2)
1 1 6
A ,B – ,C
35 7 5
7 x2 2 x – 3 1 1 1 1 6 1
³ (2 x – 1)(3x 2)( x – 3) dx ³
35 2 x – 1
dx – ³
7 3x 2
dx ³
5 x–3
dx
1 1 6
ln 2 x –1 – ln 3 x 2 ln x – 3 C
70 21 5
6 x 2 22 x 23 6 x 2 22 x 23 A B C
15.
(2 x 1)( x x 6)
2 (2 x 1)( x 3)( x 2) 2x 1 x 3 x 2
6 x 2 22 x 23 A( x 3)( x 2) B(2 x 1)( x 2) C (2 x 1)( x 3)

A = 2, B = –1, C = 3
6 x 2 22 x 23 2 1 3
³ (2 x 1)( x2 x 6) dx ³ 2 x 1 dx ³ x 3 dx ³ x 2 dx ln 2 x 1 ln x 3 3ln x 2 C
x3 6 x 2 11x 6 1 § x3 6 x 2 11x 6 · 1§ x 2 3x 2 ·
16. ¨ ¸ ¨1 3 ¸
4 x3 28 x 2 56 x 32 4 ©¨ x3 7 x 2 14 x 8 ¹¸ 4 ©¨ x 7 x 14 x 8 ¹¸
2
1§ ( x 1)( x 2) · 1§ 1 ·
¨1 ¸ ¨1 ¸
4 © ( x 1)( x 2)( x 4) ¹ 4© x4¹
x3 – 6 x 2 11x – 6 1 1 1 1 1
³ 4 x3 – 28x2 56 x – 32 dx ³ 4 dx 4 ³ x – 4 dx 4
x ln x – 4 C
4

x3 3x – 2
17. x –1
x x–2
2
x x–2 2
3x – 2 3x – 2 A B

x x – 2 ( x 2)( x – 1) x 2 x – 1
2
3x – 2 = A(x – 1) + B(x + 2)
8 1
A ,B
3 3
x3 8 1 1 1 1 2 8 1
³ x2 x – 2 dx ³ ( x 1) dx 3 ³ x 2 dx 3 ³ x 1 dx 2
x – x ln x 2 ln x – 1 C
3 3
x3 x 2 14 x 24
18. x – 4
x 5x 6
2 ( x 3)( x 2)
14 x 24 A B

( x 3)( x 2) x 3 x 2
14x + 24 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 3)
A = 18, B = –4
x3 x 2 18 4 1 2
³ x2 5 x 6 dx ³ ( x 4) dx ³ x 3 dx – ³ x 2 dx 2
x 4 x 18ln x 3 – 4 ln x 2 C
x4 8x2 8 12 x 2 8
19. x
x3 4 x x( x 2)( x – 2)
12 x 2 8 A B C

x( x 2)( x – 2) x x2 x–2
12 x 2 8 A( x 2)( x – 2) Bx( x – 2) Cx( x 2)
A = –2, B = 7, C = 7
x4 8x2 8 1 1 1 1 2
³ x3 – 4 x dx ³ x dx – 2³ x dx 7³ x 2 dx 7³ x – 2 dx 2
x – 2 ln x 7 ln x 2 7 ln x – 2 C
x 6 4 x3 4 272 x 2 4
20. x3 4 x 2 16 x 68
x3 – 4 x 2 x3 – 4 x 2
272 x 42
A B C

2 x x 2 x–4
x ( x – 4)
272 x 2 4 Ax( x – 4) B ( x – 4) Cx 2
1 1089
A – , B –1, C
4 4
x 6 4 x3 4 1 1 1 1089 1
³ x3 – 4 x2 dx ³ ( x 4 x 16 x 68) dx – 4 ³ x dx – ³ x2 dx 4 ³ x 4 dx
3 2
1 4 4 3 1 1 1089
x x 8 x 2 68 x – ln x ln x – 4 C
4 3 4 x 4
x 1 A B
21.
( x 3)2 x 3 ( x 3)2
x + 1 = A(x – 3) + B
A = 1, B = 4
x 1 1 4 4
³ ( x 3)2 dx ³ x 3 dx ³ ( x 3)2 dx ln x 3
x3
C

