CHAPTER 9 SOLUTIONS

3/13/10

9-1)

1
w0 = = 1.83(10)6 rad / s
LC
L
Z0 = = 1.83
C
I L
t1 = 0 r = 0.5 m s
V3
1� -1 �I 0 Z 0 � �
t2 - t1 = �sin � �+ p �= 2.35 m s
w0
� �Vs � �
C V (1 - cos w0 (t2 - t1 ))
t3 - t 2 = r s = 0.845 m s
I0
�t �
V0 = Vs f s �1 + (t2 - t1 ) + (t3 - t2 ) �= 5.17 V .
�2 �

9-2)

1
w0 = = 1.69(10)6 rad / s
LC
L
Z0 = = 0.845
C
I L
t1 = 0 r = 0.083 m s
Vs
1� -1 �I 0 Z 0 � �
t2 - t1 = �sin � �p �= 1.94 m s
w0
� � V s � �
C V (1 - cos w0 (t2 - t1 ))
t3 - t 2 = r s = 8.36 m s
I0
f max = 1/ t3 = 1/ (0.083 + 1.94 + 8.36) m s = 96.3 kHz
�t �
Vo = Vs f s �1 + ( t2 - t1 ) + ( t3 - t2 ) �= 17.9 V
�2 �
for Vo = 5V ,
V0
fs = �26.9 kHz
�t1 �
Vs � + (t 2 - t1 ) + (t3 - t2 ) �
�2 �
9-3)

1
a ) w0 = = 108
LC
L
Z0 = =1
C
I L
t1 = 0 r = 1.39 ns
Vs
1� -1 �I 0 Z 0 � �
t2 - t1 = �sin � �+ p �= 32.8 ns
w0
� �Vs � �
C V (1 - cos w0 (t2 - t1 ))
t3 - t 2 = r s = 143.3 ns
I0
�t �
Vo = Vs f s �1 + (t2 - t1 ) + (t3 - t 2 ) �= 4.77 V .
�2 �
V 36
b) I L , peak = I o + s = 5 + = 41 A.
Z0 1
VC , peak = 2Vs = 72 V .
�12 �
c ) f s = 750 kHz � ��1.89 MHz
�4.77 �
9-4)

Vs 50
I L , peak = I o + = 3+ = 9 A. � Z 0 = 8.33 W
Z0 Z0
1 1
w0 = � C=
LC Lw02
L L
Z0 = = = Lw0
C 1/ Lw02
Z 0 8.33
L= = = 0.833 m H
w0 107
1
C= = 12 nF
Lw02
I 0 Lr
t1 = = 50 ns
Vs
1 � -1 �I 0 Z 0 � �
t2 - t1 = �sin � �+ p �= 366 ns
w0 � �Vs � �
C V (1 - cos w0 (t2 - t1 ))
t3 - t 2 = r s = 373 ns
I0
Vo
fs = = 945 kHz
�t1 �
Vs � + (t2 - t1 ) + (t3 - t2 ) �
�2 �
9-5)

For I o = 0.5 A.
f 0 = 503 kHz
t1 = 0.05 m s
t2 - t1 = 1.04 m s
t3 - t2 = 3.97 m s
Vo
fs = = 99.2 kHz
�t1 �
Vs � + (t2 - t1 ) + (t3 - t2 ) �
�2 �

For I o = 3 a.
t1 = 0.30 m s
t2 - t1 = 1.388 m s
t3 - t2 = 0.439 m s
Vo
fs = = 253 kHz
�t1 �
Vs � + (t2 - t1 ) + (t3 - t2 ) �
�2 �

\ 99.2 kHz � f s � 253 kHz

9-6)

RL 5 V 15
= = 2; o = = 0.5
Z 0 2.5 Vs 30
fs w 2p (200)(10)3
From Fig . 9 - 1g , �0.27 � w0 = s = = 4.65(10) 6 rad / s
f0 0.27 0.27
1 1
w0 = � LC = 2
LC w0
L
Z0 = � L = Z 02C
C
1 1 1
LC = Z 02C 2 = 2 � C = = = 0.086 m F
w0 Z 0w 0 (2.5)(4.65)(10) 6
1
L= = 0.538 m H
w02C
9-7) a) The circuit is shown with diode D2 added to make the switch unidirectional.

