2016 - 12 - Materi Microcontroller Lanjut - Print 2hal Final

12/17/2016
PEMROGRAMAN
MIKROKONTROLER LANJUT
Program Studi Teknik Elektro Industri

Departemen Teknik Elektro
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
eka@pens.ac.id
Department of electrical engineering PENS
© Maret 2016
1
Materi
1. A Conceptual of Power Electronics Device and Control System based on microcontroller
2. Controlling DC–DC Converters (SMPS) with Microcontroller (Concept of isolated controller for DC-DC Converter)
3. Controlling DC–DC Converters (SMPS) with Microcontroller (Design of Voltage and Current Sensor )
4. Controlling DC–DC Converters (SMPS) with Microcontroller (Concept of programmable DC power supply)
5. Controlling DC–DC Converters (SMPS) with Microcontroller (Concept of DC-DC converter for PV MPPT)
6. Controlling DC–AC Converters (Inverter) with Microcontroller
7. Controlling DC–AC Converters (Inverter) with Microcontroller (Scalar Control)
8. Digital Firing Angle Control of Thyristor with Microcontroller
9. UART Serial Communication (Pooling method)
10. UART Serial Communication (Interrupt method)
11. UART Serial Communication (DMA method)
12. Programming Microcontroller with Matlab (Simulink & Waijung Blockset)
13. Programming Microcontroller with Matlab (LCD Character and ADC)
14. Programming Microcontroller with Matlab Regular DAC and Arbitrary Waveform Generator
15. Programming Microcontroller with Matlab Basic PWM and Advanced PWM
16. Programming Microcontroller with Matlab Timer Encoder And Timer Capture
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Ilmu Pendukung
Belajar mikrokontroler lanjutan memerlukan ilmu
pendukung yang lain untuk meng-aplikasikan ke sistem
elektronik yang kompleks, diantaranya:
• Bahasa Pemrograman
• Rangkaian Listrik.
• Rangkaian Elektronika.
• Elektronika digital.
• Elektronika Daya.
• Teknik sistem kendali/teknik pengaturan
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Minggu Ke - 1
A Conceptual of Power Electronics Device

and Control System based on microcontroller
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A Conceptual Power Electronics Device

Control System Block Diagram
PC or
High Level
Controller
device
Microcontroller,
FPGA, etc IGBT, MOSFET
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• Power Electronic device (Si-MOSFET, IGBT, SiC-MOSFET, GaN) diataur dengan

memberikan modulasi lebar pulsa (PWM) pada Gate.
• Tegangan yang diperlukan untuk mengoperasikan Gate dari Power Electronic
device bervariasi sesuai dengan karakteristik masing-masing komponen.
• GPIO dari microcontroller tidak mampu menghasilkan tegangan yang sesuai
dengan kebutuhan Gate dari Power Electronic device sehingga diperlukan
Gate Driver 9
Implementing an Isolated IGBT/MOSFET Gate Driver

on Microcontroller Control System
Pulse Transformer Gate Driver (Traditional)

Optocoupler Gate Driver
• Driving the output to up to 1 MHz
• Driving the output to speeds up to 1 MHz • Not requiring isolated power supplies to drive the secondary
• Required isolated power supplies to drive the secondary side IGBT/MOSFETs.
side IGBT/MOSFETs. • Limitation of pulse transformers is that they may not work
• The LED current must be increased to more than 10 mA well in applications that require signals with more than 50%
10
duty cycle
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PS9552
Example
IGBT/MOSFET
Gate Driver
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FOD3182 PS9552 TLP250

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Setting Dead-Time
• The inverter control circuit
provides output to drive its
load by switching IGBT1
(Upper Arm) and IGBT2
(Lower Arm) alternately on
and off .
• If the dead-time is
insufficient, IGBT1 and
IGBT2 could both switch on,
causing a short-circuit Normal Operation of the Short Circuit of the Inverter
current and breakdown Inverter Control Circuit Control Circuit
of the IGBTs
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Setting Dead-Time
• Dead-time, TDEAD, should be Driver

set so that IGBT1 and IGBT2
are not on at the same time.
• A value greater than the Driver
difference between the
maximum total turn-off
time (tOFF Total max) and the
minimum total turn-on time
(tON Total min)
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Implementing an Isolated DC-DC power supply

for Driving IGBT/MOSFET
• One of the main features of
the majority of DC/DC -
converters is their high
galvanic isolation capability
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Isolated Alternative Supply Configurations

Current sharing resistors used to Isolating diodes used for parallel Outputs connected in series include
parallel two converters redundant connection of two converters reverse voltage protection diodes
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Isolated Supply for Driving IGBT/MOSFET
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Non-Isolated Alternative Supply Configurations

Non isolated negative rail Input and output in series
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Recommended Input and output filtering circuit

Reduce ripple
• C1: EMI Filter and to reduce input ripple:
connect aluminum electrolytic capacitor,
please refer to datasheet to verify
maximum capacitance value.
• L2/L3/L4: Form an LC filter network to
reduce output noise and ripple. It is
recommended to use powered iron
magnetic cores and copper magnet wire
suitably rated.
• C2/C3: Form an LC filter network to
reduce output noise and ripple. It is
recommended to
use aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
Please see datasheet for maximum
values.
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Recommended Input and output filtering circuit

noise reduction
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A Conceptual of Isolation Amplifier Module

for Sensor interface
Voltage,
Current,
temperature
pressure
location
Isolated DC-DC Microcontroller /
speed Processor
Converter
flux
humidity
etc..
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22
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23

24
Transformerless Power Supply
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Minggu Ke - 2
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Controlling DC–DC Converters (SMPS) with Microcontroller

(Concept of isolated controller for DC-DC Converter)
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Review SMPS topologies and output power
• Switch mode power supply

(SMPS) circuits contain
networks of energy storage
inductors and capacitors
as well as power handling
electronic switches and
rectifiers.
27
Review on Non Isolated DC-DC Converter
Control
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Review on Isolated DC-DC Converter
Control
29
Review on SMPS Circuit and its transfer function
• Each converter type are controlled with duty cycle (D)

• Proper duty cycle is key point on controlling converter 30
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Review on SMPS Circuit and its transfer function
• Each converter type are controlled with duty cycle (D)

• Proper duty cycle is key point on controlling converter 31
Concept of isolated controller for DC-DC Converter
GND for Power Side
32
GND for Control Side
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Concept of isolated controller for DC-DC Converter
GND for Power Side
GND for
GND for IGBT/MOSFET
IGBT/MOSFET (floating)
(floating)
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Concept of isolated controller for
DC-DC Converter
GND for Power Side

GND for High Side IGBT/MOSFET
(floating)
Use different power supply for

IGBT/MOSFET Driver
GND for High Side IGBT/MOSFET

(floating)
GND for Low Side IGBT/MOSFET is

connected to GND of Power Sinde
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GND for Power Side

DC-DC Converter
Voltage Sensor
Use different power

supply for
IGBT/MOSFET Driver
and Isolation Amplifier
differential
ampifier
GND for Isolation
35
Amplifier (floating)
GND for Power Side

DC-DC Converter
Use different power

supply for
GND IGBT/MOSFET Driver
for IGBT/MOSFET and Isolation Amplifier
Driver (floating)
differential
ampifier
GND for Isolation
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GND
GND for Power Side for IGBT/MOSFET Voltage Sensor
DC-DC Converter
Driver (floating)
Use different power supply

for IGBT/MOSFET Driver and
Isolation Amplifier
differential
ampifier
GND for Isolation

GND for Control Side 37
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Minggu Ke - 3
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(Design of Voltage and Current Sensor )
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Voltage and Current Sensor Design

Voltage
The voltage between two points is the energy required to move a unit of positive charge from a
lower to a higher potential. Voltage is measured in Volts (V)
Current
Current is the rate of electric charge through a point. The unit of measure is the Ampere or Amp (A)
Resistance
Given a piece of conducting material connected to a voltage difference V, which drives through it a
current I, the resistance is defined as
Power
The power dissipated by a resistor is
49

• Kirchhoff’s Laws
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• Voltage divider
51
Isolated Voltage Measurement
The AMC1200 and AMC1200B can

also be used for isolated voltage
measurement applications, as
shown in a simplified way in Figure
In such applications, usually a
resistor divider (R1 and R2) is used
to match the relatively small input
voltage range of the AMC device.
R2 and the input resistance RIN of
the AMC1200 also create a
resistance divider that results in
additional gain error. With the
assumption that R1 and RIN have a
considerably higher value than R2,
the resulting total gain error can be
estimated using Equation 1:
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Isolated Voltage Measurement
53
Isolated Current Measurement

Shunt-Based Current Sensing
The floating ground reference
(GND1) is derived from the end
of the shunt resistor, which is
connected to the negative
input of the AMC1200 (VINN).
If a four-terminal shunt is used,
the inputs of the AMC1200 are
connected to the inner leads
and GND1 is connected to one
of the outer shunt leads. The
differential input of the
AMC1200 ensures accurate
operation even in noisy
environments
The differential output of the AMC1200 can either directly drive an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) input or cane further filtered before being processed by the ADC. 54
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Isolated Current Measurement
Shunt-Based Current Sensing 55
Isolated Voltage and Current Measurement
Isolated Current and Voltage Sensing in Frequency Inverters 56
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Voltage and Current