5x 7 5x 7 A B
22.
x 4 x 4 ( x 2)
2 2 x 2 ( x 2) 2
5x + 7 = A(x + 2) + B
A = 5, B = –3
5x 7 5 3 3
³ x2 4 x 4 dx ³ x 2 dx ³ ( x 2)2 dx 5ln x 2
x2
C
3x 2 3x 2 A B C
23.
x 3x 3x 1
3 2
( x 1) 3 x 1 ( x 1)2 ( x 1)3
3x 2 A( x 1) B ( x 1) C
2
A 0, B 3, C –1
3x 2 3 1 3 1
³ x3 3x2 3x 1 dx ³ ( x 1)2 dx ³ ( x 1)3 dx
x 1 2( x 1) 2
C
x6 A B C D E F G
24.
2 5 2 2 3 4
( x – 2) (1 – x) x – 2 ( x – 2) 1 – x (1 – x) (1 – x) (1 – x) (1 – x)5
A = 128, B = –64, C = 129, D = –72, E = 30, F = –8, G = 1
x6 ª 128 64 129 72 30 8 1 º
³ ( x – 2)2 (1 – x)5 dx ³ «« x – 2 – ( x – 2)2 1 – x – (1 – x)2 (1 – x)3 (1 – x)4 (1 – x)5 »» dx
¬ ¼
64 72 15 8 1
128ln x – 2 –129 ln 1 – x C
x–2 1 – x (1 – x)2 3(1 – x)3 4(1 – x) 4
3 x 2 21x 32 3 x 2 21x 32 A B C
25.
x3 8 x 2 16 x x( x 4)2 x x 4 ( x 4)2
3x 2 21x 32 A( x 4) 2 Bx( x 4) Cx
A = 2, B = 1, C = –1
3x 2 21x 32 2 1 1 1
³ x3 8 x2 16 dx ³ x dx ³ x 4 dx ³ ( x 4)2 dx 2 ln x ln x 4
x4
C
x 2 19 x 10 x 2 19 x 10 A B C D
26.
2 x 5x 4
x (2 x 5)
3 3 x x 2
x 3 2x 5
A = –1, B = 3, C = 2, D = 2
x 2 19 x 10 § 1 3 2 2 · 3 1
³ 2 x4 5 x3 dx ³ ¨© – x x2 x3 2 x 5 ¸¹ dx – ln x – –
x x2
ln 2 x 5 C
2 x2 x – 8 2x2 x – 8 A Bx C
27.
x 4x
3
x( x 4) 2 x x2 4
A = –2, B = 4, C = 1
2 x2 x – 8 1 4x 1 1 2x 1
³ x3 4 x dx –2³ x dx ³ x2 4 dx 2³ x dx 2³ x 2 4 dx ³ x 2 4 dx
1 §x·
–2 ln x 2 ln x 2 4 tan –1 ¨ ¸ C
2 ©2¹

3x 2 3x 2 A Bx C
28.
x( x 2) 16 x x( x 4 x 20)
2 2 x x 2 4 x 20
1 1 13
A , B – ,C
10 10 5
1 x 13
3x 2 1 1 – 10 1 1 14 1 1 2x 4
³ x( x 2)2 16 x 10 ³ x
³ x2 4 x 20 dx 10 ³ x
dx ³ dx ³
5
dx dx dx
5 ( x 2) 2 16 20 x 2 4 x 20
1 7 § x2· 1
¸ – ln x 4 x 20 C
2
ln x tan –1 ¨
10 10 © 4 ¹ 20
2 x 2 – 3x – 36 A Bx C
29.
(2 x 1)( x 9) 2 x – 1 x 2 9
2
A = –4, B = 3, C = 0
2 x 2 – 3 x – 36 1 3x 3
³ (2 x – 1)( x 2 9) dx –4³ 2 x – 1 dx ³ x 2 9 dx –2 ln 2 x – 1 ln x 2 9 C
2
1 1
30.
x –16 ( x 2)( x 2)( x 2 4)
4
A B Cx D

