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Technical
Technical
Introduction
Introduction to
to CDMA
CDMA
How
How Does
Does CDMA
CDMA Work?
Work?
Introduction
Introduction to
to Basic
Basic Principles
Principles
Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence
Building a
Q A CDMA signal uses many chips to convey just CDMA Signal
one bit of information
Q Each user has a unique chip pattern, in effect a Bits
code channel from User’s Vocoder
Users Σ Summing
Analog
BTS
Demodulated
Received
CDMA Signal
1
Despreading Sequence
if 0 = (Locally Generated, =0) Decision:
if 1 =
Received energy: Correlation Matches!
matches (=0) 1
Σ
+10
opposite -26
Opposite
Time ( =1)
Integration
-16
This figure illustrates the basic technique of
CDMA signal generation and recovery.
The actual coding process used in IS-95 CDMA includes
a few additional layers, as we’ll see in following slides.
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7-9
Spreading: What we do, we can undo
Input Recovered
Data Data
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence
Shipping Receiving
FedEx
FedEx
Data Mailer Mailer Data
Input Recovered
Data Data
X X
Unique Properties:
29 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
30 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
31 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
32 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
Mutual Orthogonality
33 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
34 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
35 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
36 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
37 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
38 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
39 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
40 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
41 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
42 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
EXAMPLE: 43
44
45
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
46 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
47 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
QPSK-
chip modulated
Q The short PN code consists of two Σ RF
input
PN Sequences, I and Q, each Output
32,768 chips long
• Generated in similar but Q-sequence * sin ωt
differently-tapped 15-bit shift
registers * In BTS, I and Q are used in-phase.
In handset, Q is delayed 1/2 chip to
• They’re always used together, avoid zero-amplitude crossings which
modulating the two phase axes would require a linear power amplifier
of a QPSK modulator
SUM
= (STATIC)
LONG CODE:
Data WALSH CODE: Individual User
Scrambling SHORT PN OFFSET: Sector
REVERSE CHANNELS
WALSH CODES:
used as symbols
LONG CODE OFFSET: for robustness
individual handset SHORT PN:
BTS used at 0 offset
for tracking
Q The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the
forward and reverse links
Q A forward channel exists by having a specific Walsh Code
assigned to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector
Q A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset
of the Long PN sequence
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 17
Section B
IS-95
IS-95 CDMA
CDMA Forward
Forward and
and
Reverse
Reverse Channels
Channels
Walsh #1
Paging FEC
A Forward Channel
Walsh #12 is identified by:
Vocoder FEC
Walsh #23
Σ Y its CDMA RF
carrier Frequency
Vocoder FEC a Channel Element Y the unique Short
Walsh #27 Code PN Offset of
Vocoder FEC the sector
Y the unique Walsh
Walsh #44
Vocoder FEC Code of the user
Packets
CDSU DISCO 1 CDSU
LPP ENET LPP CDSU Σα Txcvr
A
RFFE
A
CDSU DISCO 2
Chips
Σβ Txcvr RFFE
DS0 in T1
CDSU B B
DTCs CDSU Σχ Txcvr
C
RFFE
C
SBS
IOC Vocoders
Vocoder Channel RF
Selectors Element
PSTN
I PN
CHANNEL ELEMENT
Power
Control Walsh
9600 bps function
Bit
4800 bps R = 1/2 19.2
2400 bps ksps Scrambling M 1.2288
1200 bps Convolutional Block Mcps
U
or Encoding and Interleaving
14400 bps Repetition Symbol X
7200 bps 28.8 Puncturing 19.2
3600 bps ksps (13 kb only) ksps
1800 bps
19.2
(From Vocoder)
1.2288 ksps
Q PN
User Address Long PN Code Mcps
Mask Decimator Decimator 800 Hz
Generation
(ESN-based)
I PN
9600 bps (no offset)
4800 bps R = 1/3
1.2288
2400 bps 28.8 28.8 307.2 Mcps
1200 bps Convolutional ksps ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst 1/2 PN
Block
or Encoder & Randomizer Chip
Interleaver Modulation
14400 bps Repetition Delay
7200 bps D
3600 bps R = 1/2
1800 bps 1.2288 Q PN
User Address Long Mcps (no offset)
Mask PN Code
Generator Direct
Sequence
Spreading
IS-95
IS-95 Operational
Operational Details
Details
Vocoding,
Vocoding, Multiplexing,
Multiplexing, Power
Power Control
Control
Q <<Transmitter
• can’t exceed handset’s
maximum (typ. +23 dBm) Typical TXPO:
+23 dBm in a coverage hole
TXPO = -(RXdbm) -C + TXGA 0 dBm near middle of cell
C = +73 for 8K vocoder systems -50 dBm up close to BTS
= +76 for 13K vocoder systems
Typical Transmit Gain Adjust
Q TXGA Transmit Gain Adjust 0 dB
A
A Quick
Quick Introduction
Introduction to
to
CDMA
CDMA Messages
Messages and
and Call
Call Processing
Processing
Access Channel
Paging Channel BTS
Registration Msg
Access Parameters Msg General Page Msg
Order Msg
System Parameters Msg Order Msg • Mobile Station Acknowldgment
•Base Station Acknowledgment
•Lock until Power-Cycled • Long Code Transition Request
• Maintenance required • SSD Update Confirmation
CDMA Channel List Msg many others….. many others…..