20
V(C)

Average voltage
(6.6839u,5.1605)
I(L)
10

-10
0s 2.0us 4.0us 6.0us 8.0us 10.0us 12.0us
V(D1:2) I(L1) V(S1:1) AVG(V(D1:2))
Time

(a) The average output (capacitor) voltage is 5.16 V, agreeing with the 5.17 V computed
analytically. (b) Peak capacitor voltage= 20 V.; (c) Inductor currents: peak = 10.5 A.; average =
2.59 A.; rms = 4.54 A.
9-8)

� � t1 ��
Vo = Vs � 1- fs �t3 - ��
� � 2� �
1 - Vo / Vs 1 - 15 / 20
fs = = = 182 kHz
t3 - t1 / 2 1.46(10) -6 - 0.188(10) -6

9-9)

1 1
w0 = = -8
= (10)8 rad / s
Lr Cr (10)
Lr
Z0 = = 10 W
Cr
Vs Cr
t1 = = 2 ns
Io
1 � -1 �Vs � �
t2 = sin �
� �+ p �+ t1 = 35.4 ns
w0 � �I o Z 0 � �
LI
t3 = r o [1 - cos w0 (t2 - t1 )] + t2 = 134.4 m s
w0
� � t1 ��
Vo = Vs � 1 - fs �t3 - �
�= 14.7 V .
� � 2� �
I L , peak = I o = 10 A.
L
VC , peak = Vs + I o = 114.7 V .
C
9-10)

1
w0 = = (10)7 rad / s
Lr Cr
Lr
Z0 = = 10 W
Cr
Vs Cr
t1 = = 16.7 ns
Io
1 � -1 �Vs � �
t2 = sin �
� �+ p �+ t1 = 348 ns
w0 I Z
� �o 0 � �
Lr I o
t3 = [1 - cos w0 (t2 - t1 )] + t2 = 1.54 m s
w0
� � t1 � �
Vo = Vs �
1 - fs �
t3 - � �= 1.17 V .
� � 2� �
1 - Vo / Vs
For Vo = 2.5, f s = = 326 kHz.
t3 - t1 / 2
9-11)

1
w0 = = 1.414(10) 7 rad / s
Lr Cr
Lr
Z0 = = 7.07 W
Cr
Vs Cr
t1 = = 12 ns
Io
1 � -1 �Vs � �
t2 = sin �
� �+ p �+ t1 = 246 ns
w0 I Z
� �o 0 � �
Lr I o
t3 = [1 - cos w0 (t2 - t1 )] + t2 = 1.07 m s
w0
� � t1 � �
Vo = Vs �
1- fs � t3 - � �= 5.6 V .
� � 2� �
For I o = 8 A., t1 = 15 ns, t2 = 252 ns, t3 = 911 ns
1 - Vo / Vs
fs = = 394.1 kHz.
t3 - t1 / 2
For I o = 15 A., t1 = 8 ns, t2 = 238 ns, t3 = 1.48 m s
f s = 645.4 kHz

394.1 kHz � f s �645.4 kHz

9-12)

VC , peak - Vs 40 - 15
VC , peak = Vs + I o Z 0 � Z 0 = = = 6.25 W
Io 4
Lr
Z0 = � Lr = Z 02C
Cr
1 1
w0 = � Cr =
Lr Cr Lrw02
�1 � Z 6.25
Lr = Z 02Cr = Z 02 � 2 � � Lr = 0 = = 3.91 m H
�Lrw0 � w0 1.6(10)6
1
C= = 0.1 m F .
Lrw02
Vs Cr
t1 = = 0.375 m s
Io
1 � -1 �Vs � �
t2 = sin �
� �+ p �+ t1 = 2.74 m s
w0 � �I o Z 0 � �
Lr I o
t3 = [1 - cos w0 (t2 - t1 )] + t2 = 4.62 m s
Vs
1 - Vo / Vs 1 - 5 /15
fs = = = 150 kHz.
t3 - t1 / 2 (4.62 - 0.375 / 2)(10) -6

9-13)

Vo 15
Io = = = 3 A.
RL 5
RL 5 V 15
= = 0.2; o = = 0.5
Z 0 25 Vs 30
fs f 100 kHz
From Fig . 9 - 2 g , �0.37 � f 0 = s = = 270 kHz.
f0 0.37 0.37
1
w0 = 2p f 0 = 1.70(10)6 rad / s =
Lr Cr
Lr Z 25
Z0 = � Lr = 0 = = 14.7 m H
Cr w0 1.70(10)6
Lr
Cr = = 23.5 nF .
Z 02
9-14) A suitable circuit is shown. The values of the output filter components L1 and C2 are not
critical. The load resistor is chosen to give 10 A. The switch must be open for an interval
between t2 and t3; 50 ns is chosen.

