International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN: 1938-6362 (Print) 1939-7879 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yjge20

Determination of radial coefficient of

consolidation using log <i>t</i> method

G. Sridhar & Retnamony Robinson

To cite this article: G. Sridhar & Retnamony Robinson (2011) Determination of radial coefficient
of consolidation using log <i>t</i> method, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 5:4,
373-381, DOI: 10.3328/IJGE.2011.05.04.373-381

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2011.05.04.373-381

Published online: 04 Sep 2013.

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 373

G. Sridhar1 and Retnamony G. Robinson2*

Determination of radial coefficient of

consolidation using log t method

Abstract:  Vertical drains are extensively used to accelerate the consolidation of soft clay deposits when preloading is used
as a ground improvement technique. Barron’s theory is widely adopted for the design of vertical drains. The important input
parameter required in Barron’s solution is the coefficient of radial consolidation (cr) and a rational assessment of cr is necessary
for the economic design of vertical drains. Several methods are available for the determination of the coefficient of consolida-
tion (cv) under vertical drainage. However, very few methods were developed for the determination of cr. The √t method and
log t method are considered as standard methods and are commonly used in practice for the determination of cv. The utility
of √t method for the determination of cr is attempted in the literature. However, no attempt has been made in the literature to
use the other standard method, the log t method, for the determination of cr. In this paper, the log t method is proposed for
the determination of cr from the time-compression data obtained from consolidation tests under radial drainage. The valid-
ity of the method is evaluated by matching the experimental data with the theory and comparing with the existing methods.

Keywords: Consolidation, radial drainage, vertical sand drains, coefficient of radial consolidation.

1. INTRODUCTION (ii) “equal strain,” which results from imposing same

settlement at all points on the surface.
Soft clay deposits are often preconsolidated so as to increase
the bearing capacity and reduce the post-consolidation The consolidation of clay is related to the dissipation of
settlement. The rate of consolidation under preloading is excess pore water pressure generated due to the surcharge
usually accelerated by providing vertical drains in the form of load on the surface. For the radial consolidation problem
sand drains or prefabricated vertical drains where drainage with sand drain at the centre, the governing differential equa-
occurs in the radial direction. Barron’s theory (Barron, 1948) tion for the excess pore water pressure u(r, t) in the clay at
is widely used for the design of vertical drains because of its radius r is given by
simplicity and ease of use. The design parameter required д2u 1 дu дu
in Barron’s theory is the coefficient of radial consolidation cr + = (1)
д2r r дr дr
cr. A rational assessment of cr is, therefore, essential for the
economic design of vertical drains. The solution of the above equation for the condition
Barron (1948) developed solutions for two types of of equal vertical strain without smear is given as (Barron
boundary conditions such as: 1948),
(i) “free strain,” resulting from a uniform distribution of –8Tr
Ur = 1 – exp (2)
surface load and F(n)
where
*Corresponding Author n2 3n2 –1
Research Scholar, Geotechnical Engineering Division, Dept. of Civil
1 F(n) = ln(n)– (3)
(n –1)
2
4n2
Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India- 600036. Mobile:
+91 9843151891. e-mail: sridharg262@gmail.com. and
Associate Professor, Geotechnical Engineering Division, Dept. of Civil
2

Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India- 600036. crt

Tr = (4)
Telephone: +91-044-2257-4286. e-mail: robinson@iitm.ac.in. de2

International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (2011) 5: (373-381) J. Ross Publishing, Inc. © 2011
DOI 10.3328/IJGE.2011.05.04.373-381
374  International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

in which, n is the drain spacing ratio given by Time Factor, √Tr

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Diameter of influence (de)
n= (5) -0.2
Diameter of the drain well (dw)
If the degree of consolidation Ur (and, hence, Tr) corre- 0

