Black Oil Volatile Oil

Dewpoint line

THE FIVE
Pressure path Critical
1 point
in reservoir

Pressure path 2
in reservoir

RESERVOIR
Dewpoint line

0
Critical Volatile oil

80 9
60 0
point

7
Pressure, psia

Pressure

50
Black Oil
% Liquid

40
lin
nt
90

30
oi
% Liquid

FLUIDS
ep
e 80
lin

bl
int

ub
790

20
po

B
le 60
bb
Bu
50

10
40

33
30

5
20
10

Separator Separator
t li ne
poin
Dew
Temperature, °F Temperature

Pressure path
in reservoir Pressure path
Pressure path
in reservoir in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas 1 1
2
e
in
tl
in
po

e
lin
w

line
De

Pressure

int
Pressure

Wet gas

Pressure
po

nt
poi
Dry gas
w

Critical
De
e

Dew
lin

point
t
in

% Liquid
300
po

% Liquid
le

20

Critical % Liquid
bb

15 point
30 e int
Bu

2
lin epo

30 2
1
l
bb

25

1
Bu

50
25
5 Separator Separator

1
Separator 0

Temperature Temperature Temperature

Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas

 THREE GASES - WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENCES?

• Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas in

reservoir
• Wet gas - recombined surface gas and
condensate represents gas in reservoir
• Retrograde gas - recombined surface gas
and condensate represents the gas in the
reservoir but not the total reservoir fluid
(retrograde condensate stays in reservoir)
 FIELD IDENTIFICATION

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Initial <1750 1750 to > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Producing 3200
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock- < 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Tank Liquid Liquid
Gravity, °API
Color of Stock- Dark Colored Lightly Water No
Tank Liquid Colored White Liquid

*For Engineering Purposes

 LABORATORY ANALYSIS

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Phase Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint No No
Change in Phase Phase
Reservoir Change Change
Heptanes > 20% 20 to 12.5 < 12.5 < 4* < 0.8*
Plus, Mole
Percent
Oil < 2.0 > 2.0 - - -
Formation
Volume
Factor at
Bubblepoint

*For Engineering Purposes

 PRIMARY PRODUCTION TRENDS

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas

GOR

GOR
GOR

GOR
GOR

No
liquid

Time Time Time Time Time

° API

° API
° API

° API

° API
No
liquid

Time Time Time Time Time

BLACK OIL FLUID PROPERTIES
Sample : DRY GAS FLUID PROPERTIS
 FVF
Formation
Volume Factor
• Fluids at bottom hole
conditions produce
different fluids at
surface:
• Oil becomes oil plus
gas.
• Gas usually stays as
gas unless it is a
Condensate.
• Water stays as water
with occasionally
some dissolved gas.
FLUID VISCOSITY
FLUID & FORMATION
COMPRESSIBILITY
 DRIVE MECHANISMS
• A virgin reservoir has a pressure controlled by the local
gradient.
• Hydrocarbons will flow if the reservoir pressure is sufficient to
drive the fluids to the surface (otherwise they have to be
pumped).
• As the fluid is produced reservoir pressure drops.
• The rate of pressure drop is controlled by the Reservoir Drive
Mechanism.
• Drive Mechanism depends on the rate at which fluid expands
to fill the space vacated by the produced fluid.
• Main Reservoir Drive Mechanism types are:

1. Water drive.
2. Gas cap drive.
3. Gas solution drive
 Water Invasion
• Water invading an oil zone, moves
close to the grain surface, pushing
the oil out of its way in a piston-
like fashion.

• The capillary pressure gradient

forces water to move ahead faster
in the smaller pore channels.

• The remaining thread of

oil becomes smaller.
• It finally breaks into smaller
pieces.

• As a result, some drops

of oil are left behind in
the channel.
 Water Drive
Oil producing well

Oil Zone

Water Water

Cross Section
• Water moves up to fill the "space"
vacated by the oil as it is produced.
 Bottom Water Drive
Oil producing well

Oil Zone

Water

Cross Section
• Water moves up to fill the "space"
vacated by the oil as it is produced.
 Water Drive 2

• This type of drive usually keeps the reservoir pressure fairly

constant.
• After the initial “dry” oil production, water may be produced. The
amount of produced water increases as the volume of oil in the
reservoir decreases.
• Dissolved gas in the oil is released to form produced gas.
Gas Invasion

• Gas is more mobile than

oil and takes the path of
least resistance along
the centre of the larger
channels.

• As a result, oil is left

behind in the smaller,
less permeable,
channels.
 Gas Cap Drive

Gas from the gas cap expands to fill the space

vacated by the produced oil.