1. Differentiate Communication and Telecommunication.

COMMUNICATION TELECOMMUNICATION

- is a generic term. It can mean any - means communicating at a distance.

act of information exchange between The root “tele” means far or
two parties. Speaking and writing distant. The same root is used in
are the most basic examples telegraph, television and telephone.

- anything with transmission of ideas, - is the technology in which the

messages, knowledge, etc from the
source to destination
- However, communication can also
mean the technology and/or method
used to enable the transfer of
information. More precisely it is
called communication systems or
communications engineering
transmission of messages, signals,
writings, information or sounds of
any nature through radio, optical,
wire and many more
electromagnetic systems. When the
exchange of information takes place
between members by the use of
technology then the
telecommunication occurs and
transmitted electrically over physical
media through cables or
electromagnetic radiation. These
paths of transmission are frequently
divided into different
communication channels which
deliver the benefits of multiplexing.
The telecommunication is used in
plural form due to it includes several
different technologies.

2. Define and describe subscriber loop.

- A subscriber loop carrier or subscriber line carrier (SLC) provides telephone exchange-
like telephone interface functionality. An SLC remote terminal is typically located in an area
with a high density of telephone subscribers, such as a residential neighborhood, that is
remote from the telephone company's central office. Two or four T1 circuits (depending on
the configuration) connect the SLC remote terminal to the central office terminal (COT), in
the case of a universal subscriber loop carrier (USLC). An integrated subscriber loop carrier
(ISLC) has its T-spans terminating directly in time division switching equipment in
the telephone exchange.
The cables that connect the telephone handsets or other devices to the local switching office or end
office is referred as subscriber loop or local loop. Every suscriber has his own pair of wires to the local
switching office. Twisted pair local loop is an excellent transmission medium for analog voice signals.
But it is limited to low frequency audio signals. The introduction of fiber cable needs a device at
subscriber premises to convert electrical energy into light energy and this is the additional cost to the
customer. But for high speed data transmission, switched cable TV, videophone, teleconferencing the
fiber optic local loop has become essential.

3. Describe the operation and basic functions of a standard telephone set.

Operation of a standard telephone set

- The landline telephone contains a switchhook (A4) and an alerting device, usually a ringer
(A7), that remains connected to the phone line whenever the phone is "on hook" (i.e. the
switch (A4) is open), and other components which are connected when the phone is "off
hook". The off-hook components include a transmitter (microphone, A2), a receiver (speaker,
A1), and other circuits for dialing, filtering (A3), and amplification.
A calling party wishing to speak to another party will pick up the telephone's handset, thereby
operating a lever which closes the switchhook (A4), which powers the telephone by connecting the
transmitter (microphone), receiver (speaker), and related audio components to the line. The off-hook
circuitry has a low resistance (less than 300 ohms) which causes a direct current (DC), which comes
down the line (C) from the telephone exchange. The exchange detects this current, attaches a digit
receiver circuit to the line, and sends a dial toneto indicate readiness. On a modern push-button
telephone, the caller then presses the number keys to send the telephone number of the called
party. The keys control a tone generator circuit (not shown) that makes DTMF tones that the
exchange receives. A rotary-dial telephone uses pulse dialing, sending electrical pulses, that the
exchange can count to get the telephone number (as of 2010 many exchanges were still equipped to
handle pulse dialing). If the called party's line is available, the exchange sends an intermittent ringing
signal (about 75 volts alternating current (AC) in North America and UK and 60 volts in Germany) to
alert the called party to an incoming call. If the called party's line is in use, the exchange returns
a busy signal to the calling party. However, if the called party's line is in use but has call
waiting installed, the exchange sends an intermittent audible tone to the called party to indicate an
incoming call.
The ringer of a telephone (A7) is connected to the line through a capacitor (A6), which blocks
direct current but passes the alternating current of the ringing signal. The telephone draws no
current when it is on hook, while a DC voltage is continually applied to the line. Exchange circuitry
(D2) can send an AC current down the line to activate the ringer and announce an incoming call.
When there is no automatic exchange, telephones have hand-cranked magnetos to generate a
ringing voltage back to the exchange or any other telephone on the same line. When a landline
telephone is inactive (on hook), the circuitry at the telephone exchange detects the absence of direct
current to indicate that the line is not in use.[3] When a party initiates a call to this line, the exchange
sends the ringing signal. When the called party picks up the handset, they actuate a double-circuit
switchhook (not shown) which may simultaneously disconnects the alerting device and connects the
audio circuitry to the line. This, in turn, draws direct current through the line, confirming that the
called phone is now active. The exchange circuitry turns off the ring signal, and both telephones are
now active and connected through the exchange. The parties may now converse as long as both
phones remain off hook. When a party hangs up, placing the handset back on the cradle or hook,
direct current ceases in that line, signaling the exchange to disconnect the call.
Calls to parties beyond the local exchange are carried over trunk lines which establish
connections between exchanges. In modern telephone networks, fiber-optic cable and digital
technology are often employed in such connections. Satellite technology may be used for
communication over very long distances.
In most landline telephones, the transmitter and receiver (microphone and speaker) are located in
the handset, although in a speakerphone these components may be located in the base or in a
separate enclosure. Powered by the line, the microphone (A2) produces a modulated electric current
which varies its frequency and amplitude in response to the sound waves arriving at its diaphragm.
The resulting current is transmitted along the telephone line to the local exchange then on to the
other phone (via the local exchange or via a larger network), where it passes through the coil of the
receiver (A3). The varying current in the coil produces a corresponding movement of the receiver's
diaphragm, reproducing the original sound waves present at the transmitter.
Along with the microphone and speaker, additional circuitry is incorporated to prevent the incoming
speaker signal and the outgoing microphone signal from interfering with each other. This is
accomplished through a hybrid coil (A3). The incoming audio signal passes through a resistor (A8)
and the primary winding of the coil (A3) which passes it to the speaker (A1). Since the current path
A8 – A3 has a far lower impedance than the microphone (A2), virtually all of the incoming signal
passes through it and bypasses the microphone.
At the same time the DC voltage across the line causes a DC current which is split between the
resistor-coil (A8-A3) branch and the microphone-coil (A2-A3) branch. The DC current through the
resistor-coil branch has no effect on the incoming audio signal. But the DC current passing through
the microphone is turned into AC current (in response to voice sounds) which then passes through
only the upper branch of the coil's (A3) primary winding, which has far fewer turns than the lower
primary winding. This causes a small portion of the microphone output to be fed back to the speaker,
while the rest of the AC current goes out through the phone line.
A lineman's handset is a telephone designed for testing the telephone network, and may be attached
directly to aerial lines and other infrastructure components.

Basic Standard of a Telephone Set

The basic telephone set connected to the telephone network we are all very comfortable
with using, has 4 basic functions:

1. To provide a signal to the telephone company that a call is to be made (off-hook) or a call
is complete (on-hook).
2. To provide the telephone company with the number the caller wishes to call.
3. To provide a way for the telephone company to indicate that a call is coming in or ringing.
4. To convert voice frequencies to electrical signals that can be transmitted at
the transmitter and convert those electrical signals back to voice frequencies at the
receiver.