Degree of Consolidation, Ur
sponding to any real time t from an experimental time-Set-
tlement experiment is known, then cr can be calculated using 0.2
n=5
Eq. (4). However, this is not straight forward as the experi-
mental data deviate from the theory in the early stages of con- 0.4
solidation due to initial compression effect and later stages of
consolidation due to secondary compression. Therefore, the 0.6
beginning and end of primary consolidation needs to be
√T90
identified in the time-settlement data before applying the 0.8
theory. This can be achieved using curve fitting procedures
by identifying a characteristic feature of the theoretical Ur-Tr 1
b
relationship. While many studies are available for the deter-
1.167b
mination of coefficient of consolidation under conditions of
vertical drainage, using Terzaghi’s one-dimensional theory,
Figure 1. Square root of time-fitting method-theoretical curve for n = 5.
very few methods exist for the evaluation of radial coefficient
of consolidation from the time-settlement data.
For the case of peripheral drain with free strain condi- 0.1
tion, McKinlay (1961) observed a linear relationship between
Ur versus Tr 0.465 in the range of Ur between 0 and 50 %,
where Ur is the degree of consolidation for the correspond-
Degree of Consolidation, Ur

ing time factor (Tr). With this as the characteristic feature, n=5
1
he suggested a method for the determination of cr. For the
case of central drain with free strain condition, Berry and
Wilkinson (1969) suggested the use of Ur versus Tr plot to
determine cr. The characteristic feature used was a linear plot
in the range of Ur from 20 to 60 %. 10
While the above two methods are for the case of free
strain conditions, methods were also developed for the equal A
strain condition. The methods may be grouped into graphi-
cal methods and non-graphical methods. 100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
1.1  Graphical method Time Factor, Tr
In the graphical methods, a characteristics feature of Tr
versus Ur relationship is identified. The same relationship is Figure 2. Log Ur-log Tr curve for n = 5 showing the characteristic fea-
then applied to the time (t) versus settlement (S) relationship ture.

to determine cr. Sridharan et al. (1996) proposed a √t method,

where t is the time, for the determination of cr. The charac-
teristic feature used is a linear relation in the Ur versus √Tr
plot for 20%≤Ur≤60 % as shown in Fig. 1 for a typical value
of n = 5. Guided by this, a plot of √t versus the settlement S
is assumed to be linear to determine cr. Robinson (2009) sug-
gested a log-log method for the determination of cr from the
experimental data obtained from consolidation tests under
radial drainage, based on the characteristic feature that a plot
of log Ur versus log Tr is approximately linear for Ur ≤ 20%,
as shown in Fig. 2 (point A corresponds to Tr=0.126 and
Ur=65.9 %), typically for n = 5.
1.2  Non-Graphical Methods
Sridharan et al. (1996) proposed a one-point method for the
determination of cr without resorting to graphical construc-
tions. This is done by noting down the values of t for three
or four values of Ur in the range between 40 and 60% and
calculating corresponding values of cr. This is based on the
 Determination of radial coefficient of consolidation using log t method  375

Time Factor, Tr
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
0

Degree of Consolidation, Ur (%)

0.2
n=2

0.4
n=3

0.6 n=4

0.8 n=5

n=10
1

Figure 4. Ur-log Tr for different value of n.

S = S0 + Ur*(S100 – S0) (6)