400u

Energy from source per period

(149.500u,-72.676u)
0

SEL>>
-400u
S(W(V1))

(149.470u,120.125)
100V
Capacitor

50V Output
149.088u,14.578)

0V
149.0us 149.2us 149.4us 149.6us 149.8us 150.0us
V(INPUT,D3:2) V(R1:1)
Time
Results from Probe for steady-state output: a) Vo ≈ 14.6 V., b) VC,peak= 120 V., c) Integrate
instantaneous power, giving 72.7 μJ per period (supplied).

9-15)

4Vdc
V1 = 80 2 = 113 V . = � Vdc = 88.9 V .
p
V
THD � 3 � V3 < (0.05)(113) = 5.66 V .
V1
V1 113
For a square wave, V3 = = = 37.7 V (input to filter )
3 3
Vo,3 5.66 1
= = 2
� Q = 2.47
Vi ,3 37.7 2�3w0 w0 �
1+ Q � - �
�w0 3w0 �
1
C= = 13.4 m F .
Qw0 R
1
L= = 11.8 mH .
w02C
V1 V 113
VC , peak = = 280 V .; I L, peak = 1 = = 9.43 A.
w0 RC R 12

9-16)

4Vdc
V1 = 100 2 = 141 V . = � Vdc = 111 V .
p
V
THD � 3 � V3 < (0.1)(141) = 14.1 V .
V1
V1 141
For a square wave, V3 = = = 47 V (input to filter )
3 3
Vo,3 14.1 1
= = 2
� Q = 1.19
Vi ,3 47 �3w w �
1 + Q2 � 0 - 0 �
�w0 3w0 �
1
C= = 13.9 m F .
Qw0 R
1
L= = 1.27 mH .
w02C
 200

100

(10.416m,3.6212)
0

-100

-200
10.0ms 10.4ms 10.8ms 11.2ms 11.6ms 12.0ms
V(V1:+) V(OUT) I(R1)
Time

The output file shows that the THD is 10.7%. Increase Q by increasing L, and adjust C
accordingly. L=1.4 mH and C=12.6 µF gives THD=9.8%. Switching takes place when load
(and switch) current is approximately 3.6 A.
9-17)

V1,2rma
P� � V1, rms = PR = 500(15) = 86.6 V .
R
4V
V1 = 86.6 2 = 122.5 V . = dc � Vdc = 96.2 V .
p
V
THD � 3 � V3 < (0.1)(122.5) = 12.25 V .
V1
V1 122.5
For a square wave, V3 = = = 40.8 V (input to filter )
3 3
Vo,3 12.25 1
= = 2
� Q = 1.19
Vi ,3 40.8 �3w w �
1 + Q2 � 0 - 0 �
�w0 3w0 �
1
C= = 17.8 m F .
Qw0 R
1
L= = 5.68 mH .
w02C
V1 122.5
VC , peak = = = 146 V .
w0 RC (2p 500)(15)(17.8)(10) -6
V1 122.5
I L , peak = = = 8.17 A.
R 15
 200

v(out)
V(cap)
100 V(in)

(10.434m,8.1206)
I(L)
0

-100

-200
10.0ms 10.4ms 10.8ms 11.2ms 11.6ms 12.0ms
V(OUT) V(IN) V(L1:2,C1:2) I(L1)
Time

From the output file, THD = 10.8%. From Probe: VC,peak=149 V.; IL,peak=8.12 A.

9-18)

2p
f 0 = 2pw0 = = 839 kHz � f 3 > f 0
Lr Cr
8 RL
Re = = 8.11 W
p2
ws = 2p f s = 5.65(10)6
X L = ws Lr = 33.9 W
1
XC = = 29.5 W
ws Cr
� � � �
� � � �
V � 1 � 10 � 1 �= 4.38 V .
Vo = s � 2 �
=
2 �X L - X C �� 2 � �33.9 - 29.5 ��
2
�
1 + 1
� + � ��
� � R ��
� � 8.11 ��
� � e � �
 9-19)

2p
f 0 = 2pw0 = = 1.33 MHz � f s > f 0
Lr Cr
8 RL
Rs = = 4.05 W
p2
ws = 2p f s = 9.42(10)6 rad / s.
X L = ws Lr = 11.3 W
1
XC = = 8.84 W
w s Cr
� �
� �
Vs � 1 �
Vo = � 2 �
= 10.25 V .
2 �X - XC �
�
�
1+ � L
� ��
� � Rs ��

9-20)

