Electromagnetic Propulsion Systems
Dr O.Chandra Sekhar1, Naga Akhila.M2
Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering
KLEF, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, India
@kluniversity.in akhila.mads@gmail.com2
ABSTRACT- This paper presents the
guidelines to develop a electromagnetic
propulsion based coil gun.
Electromagnetic propulsion is the process
of using electric current to develop
magnetic fields. This entire concept is
mainly depending upon Lorentz force
law which states that there will be a force
exerted on the charged particle 'q'
moving with a velocity 'v' because of
electric and magnetic field where 'E'is the
electric field and 'B' is the magnetic field
and it is given by the equation
F=qE+qv*B. Thus the particle(be it a
bullet) is accelerated by using this
electromagnetic propulsion principle.
Thus the term electromagentic
propulsion system can be explained by
using individual components:
electromagnetic -using electricity to
create magnetic field and propulsion is
the process of propelling something.
Therefore taking this concept as an
advantage we are going to design an
electromagnetic coil gun as an alternative
to conventional chemical based
ammunition used for gun propellants.
1.INTRODUCTION
The main objective of focusing on this
concept and working on this project is to
overcome the problems that are faced in
military because of the convectional
chemical based ammunition that is being
used for gun propellants. The major
ingredients of the propulsion include fuels,
oxidizers and polymers. The minor
ingredients that are used to bind the major
ingredients together are many in number
and sometimes they are more complex. The
interaction between these major and minor
ingredients can take place at all the stages of
manufacturing, storing and using and these
interaction are also complex. Therefore
controlling such complex interactions
makes the solid propellant technology
difficult and expensive. Speaking about the
history of propulsion systems in our country
it all started in th0's for guns and 1942 for
the rockets but the chemistry of propellant
ingredients have a very long history. The
complexity of the propellant ingredients
interactions have started right from the
usage of black powder. Solid propellants
have greater complexity when compared to
gun propulsion and all liquid propellants.
Progress towards the development of
propulsion systems continued to be in trend
in order to obtain a less complex more
efficient and powerful propellant system.
The solid propellant systems is more
complex because it had to perform all the
jobs that are performed by the hardware in
guns and liquid rockets.
The major ingredient of military propellants
that has been used since about 1900's in the
USA and Europe was Nitrocellulose. The
development of nitrocellulose began in
Europe prior to 1840,but German
,Schoenbein gets most of the credit for
developing the practical process by about
1845.The Englishman Frederic Abel, a
Frenchman named Vieille and Sweden's
Alfred Nobel are credited with the later
discovery which has made the nitrocellulose
use fully practical by about 1890.This
research and development that has gone for
over an half century span from 1840 to 1890
had encountered many probelms. It was
then that Indian Dr George W..Patterson
was largely responsible for the full practical
,collided or gelatinized nitrocellulose
propellants for guns, in the U.S where his
work mainly focused on the discoveries of
Vieille with ether and alcohol solvents .
Alfred Nobel deserves the credit for double-
base propellants(nitrocellulose and
nitroglycerin) where these two notoriously
treacherous materials can be combined even
without solvents into a safer substance
which he named as Ballistite. So this
invention of Alfred Nobel was by far the
greatest part of Indian Head's present
production of propellants with additional
newer ones.
Currently because of the greater storability
and volumetric efficency the solid
propellants are predominant over the liquid
propellants.The solid propellant also offers
lower life cycle and costs and system
simplicity.For military applications liquid
oxygen is considered unacceptable.In case
of a liquid propellant design for the military
rocket, using red fuming nitric acid or
nitrogen tetroxide tends to be the oxidizer
choice.The electromagnetic launchers are
classified into three different kinds of
systems they are railguns,coilguns and
reconnection guns.The concept of railguns
is simple and it can be used for small
projectiles.The coilgun can be used for large
projectile launching.The reconnection gun is
superior to that of railgun as it is capable of
launching projectiles with greater mass and
also has no drop in accleration with
increased mass of projectiles.
where B-magnetic induction(T),µ0-
magnetic permeability of vacuum (4p*10-
7),µr-relative permeability of core,N-
number of turns,I-current(A),l-length of the
coil(m).The arrangement of the forces in the
interaction between the electromagnet and
soft ferromagnetic material is shown in the
figure1.1The missile now will be behaving
like a magnet with opposite poles of the coil
because of the magnetic feild.If we observe
the figure 1.1 the southern end of the
electromagnet has greater density of forces
when compared to that of the south
magnetic pole of the nail(bullet or missile).
As the current I is passing through the coil
inductance L ,magnetic field is generated in
and around the coil and the energy of the
field is calculated by the following
equation:Em=1/2L*I^2.The block diagram
of the existing methodology is shown in the
figure2.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
This paper is mainly focusing about the Fig 1:- Magnetic lines of Force
electromagnetic propulsion based coil gun
and the methodlogy that has been in
existence of the electromagnetic propulsion
based coil gun is allowing the projectile to
pass through the coil.When you take a coil
and energise it with current, the coil
generates magnetic field and because of this
magnetic field the nail(bullet) inside the coil
gets launched.If we consider the coil is of
length l,having the number of turns "N" and
current flowing through the coil generates
or produces magnetic field that is
proportional to the current that is flowing Fig 2:-Block diagram of existing
through the coil and it can be described by methodolgy of electromagnetic
the following equation: B=µ0*µr(N*l/I) propulsion systems