Where S0 and S100 are the settlement corresponding to

Figure 3. (a) Theoretical Ur-log Tr curve for n = 5 (b). (dUr /d log Tr )-log
Tr plot showing the inflection point.
assumption that the experimental curve will follow the theo-
retical behavior quite well in the range 40% ≤ Ur ≤ 60%. The
average of those calculated values of cr is taken as the value
of cr.
Robinson (1997) suggested the inflection point method
that the inflection point, which is the point where the slope is
maximum in a Ur-log Tr plot, occur at a degree of consolida-
tion of 63.2 % as shown in Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b). The time,
t63.2, corresponding to the inflection point can be obtained
from a plot of (dS/d log t) versus t plot, from which cr can be
calculated. The inflection point method discussed above can
be easily programmed to obtain the time corresponding to
the inflection point from a set of S-t data from a consolida-
tion test, without performing a graphical construction.
Robinson and Allam (1998) proposed a non-graphical
matching method for analyzing the time-compression data.
The settlement (S) at any time t is expressed as
the beginning and end of primary consolidation.
Substituting Eq. (2) in Eq. (6), we get
–8Tr
S = S0 + (S100 – S0) 1 – exp (7)
F(n)
A minimum of three time-settlement data points are
sufficient to obtain the values of S0, S100 and cr. However, a
non-linear regression analysis may be performed for obtain-
ing better results.
The √t method (Taylor, 1948) and log t method
(Casagrande, 1938) are the popular standard methods
for the determination of cv from the time-settlement data
obtained from the one-dimensional consolidation tests.
While Sridharan et al. (1996) attempted the √t method
for the determination of cr, no attempt has been made to
determine cr from the log t method. As the log t method is a
popular method for the determination of cr, its utility for the
determination of cr merits investigation. This paper attempts
the use of log t method for the determination of cr.
2.  PROPOSED log t METHOD
The variation of degree of consolidation, Ur, with time factor
Tr for different values of n are shown in Fig. 4 in the form of
Ur – log Tr plot. Well defined S-shaped curves are obtained
very similar to the U-log Tv relationship for the case of verti-
cal drainage. The tangent drawn through the inflection point
376  International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

intersects the Ur = 100% line. This characteristic feature can Table 1. Values of a and b
be used to identify the end of primary consolidation phase, n a b
which is the intersection point of the tangent through the 2 2918.9 0.983
inflection point and the linear secondary compression por- 3 1373.5 0.985
tion of the time-settlement data. 5 771.8 0.987
The additional information required is the identification 10 463.5 0.988
of the initial compression. For the case of vertical drainage
condition, Terzaghi’s one-dimensional solution fits very well
Table 2. Physical properties of the soils used
as a parabola in the early stages of consolidation. This feature
IIT Madras Malaysian Singapore
forms the basis of the determination of initial compression Property Lake Clay Kaolinite Marine Clay
in Casagrande’s log t method. As the initial portion of the
Liquid limit (%) 45 82 56
Barron’s solution is not parabolic, appropriate procedure
Plastic limit (%) 19 40 33
needs to be developed. In the present method, Barron’s
Plasticity index (%) 26 42 23
solution is directly used for the determination of the initial
% Sand 43 0 20
compression (S0) as follows.
% Silt size 22 13 17
If S is the settlement at any time t, Eq. (2) can be
expressed as % Clay size 35 87 63

S – S0 –8Tr
= 1 – exp (8)
S100 – S0 F(n) Guided by this, the time-settlement relationship in the early
stages of consolidation can be expressed as
where, S100 is the settlement corresponding to 100 % degree of
consolidation. The value of S0 can be calculated by selecting S – S0 Crt
=a (13)
two time settlement data for any range of Ur. If S1 and S2 are S100 – S0 de2
the settlement data corresponding to times t1 and t2, respec-
The value of S0 can be calculated by selecting two time
tively, from Eq. (8),
settlement data (t1, S1) and (t2, S2) for Ur<20%. From Eq. (13),
S – S0 –8Tr1
= 1 – exp (9) S – S0 Crt1
S100 – S0 F(n) =a (14)
S100 – S0 de2
and
and
S – S0 –8Tr2
= 1 – exp (10) S – S0 Crt2
S100 – S0 F(n) =a (15)
S100 – S0 de2
From Eqs. (9) and (10), the initial compression of the soil
From Eqs. (14) and (15),
sample S0 can be calculated using Eq. (11) by selecting two
points such that t2 = 2t1, S – S0 t2
= (16)
S100 (2S1 – S2) – S12 S100 – S0 t1
S0 = (11)
(S100 – S2) If the data points are selected such that t2 = 2t1, then Eq.
(16), can be shown that
The initial compression may be also determined graphi-
cally. As discussed earlier, Robinson (2009) suggested the S2 – S1 = S1 – S0 (17)
log-log method (Fig. 2 ) in which the initial portion of the Ur
and Tr relationship fits approximately as a straight line for Using Eq. (17) as the basis, the initial compression can be
0 < Ur < 20%, with an error of about 5% in Tr. The relation marked graphically in the time-settlement graph very similar
between Ur and Tr up to a degree of consolidation of about 20 to the Casagrande’s procedure for the determination of coef-
% may be therefore approximated as ficient of vertical consolidation cv, with the exception that t2
= 2t1 instead of t2 = 4t1.
Ur = aTrb (12) Knowing S0 and S100, time corresponding to a degree
of consolidation of 50% can be obtained. The coefficient of
where a and b are constants. The values of a and b for dif-
radial consolidation cr can be then calculated using:
ferent values of n are tabulated in Table 1. For practical
purposes, the value of b may be taken as 1 for all values of n.
 Determination of radial coefficient of consolidation using log t method  377