Measurement
R-Shunt as
Isolated
current sensor
Voltage divider as
voltage sensor
57
shunt-based current sensing in smart electricity meter (e-meter)
Transformerless Power Supply for isolation power

supply in AC system
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Getting Voltage or Current value from ADC
Vsen= ∗ Vs= ∗
Vsen = ∗ _
Vs= ∗ ∗ _
59
Vsen= ∗ P=
.
Vsen= ∗ 60
. P=
. .
Vsen= ∗ 60
.
Vsen= 0.05564 ∗ 60 P=
.
Vsen= 3.3384 P= 60.70
R1 and R2 ratio value must

R1 and R2 value are not properly
be designed according to
very high power dissipation
maximum ADC input voltage
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Vsen= ∗ P=
Vsen= ∗ 60
P=
Vsen= ∗ 60
Vsen= 0.05564 ∗ 60 P=
Vsen= 3.3384 P= 0.06070
R1 and R2 ratio value must

be designed according to
maximum ADC input voltage
and R1 and R2 should have R1 and R2 value are acceptable
high resistant Low power dissipation
61
Vrsh = ℎ∗ ℎ Prsh = ℎ ∗ ℎ
Vrsh = 10 ∗ 1 Prsh = 10 ∗ 1
Vrsh = 10 Prsh = 100
Rsh value are not properly

Rsh value are not properly very high power dissipation
very high drop voltage
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Vrsh = 10 ∗ 0.1 Prsh = 10 ∗ 0.1
Vrsh = 1 Prsh = 10
Rsh value are acceptable Rsh value are not properly

very high power dissipation
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Vrsh = 10 ∗ 0.01 Prsh = 10 ∗ 0.01
Vrsh = 0.1 Prsh = 1
Rsh value are acceptable, but Rsh value are value are
need amplifier and high ADC acceptable
resulotion Low power dissipation
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Determine R value for circuit below
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Minggu Ke - 4
67

(Concept of programmable DC power supply)
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Concept of Controlling SMPS
A voltage loop and

current loop are used
in the system. The
error signal is
generated by the
comparison
between the
reference and the
sample value of the
output voltage.
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Controlling SMPS with Microcontroller

Work flow
1. We need define CPU
Clock Init clcok
2. We need multi channel ADC to

ADC_Init(); read Voltage and Current value
TIMER_Init(); 3. We need to generate PWM

signal
lcd_Init(); 4. We need to displaying information such as

Voltage and Current value
Keypad_init(); 5. We need to interface input
Control loop(); 6. Voltage or Current control algorithm
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Configure GPIO
for Multi channel ADC
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Configure GPIO for Multi channel ADC
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• Untuk memulai
pemrograman pada
MDK-ARM, Buka project
window, cari sub folder 1. Click
Application/User
kemudian buka main.c
• Selanjutnya anda harus
menambahkan file LCD 2. Click File lcd driver
driver yaitu : berhasil
• lcd_character.c ditambahkan
• lcd_character.h
3. Click
• Selanjutnya atur
inisialisasi LCD melalui
wizard
73
Contoh Program <ADC - DMA>
int main(void)
#include "stm32f4xx_hal.h" {
#include "lcd_character.h" char buffer[20];
#include "stdio.h“ HAL_Init();
/* Configure the system clock */
/* Private variables -------------------------*/ SystemClock_Config();
ADC_HandleTypeDef hadc1; /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
DMA_HandleTypeDef hdma_adc1; MX_GPIO_Init();
TIM_HandleTypeDef htim2; MX_DMA_Init();
MX_ADC1_Init();
__IO uint16_t ADC_value[8]; MX_TIM2_Init();
HAL_ADC_Start_DMA(&hadc1,(uint32_t*) &ADC_value,8);
/* Private function prototypes ---------*/ lcd_init();
void SystemClock_Config(void); lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void); lcd_puts("Tes ADC");
static void MX_DMA_Init(void); while (1)
static void MX_ADC1_Init(void); {
static void MX_TIM2_Init(void); sprintf(buffer,"P1 %4d P2 %4d",ADC_value[4],ADC_value[5]);
lcd_gotoxy(0,1);
lcd_puts(buffer);
HAL_Delay(100);
}
} 74
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PWM Frequency ?
• Pada microcontroller ARM Cortex M4, PWM dapat dihasilkan melalui

timer dengan frekwensi dan duty cycle yang dapat diatur sesuai
dengan kebutuhan. Ilustrasi cara menghasilkan PWM melalui timer
seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar berikut ini.
Timer Period (Maximum 16 or 32bit)
Compare Value
Timer CNT
Timer_CNT_Clock
PWM Ouput
PWM period 75
PWM Frequency ?
Besarnya frekwesi PWM dapat dihitung melalui persamaan berikut :
_ ( )
( ) = (1)

_ ( )
= (2)
( )
Contoh Frekwensi PWM yang dikehendaki 10 KHz, menggunakan timer

1, dengan clock CPU 168 MHz.
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PWM Frequency ?
Timer 1 merupakan timer dibawah kendali APB 2 serpti pada gambar berikut :
77
PWM Frequency ?
PWM Frequency ?
MAX INTERFACE MAX TIMER
Timer Type Resolution Prescaler Channels APB
CLOCK CLOCK*
TIM1, TIM8 Advanced 16bit 16bit 4 SysClk/2 SysClk 2
TIM2, TIM5 General purpose 32bit 16bit 4 SysClk/4 SysClk, SysClk/2 1
TIM9 General purpose 16bit 16bit 2 SysClk/2 SysClk 2
TIM10, TIM11 General purpose 16bit 16bit 1 SysClk/2 SysClk 2
TIM12 General purpose 16bit 16bit 2 SysClk/4 SysClk, SysClk/2 1
TIM6, TIM7 Basic 16bit 16bit 0 SysClk/4 SysClk, SysClk/2 1
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PWM Frequency ?
dapat dihitung dengan persamaan berikut :

=
_
Dalam hal ini, diasumsikan timer 1 menggunakan frekwensi yang paling tinggi sehingga dipilih pre scaler 0,
maka :
= è = 168000000

Untuk frekwensi PWM 10 kHz, dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :

_ ( )
= è = è 16801.68
( ) ( )
Karena counter pada microcontroller berupa bilangn bulat, maka semua perhitungan berlaku pembulatan kebawah
sehingga menjadi 16801, Timer CNT dihitung mulai 0 to 16800.
79
Configure for Multi channel PWM

Output
 PWMmerupakan sailitas
yang disediakan oleh
TIMER, dalam satu timer
dapat menghasilkan
beberapa chanel output
PWM
 Inisialisai GPIO PWM
adalah TIMx_CHx
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Output
81

Output
10000
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Contoh Program PWM
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Review Keypad & LCD
 Pada dasarnya STM32CubeMX tidak

dilengkapi library 4x4 matrix keypad
 Untuk dapat berinteraksi dengan 4x4
matrix keypad dapat dilakukan dengan
menambahkan file C code driver matrix
keypad pada MDK-ARM
 Inisialisai GPIO untuk matrix keypad
adalah GPIO OUTPUT untuk baris dan
GPIO INPUT untuk kolom
 Pada Pelatihan ini matrix keypad
terpasang pada GPIOE, E8-E11 sebagai
kolom dan E12-E15 sebagai baris
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Review Keypad & LCD
• Untuk memulai
pemrograman pada MDK-
ARM, Buka project
window, cari sub folder
Application/User 1. Click
kemudian buka main.c
• Selanjutnya anda harus
menambahkan file keypad
dan LCD driver yaitu :
• keypad_4x4.c
2. Click File lcd driver
• keypad_4x4.h berhasil
• lcd_character.c ditambahkan
• lcd_character.h
• Selanjutnya atur 3. Click
inisialisasi file keypad dan
LCD melalui wizard
85
Review Keypad & LCD
 Stelah menambahkan file

LCD driver :
 keypad_4x4.c
 keypad_4x4.h
 Selanjutnya atur inisialisasi

LCD melalui wizard dengan
cara CLICK keypad_4x4.c
Kemudian CLICK
configuration Wizad
 Pada module keypad
terhubung ke GPIOE
 K0-K3 pada bit 8-11
 B0-B3 pada bit 12-15
1. Click
1. Click
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Review Keypad & LCD
 Stelah menambahkan file