x – 2 x 2 x2 4
1 1 1
A , B – , C 0, D –
32 32 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 §x·
³ x4 – 16 dx 32 ³ x – 2 dx – 32 ³ x 2 dx 8 ³ x2 4 dx 32
ln x – 2 – ln x 2 – tan –1 ¨ ¸ C
32 16 ©2¹
1 A B C D
31.
( x – 1) ( x 4)
2 2 x – 1 ( x – 1) 2 x 4 ( x 4)2
2 1 2 1
A – ,B ,C ,D
125 25 125 25
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
³ ( x –1)2 ( x 4)2 dx – ³
125 x –1
dx ³
25 ( x –1) 2
dx ³
125 x 4
dx ³
25 ( x 4)2
dx
2 1 2 1
– ln x – 1 – ln x 4 – C
125 25( x – 1) 125 25( x 4)
x3 – 8 x 2 – 1 –7 x 2 7 x – 16
32. 1
( x 3)( x 2 – 4 x 5) ( x 3)( x 2 4 x 5)
–7 x 2 7 x – 16 A Bx C

( x 3)( x – 4 x 5)
2 x 3 x – 4x 5
2
50 41 14
A – ,B – ,C
13 13 13
x3 – 8 x 2 – 1 ª 50 § 1 · – 41 x 14 º
³ ( x 3)( x2 – 4 x 5) ³ «1 – 13 ¨© x 3 ¸¹ x2 – 4 x 5 »» dx
« 13 13
dx
¬ ¼
50 1 68 1 41 2x 4
³ dx 13 ³ x 3 dx 13 ³ ( x 2)2 1 dx 26 ³ x2 4 x 5 dx
50 68 41
x– ln x 3 – tan –1 ( x – 2) – ln x 2 – 4 x 5 C
13 13 26

33. x = sin t, dx = cos t dt
(sin 3 t 8sin 2 t 1) cos t x3 8 x 2 1
³ (sin t 3)(sin 2 t 4sin t 5) dt ³ ( x 3)( x2 4 x 5) dx
50 68 41
x ln x 3 tan 1 ( x 2) ln x 2 4 x 5 C
13 13 26
which is the result of Problem 32.
(sin 3 t – 8sin 2 t – 1) cos t 50 68 41
³ (sin t 3)(sin 2 t – 4sin t 5) dt sin t – 13 ln sin t 3 – 13 tan (sin t – 2) – 26 ln sin t – 4sin t 5 C
–1 2
34. x = sin t, dx = cos t dt

cos t 1 1 1 1 1 § x ·
³ sin 4 t 16 dt ³ x4 16 dx 32 ln x 2 32 ln x 2 16 tan ¨© 2 ¸¹ C
which is the result of Problem 30.
cos t 1 1 1 –1 § sin t ·
³ sin 4 t – 16 dt 32 ln sin t – 2 – 32 ln sin t 2 – 16 tan ¨© 2 ¸¹ C
x3 – 4 x Ax B Cx D
35.
( x 1)
2 2
x 1 ( x 2 1) 2
2
A 1, B 0, C –5, D 0
x3 – 4 x x x 1 5
³ ( x2 1)2 dx ³ x2 1 dx 5³ ( x 2 1)2 dx 2
ln x 2 1
2( x 1)
2
C
36. x = cos t, dx = –sin t dt

(sin t )(4 cos 2 t – 1) 4x2 – 1
³ (cos t )(1 2 cos2 t cos4 t ) dt –³
x(1 2 x 2 x 4 )
dx
4 x2 1 4 x2 1
A Bx C Dx E