Authentication Challenge
Global Service Authentication Response Msg
Redirection Msg Challenge Msg
TMSI Assignment
SSD Update Msg TMSI Assignment Msg Completion Message
TMSI Assignment Msg Service Connect Msg Service Connect TMSI Assignment
Completion Message Completion Message
Send Burst DTMF Msg Service Option Service Option Control Send Burst DTMF Msg
Control Msg Message
Set Parameters Msg Status Request Msg Status Response Msg Parameters Response
Message
Retrieve Parameters Msg Data Burst Msg Data Burst Message Order Message
• Mobile Sta. Acknowledgment
Analog Handoff Extended Handoff Pilot Strength •Long Code Transition
Direction Msg Direction Msg Measurement Msg Request
• SSD Update Confirmation
SSD Update Msg Neighbor List Handoff Completion Msg • Connect
Update Msg
CDMA
CDMA Handset
Handset Architecture
Architecture
CDMA
CDMA Handoffs
Handoffs
Digital
Rake Receiver Symbols
Chips Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx Symbols
Receiver
RF Section
IF, Detector
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx Σ Viterbi
Decoder
Pilot Searcher
Duplexer
PN xxx Walsh 0 CPU Vocoder
RF Audio
Transmit Gain Adjust
Messages
Transmitter
Transmitter Digital Section
RF Section
Long Code Gen.
Req’d. By Std.
Min. Members
• Candidates: pilots mobile requested, but
not yet set up & transmitting by system Candidate 5
• Neighbors: pilots told to mobile by system,
as nearby sectors to check Neighbor 20
• Remaining: any pilots used by system but
not already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC) Remaining
Q Handset sends Pilot Strength Measurement
Message to the system whenever: HANDOFF
• It notices a pilot in neighbor or remaining set PARAMETERS
exceeds T_ADD
T_ADD T_DROP
• An active set pilot drops below T_DROP for
T_TDROP time T_TDROP T_COMP
• A candidate pilot exceeds an active by
T_COMP Exercise: How does a pilot
Q The System may set up all requested handoffs, in one set migrate into
or it may apply special manufacturer-specific another set, for all cases?
screening criteria and only authorize some Identify the trigger, and the
messages involved.
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 40
Softer Handoff
Handset Rake Receiver
Switch BSC PN Walsh
Voice,
RF PN Walsh Σ Data,
Sel. BTS Messages
PN Walsh
Searcher
PN W=0 Pilot Ec/Io
Q Ec/Io
• “cleanness” of the pilot -25 -15 -10 0
– foretells the readability of the
associated traffic channels
• guides soft handoff decisions
Ec/Io dB
• digitally derived: ratio of good to
bad energy seen by the search
correlator at the desired PN offset
• Never appears higher than Pilot’s
percentage of serving cell’s
transmitted energy
• Can be degraded by strong RF
from other cells, sectors
Ec Energy of
desired pilot alone
CDMA
CDMA Call
Call Processing
Processing
Let’s
Let’s Acquire
Acquire the
the System!
System!
FREQUENCY LISTS:
Mobile scans forward link frequencies:
HISTORY PREFERRED
(Cellular or PCS, depending on model) LIST ROAMING
History List LIST
Last-used:
Preferred Roaming List Freq Freq/SID 1
Freq
until a CDMA signal is found. Freq
Freq/SID 2
Freq/SID 3
NO CDMA?! Go to AMPS, Freq Freq/SID 4
Freq Freq/SID 5
or to a power-saving standby mode etc. etc.