Figure 1.1 shows the gadget congruence in
the IoT hub model is interpreted as the
grouping of data from heterogeneous
networks and advancing it onto a data
managing and analytics center where the
data acquired will be analyzed and the data
is extracted from IP apt gadgets such as
smart phones etc. The other form of data is
extracted from the prevailing IoT devices
such as software, actuators, and network
connectivity that entitles these objects to
accumulate and interchange data. The next
form of data is from low power gadgets
such as wrist watch, Bluetooth etc. .All
these data is acquired and then see Figure
1.1 shows the gadget congruence in the IoT
hub model is interpreted as the grouping of
data from heterogeneous networks and
advancing it onto a data managing and
analytics center where the data acquired will
be analyzed and the data is extracted from
IP apt gadgets such as smart phones etc.
.The other form of data is extracted from
the prevailing IoT devices such as software,
actuators, and network connectivity that
entitles these objects to accumulate and
interchange data. The next form of data is
from low power gadgets such as wrist
watch, Bluetooth etc... All these data are
acquired and then shifted to the data
analytics and processor through a gateway
or an IOT client.
The main objective of this paper is
understood, and various papers were also
reviewed to find the various artificial
intelligence techniques to allocate the
resources in an IoT hub.
There are various functions that take place
in an IOT hub they are Border router,
service and resource discovery, resource
directory, origin server, proxy, cache.
Shifted to the data analytics and processor
through a gateway or an IOT client.
The main objective of this paper is
understood, and various papers were also
reviewed to find the various artificial
intelligence techniques to allocate the
resources in an IOT hub. There are various
functions that take place in an IOT hub they
are Border router, service and resource
discovery, resource directory, origin server,
proxy, cache.
4. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Fuzzy Problem-Solving Technique:
Fuzzy logic is a technique in artificial
intelligence that usually results between 0 or
1 and the result obtained is any real value in
that range. It is a mere contrast to Boolean
logic where the truth values are 0 or 1.
Fuzzy logic is heterogeneously applicable to
various fields like control theory, machine
learning etc.
Fig1.2 Resource Allocatoin
The Fig 1.2 describes the resource
allocation problem reduction using the
fuzzy logic artifical intelligence techniques.
We have the ingress router that collects the
information from various processors into the
system.The exgress router is used to send
the information whether the processor is
idle or busy to the user.The two routers are
connected together with the help of a CNQF
domain.We have the network monitor that
monitors the network whether the no of
packets are full or empty in the network and
thereby helps the user to send or recieve a
packet over the network based on its status
.The user sends the request and its service
is controlled by the admission controller
which controls the admission of a packet
into the network using the fuzzy logic
solving technique .The fuzzy rule based
system follows the binary logic or the fuzzy
logic that is 0's or 1's .Global or high
priority resources are allocated in the global
resource allocation.The resource controller
controls the admission of the resources into
the system.This is the proposed system of
our project work and can lead to a greater
efficiency than the other techniques.
5. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle of our project is
defined by the fuzzy problem-solving
technique where in the network monitor is
used to monitor the traffic in the network
and helps in reducing the congestion or
collision that takes place. There are various
phases in our model where the first phase
refers to the collection of data and
transmission of data through and with the
help of ingress and egress routers. After the
first phase of data collection we move to the
next phase that is transfer of data. The
transfer of data is done over a network and
in order to transfer the network must be free
from various congestion and collisions. So
the network monitor does this work and
then it checks with the resource controller’s
resource controller is used to control the
various resources that flow in and out of the
system. After these two phases we can
move the request to the admission controller
which controls the admission of the
resources and thereby gives access based on
the fuzzy logic based system in the next
phase. The fuzzy logic based system is used
to check true or false that is whether the
processor is idle or busy. Hence the
resource allocation in our project is done
using this technique to improve the
effectiveness and efficiency of a system.
6. ADVANTAGES
There are various advantages in system of
resource allocation using the fuzzy problem-
solving techniques, they are:
1.It is cost efficient.
2.Effective way of resource allocation.
3.Conflict free logic based system.
4.Increases the efficiency of the processor.
5.Distributed over a network.
6.Shared memory is used, so no wastage of
memory.
7.Less time consumption.
7. FUTURE SCOPE
FoT also known as fogging is an enhanced
way of developing and implementing
fogging platforms for the Internet of Things.
As in fogging sector of data processing and
amenity issuing actions are accomplished
locally in tiny retainers and data processing
which needs huge computational resources
can happen in cloud. Furthermore, Fog of
Things paradigm goes beyond Fogging in
various directions: -
i) By utilizing all the processing volume of
the network edge through dispatching data
processing and amenity delivery on gadgets,
gateways (very small servers) and small
confined retainers
ii) By describing IoT amenities at the edge
of a network
iii) By dispensing these IoT amenities in the
network edge via a note and amenity
specified middleware
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IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-
Power and Lossy Network
2. http://www.contiki-os.org/
3. M. Aazam and E.-N. Huh, “Fog
Computing and Smart Gateway
Based Communication for Cloud of
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Things and Cloud (FiCloud), 2014
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2014, pp. 464–470
4. https://www.google.co.in/search?q
=border+router+function+of+the+I
OT+hub&rlz=1C1CHWA_enIN60
2IN602&source=lnms&tbm=isch&
sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj51fDt24zT
AhXFLmMKHRBeBJsQ_AUICCg
B&biw=1366&bih=662#imgdii=ba
jTU9jwYeIG6M:&imgrc=_DjgBe6
7-l4J2M:
5. https://www.automationworld.com/
fog-computing-vs-edge-computing-
whats-difference

6. http://internetofthingsagenda.techta
rget.com/definition/fog-computing-
fogging

8. REFERENCES
1. T. Winter, P. Thubert, A.
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