LCD driver :
 lcd_character.c
 lcd_character.h
 Selanjutnya atur inisialisasi

LCD melalui wizard dengan
cara CLICK lcd_character.c
Kemudian CLICK
configuration Wizad
 Pada module LCD
terhubung ke GPIOD
 LDC D4-D7 pada bit 4-7
 LDC RS pada bit 0
1. Click
 LDC RW pada bit 1
 LDC EN pada bit 2
1. Click
87
Program scaning keypad

char keypad_get_key_value(void)
{ char key; HAL_GPIO_WritePin(KEYPAD_PORT,__B2_BIT,GPIO_PIN_RESET);
key=' '; HAL_Delay(10);
if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K0_BIT)==0) key = '7';
HAL_GPIO_WritePin(KEYPAD_PORT,__B0_BIT,GPIO_PIN_RESET); else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K1_BIT)==0) key ='8';
HAL_Delay(10); else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K2_BIT)==0) key ='9';
if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K0_BIT)==0) key = '1'; else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K3_BIT)==0) key ='C';
else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K1_BIT)==0) key ='2'; HAL_GPIO_WritePin(KEYPAD_PORT,__B2_BIT,GPIO_PIN_SET);
else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K2_BIT)==0) key ='3';
else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K3_BIT)==0) key ='A'; HAL_GPIO_WritePin(KEYPAD_PORT,__B3_BIT,GPIO_PIN_RESET);
HAL_GPIO_WritePin(KEYPAD_PORT,__B0_BIT,GPIO_PIN_SET); HAL_Delay(10);
if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K0_BIT)==0) key = '.';
HAL_GPIO_WritePin(KEYPAD_PORT,__B1_BIT,GPIO_PIN_RESET); else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K1_BIT)==0) key ='0';
HAL_Delay(10); else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K2_BIT)==0) key ='#';
if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K0_BIT)==0) key = '4'; else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K3_BIT)==0) key ='D';
else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K1_BIT)==0) key ='5'; HAL_GPIO_WritePin(KEYPAD_PORT,__B3_BIT,GPIO_PIN_SET);
else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K2_BIT)==0) key ='6';
else if(HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(KEYPAD_PORT,__K3_BIT)==0) key ='B'; return key;
HAL_GPIO_WritePin(KEYPAD_PORT,__B1_BIT,GPIO_PIN_SET);
}
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Contoh Program <Keypad part1>

/* Includes --------------------- while (1)
--------*/ {
#include "stm32f4xx_hal.h" #define maxdigit 3

static unsigned char index=0;
#include "stdio.h"
static char bufferkey[maxdigit+1];
#include "lcd_character.h"
static short int datakey;
#include "keypad_4x4.h“
#include “stdlib.h“
key_val = keypad_get_key_value();
sprintf(buffer,"Key presed= %c",key_val);
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
int main(void)
lcd_puts(buffer);
{
char buffer[20]; if(key_val >= '0' && key_val<='9' ) // number for decimal value
char key_val; { if(index < maxdigit)
HAL_Init(); { bufferkey[index] = key_val;
SystemClock_Config(); index++;
/*Initialize all peripherals */ HAL_Delay(200);
MX_GPIO_Init(); }
lcd_init(); }
keypad_init(); else if (key_val =='D') // for delete
lcd_gotoxy(0,0); { if(index > 0)
lcd_puts("Tes Keypad"); { index--;
HAL_Delay(1000); bufferkey[index] = ' ';
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lcd_clear(); HAL_Delay(200);
Contoh Program <Keypad part2>

else if (key_val =='D') // for delete
{ if(index > 0)
{ index--;
bufferkey[index] = ' ';
HAL_Delay(200);
}
}
else if (key_val =='#') // for enter key
{
datakey = atoi(bufferkey); // convert from string/ascii to integer
datakey = atof(bufferkey); // convert from string/ascii to float
GPIOE->ODR = datakey;
bufferkey[0] = ' ';
bufferkey[1] = ' ';
bufferkey[2] = ' ';
index=0;
HAL_Delay(500);
}
lcd_gotoxy(0,1);lcd_puts("key=");
lcd_puts(bufferkey);
lcd_gotoxy(9,1); sprintf(buffer,"val=%3d",datakey);
lcd_puts(buffer);
} 90
}
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SMPS Voltage Mode vs. Current Mode Control
Voltage Mode Control
The major characteristics of this

design are that there is a single
voltage feedback path, with pulse
width modulation performed by
comparing the voltage error signal
with a constant ramp waveform.
Current limiting must be done

separately.
91

The advantages of voltage-mode control are:
1. A single feedback loop is easier to design and analyze
2. A large-amplitude ramp waveform provides good noise margin for a stable modulation
process.
3. A low-impedance power output provides better cross-regulation for multiple output
supplies.
Voltage-mode’s disadvantages can be listed as:

1. Any change in line or load must first be sensed as an output change and then corrected
by the feedback loop. This usually means slow response.
2. The output filter adds two poles to the control loop requiring either a dominant-pole
low frequency roll-off at the error amplifier or an added zero in the compensation.
3. Compensation is further complicated by the fact that the loop gain varies with input
voltage.
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Current Mode Control
The major characteristics of this

design are that there is a single
Current feedback path (the current
value represented with voltage on
R_sense ), with pulse width
modulation performed by comparing
the current error signal with a
constant ramp waveform.
Current limiting must be done

separately.
93

Consider the use of current-mode if:
1. The power supply output is to be a current source or very high output voltage.
2. The fastest dynamic response is needed with a given switching frequency.
3. The application is for a DC/DC converter where the input voltage variation is relatively constrained.
4. Modular applications where parallel ability with load sharing is required.
5. In push-pull circuits where transformer flux balancing is important.
6. In low-cost applications requiring the absolute fewest components.
Consider voltage-mode (with feed-forward) if:

1. There are wide input line and/or output load variations possible.
2. Particularly with low line - light load conditions where the current ramp slope is too shallow for
stable PWM operation.
3. High power and/or noisy applications where noise on the current waveform would be difficult to
control.
4. Multiple output voltages are needed with relatively good cross-regulation.
5. Saturable reactor controllers are to be used as auxiliary secondary-side regulators.
6. Applications where the complexities of dual feedback loops and/or slope compensation is to be
94
avoided.
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Simple SMPS Voltage Mode Control

START
#define DUTY_STEP 5
void voltage_mode(void)
Define
Measure
Vref, V,
I_limit
I { float iin,vin,vref,i_limit;
vref = 7.5; //example reference value
Measure V, I i_limit = 3.5; //example limit current
value
iin=read_current_value();
N vin=read_voltage_value();
I < I_imit
Y if(iin < i_limit)

{ if(vin < vref) duty += DUTY_STEP;
N else duty -= DUTY_STEP;
V < Vref
}
Y
else duty -= DUTY_STEP;
Decrease Increase Decrease
update_duty_cycle(duty);
Duty Cycle Duty Cycle Duty Cycle }
}
END
95
Simple SMPS Current Mode Control

START
#define DUTY_STEP 5
void current_mode(void)
Define
Measure
V_limit,
V, IIref { float iin,vin,iref,v_limit;
Measure V, I
iref = 7.5; //example reference value
v_limit = 3.5; //example limit voltage
N iin=read_current_value();
V < V_imit
vin=read_voltage_value();
Y
if(vin < v_limit)
N
I <Iref { if(iin < iref) duty += DUTY_STEP;
else duty -= DUTY_STEP;
Y
}
Decrease Increase Decrease else duty -= DUTY_STEP;
Duty Cycle Duty Cycle Duty Cycle update_duty_cycle(duty);
}
END }
96
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Simple SMPS with Voltage Mode and Current Mode Control
Please design a programmable power

supply and controller system using
STM32F407 microcontroller, with the
following requirement:
• Control mode are select able for voltage
and current
• Set-point voltage can be set via the
keypad, the voltage value with accuracy
0.01
• Set-point voltage can be set via the
keypad, the voltage value with accuracy
0.01
• Rated voltage and current through the
programmable DC power supply block diagram
LCD display with a accuracy 0.01
97
98
49
12/17/2016
Minggu Ke - 5
99

(Concept of DC-DC converter for PV MPPT)
100
50
12/17/2016
Overview of Maximum Power Point

Tracking Control Methods for PV Systems
Solar PV modules is a power output is
greatly influenced by environmental
conditions such as solar radiation, wind
speed and direction,
ambient temperature, humidity, and
atmospheric dust.
Using a solar panel or an array of panels

without a controller that can perform
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
will often result in wasted power, which
ultimately results in the need to install
more panels for the same power
requirement.
V-I and V-P curves at constant temperature (25°C) and three different insolation101
values.
Block diagram of the MPPT method
102
51
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Controlling SMPS with Microcontroller

Current Sensor
(Concept of DC-DC converter for PV MPPT)
Voltage Sensor
GND
for IGBT/MOSFET
Driver (grounded)
Controller Side
Voltage Use different power supply

measurement for IGBT/MOSFET Driver and
Isolation Amplifier
differential
ampifier
Current
measurement GND for Isolation
Amplifier (grounded)
103
Concept of SMPS for PV MPPT with Microcontroller
Work flow
1. We need define CPU clcok
Clock Init
ADC_Init(); 2. We need Multi channel ADC to read Voltage and Current value
TIMER_Init(); 3. We need to generate PWM signal
lcd_Init(); 4. We need to displaying information such as Voltage and Current value
MPPT control loop 5. MPPT Algorithm process
104
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PERTURB AND OBSERVE (P&O) 1
float power,l_power;
#define MPPT_STEP 5
void mppt_PO(void)
{ float iin,vin;
power = vin * iin;
if(power < l_power) updown ^= 1;
if(!updown) vinref -= MPPT_STEP;
else vinref += MPPT_STEP;
l_power = power;
convert_vref_to_duty();
}
105