Figure 5. Schematic of the apparatus used for conducting radial consolidation test.

Figure 6. Photograph of consolidation cell with sampling tube and Perspex guide. (b). Photograph of Sample after installing the sand column.

(Tr )50de2 in Table 2. Conventional consolidation cell, which satisfies

cr =
t50
The validity of the proposed method is verified by
matching with the theory and also by comparing the results
with the existing methods.
2.1  Experimental Program
Consolidation tests with radial drainage were conducted on
remolded soil samples obtained from the Lake of IIT Madras,
Chennai, India. The physical properties of the soil are listed
(18) the requirements of ASTM D2435, was suitably modified
to conduct the radial consolidation test. A schematic of the
consolidation cell, after modification, is shown in Fig. 5. The
inner diameter of the consolidation ring is 100 mm and its
thickness is 40 mm. The top and bottom boundaries of the
clay were made impermeable by introducing rubber sheets
of diameter equal to the diameter of the consolidation ring
and with a central hole equal to the diameter of the sand
drain. During consolidation, the pore water drains towards
the central drain from the clay and drains out through the
378  International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

0.2
Time, min
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
0 0.16
0.2

So from Eq. (11) (mm)

0.4
0.12
0.6
Settlement, mm

0.8
0.08
1

1.2 IIT Madras Lake clay

0.04
Malaysian kaolinite
1.4
IIT Madras Lake Clay
Singapore Marine clay
1.6
Malaysian Kaolinite 0
1.8 Singapore Marine clay 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
2 So from Eq. (17) (mm)

Figure 7. Time versus Settlement plot for different soils samples. Figure 8. Comparison of S0 from Eq 4.11 and Eq 4.17.