Vo 6
= = 0.3
Vs 18
ws
- = ޻
Let 1.2 Q 3 from Fig . 9 5d
w0
w w 2p (800, 000)
w0 = s = s = = 4.19(10)6 rad / s
1.2 1.2 1.2
QRL 3(5)
Lr = = = 3.58 m H
w0 4.19(10)6
1
Cr = 2 = 1.59(10) -8 = 15.9 nF .
w0 Lr

A PSpice simulation using the circuit of Fig. 9-6(a) gives an output voltage of
approximately 5.1 V.
 9-21)

Vo 18
= = 0.36
Vs 50
ws
= ޻
Let 1.2 Q 2.1 from Fig. 9 5d
w0
ws ws 2p (10)6
w0 = = = = 5.23(10)6 rad / s
1.2 1.2 1.2
QRL 2.1(9)
Lr = = = 3.61 m H
w0 5.23(10)6
1
Cr = 2 = 10.1 nF .
w0 Lr

9-22)

Vo 15
= = 0.375
Vs 40
ws
- = ޻
Let 1.2 Q 1.9 from Fig . 9 5d
w0
ws 2p (800, 000)
w0 = = = 4.19(10) 6 rad / s
1.2 1.2
QRL 1.9(5)
Lr = = = 2.27 m H
w0 4.19(10)6
1
Cr = 2 = 25.1 nF .
w0 Lr

A PSpice simulation using the circuit of Fig. 9-6a shows a steady-state output voltage of
approximately 14.4 V, slightly less than the target value of 15 V. Note that the current in
Lr and Cr is not quite sinusoidal.
 9-23)

Vo 55
= = 0.367
Vs 150
ws
- = ޻
Let 1.2 Q 2 from Fig . 9 5d
w0
ws 2p ( 1, 000,000 )
If f s = 1 MHz , w0 = = = 5.23(10) 6 rad / s
1.2 1.2
QRL 2(20)
Lr = = = 7.64 m H
w0 5.23(10) 6
1
Cr = = 4.77 nF .
w Lr2
0

A PSpice simulation using the circuit of Fig. 9-6a shows a steady-state output voltage of
approximately 53 V, slightly less than the target value of 55 V. Note that the current in Lr and Cr
is not quite sinusoidal.

9-24)

RLp 2 10p 2
Re = = = 12.3 W
8 8
1
w0 = = 2.53(10)6 rad / s
Lr Cr
w0
f0 = = 403 kHz. � f s > f 0
2p
X L = ws Lr = 4.08 W
1
XC = = 2.65 W
ws Cr
4Vs
Vo = = 9.60 V .
2 2
� X � �X �
p2 � 1 - L �+ � L �
� X C � �Re �
9-25)

RLp 2 15p 2
Re = = = 18.5 W
8 8
1
w0 = = 5.66(10)6 rad / s
Lr Cr
w0
f0 = = 901 kHz. � f s > f 0
2p
X L = ws Lr = 7.54 W
1
XC = = 6.12 W
w s Cr
4Vs
Vo = = 25.9 W
2 2
� X L � �X L �
p2 � 1- �+ � �
� X C � �Re �

9-26)

Vo 20
= = 1.67
Vs 12
f s ws w 2p 500000
Let = = 1.05 � w0 = s = = 2.99(10)6 rad / s
f 0 w0 1.05 1.05
From Fig . 9 - 10c, Q �3.8
R 15
Lr = L = = 1.32 m H
w0Q 2.99(10)6 (3.8)
1
Cr = = 84.7 nF
w Lr
2
0
9-27)

Vo 36
= = 0.8
Vs 45
f s ws w 2p 900000
Let = = 1.1 � w0 = s = = 5.14(10)6 rad / s
f 0 w0 1.1 1.1
From Fig . 9 - 10c, Q �1.9
R 20
Lr = L = = 2.05 m H
w0Q 5.14(10)6 (1.9)
1
Cr = = 18.5 nF
w Lr
2
0

9-28)

Vo 60
= = 1.2 Let f s = 500 kHz
Vs 50
f s ws w 2p 500000
= 2.86 ( 10 ) rad / s
6
Let = = 1.1 � w0 = s =
f 0 w0 1.1 1.1
From Fig . 9 - 10c, Q �3.4
R 25
Lr = L = = 2.57 m H
w0Q 2.86(10)6 (3.4)
1
Cr = = 47.6 nF
w Lr
2
0

9-29)

Vs = 100 V .; f s = 500 kHz; RL = 10 W; L = 12 m H ; Cs = C p = 12 m F

p2 p2
Re = RL = (10) = 12.3 W
8 8
ws = 2p f s = 2p 500000 = 3.14(10)6
4Vs
Vo = = 37.7 V .
2 2
� C � �wL 1 �
p2 � 1 + p - ws2 LC p �+ � s - �
� Cs � �Re ws ReCs �
 9-30)

