CE422 HYDRAULICS FINALS
1. Types of Open Channels
PIPES
Pipes closed conduits through which fluids or gases flows.
1. Pipes Discharging from a reservoir
a. The velocity head and the pressure head in
the liquid surface of the reservoir is zero,
b. When one or more pipes connects two
reservoirs the total head lost in all the
pipes is equal to the difference in elevation
of the liquid surfaces of the reservoir
2. Pipes connected in series
a. The discharge in all pipes are all equal
b. The total head loss is equal to the sum of
the individual head losses
3. Pipes connected in parallel
a. The total discharge of the pipe system is
equal to the sum of the individual
discharges
b. The head loss is equal in all pipes
c. The number of equations needed to solve
the problem must be equal to the number
of pipes
4. Equivalent Pipe
a. The equivalent pipes must have the same
discharge and head loss as the original
pipe system
5. Reservoir Problems
a. The difference in elevation between the
imaginary surface and the surface of
another reservoir is the head loss in the
pipe leading to that reservoir.
6. Pipe Networks
a. The algebraic sum of the pressure drops
around any closed loop must be zero
b. The flow entering a junction must be equal
to the flow leaving it
c. The computed loss of head in the assumed
clockwise flow is equal to the loss of head
in counterclockwise flow.
OPEN CHANNEL
Open Channel is one in which the stream is not completely
enclosed by solid boundaries and therefore has a free
surface subjected only to atmospheric pressure.
a. Natural
b. Artificial
2. Uses
a. Water power
b. Irrigation
c. City water
d. Sewerage
e. Drainage
f. Flood Control
3. Uniform Flow
a. The velocity, depth, and cross-sectional
area of the flow at any point of the stream
must be constant.
b. The stream surface is parallel to the
channel bed and the energy grade line is
parallel to the stream surface.
4. Most Efficient Cross Sections
a. Sections which for a given slope, channel
cross-sectional area, and roughness the
rate of discharge is a maximum.
b. If the slope and roughness coefficient of
the open channel are equal, it has the
minimum value of wetted perimeter.
c. For circular channels, its maximum
discharge will occur when the depth of
flow is 0.938 of the diameter.
d. Its maximum velocity is 0.82 of the
diameter.
5. Critical Depth – the depth at which for a given total
head, the discharge is maximum; the depth at
which for a given flow, the specific energy is
minimum.
6. Hydraulic Jump – an abrupt increase in depth of
rapidly flowing water; the only means by which the
depth of flow can change from less critical to
greater than critical to a uniform channel.
HYDRODYNAMICS
Hydrodynamics deals with the study of the motion of a fluid
and of the interactions of the fluid with its boundaries.