#define MPPT_STEP 5
void mppt_PO(void)
{ float iin,vin,l_vin;
Calculate P(k) iin=read_current_value();
power = vin * iin;
???
l_power = power;
l_vin = vin;
}
}
106
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#define MPPT_STEP 5
void mppt_PO(void)
{ float iin,vin,l_vin;
Calculate P(k) iin=read_current_value();
power = vin * iin;
if(power -l_power !=0)
{ if(power - l_power >0)
{if(vin-l_vin>0) vinref += MPPT_STEP;
else vinref -= MPPT_STEP;
}
else
{if(vin-l_vin>0) vinref += MPPT_STEP;
else vinref -= MPPT_STEP;
}
l_power = power;
l_vin = vin;
}
}
107
INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE
#define MPPT_STEP 5
void mppt_INCCOND(void)
{
float delta_i,delta_v,delta_p;
float f_iin,f_vin;
power = f_iin * f_vin;
delta_p = power - l_power;
delta_i = f_iin - fl_iin;
delta_v = f_vin - fl_vin;
if(delta_v)
{
ineq = delta_p / delta_v;
if(ineq > 0) vinref += MPPT_STEP;
else if(ineq < 0) vinref -= MPPT_STEP;
}
else
{
if(delta_i > 0) vinref += MPPT_STEP;
else if(delta_i < 0) vinref -= MPPT_STEP;
}
fl_iin = f_iin;
fl_vin = f_vin;
l_power = power;
}
108
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COMBINED P & O WITH CV

#define MPPT_STEP 5
void mppt_combined_PO_CV(void)
{
float f_iin,f_vin;
???
l_power = power;
}
109
COMBINED dP-P & O

#define MPPT_STEP 5
{
float f_iin,f_vin;
???
l_power = power;
}
110
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TEMPERATURE METHOD
#define MPPT_STEP 5
{
float f_iin,f_vin;
???
l_power = power;
}
111
A B
Firefly algorithm
A B
112
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Grey Wolf Optimization Technique

A B
A B
113
MPPT Application for hybrid Charging
General block diagram for hybrid battery charging system 114
57
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General control system for hybrid battery charging 115

Characteristic of Standalone PV for battery charging

Characteristic of hybrid PV for battery charging
with power sharing algorithm
116
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Minggu Ke - 6
117
Controlling DC–AC Converters (Inverter) with Microcontroller
118
59
12/17/2016
Review on Inverter operating principle.

Voltage Source Inverters
Introduction • VSI Topologies •
Modulation Methods
Multilevel Voltage Source

Converters
Introduction • Multilevel Converter
Topologies • Modulation
Techniques for Multilevel Inverters
Current Source Inverters

Introduction • PWM-CSI • PWM-
CSI Modulation Methods
119
Microcontroller for Inverter application
Voltage Source Inverters

120
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Microcontroller for Inverter application
PWM ADC
Microcontroller
121
Review on Inverter topology classification according to

type of source (voltage or current) and power range
Inverter operating principle.
122
61
12/17/2016
Review on H-Bridge VSI
Single-Phase VSI
Three-Phase VSI
123
Setting Dead-Time
• The inverter control circuit
provides output to drive its
load by switching IGBT1
(Upper Arm) and IGBT2
(Lower Arm) alternately on
and off .
• If the dead-time is
insufficient, IGBT1 and
IGBT2 could both switch on,
causing a short-circuit Normal Operation of the Short Circuit of the Inverter
current and breakdown Inverter Control Circuit Control Circuit
of the IGBTs
124
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Setting Dead-Time
• Dead-time, TDEAD, should be Driver

set so that IGBT1 and IGBT2
are not on at the same time.
• A value greater than the Driver
difference between the
maximum total turn-off
time (tOFF Total max) and the
minimum total turn-on time
(tON Total min)
125
Conventional technique of sinusoidal generation
126
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Conventional technique of sinusoidal generation
127
Mathematical model of sinusoidal generation
To generate sinusoidal wave as modulating signal using mathematical

model Vref=A sin (2πft +ɸ) + offset, where A is reference of desired
amplitude signal, f is desiredsignal frequency and ɸ is phase shift angle.
The rule for single phase and three phase signal is described on table
128
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Review on Modulation Methods

(Square-Wave Operation)
129
Modulation Methods (Square-Wave Operation)

Reference signal generation
//#define phi 3.141592653589
const float phi= 3.141592653589;
float Va, Vb, Vc, f, t, dt;
Va = A * sin (2*phi*f*t)
Vb = A * sin ((2*phi*f*t) + (2*phi/3))
Vc = A * sin ((2*phi*f*t) + (4*phi/3)))
PWM signal generation

if(Va > 0) PWM_a =1;
else PWM_a =0;
if(Vb > 0) PWM_b =1;
else PWM_b =0;
if(Vc > 0) PWM_c =1;
else PWM_c =0; 130
65
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Sinusoidal PWM: Bipolar PWM (single Phase)
131
Modulation Methods (Sinusoidal PWM: Bipolar PWM (single Phase))

//#define phi 3.141592653589
float Vr,f, t, dt;
Vr = A * sin (2*phi*f*t)

if(Vr > Vc)
{ PWM_S11 =1; PWM_S12 =0;}
else
{ PWM_S11 =0; PWM_S12 =1;}
132
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Sinusoidal PWM: Unipolar PWM (single Phase) (1)
133
Modulation Methods (Sinusoidal PWM: Unipolar PWM (single Phase))

Reference signal generation PWM signal generation
float Va,Vb,f, t, dt; if(Va > Vc)
Va = A * sin (2*phi*f*t) { PWM_S11 =1; PWM_S22 =0;}
Vb = Va * -1; else
{ PWM_S11 =0; PWM_S22 =1;}
if(Vb > Vc)

PWM signal generation { PWM_S12 =1; PWM_S21 =0;}
else
{ PWM_S12 =0; PWM_S21 =1;}
134
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Sinusoidal PWM: Unipolar PWM (single Phase) (2)
135

Sinusoidal PWM(single Phase)
Bipolar PWM Unipolar PWM
136
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Sinusoidal PWM: Bipolar PWM (Three Phase)
Vc
137
Modulation Methods (Sinusoidal PWM: Bipolar PWM (Three Phase))

float Vr, Vs, Vt, f, t, dt;
Vr = A * sin (2*phi*f*t)
Vs = A * sin ((2*phi*f*t) + (2*phi/3))
Vt = A * sin ((2*phi*f*t) + (4*phi/3)))
if(Vr > Vc) PWM_a =1;
else PWM_a =0;
if(Vs > Vc) PWM_b =1;
else PWM_b =0;
if(Vt > Vc) PWM_c =1;
Vc else PWM_c =0; 138
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Implementation block diagram for PWM
(a) half-bridge bipolar PWM, (b) H-bridge unipolar PWM, and (c) three-phase VSI bipolar PWM.
139
Influence of the carrier signal over synchronous current sampling
(a) triangular carrier PWM and (b) sawtooth carrier PWM (right weighted). 140
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Over-modulation concept in a VSI.

Over modulation occur when
Va (reference) signal peak
value greater than maximum
Vcr (carrier).
modulation index (Ma) can be

calculated as Va/Vcr
modulation ratio (Mf) can be

calculated as fc/ fr where fc is
carrier frequency and fr is
reference frequency
141
SPWM Waveform on Oscilloscope
142
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TIMER Configuration For Driving Inverter
143
TIMER Configuration For Driving Inverter
144
72
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Minggu Ke - 7
145
Controlling DC–AC Converters (Inverter) with Microcontroller

(Scalar Control)
146
73
12/17/2016
Classification of IM control methods
147
NFO is the natural field orientation
Review on modulation concept in a VSI.

Over modulation occur when
Va (reference) signal peak
value greater than maximum
Vcr (carrier).
modulation index (Ma) can be

calculated as Va/Vcr
modulation ratio (Mf) can be

calculated as fc/ fr where fc is
carrier frequency and fr is
reference frequency
148
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Scalar Control with V/f constant

• The scalar based controller with V/f constant are the way to maintain
voltage reference and frequency at constant ratio. when frequency
going slower the voltage reference should be in lower value, if
frequency going faster the voltage reference should be in higher value
= t è = ∗ t
Example
10
= 0.2
50
= 0.2
149
Speed
2000
1500
1000
500
-500
Isa Isb Isc
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
Vfset Vr
50
40
30
20
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (s)
150
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Speed
2000
added with acceleration and deceleration time
1500
1000
500
-500
Isa Isb Isc
150
100
50
-50
-100
-150
Vfset Vr
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (s) 151
Speed
2000
1500
added with acceleration and deceleration time
1000
500
-500
Without Speed Isb

Isa Isc
ACC & 2000
300
DEC 1500
200
100
1000
0
500
-100
0
-200
-500
-300
With
Isa Isb Isc
ACC & 150
DEC 100
50
-50
-100
Significant -150
reduce Vfset Vr
starting 50
current 40
30
20
10
-10
152
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (s)
76
12/17/2016
arm-fast-math for fast computation
Digitally, to generate SPWM signal,

triangle wave as a carrier signal is
compared with the sinusoidal wave in
specific time period. This technique is
called regular sampling. The result of
implementation proposed method on
STM32F407 ARM Cortex-M
microcontroller at168MHz operating
speed for method A (standard math
library) and method B (arm-fast-math
library) can be seen on table 2 below.
153
154
77
12/17/2016
155
standard math library è #include “math.h”
vr=a*sin((float)2*phi*f * t )+ ofset;
vs=a*sin(((float)2*phi*f * t) +(2*phi/3)) + ofset;
vt=a*sin(((float)2*phi*f * t) -(2*phi/3)) + ofset;
arm-fast-math library è #include "arm_math.h"

vr=a*arm_sin_f32((float)2*phi*f * t )+ ofset;
vs=a*arm_sin_f32(((float)2*phi*f * t) +(2*phi/3))+ofset;
vt=a*arm_sin_f32(((float)2*phi*f * t) -(2*phi/3))+ofset;
156
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Sinusoidal reference
Third Harmonics Injection (THI)