x(1 2 x 2 x 4 ) x( x 2 1) 2 x x 2 1 ( x 2 1) 2
A = –1, B = 1, C = 0, D = 5, E = 0
ª 1 x 5x º 1 5 1 5
³ « » dx ln x ln x 1
2
C ln cos t ln cos 2 t 1 C
¬« x x 1 ( x 1) ¼»
2 2 2 2 2( x 1)
2 2 2(cos 2 t 1)
2 x3 5 x 2 16 x x(2 x 2 5 x 16) 2 x 2 5 x 16 Ax B Cx D
37.
x 8 x 16 x
5 3
x( x 8 x 16)
4 2
( x 4) 2 2
x 4
2
( x 2 4)2
A = 0, B = 2, C = 5, D = 8
2 x3 5 x 2 16 x 2 5x 8 2 5x 8
³ x5 8 x3 16 x dx ³ x 2 4 dx ³ ( x2 4)2 dx ³ x 2 4 dx ³ ( x2 4)2 dx ³ ( x2 4)2 dx
8
To integrate ³ ( x2 4)2 dx, let x = 2 tan T, dx 2sec 2 T dT .
8 16sec 2 T §1 1 ·
³ ( x2 4)2 dx ³ 16sec4 T dT ³ cos T dT ³ ¨© 2 2 cos 2T ¸¹ dT
2
1 1 1 1 1 x x
T sin 2T C T sin T cos T C tan –1 C
2 4 2 2 2 2 x 4
2
2 x3 5 x 2 16 x x 5 1 x x 3 x 2x – 5
³ x5 8 x3 16 x
dx tan –1 – tan –1
2 2( x 2 4) 2 2 x2 4
C
2
tan –1
2 2( x 2 4)
C

x – 17 x – 17 A B
38.
x x – 12
2 ( x 4)( x – 3) x4 x–3
A = 3, B = –2
6 x – 17 6§ 3 2 · 6
³4 x2 x – 12 dx ³4 ¨© x 4 – x – 3 ¸¹ dx ¬ª3ln x 4 – 2 ln x – 3 º¼ 4 (3ln10 – 2 ln 3) – (3ln 8 – 2 ln1)
3ln10 – 2 ln 3 – 3ln 8 | –1.53
39. u = sin T du = cos T dT

S/4 cosT 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1
³0 (1 – sin T )(sin T 1)
2 2
dT
(1 – u )(u 1)
2 ³0 2 2 2
du ³0 (1 – u )(1 u )(u 2 1)2
du
1 A B Cu D Eu F

(1 – u 2 )(u 2 1)2 1 – u 1 u u 2 1 (u 2 1) 2
1 1 1 1
A ,B ,C 0, D
, E 0, F
8 8 4 2
1/ 2 1 1 1/ 2 1 1 1/ 2 1 1 1/ 2 1 1 1/ 2 1
³0 (1 u 2 )(u 2 1)2 du 8 ³0 1 u du 8 ³0 1 u du 4 ³0 u 2 1 du 2 ³0 (u 2 1)2 du
1/ 2 1/ 2
ª 1 1 1 1 § –1 u ·º ª1 1 u 1 u º
« – ln 1 – u ln 1 u tan u ¨ tan u 2 tan –1 u
–1
¸» « ln »
¬ 8 8 4 4© u 1 ¹¼0 «¬ 8 1 u 2 4(u 1) »¼ 0
2
1 2 1 1 1 1
ln tan –1 | 0.65
8 2 1 2 2 6 2
1
(To integrate ³ (u 2 1)2 du, let u = tan t.)
3x 13 3 x 13 A B
40.
x 4x 3
2 ( x 3)( x 1) x 3 x 1
A = –2, B = 5
5 3 x 13 5
³1 x 4x 3
2
dx ¬ª –2 ln x 3 5ln x 1 º¼1 = –2 ln 8 + 5 ln 6 + 2 ln 4 – 5 ln 2 5ln 3 2 ln 2 | 4.11
dy
41. y (1 y ) so that
dt
1
³ y(1 y) dy ³ 1 dt t C1
a. Using partial fractions:

1 A B A(1 y ) By

y (1 y ) y 1 y y (1 y )
1 1 1
A ( B A) y 1 0 y A 1, B A 0 A 1, B 1
y (1 y ) y 1 y
§1 1 · § y ·
Thus: t C1 ³ ¨© y 1 y ¸¹ dy ln y ln(1 y ) ln ¨ ¸ so that
©1 y ¹
y et
et C1 Cet or y (t )
1 y (C eC1 )
1
et
C
1 et
Since y (0) 0.5, 0.5 or C 1 ; thus y (t )
1
1 1et
C
e3
b. y (3) | 0.953
1 e3