sand drain. The required consolidation pressure was applied load consolidation tests were conducted at a load increment
through a rigid perforated loading platen so that conditions ratio of 1.0. During the consolidation process, the time-set-
of equal strain hold good. The soils were mixed into slurry, tlement data were recorded. In addition to the data generated
with water content of about 1.7 times the liquid limit, and for the IIT Madras Lake clay, data obtained for the Singapore
de-aired. The slurry was placed in the consolidation cell to marine clay and Malaysian kaolinite were also used. Though
a thickness of 50 mm. Care was taken to avoid entrapment time-settlement data for many load increments were ana-
of air bubbles. The ring and the collar were lubricated with lyzed, typical data corresponding to pressure range of 25–50
silicone grease. The slurry was then gradually loaded and kPa for kaolinite and IIT Madras lake clay and 50-100 kPa for
subjected to one-dimensional consolidation under double Singapore marine clay are illustrated in this paper.
drainage to a pressure of 12.5 kPa. Once the consolidation
was over, the collar was removed and the soil was trimmed 2.2  Experimental Results
to the size of the consolidation ring of 100 mm diameter and
Typical time (t)-settlement (S) curve for IIT Madras lake
40mm thick. The rubber sheet of 0.5 mm thickness with a
clay, Singapore marine clay and Malaysian kaolinite are
central hole of 24.5 mm was placed above the bottom porous
shown in Fig. 7 in a log t-S plot. The shape of the curve is
stone. The consolidation ring with the trimmed soil was then
very similar to the Ur-log Tr plots shown in Fig. 4. However,
placed above the rubber sheet. A Perspex guide of 100 mm
the settlement continues in the later stages of consolidation
diameter and 10 mm thickness, having a central hole of 24.6
due to secondary compression effect. Very similar to the
mm diameter, was then positioned above the soil sample. A
case of consolidation under vertical drainage, the secondary
sampling tube, having outer diameter of 24.5 mm and inner
compression plots as a straight line in the log t plot for the
diameter of 20 mm, was pushed through the soil as shown in
case of radial drainage. The point of intersection of the lin-
Fig. 6(a) in order to make a central hole. The hole was filled
ear secondary compression portion and the tangent passing
with clean sand in loose condition, as shown in Fig. 6(b).
through the inflection point is taken as the end of primary
Loose condition with a relative density of less than 30 % was
consolidation and the corresponding settlement is S100. The
achieved by pluviating the sand from a height of about 25
initial compression values calculated using Eq. (11) and the
mm. Washed clean sand passing 600 μm and retained on a
approximate method explained earlier is also marked in Fig.
425 μm sieve was used for making the drain, which satisfies
8. The values of S0 calculated using Eq. (11) and the graphical
the requirement suggested by Shields and Rowe (1965) that
procedure as per Eq. (17) are nearly the same. The values of
the maximum particle size of the sand should be of the order
S0 obtained for other cases are compared in Fig. 8. The results
of 1/20th of the diameter of the drain. The porous stone
show that for all practical purposes the graphical procedure
and the top cap were then placed above the soil sample after
may be adopted for the estimation of S0. Once S0 and S100 are
introducing the rubber sheet, as shown in Fig. 5. Incremental
known the time t50 corresponding to a degree of consolida-
 Determination of radial coefficient of consolidation using log t method  379

0.3 0.3

0.25

So from root t method (mm)

0.25
So from root t method (mm)

0.2 0.2

0.15 0.15

0.1 0.1
IIT Madras Lake clay IIT Madras Lake Clay
0.05 Malaysian kaolinite 0.05 Malaysian kaolinite
Singapore Marine clay Singapore Marine clay
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
So from Eq. (11) (mm) So from Eq. (17) (mm)

Figure 9. (a). Comparison of S0 from Eq 4.11 and root t method. (b). Comparison of S0 from Eq 4.17 and root t method.

√t, min(1/2)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-0.2
√t0

S0
0.2

0.6
Settlement, mm

Slope=0.7m IIT Madras Lake Clay

√t90

1.4

Slope= m

1.8
b
1.167 b

Figure 10. Typical plot in the √t method with S0 and t0.

tion of 50% can be obtained from the graph. The value of where (Tr)50 is the time factor corresponding to a degree of
coefficient of consolidation under radial drainage cr is then consolidation of 50%. The value of (Tr)50 may be calculated
computed from: from:
(Tr )50de2 (Tr)50 = 0.0376F(n) (20)
cr = (19)
t50
380  International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

Table 3. Initial compression (S0) Time, min

S0 (mm) 1 10 100 1000 10000
IIT Madras Malaysian Singapore 0
Property Lake Clay Kaolinite Marine Clay
0.2
√t 0.2 0.059 0.15
Eq. (17) 0.11 0.045 0.03 0.4
Eq. (11) 0.109 0.043 0.03 0.6