Sinusoidal reference
Vr =a*arm_sin_f32((float)2*phi*f * t )+ ofset;
Vr =a*arm_sin_f32((float)2*phi*f
+(a/6)*arm_sin_f32((float)6*phi*f * t)
+ ofset; 157
158
79
12/17/2016
Minggu Ke - 8
159
Digital Firing Angle Control of Thyristor with Microcontroller
160
80
12/17/2016
Review Firing Angle Control of Thyristor
Thyristor circuits are normally preferred in

applications where controlled power is a necessity.
The three terminal thyristor has a terminal gate,
along with anode and cathode, which shall be
employed to trigger a thyristor at a particular
angle, known as firing
mechanism.
It has been established that in analog triggering
circuit, trigger circuit may consist of too many
components, which may lead to debugging issues,
as well, uneven spacing of the adjacent trigger
pulses and shifting phase in accuracies may pose
difficulties, there in. Hence digital trigger
mechanism is designed, which overcomes the
limitations of analog trigger circuit.
In this schematic, digital trigger mechanism has
been used for the control of output power.
161
Review Firing Angle Control of Thyristor
162
81
12/17/2016
163

Zero crossing /
Synchronizer
AC Source
Microcontroller
AC Source
164
SCR/TRIAC driver
82
12/17/2016
Zero Crossing Detector /

Synchronizer
MCU
165
Zero Crossing Detector /

Syncronizer
166
83
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SCR / TRIAC Driver
167
SCR / TRIAC Driver
168
84
12/17/2016
169
170
85
12/17/2016
Application Of Thyristor for Heater Load
171
SELECTING THE CORRECT CONTROLLER FOR

HEATING ELEMENT TYPES
Heating elements can be broadly divided into three categories:
 CLASS A
These elements have negligible resistance variation with either temperature or time. Examples include:
Nickel/Chromium or similar alloys.
 CLASS B
These elements have a low cold temperature resistance that increases greatly at operating temperature.
Examples include: Molybdenum Disilicide, Platinum and Molybdenum Tungsten Class B elements usually
require current limit on start up, as their low cold resistance results in high currents at the operating supply
voltage.These elements may also require a stepdown transformer to match the supply voltage to the rated
element voltage. Because current limit is required,and the element voltage ratings are less than line
voltage,phase angle control is the recommended firing mode.
 CLASS C
The resistance of these elements increases greatly with time in use (typically 2 to 4 times) and with
temperature.Silicon carbide is a common example .The power controller must be sized so that it can deliver
the higher currents required to maintain the desired power when the elements are new. If the elements are
sized correctly the use of a stepdown transformer may be avoided. The power limit (PW) option is
recommended for this class of element as it compensates for element ageing and limits the
maximum load power. Phase angle (F300 series controllers) is the recommended firing mode. 172
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CONTROLLER SELECTION AND ELEMENT TYPE
173
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS FOR ON/ OFF AND

PHASE ANGLE CONTROL
174
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Minggu Ke - 9
175
UART Serial Communication (Pooling method)
176
88
12/17/2016
Simple UART communication

• Objective
• Learn how to setup UART in Cube MX
• How to generate project in Cube MX and use HAL functions
• Work in pairs, one will create transmitter and second receiver
• Goal
• Configure UART in Cube MX and generate project
• Learn how to send and receive data over UART without
interrupts
• Verify the correct functionality
177

• Create project in Cube MX
• Menu > File > New Project
• Select STM32F4 > STM32F429/439 > LQFP144 > STM32F439ZITx
• Pin selection
• We are looking for free pins where is possible to create wire loopback connection
178
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• Pin selection
• We are looking for free pins
where is possible to create
wire loopback connection
Image from STM32F429-

Discovery user manual
179

• Pin selection
• We are looking for free pins where is possible to create wire loopback connection
Image from
STM32F429
datasheet
180
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• Hardware preparation
• We connect selected pins together by jumper, this help us to create loopback on UART
Hardware
connection
RX <-TX
TX->RX
181

• CubeMX UART selection

• Select USART1 in asynchronous mode
• Select PA9 and PA10 for USART1 if weren't selected
182
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• In order to make HAL_Delay and UART to work correctly we need to setup clock
system
• Details in lab 0
183

• CubeMX UART configuration
• Tab->Configuration->Connectivity->USART1
184
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• CubeMX USART configuration check:
• BaudRate
• World length
• Parity
• Stop bits
• Data direction
• Oversampling
185

• Now we set the project details for generation
• Menu > Project > Project Settings
• Set the project name
• Project location
• Type of toolchain
• Now we can generate project

• Menu > Project > Generate Project
186
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HAL Library init flow
Peripheral Initializations
Cube MX UART init start in
main.c file
MX_USART1_UART_Init();
Init UART1 structure
HAL_UART_Init(&huart1);
HAL_UART_MspInit callback
Init GPIO and NVIC for UART
187

1. We need init
Peripheral Initializations UART1
188
94
12/17/2016

1. We need init
Cube MX create for us
function which handle UART
Init UART1 structure initialization
189

1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init

MX_USART1_UART_Init(); function
190
95
12/17/2016

1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init

Init UART1 structure Cube MX fill the UART

structure with parameters
which we choose in
Configuration window
191

1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init

Init UART1 structure 3. Store UART1 configuration into

structure
192
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1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init


structure
Function wrote parameters
from structure into UART1
HAL_UART_MspInit callback registers
193

1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init


structure
HAL_UART_Init(&huart1); 4. Write to UART1 registers
HAL_UART_MspInit callback Optional callback from

HAL_UART_Init function, be
default empty weak
function
194
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1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init


structure
HAL_UART_MspInit callback CubeMX configure here

UART1 GPIOs and enable
Init GPIO and NVIC for UART UART1 clock system
195

1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init


structure
HAL_UART_MspInit callback 5. UART1 init callback
Init GPIO and NVIC for UART CubeMX configure here

UART1 GPIOs and enable
UART1 clock system and
NVIC
196
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1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init


structure
Init GPIO and NVIC for UART 6. UART1 GPIOS, NVIC and RCC init
197

1. We need init
2. Call UART1 init


structure
Init GPIO and NVIC for UART 6. UART1 GPIOS, NVIC and RCC init
7. Next periph init or user code

198
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HAL Library transmit flow
Peripheral Initializations Generated by

CubeMX
Polling process Function blocks
HAL_UART_Transmit Polling with timeout
HAL_TIMEOUT HAL_OK HAL_ERROR HAL_BUSY
199

HAL Library transmit flow
Created by user

HAL_UART_Transmit Polling with timeout
200
100
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HAL Library receive flow
Peripheral Initializations Generated by

CubeMX
HAL_UART_Receive Polling with timeout
201

HAL Library receive flow
Created by user

HAL_UART_Receive Polling with timeout
202
101
12/17/2016

• Open the project in our IDE
• The functions we want to put into main.c
• Between /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */ and /* USER CODE END 3 */ tags
• Into infinite while function
• For transmit use function
• HAL_UART_Transmit(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart, uint8_t *pData, uint16_t Size, uint32_t Timeout)
• For receive use function

• HAL_UART_Receive(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart, uint8_t *pData, uint16_t Size, uint32_t Timeout);
203

• Transmit solution
• Create data structure for data
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */
uint8_t
data[]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
/* USER CODE END 0 */
/* USERfunction
• Call transmit CODE BEGIN
from3 while
*/ loop
/* Infinite loop */
while (1)
{
HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart1,data,10,
1000);
}
204
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• Receive solution
• Create data structure for data
uint8_t data[10];

• Call/*transmit
Infinitefunction
loop */from while loop
while (1)
{
HAL_UART_Receive(&huart1,data,10,1000);
}
205
206
103
12/17/2016
Minggu Ke - 10
207
UART Interrupt
208
104
12/17/2016
Use UART with interrupt

• Objective
• Learn how to setup UART with interrupts in Cube MX
• Create simple loopback example with interrupts
• Goal
• Learn how to send and receive data over UART with interrupts
209

• Pin selection
• It will be same as previous lab we use again PA9 and PA10
210
105
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Hardware
loopback
211

system
212
106
12/17/2016

213

• CubeMX UART configuration check:
• BaudRate
• World length
• Parity
• Stop bits
• Data direction
• Oversampling
214
107
12/17/2016

• CubeMX USART configuration NVIC settings
• TAB->NVIC Settings
• Enable interrupts
• OK
215