dy 1 so that
42. y (12 y ) so that
y
dt 10 e2.4t 8000C1 Ce2.4t or
1 1 1 8000 y (C e8000C1 )
³ y (12 y )
dy ³ dt
10 10
t C1
8000e2.4t
y (t ) 1
e2.4t
a. Using partial fractions: C
1 A B A(12 y ) By 8000 1
Since y (0) 1000, 1000 or C ;
y (12 y ) y 12 y y (12 y ) 1
1 7
C
12 A ( B A) y 1 0 y 12 A 1, B A 0
8000e2.4t
1 1 thus y (t )
A ,B 7e2.4t
12 12
1 1 1 8000e7.2
b. y (3) | 7958.4
y (12 y ) 12 y 12(12 y )
7 e7.2
1 § 1 1 ·
Thus:
10
t C1 ³ ¨© 12 y 12(12 y) ¸¹ dy dy
44. 0.001y (4000 y ) so that
1 1 § y · dt
>ln y ln(12 y )@ ln ¨ ¸ so that 1
12 © 12 y ¹
12
³ y(4000 y) dy ³ 0.001 dt 0.001t C1
y
e1.2t 12C1 Ce1.2t or
12 y (C e12C1 ) a. Using partial fractions:
1.2t 1 A B
12e
y (t )
e
1 1.2t y (4000 y ) y 4000 y
C
A(4000 y ) By
12
Since y (0) 2.0, 2.0 or C 0.2 ; y (4000 y )
1
1
C 4000 A ( B A) y 1 0 y
1.2t
thus y (t )
12e 4000 A 1, B A 0
5e1.2t 1 1
A ,B
4000 4000
12e3.6 1 ª1 º
b. y (3) | 10.56
1

1
5 e3.6 y (4000 y ) 4000 «¬ y (4000 y ) »¼
dy Thus:
43. 0.0003 y (8000 y ) so that 1 §1 1 ·
dt 0.001t C1 ³ ¨ ¸ dy
4000 © y (4000 y ) ¹
1
³ y(8000 y) dy ³ 0.0003 dt 0.0003t C1
1 1 § y ·
>ln y ln(4000 y)@ ln ¨ ¸
4000 4000 © 4000 y ¹
a. Using partial fractions:
1 A B A(8000 y ) By so that
y
y (8000 y ) y 8000 y y (8000 y ) e4t 4000C1 Ce4t or
4000 y (C e4000C1 )
8000 A ( B A) y 1 0 y
8000 A 1, B A 0 4000e 4t
y (t )
1 1 1
e 4t
A ,B C
8000 8000
4000 1
1 1 ª1 1 º Since y (0) 100, 100 or C ;
1
1 39
y (8000 y ) 8000 ¬ y (8000 y ) »¼
« C
Thus: 4000e 4t
thus y (t )
1 §1 1 · 39e4t
0.0003t C1 ³ ¨
8000 © y (8000 y ) ¹
¸ dy
§ · 4000e12
1 1 y b. | 3999.04
>ln y ln(8000 y )@ ln ¨ ¸
y (3)
39 e12
8000 8000 © 8000 y ¹

dy Thus if y0 L , then y (t ) L for all positive t
45. ky ( L y ) so that
dt (see note at the end of problem 45 solution) and
1 so the graph will be concave up as long as
³ y( L y) dy ³ k dt kt C1 L 2 y ! 0 ; that is, as long as the population is
less than half the capacity.
Using partial fractions:
1 A B A( L y ) By
49. a.
dy
ky (16 – y )
y( L y) y L y y( L y) dt
LA ( B A) y 1 0 y LA 1, B A 0 dy
kdt
1 1 1 1 ª1 1 º y (16 – y )