Settlement, mm
0.8

1
2
1.2

1.4
S100 from root t method (mm)

1.5
Experimental (IITM Lake clay)
1.6
log t
1.8
root t
1 2

Figure 13. Matching theory with the experiments based on the param-
eters determined by the proposed method.
0.5 IIT Madras Lake clay
Malaysian Kaolinite
Singapore Marine clay The following procedure is suggested for the determina-
0 tion of cr by the proposed log t method.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
S100 from Eq. (17) (mm) (i) Plot the time (t) - settlement (S) in a log t-S plot.
(ii) Draw a tangent through the inflection point.
(iii) Identify the asymptotic secondary compression por-
Figure 11. Comparison of S100 from Eq 4.17 and root t method.
tion and draw a line and extend it to intersect the
tangent line. The point of intersection corresponds
0.1
to a degree of consolidation of 100 % (S100).
(iv) The value of S0 can be obtained using Eq. (11) or
cr from root t method (cm2/s)

by graphically using Eq. (17). Select two settlement

points (t1, S1) and (t2, S2) such that t2 = 2t1. Suggested
values of t1 and t2 are 2 min and 4 min, respectively.
0.01
Identify S0 such that S2 – S1 = S1– S0 = y.
(v) The value of S50 and hence t50 can be found once S0
and S100 are known.
(vi) Calculate cr from Eq. (19).
0.001
IIT Madras Lake clay 2.3 Validation of the Method
Malaysian Kaolinite
The values of initial compression obtained based on Eq. (11)
Singapore Marine clay and Eq. (17) is compared with those obtained from the √t
0.0001
method in Fig. 9(a) and Fig. 9(b) respectively. The √t method
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
over estimates the value of initial compression. Typical plot
cr from Eq. (17) (cm2/s) in the √t method is shown in Fig. 10. The values of S0 and the
time (t0) corresponding to S0 in the time-settlement curve is
Figure 12. Comparison of cr from Eq 4.17 and root t method. also marked in the Fig. 10. The values of S0 obtained by the
 Determination of radial coefficient of consolidation using log t method  381
proposed method along with the √t method are compared
in Table 3. As we can see from the table, the initial compres-
sions S0 calculated by Eq. (11) and by graphical construction
are almost the same. The Sridharan’s root method is found
to overestimate the initial compression S0 of the soil sample.
By definition, initial compression takes place instantaneously
after the application of load but before commencement
of drainage. This phase is responsible for the deviation of
the experimental curve from Terzaghi’s theory in the early
stages, which is valid only for primary consolidation phase.
Hence the experimental curve needs to be corrected for ini-
tial compression. The values of S100 and cr are compared in
Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 respectively. As we can see from Fig. 11
the value of S100 obtained from both log t method and root t
method are almost the same.
The validity of the method is further verified by compar-
ing the experimental data with the theory. It may be noted
that the log t method utilize the characteristic feature at one
point. The values obtained will be reasonable if the theoreti-
cal curve obtained, based on the parameters evaluated from
the characteristic feature at only one point, matches over a
large portion of the experimental data. The values of S0, S100,
and cr, obtained by the log t method and √t method are sub-
stituted in Eq. (7) and the theoretical values are plotted in Fig.
13 for IIT Madras Lake clay. The theoretical curve based on
the log t method matches the experimental data throughout
the primary consolidation phase which proves the validity of
the proposed method. As the √t method over estimates the
value of S0, the theoretical curve based on √t method is not
matching well with experimental data in the early stages of
consolidation. Therefore, the proposed log t method is able
to estimate the initial compression S0 of the soil sample quite
accurately with simple graphical construction and hence the
coefficient of radial consolidation cr.
3. CONCLUSIONS
An attempt is made in the present study to use log t method
for the determination of coefficient of radial consolidation cr.
The initial compression and the end of primary consolidation
can be determined by using the proposed methods. As the
method is similar to log t method proposed by Casagrande
for the determination of cv, it is easy to use. The validity of
the method was verified by matching the experimental data
with the theory throughout the primary consolidation phase.
The predicted time degree of consolidation curve using the
parameters obtained from the suggested methods compares
very well with the experimental data.
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