Sample solution
Vo 5
= = 0.417
Vs 12
fs ws
= = ޻ Let 1.2 Q 2.7 from Fig . 9 11c
f0 w0
w 2p 800000
= 4.19 ( 10 ) rad / s
6
w0 = s =
1.2 1.2
QRL 2.7(2)
L= = = 1.29 m H .
w0 4.19(10)6
1
Cs = C p = 2 = 44.2 nF .
w0 L
Check with Eq. 9 - 74 : Vo = 4.97 V .

9-31)

Sample solution
Vo 5 V 5
= = 0.25; RL = o = = 5 W
Vs 20 Io 1
fs ws
= = ޻ Let 1.2 Q 5 from Fig . 9 11c
f0 w0
w 2p 750000
w0 = s = = 3.93(10)6 rad / s
1.2 1.2
QRL 5(5)
L= = = 6.37 m H .
w0 3.93(10)6
1
Cs = C p = 2 = 10.2 nF .
w0 L
Check with Eq. 9 - 74 : Vo = 5.08 V .
 9-32)

Sample solution
Vo 10 V 10
= = 0.4; RL = o = = 10 W ; Let f s = 100 kHz
Vs 25 Io 1
fs ws
- = = ޻ Let 1.15 Q 3.3 from Fig. 9 11c
f0 w0
ws 2p 100000
w0 = = = 546 krad / s
1.15 1.15
QRL 3.3(10)
L= = = 60.4 m H .
w0 5.46(10)5
1
Cs = C p = 2 = 55.5 nF .
w0 L
Check with Eq. 9 - 74 : Vo = 10.02 V .

Using a circuit based on Fig. 9-11a but with a square-wave source implemented with
Vpulse (see Fig. 9-6a), the result is approximately 9.4 V.

9-33)

(a) A PSpice simulation using the circuit shown reveals that the capacitor voltage returns
to zero at 15.32 μs and the switch must remain closed for 5.58 μs for the inductor current
to return to 12 A. Initial conditions for the inductor (12 A) and for the capacitor (0 V)
must be applied. Ideal models for the switch and diode are used.

b) Using the expression S(W(V1)) for energy (S is integration), 15.7 mJ are supplied by
the voltage source in one period.

c) Average power is 754 W, obtained by entering AVG(W(V1)).

d) Average resistor power is 104 W.

e) With R = 0, the capacitor voltage returns to zero at 15.44 μs and the switch must
remain closed for 5.45 μs. The source power and energy are not changed significantly.
 20 (20.901u,12.000)
I(L)
15.318u,16.390m)
0

-20

14.71us 16.00us 18.00us 20.00us 21.53us

V(switch) V(cap) I(L1)
Time

200
V(capacitor)

SEL>>
-200
0s 4us 8us 12us 16us 20us 24us
V(SWITCH) V(CAP) I(L1)
Time
9-34)

1 1
wo = = = 2(10)5 rad / s
-6 -6
Lr Cr 250(10) 0.1(10)
R 1
a= = = 2000
2 Lr 2(250)(10) -6
w = wo2 - a 2 �w0
vC (t ) �Vs + e -a t [-Vs cos wot + wo Lr ( I1 - I o )sin wot ]
= 75 + e -2000 t [-75cos(2(10)5 t ) + 2(10)5 250(10) -6 (7 - 5)sin(2(10)5 t )]
= 75 + e -2000 t [-75cos(2(10)5 t ) + 100sin(2(10)5 t )]
vC (t x ) = 0 � t x = 22.3 m s
� V �
iL ( t ) �I o + e -a t �
( I1 - I o ) cos wo t + s sin wot �
� wo Lr �
� 75 �
= 5 + e -2000 t � (7 - 5(cos(2(10)5 t ) + 5 -6
sin(2(10)5 t ) �
� 2(10) 250(10) �
-2000 t
= 5+e 2 cos(2(10) t ) + 1.5sin(2(10) t ) �
�
�
5 5
�
iL (t x ) = iL (22.3 m s ) = 3.14 A.
DiL Lr (7 - 3.14)250(10) -6
Dt = = = 12.9 m s
Vs 75

9-35)

1 1
wo = = 3.65(10)5 rad / s
-6 -6
Lr Cr 150(10) 0.05(10)
R 0.5
a= = = 1667
2 Lr 2(150)(10) -6
w = wo2 - a 2 �w0