216
108
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HAL Library UART with IT receive flow
including peripheral interrupt NVIC initializations
Start process with interrupt generation at end of

process
HAL_UART_Receive_IT
HAL_OK HAL_ERROR HAL_BUSY HAL_UART_IRQHandler USART1_IRQHandler
end of process callback

HAL_UART_RxCpltCallback
process Error callback

HAL_UART_ErrorCallback
217

HAL Library UART with IT transmit flow

process
HAL_UART_Transmit_IT

HAL_UART_TxCpltCallback

218
109
12/17/2016

HAL Library UART with IT transmit flow
Generated by Cube MX

process


219


process

process Error callback Defined by user

220
110
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including peripheral interrupt NVIC initializations Generated in main.c and
stm32f4xx_hal_msp.c
process


221


process

We recommend to use it in
main.c
222
111
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process

Defined as __weak you can find

process Error callback name of this functions in
HAL_UART_ErrorCallback stm32f4xx_hal_uart.c
223


process

Generated in stm32f4xx_it.c

224
112
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process

Defined in
stm32f4xx_hal_uart.c
225

including peripheral interrupt NVIC initializations Send buffer over UART
Not blocking function
program can continue
process


226
113
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Interrupt indicate the data
Peripheral Initializations register is empty we can
including peripheral interrupt NVIC initializations send more data or error was
detected
process


227

Process interrupt
Start process with interrupt generation at end of information
process


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Send more data if is buffer
not empty
process


229


process

HAL_UART_TxCpltCallback If data buffer is empty use
Complete callback function

230
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process

HAL_UART_TxCpltCallback Or if error was detected use
Error callback function

231

1. UART1 init
2. UART1 send
process
buffer
3. UART1 Tx
4. Send more data
register empty
end of process callback 5. Buffer sent or manage error
process Error callback 5. Transmit error

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• HAL_UART_Transmit_IT(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart, uint8_t *pData, uint16_t Size);

• HAL_UART_Receive_IT(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart, uint8_t *pData, uint16_t Size);
233

• Buffer definition
uint8_t tx_buff[]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
uint8_t rx_buff[10];
• Sending and receiving methods

HAL_UART_Receive_IT(&huart1,rx_buff,10);
HAL_UART_Transmit_IT(&huart1,tx_buff,10);
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• Complete callback check
• We can put brakepoints on NOPs to watch if we send or
receive complete buffer
void HAL_UART_RxCpltCallback(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart)
{
__NOP();//test if we reach this position
}
void HAL_UART_TxCpltCallback(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart)

{
}
235

• !!!!!!!! F4 cube 1.3.0 error in TX and RX. If we use
loopback mode with interrupt will not work correctly

{
}
void HAL_UART_TxCpltCallback(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart)

{
}
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Minggu Ke - 11
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UART DMA
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Use UART with DMA transfer

• Objective
• Learn how to setup UART with DMA in Cube MX
• Create simple loopback example with DMA
• Goal
• Learn how to send and receive data over UART with DMA
239

• Pin selection
• It will be same as previous lab we use again PA9 and PA10
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Hardware
loopback
241

system
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243

• CubeMX USART configuration check:
• BaudRate
• World length
• Parity
• Stop bits
• Data direction
• Oversampling
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• CubeMX USART configuration DMA settings
• TAB->DMA Settings
• Button ADD
245

• CubeMX USART configuration DMA Tx settings
• Set USART1_TX request
• Memory to peripheral direction
• Normal mode
• Byte data width
• Increment memory address
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• CubeMX USART configuration DMA Rx settings
• Button ADD
• Set USART1_RX request
• Peripheral to memory direction
• Normal mode
• Byte data width
• Increment memory address
247

• CubeMX USART configuration NVIC settings
• TAB->NVIC Settings
• Enable DMA2 interrupts for
USART1
• Button OK
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249

HAL Library UART with DMA RX flow
including DMA stream initializations
Start process with DMA end of transfer

interrupt generation at end of process
HAL_UART_Receive_DMA
HAL_OK HAL_ERROR HAL_ERROR

DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler


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including DMA stream initializations Generated by Cube MX


DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler


251



DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler

Defined by user
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Generated in main.c and
stm32f4xx_hal_msp.c

DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler


253



DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler

HAL_UART_RxCpltCallback We recommend to use it in
main.c

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DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler

Generated in stm32f4xx_it.c

255



DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler

Defined in stm32f4xx_hal_dma.c
and then linked to
process Error callback stm32f4xx_hal_uart.c
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Receive buffer over UART
with DMA
Not blocking function
Start process with DMA end of transfer program can continue

DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler


257

including DMA stream initializations Interrupt indicate the DMA
receive half/complete buffer
or DMA error was detected

DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler


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Process interrupt
Start process with DMA end of transfer information from DMA and
interrupt generation at end of process UART

DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler


259



DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler

If data buffer is full HAL use
Complete callback function

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DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler

HAL_UART_RxCpltCallback Or if DMA error was
detected use Error callback
function
261

Peripheral Initializations 1. UART1 and
including DMA stream initializations DMA2 init
Start process with DMA end of transfer 2. UART1 receive

interrupt generation at end of process buffer

DMA_Strream_IRQHa
HAL_DMA_IRQHandler
ndler
4. Process 3. DMA buffer full

end of process callback 5. Buffer received interrupt
process Error callback 5. Receive error

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• HAL_UART_Transmit_DMA(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart, uint8_t *pData, uint16_t Size);

• HAL_UART_Receive_DMA(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart, uint8_t *pData, uint16_t Size);
263

• Buffer definition
uint8_t tx_buff[]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
uint8_t rx_buff[10];
• Sending and receiving methods with DMA

HAL_UART_Receive_DMA(&huart1,rx_buff,10);
HAL_UART_Transmit_DMA(&huart1,tx_buff,10);
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• Complete callback check
• We can put breakpoints on NOPs to watch if we receive
complete buffer
{
__NOP();//check if we receive all data
}
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Minggu Ke - 12
267
Programming Microcontroller with Matlab

(Simulink & Waijung Blockset)
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Waijung Blockset
"Waijung" or "ไวจัง", a Thai slang for "so fast", is a Simulink Blockset that can be used to
easily and automatically generate C code from your Matlab/Simulink simulation models
for many kinds of microcontrollers (Targets).
Currently, Waijung has been designed specifically to support STM32F4 family of

microcontrollers (STM32F4 Target) which is a Hi-Performance & DSP MCU from
STMicroelectronics.
Waijung Blockset and STM32F4 Target has been completely redesigned with many new
features and improvements, based on our experiences on developing RapidSTM32
Blockset and "real-world applications with ease of use" philosophy.
.
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Waijung Execution Time Profiler

Easily measure execution time of your target in real-time with ease.
Flexibly define an unlimited number of time capture-point pairs, Waijung Profiler analyzes and
reports information such as time steps, elapse time, and histogram for you.
271
Waijung Blockset
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Waijung Blockset
Simple and Highly Flexible Target Setup
273
GPIO as INPUT PIN & OUPUT PIN
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GPIO for INPUT PIN And OUPUT PIN

• Objective
• Learn how to setup GPIO port in Simulink library for Digital
Input
• Learn how to setup GPIO port in Simulink library for Digital
Output
• Learn logic and bit operations
275
Configure GPIO as INPUT PIN And OUPUT

PIN
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Configure GPIO for INPUT PIN

Each pin of STM32F4 can be characterized as one of the three types i.e.
• Pull-Up,
• Pull-Down and
• Floating (In addition, some pins are particularly 5V Tolerance. Users need
to refer to the datasheet of specific MCU to see if it is 5V tolerance).
277
Configure GPIO for INPUT PIN (Pull-Up)

This figure shows a pull-up input which is basically is a pull-up resistor
connected to VDD or power supply.
Pull-up circuit serves the purpose of reading the status automatically in the
microcontroller. If pull-down is disconnected then the state is HIGH i.e. “1” all
time and if it is connected then the state is LOW i.e. “0” (Active Low). When the
switch is pressed then MCU pin goes LOW. Circuit pull-up is better as compared
to circuit pull-down as former is more robust to noise.
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Configure GPIO for INPUT PIN (Pull-Down)

This figure shows the condition when the pull-up resistor is disconnected from
VDD and pull-down resistor is connected to the ground while reading the
automatic status from MCU. For the given condition, the circuit will read LOW
i.e. “0” all the times and when the switch is pressed it will start reading HIGH
“1”.
279
Configure GPIO for INPUT PIN (Floating)

Setting pin value to floating has the same idea as pull-up / pull –
down but no internal pull-up and pull-down resisters is required.
User must connect the pull-up or pull-down externally so it is
suitable for some device that already has external Pull-Up or Pull-
Down.
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Configure GPIO for INPUT PIN

The output of STM32F4 are of two types i.e.
• Push-Pull or
• Open-Drain.
User can choice either of them.
281
Configure GPIO for OUTPUT PIN (Push-Pull)