L «¬ y L y »¼
A ,B
L L y( L y) dy
1 §1 1 ·
³ y(16 – y) ³ kdt
Thus: kt C1 ³ ¨ ¸ dy
L © y L y¹ 1 §1 1 ·
1 1 § y ·
³ ¨ ¸ dy
16 © y 16 – y ¹
kt C
>ln y ln( L y )@ ln ¨ ¸ so that
L © L y¹
ln y – ln 16 – y
L 1
kt C
y Le kLt 16
kLt LC1 kLt
e Ce or y (t )
L y (C e LC1 )
1
ekLt ln
y
16kt C
C
16 – y
L 1 L y0
If y0 y (0) then ; so our y
1
1 C y0 Ce16kt
C 16 – y
Le kLt 1 y 1 16 kt
final formula is y (t ) . y(0) = 2: C; e
§ L y0 · kLt
¨ ¸e 7 16 – y 7
© y0 ¹
1 1 800k 1 7
L y0 y(50) = 4: e , so k ln
(Note: if y0 L , then u ! 0 and 3 7 800 3

y0
1 ln 7 t
y 1 50 3
ekLt e
1 ; thus y (t ) L for all t) 16 – y 7
u ekLt
1 ln 7 t
7 y 16e 50 3 – ye 50 3
1 ln 7 t
46. Since y c(0) ky0 ( L y0 ) is negative if y0 ! L ,
the population would be decreasing at time 1 ln 7 t
16e 50 3 16
t = 0. Further, since y
lim y (t ) lim
L L
L
1 ln 7 t
7 e 50 3

– 1 ln 7 t
1 7e 50 3

t of t of §¨ L y0 ·¸
1
0 1
¨ y ekLt ¸
© 0 ¹ 16
b. y (90) | 6.34 billion
(no matter how y0 and L compare), and since – 1 ln 7 90
1 7e 50 3

L y0
is monotonic as t o f ,we conclude
y0 ekLt 16
c. 9
that the population would decrease toward a
limiting value of L.

1 7e
– 1 ln 7 t
50 3
– 1 ln 7 t 16
47. If y0 L , then y c(0) ky0 ( L y0 ) ! 0 and the 7e 50 3 –1
9
population is increasing initially.
e

– 1 ln 7 t
50 3 1
48. The graph will be concave up for values of t that
9
make y cc(t ) ! 0 . Now
y cc(t )
dy c d
> ky ( L y)@
– 501 ln 73 t ln
1
9
dt dt
§ ln 1 ·
k > yy c ( L y ) y c@ k > ky ( L y ) @> L 2 y @ t –50 ¨ 9 ¸ | 129.66
¨ ln 7 ¸
© 3¹
The population will be 9 billion in 2055.

dy 51. a. Separating variables, we obtain
50. a. ky (10 – y )
dt dx
k dt
dy (a x)(b x)
kdt
y (10 – y ) 1 A B

1 §1 1 · (a x )(b x) ax bx
10 ³ © y 10 – ³ kdt
¨ ¸ dy 1 1
y¹ A ,B
y a b a b
ln 10kt C dx
10 – y
³ (a x)(b x)
y
Ce10kt 1 § 1 1 ·
10 – y
³ ¨
a b © a x b x ¹
¸ dx ³ k dt
1 y 1 10 kt
y(0) = 2: C; e ln a x ln b x
4 10 – y 4 kt C
ab
2 1 500k 1 8
y(50) = 4: e ,k ln 1 ax
3 4 500 3 ln kt C
ab b x
y 1 501 ln 83 t ax
10 – y 4
e Ce( a b) kt
bx
4 y 10e
501 ln 83 t – ye 501 ln 83 t Since x = 0 when t = 0, C
a
, so
b
1 ln 8 t
10e 50 3 10
a
a x (b x) e( a b) kt
y
1 4e– 501 ln 83 t
1 ln 8 t b
4 e 50 3

a 1 e( a b ) kt § a ·
x ¨1 e( a b) kt ¸
© b ¹
10
b. y (90) | 5.94 billion a(1 e( a b) kt ) ab(1 e( a b) kt )
– 1 ln 8 90
1 4e 50 3
x(t )
1 ba e( a b) kt b ae( a b) kt
10
c. 9 b. Since b > a and k > 0, e( a b ) kt o 0 as
– 1 ln 8 t
1 4e 50 3
t o f . Thus,

ab(1)
– 1 ln 8 t 10 xo a.
4e 50 3 –1 b0
9

– 1 ln 8 t
e 50 3
1
c. x(t )
8(1 e2kt )
36 4 2e2kt
§ 1 8·
– ¨ ln ¸ t ln
1 x(20) = 1, so 4 2e40k 8 8e40k
© 50 3 ¹ 36 6e40k 4
·§ ln 1 1 2
t –50 ¨ 36
¸ | 182.68 k ln
¸¨ ln 8 40 3
¹© 3 t / 20
t / 20 §2·
The population will be 9 billion in 2108. e2kt et / 20 ln 2 / 3 eln(2 / 3) ¨ ¸
©3¹
§

t / 20 ·
4 ¨1 23 ¸
x(t ) © ¹
2 23
t / 20
4 ¨1 23 ¸
§ 3·
x(60) © ¹ 38
| 1.65 grams
23
3 23
2

d. If a = b, the differential equation is, after 53. Separating variables, we obtain
separating variables dy
k dt
dx
k dt ( A y )( B y )
(a x) 2 1 C D

dx ( A y )( B y ) A y B y
³ (a x)2 ³ k dt
1 1
C ,D
1 A B A B
kt C
ax dy 1 § 1 1 ·
1 ³ ( A y)( B y) A B ³ ¨© A y B y ¸¹ dy
ax
kt C
1
³ k dt
x(t ) a ln( A y ) ln( B y )
kt C kt C
A B
1
Since x = 0 when t = 0, C = , so 1 B y
a ln kt C
A B A y
1 a
x(t ) a a B y
kt 1 akt 1 Ce( A B ) kt
a
A y
§ 1 · § akt ·
a ¨1 ¸ a¨ ¸. B y ( A y )Ce( A B ) kt
© akt 1 ¹ © akt 1 ¹
y (1 Ce( A B ) kt ) ACe( A B ) kt B
52. Separating variables, we obtain
ACe( A B ) kt B
dy y (t )
k dt . 1 Ce( A B ) kt
( y m)( M y )
1 A B
54. u = sin x, du = cos x dx
( y m)( M y ) ym M y S/2 cos x 1 1
1 1 ³S / 6 sin x(sin 2 x 1)2 dx ³12 u(u 2 1)2 du
A ,B
M m M m
1 A Bu C Du E
dy 1 § 1 1 ·
³ ( y m)(M y) M m ³ ¨© y m M y ¸¹ dy u (u 1) u u 2 1 (u 2 1)2
2 2
A = 1, B = –1, C = 0, D = –1, E = 0
³ k dt 1 1
ln y m ln M y
³12 u(u 2 1)2 du
kt C
M m 11 1 u 1 u
1 ym
³12 u du ³12 u 2 1du ³12 (u 2 1)2 du
ln kt C
M m M y 1
ª 1 1 º
«ln u ln(u 1)
2
ym »
Ce( M m) kt ¬« 2 2(u 2 1) ¼» 1
My 2
( M m) kt 1 § 1 1 5 2·
ym ( M y )Ce 1
0 ln 2 ¨ ln ln ¸ | 0.308
2 4 © 2 2 4 5¹
y (1 Ce( M m) kt m MCe( M m) kt
m MCe( M m) kt me ( M m) kt MC
y
1 Ce( M m) kt e( M m) kt C
As t o f, e ( M m ) kt o 0 since M > m.
MC
Thus y o M as t o f .
C


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CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration

Chapter 7 Review and Preview Problems ª §1· º

Instructor’s Resource Manual Chapter 7 Review and Preview 411

a cos 2 t a cos t 1. elementary function

412 Section 7.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 7.1 413

414 Section 7.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

³ csc 2 x dx  ³ cot 2 x csc 2 x dx

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 7.1 415

1 § x–2· 55. The length is given by

416 Section 7.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

§ sin x cos x · ³– S 1  cos2 u du  ³– S 1  cos2 u du

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 7.1 417

418 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 7.2 419

420 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 7.2 421

³ e sin t dt – e cos t  ae sin t – a ³e

40. u ln 2 x 20 dv = dx (1  a 2 ) ³ e at sin t dt – e at cos t  ae at sin t + C

422 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

³ sin(ln x)dx x sin(ln x)  x cos(ln x)  ³ sin(ln x) dx

47. u (ln x)3 dv = dx

48. u (ln x)4 dv = dx

49. u = sin x dv = sin(3x)dx

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 7.2 423

424 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

54. u (ln x)2 dv xD dx

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 7.2 425

58. u (ln x)D dv = dx

60. u cosD –1 x dv = cos x dx

cosD 1 x sin x  (D  1) ³ cosD  2 x(1  cos 2 x) dx cosD –1 x sin x  (D – 1) ³ cosD –2 x dx – (D – 1) ³ cosD x dx