STM32F4 can be set as a Push-Pull output. Internal circuit of
microcontroller has two types of MOSFET: the P-MOS that connected
between VDD and output pin for transferring current (Source Current) and
N-MOS that is connected between output and ground for receiving
current (Sink Current). The automatic connection control can described
below:
• When needing output status HIGH/“1” system will open P-MOS and close N-MOS,
then the output will have voltage = VDD/“HIGH” state.
• When needing output status LOW/“0” system will open N-MOS and close P-MOS,
then the output will have voltage = Ground/“LOW” state.
The advantage of Push-Pull output is that it can quickly change its state, so
it is suitable for such a situation which requires high frequency switching
and it can directly transfer current to device.
The disadvantage of this type is the limitation of current source/sink. User
must study pin’s maximum current and voltage values from datasheet of
each microcontroller.
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Configure GPIO for OUTPUT PIN (Push-Pull)
283
Configure for OUTPUT PIN ( )

• These information are very important to prevent device from damage and to improve the
system reliability. For example, each pin of STM32F4 can sink/source maximum current at 25
mA except PC13 – PC15 can sink at 3 mA [1, p.77] and can sink/source maximum of all pins
not more than 150mA as shown in Fig 2-7. Thus when bias the LED with Push-Pull I/O
(assume that VDD = 3.3 V) we can use R = 660 Ohm (from R = V/I = 3.3/5m = 660) to limit
current at 5mA that enough to make the LED bright and not exceed the 25mA maximum
value.
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Configure GPIO for OUTPUT PIN (Open-Drain)

When setting the output of STM32F4 to Open-Drain, internal circuit in each pin
of microcontroller will be controlled automatically as below:
• Output register will close P-MOS in any state
• If output state LOW or “0” is needed, system will open N-MOS, then output pin will has
same voltage as ground.
• If output state High or “1” is needed the system will close N-MOS then output will be High
Impedance state.
Since the Open-Drain circuit doesn’t

use power from microcontroller, it
can be advantageous because devices
are using external power which can
have a voltage might be higher than
VDD. However user must be careful
about maximum current must not
exceed 25mA.
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MCU will generate output from logic pins

based on the following logic.
if (input port == 1)
Output Logic 1
else
Output Logic 0
end
287
MCU will generate output from logic pins

based on the following logic.
Output Logic 1
else
Output Logic 0
end
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Digital I/O Experiment 1

Block name Library
Target setup Waijung blockset /STM32F4 Target /

Device configuration
Digital Input Waijung blockset /STM32F4 Target /
on-chip peripheral /IO
Digital Output Waijung blockset /STM32F4 Target /
on-chip peripheral /IO
Generate simple IO for :

Output Logic 1
else
Output Logic 0
end
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Bit Logic Operations
Block Library
name
Target Waijung blockset /STM32F4
setup Target / Device configuration
Digital
Input Waijung blockset /STM32F4
Target / on-chip peripheral
Digital /IO
Output
AND
OR Simulink / Logic and Bit

Operation
NOT
291

Block name Library
Waijung blockset /STM32F4

Target setup Target / Device
configuration
Digital Input Waijung blockset /STM32F4
Digital Target / on-chip peripheral
Output /IO
AND
Simulink / Logic and Bit
OR
Operation
NOT
S-R Flip-Flop Simulink Extras / Flip-Flop
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Purpose
• Enable the users to simulate the real enviornment before they actual implement.
• Enable the users to control the switching of LED by using Pulse Generator block
which determines the switching speed
293

Block name Library In setting parameters of Pulse Generator Block there is an important
Waijung blockset
parameter called Period or the period of waveform.
Target setup /STM32F4 Target / Device Pulse width gives the information that for how long the LED will be
configuration in ON state and for how long it will be in OFF state for a given time.
Waijung blockset
Digital
/STM32F4 Target / on- For example, user wants to switch on the LED for 1 sec and switch
Output
chip peripheral /IO
off the LED for 3 sec and this process keeps on going. For the given
Pulse
Simulink / Source
case, the pulse width can be calculated by using relation below.
Generator
Simulink / Sink
% Pulse Width = (Time for which LED is ON) x 100 / Period
Scope Here Period corresponds to switch ON + switch OFF time i.e. 1 + 3 =
4 sec. So the answer is:
= (1) x 100 / 4 = 25 %
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Block Library
name
Target Waijung blockset /STM32F4
setup Target / Device configuration
Digital
Input Waijung blockset /STM32F4
Target / on-chip peripheral
Digital /IO
Output
AND
Simulink / Logic and Bit
OR
Operation
NOT
Simulink / Commonly used
Delay
library
295
BOUNCING/DE-BOUNCING
• Bouncing is the non-ideal behavior of mechanical switches which creates multiple electric transitions
when a single input from the user is entered. It takes some time for the input to reach at a stable state.
• The bouncing effect is illustrated on figure below. From the figure, we can see that in the beginning the
switch is in ON state. When user enter the input to switch it OFF, then it takes around 0.01 to 100 msec
before the switch is actually switched OFF. A similar effect can be observed when the switch goes from
OFF state to ON state.
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Bouncing is an undesirable effect so it must be removed when designing a
circuit. There are number of ways by which we can avoid bouncing. The process
of avioding bouncing is called de-bouncing. The most easy and commonly used
technique for debouncing is analog filtering. A resistor capacitor (RC) circuit is
used to filterout the rapid changes in the switch output. Depending on the
nature of the switch, the values of RC circuit is chosen in such a way that input
threshold is not crossed while bouncing is still occuring.
297
In other than hardware techniques available to overcome debouncing, software programming can also
help to aviod it. This will eliminate the need to additional RC circuit. In RC block, the user can also set the
time interval in Waijung Blockset have Debounce block in Simulink Library: Waijung Blockset >> STM32F4
Target >> On-chip Peripherals >> IO by setting parameter of Debounce block.
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Minggu Ke - 13
299

LCD Character and ADC
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LCD Character Experiment

• Objective
• Learn how to setup GPIO port in Simulink library for LCD
Character
• Learn how to setup displaying value of process variable on
LCD Character
301
Basic LCD Character
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Basic LCD Character

1."Target Setup" block, this block is needed for STM32F4 target. Select the right MCU part,
compiler, automatic compile & download and more. This demo use sample time is 1ms.
2."Character LCD Setup" block. This block located in LCD Setup subsystem, for configure
MCU pin to control LCD display.
3."Volatile Data Storage" and "Volatile Data Storage1" blocks are configured as string buffer,
storing string/ message for LCD line2 and line1 respectively.
4."Character LCD Write" block use for write LCD line with string/ message from buffer
(Volatile Data storage1).
5. "Character LCD Write1" block use for write LCD line with string/ message from "Volatile Data
Storage" block.
6. "printf2" block, generate formatted string: Index: %u and store into "Volatile Data Storage1"
block. %u will be replaced with unsigned int32 value from counter free running block.
7."printf" block, generate formatted string: Value: %1.3f V and store into "Volatile Data
Storage" block. %1.3f will replaced with your desired data. 303
In this experiment LCD Character is

installed on GPIOD, D0-D7
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Basic LCD Character
305
Basic LCD Character
306
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Basic LCD Character
307
Multi Channel ADC
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GPIO for Multi channel ADC

• Objective
• Learn how to setup GPIO pin in Simulink Model for Analog input
• Learn how to Analog value from ADC to process variable
• Learn how to displaying analog value from ADC on LCD Character
309
Regular ADC in a Simulink
Configuration item Selectable option/ Value Description

ADC Module 1 There are 3 modules available.
2
3
Output Data Type Double Select output data type for each
Single ADC output port.
Raw (uint16)
ADC Prescaler Auto Select ADC clock prescaler to
2 optimize the conversion speed.
4
6
8
Read ANx; x=0 to 15 Checked/ Un-checked Check: Enable ADC channel
Un-checked: Disable ADC channel.
Read Temperature Sensor Checked/ Un-checked Check: Enable reading internal
temperature sensor.
Un-checked: Disable.
Read VREFINT Checked/ Un-checked Check: Enable reading internal
voltage reference.
Read VBAT Checked/ Un-checked Check: Enable reading VBAT level.
Sample Time (Sec) Sample time value in unit of Configuration block sample time
second, default -1. value.
Enable custom port labels Checked/ Un-checked Checked: enable custom port
labels.
Custom output port labels Port label with comma separate Put the desired string to appear on
value. port labels. 310
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Regular ADC in a Simulink model
311
ADC Experiment 1
312
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ADC Experiment 2
313
ADC Experiment 3
314
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ADC Experiment 3
315
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Minggu Ke - 14
317

Regular DAC and Arbitrary Waveform Generator
318
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Regular DAC
319
GPIO for Regular DAC

• Objective
• Learn how to setup GPIO pin in Simulink Model for Analog Output
• Learn how to transfer Analog value of process variable on DAC
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Use the Digital to Analog Convertor (DAC) Block to

Regular DAC in a Simulink
generate analog signals. For all STM32F4xx, a maximum of
2 analog channels can be generated simultaneously.
1. Channel 1 = Pin A4
2. Channel 2 = Pin A5
The DAC module of STM32F4xx has the following
specifications.
2 x 12-bits 1MHz Sample per second DAC converters: one
for each output channel Better resolution can be
controlled with input voltage reference VREF
The DAC block takes inputs as either voltage (between 0 -