D ³ cosD x dx cosD 1 x sin x  (D  1) ³ cosD  2 x dx

61. u cosD –1 E x dv = cos Ex dx

426 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

65. First make a sketch.

From the sketch, the area is given by

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 7.2 427

428 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

72. a. u = cot x dv csc2 x dx

³ cot x csc  cot 2 x  ³ cot x csc2 x dx

2³ cot x csc2 x dx  cot 2 x  C

b. u = csc x dv = cot x csc x dx

2³ cot x csc2 x dx  csc2 x  C

³ (x  2 x)e x dx ( x3  2 x)e x  (3 x 2  2)e x  6 xe x  6e x  C

³ (x  3 x  1) sin x dx ( x 2  3x  1)( cos x)  (2 x  3)( sin x)  2 cos x  C

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 7.2 429

75. u = f(x) dv sin nx dx

430 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

> xf ( x)@ba – ³a xf c( x)dx

> ( x – a) f ( x)@ba – ³a ( x – a) f c( x)dx

> ( x – a) f c( x)@ba – ³a ( x – a) f cc( x)dx

> ( x – b) f c( x)@ba – ³a ( x – b) f cc( x)dx

81. Use proof by induction.

f (a)  f c(a)(t – a) – f c(a)(t – a)  [ f ( x)]ta f (t )

Instructor's Resource Manual Section 7.2 431

c. Assume that n d m. Using part (b) n times,

432 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

> f (t ) f c(t )@ba – ³a [ f c(t )]2 dt

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 7.3 433

7.3 Concepts Review 2. u = 6x, du = 6 dx

Problem Set 7.3 3 1 1

434 Section 7.2 Instructor Solutions Manual

³ sin x dx  ³ sin x cos x dx

³ csc 2 x dx ³ cot 2 x csc 2 x dx

§ sin x cos x · ³– S 1 cos2 u du ³– S 1 cos2 u du

³ e sin t dt – e cos t ae sin t – a ³e

40. u ln 2 x 20 dv = dx (1 a 2 ) ³ e at sin t dt – e at cos t ae at sin t + C

³ sin(ln x)dx x sin(ln x) x cos(ln x) ³ sin(ln x) dx

cosD 1 x sin x (D 1) ³ cosD 2 x(1 cos 2 x) dx cosD –1 x sin x (D – 1) ³ cosD –2 x dx – (D – 1) ³ cosD x dx

D ³ cosD x dx cosD 1 x sin x (D 1) ³ cosD 2 x dx

³ cot x csc cot 2 x ³ cot x csc2 x dx

2³ cot x csc2 x dx cot 2 x C

2³ cot x csc2 x dx csc2 x C

³ (x 2 x)e x dx ( x3 2 x)e x (3 x 2 2)e x 6 xe x 6e x C

³ (x 3 x 1) sin x dx ( x 2 3x 1)( cos x) (2 x 3)( sin x) 2 cos x C

f (a) f c(a)(t – a) – f c(a)(t – a) [ f ( x)]ta f (t )

³ sin x dx ³ sin x cos x dx

³ cos x dx ³ cos x sin x dx

³ sin ³ (1 – cos ³ (1 – 2 cos 4 x cos 4 4 x) cos 2 4 x sin 4 x dx

³ cot x csc x cot x dx

³ cot 2t csc 2t dt ³ cot 2t dt

2³ tan 3 u sec2 u du 2³ tan u sec2 u 1 du

³ tan x 1 tan x sec x dx

³ tan x 1 tan x sec x dx

³ sec x 1 sec x sec x tan x dx

7.4 Concepts Review 4. u x 4, u 2 x 4, 2u du = dx

6 x 2 22 x 23 A( x 3)( x 2) B(2 x 1)( x 2) C (2 x 1)( x 3)

39. u = sin T du = cos T dT