3.3V) or raw data (between 0 - 4095) and generated
output analog signals according to the following equation.
Analog output voltage = VREF x DOR / 4095, where DOR is
the required DAC register value. For voltage input, DOR is
computer as follow: DOR = (INPUT_VOLTS x 4095) / VREF
For raw data (both 8 and 12 bits) input, DOR is computer
as follow: DOR = INPUT_RAW
The DAC Module is based on software simultaneous
trigger configuration.
321
Regular DAC in a Simulink
This example demonstrates how to use the Regular DAC Block to output 2 analog signals
1. Triangular Waveform frequency 1kHz, Amplitude 0 - 2V
2. Sinusoidal Waveform frequency 1kHz, Ampliture 0.5 - 2.5V
Note that:
The values used to drive DAC Module in this example are derived from native Simulink block from Simulink
Source block library. This approach is not suitable for generating high-frequency signals. This is because the
Source blocks compute each value by solving relevant equation analytically, hence there is computation
time lost. 322
161
Regular DAC in a Simulink Regular DAC in a Simulink
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DAC Experiment 1
325
DAC Experiment 1
326
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DAC Experiment 1
327
DAC Experiment 1
328
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DAC Experiment 2
329
DAC Experiment 2
330
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DAC
Arbitrary Waveform Generator
331
DAC Arbitrary Waveform Generator
332
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• Use this block to output pre-determined sequence of voltage values to

Digital to Analog Converter modules of the MCU.
• STM32F4 has a maximum number of 2 DAC channels, meaning STM32F4
can be used as a 2 channels arbitrary function generator (by default
between 0 - 3.3V).
• Users give an array of voltage values to be output to the DAC modules.
• This block uses DMA to automatically control the output of DAC,
minimizing MCU load.
• Select "Loop Data" to enable output values to loop back continuously.
• Check "Enable Simulation" to enable output ports for output DAC values
during simulation.
333
This example demonstrates how to use Arbitrary Waveform

Generator Block to output analog voltage sequences at 100kHz
rate.
a) [0 0.5 1 1.5 2] on DAC channel 1
b) [2.5 2 1.5 1 0] on DAC channel 2
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DAC Arbitrary Waveform Generator Two analog signals should be output from pins A4 and A5 as shown below
335
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Minggu Ke - 15
337

Basic PWM and Advanced PWM
338
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Use this block to generate edge-aligned Pulse

Width Modulation (PWM) signals. The following
Basic PWM
conditions applies.
1. Up to a maximum number of 4 edge-aligned
PWM signals (channels) can be generated per
timer.
2. Each timer has 16-bit counter that
determines the PWM period.
3. PWM period can not be changed during run-
time.
How does this block work?

This block accepts Input Duty Cycle (%) between
0-100 as double values for each generated PWM
signal.
This block supports "Enable custom port labels". 339
Clock Computation
PWM signal frequency is determined by the value TIMx_ARR and a duty cycle is determined
by the value TIMx_CCRx. The timer's clock is computed as follows:
TIMx_CLK = HCLK/APBxPrescaler
where TIM2,3,4,5,6,7,12,13,14 uses APB1 and TIM1,8,9,10,11 uses APB2.
The timer's auto reload value (TIMx_ARR) that determines the PWM period for each timer is
Basic PWM
computed from:
TIMx_ARR = (TIMx_CounterClock * PWM_period) - 1
where TIMx_CounterClock = TIMx_CLK / (TIMx_Prescaler + 1).
STM32F4 Target searches for the optimal TIMx_ARR automatically using the following
constraints
1. TIMx_Prescaler <= 65535
2. TIMx_ARR is as near a whole number as possible, i.e. min(TIMx_ARR -
floor(TIMx_ARR))
The duty cycle is computed from:
TIMx_CCRx = TIMx_ARR * (Duty Cycle / 100)
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Basic PWM PWM Experiment 1
341
PWM Experiment 1
This example demonstrates how to use the Basic
PWM Block to configure Timer 4 generate Active
High PWM signals with 0.02 seconds period.
4 PWM signals are generated as follows.

Channel 1 = D12 (100% Duty Cycle)
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PWM Experiment 2

PWM Block to configure Timer 4 generate Active High
PWM signals with 0.02 seconds period.

343
PWM Experiment 2

PWM Block to configure Timer 4 generate Active High
PWM signals with 0.02 seconds period.

344
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Controlling
Basic PWM PWM Duty Cycle With ADC
345
Controlling
Basic PWM PWM Duty Cycle With ADC
346
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Basic PWM Sinusoidal PWM
347
Basic PWM Sinusoidal PWM
348
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Example DC motor control
349
This block implement PWM generation upto 7 output with variable of

duty cycle, complementary outputs and dead-time which required in
power electronics control, motor control and other advance control
application.
Advanced PWM
350
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Description
This demo implements

Advance PWM blocks,
using timer1 (TIM1) and
Advanced PWM
timer8 (TIM8) together

with frequency 100KHz
and insert 1uS for dead-
time.
All input into block are

enabled and apply
constant duty cycle value
20% to channel 1, 30% to
channel 2, 50% to channel
3 and 70% to channel 4
(Ref).
351
An example of waveform capture PWM output CH1, CH1N, CH2 and CH2N. Due to Dead-time 1uS (equal to
10% of period 10uS), so the duty cycle measurement of CH1 will be 10% instead of 20%.
Advanced PWM
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Minggu Ke - 16
353

Timer Encoder And Timer Capture
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Encoder Read
The encoder read function uses built-in

STM32F4 timer to interpret encoder data.
Available pins for encoder channel A and B

depends on selected MCU (via Target Setup
Block) and Timer.
The encoder position count always count up:

From 0 to (PPR x 4)-1 when channel A and B
are used.
From 0 to (PPR x 2)-1 when only a single
channel (either A or B) is used.
If Reset counter after every counter read is

checked, the counter is reset to zero after
the count is read. 355
PWM Capture
Use this block when input signal is PWM, to

analyze its frequency and duty cycle.
Maximum input frequency should lower than
10kHz, and minimum is 0.33Hz.
Output port
1. READY , Return status of PWM capture
operation, value is non-zero when data is
ready.
2. +Width (sec), Positive pulse width value, in
unit of seconds.
3. +Duty (%), Positive duty cycle value, in
percentage.
4. Frequency (Hz), PWM frequency, in unit of
Hz.
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Use this block when input signal is PWM,

to analyze its frequency and duty cycle.
Maximum input frequency should lower
than 10kHz, and minimum is 0.33Hz.
PWM Capture
Output port
1. READY , Return status of PWM capture
operation, value is non-zero when data
is ready.
2. +Width (sec), Positive pulse width
value, in unit of seconds.
3. +Duty (%), Positive duty cycle value, in
percentage.
4. Frequency (Hz), PWM frequency, in
unit of Hz.
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358
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12/17/2016
eka@pens.ac.id, epyk@pens.ac.id
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
©2016
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2016 - 12 - Materi Microcontroller Lanjut - Print 2hal Final

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12/17/2016

Program Studi Teknik Elektro Industri

A Conceptual of Power Electronics Device

A Conceptual Power Electronics Device

• Power Electronic device (Si-MOSFET, IGBT, SiC-MOSFET, GaN) diataur dengan

Implementing an Isolated IGBT/MOSFET Gate Driver

Pulse Transformer Gate Driver (Traditional)

Implementing an Isolated IGBT/MOSFET Gate Driver

Implementing an Isolated IGBT/MOSFET Gate Driver

• Dead-time, TDEAD, should be Driver

Implementing an Isolated DC-DC power supply

Isolated Alternative Supply Configurations

Isolated Supply for Driving IGBT/MOSFET

Non-Isolated Alternative Supply Configurations

Non isolated negative rail Input and output in series

Recommended Input and output filtering circuit

Recommended Input and output filtering circuit

A Conceptual of Isolation Amplifier Module

A Conceptual of Isolation Amplifier Module

A Conceptual of Isolation Amplifier Module

A Conceptual of Isolation Amplifier Module

Controlling DC–DC Converters (SMPS) with Microcontroller

Review SMPS topologies and output power

• Switch mode power supply

Review on Non Isolated DC-DC Converter

Review on Isolated DC-DC Converter

Review on SMPS Circuit and its transfer function

• Each converter type are controlled with duty cycle (D)

Review on SMPS Circuit and its transfer function

• Each converter type are controlled with duty cycle (D)

Concept of isolated controller for DC-DC Converter

GND for Power Side

Concept of isolated controller for DC-DC Converter

GND for Power Side

GND for Power Side

Use different power supply for

GND for High Side IGBT/MOSFET

GND for Low Side IGBT/MOSFET is

Concept of isolated controller for

GND for Power Side

Use different power

GND for Power Side

Use different power

Concept of isolated controller for

Use different power supply

GND for Isolation

GND for Control Side 37

Controlling DC–DC Converters (SMPS) with Microcontroller

Voltage and Current Sensor Design

Voltage and Current Sensor Design

Voltage and Current Sensor Design

Isolated Voltage Measurement

The AMC1200 and AMC1200B can

Isolated Voltage Measurement

Isolated Current Measurement

Isolated Current Measurement

Shunt-Based Current Sensing 55

Isolated Voltage and Current Measurement

Isolated Current and Voltage Sensing in Frequency Inverters 56

Voltage and Current

Transformerless Power Supply for isolation power

Getting Voltage or Current value from ADC

Getting Voltage or Current value from ADC