Chips 0 32K
PN 0 512
SYNC CHANNEL MESSAGE
2. Put Rake finger(s) on strongest 98/05/24 23:14:09.817 [SCH]
Sync Channel Message
available PN, decode Walsh 32, MSG_LENGTH = 208 bits
and read Sync Channel Message MSG_TYPE = Sync Channel Message
P_REV = 3
MIN_P_REV = 2
Active Pilot SID = 179
NID = 0
PILOT_PN = 168
Handset Rake Receiver n Rake Fingers Offset Index
LC_STATE = 0x0348D60E013
F1 PN168 W32 o SYS_TIME = 98/05/24 23:14:10.160
RF F2 PN168 W32 p LP_SEC = 12
≈ x ≈ F3 PN168 W32 LTM_OFF = -300 minutes
LO
DAYLT = 0
Srch PN??? W0 PRAT = 9600 bps
Reference PN RESERVED = 1
-20
Chips 0 32K
PN 0 Read the 512
Configuration Messages
Access Parameters Msg
Keep Rake finger(s) on strongest
available PN, decode Walsh 1, System Parameters Msg
and monitor the Paging Channel
CDMA Channel List Msg
Active Pilot Extended System
Parameters Msg (*opt.)
Let’s
Let’s do
do an
an
Idle
Idle Mode
Mode Handoff!
Handoff!
-20
Let’s
Let’s Register!
Register!
Let’s
Let’s Receive
Receive
an
an incoming
incoming Call!
Call!
gives it the calling party’s number to display. The mobile says it’s ringing.
Let’s
Let’s make
make an
an Outgoing
Outgoing Call!
Call!
Q The mobile user dials the desired digits, and presses SEND.
Q Mobile transmits an Origination Message on the access channel.
Q The system acknowledges receiving the origination by sending a
base station acknowledgement on the paging channel.
Q The system arranges the resources for the call and starts
transmitting on the traffic channel.
Q The system notifies the mobile in a Channel Assignment Message
on the paging channel.
Q The mobile arrives on the traffic channel.
Q The mobile and the base station notice each other’s traffic channel
signals and confirm their presence by exchanging
acknowledgment messages.
Q The base station and the mobile negotiate what type of call this will
be -- I.e., 13k voice, etc.
Q The audio circuit is completed and the mobile caller hears ringing.
Let’s
Let’s End
End aa Call!
Call!
Q A normal call continues until one of the parties hangs up. That
action sends a Release Order, “normal release”.
Q The other side of the call sends a Release Order, “no reason given”.
• If a normal release is visible, the call ended normally.
Q At the conclusion of the call, the mobile reacquires the system.
• Searches for the best pilot on the present CDMA frequency
• Reads the Sync Channel Message
• Monitors the Paging Channel steadily
Q Several different conditions can cause a call to end abnormally:
• the forward link is lost at the mobile, and a fade timer acts
• the reverse link is lost at the base station, and a fade timer acts
• a number of forward link messages aren’t acknowledged, and the
base station acts to tear down the link
• a number of reverse link messages aren’t acknowledged, and the
mobile station acts to tear down the link
Let’s
Let’s receive
receive Notification
Notification
of
of aa Voice
Voice Message!
Message!
Let’s
Let’s do
do aa Handoff!
Handoff!
-20
Chips 0 10752 14080 32002 32K
PN 0 168 220 500 512
Mobile Rake RX Active Pilot
F1 PN168 W61 Rake Fingers n The call is already in progress.
F2 PN168 W61 o PN 168 is the only active signal,
F3 PN168 W61 p and also is our timing reference.
Srch PN??? W0
Continue checking the neighbors.
Reference PN
!
Neighbor Set
T_ADD
!
If we ever notice a neighbor with Ec/Io above T_ADD,
ask to use it! Send a Pilot Strength Measurement Message!
-20
Chips 0 10752 14080 32002 32K
PN 0 168 220 500 512
Mobile Rake RX Active Set
F1 PN168 W61 n Rake Fingers
p o
F2 PN500 W50
T_DROP
F3 PN220 W20
Srch PN??? W0
Reference PN
Neighbor Set
T_ADD
Continue checking each ACTIVE pilot. If any are less than T_DROP and remain
so for T_TDROP time, send Pilot Strength Measurement Message, DROP IT!!
Continue looking at each NEIGHBOR pilot. If any ever rises above T_ADD, send
Pilot Strength Measurement Message, ADD IT!
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 80
The Complete Picture of Handoff & Pilot Sets
All PN Offsets
0
Ec/Io
-20
T_DROP
Candidate Set SRCH_WIN_N F3 PN220 W20
Pilots requested Srch PN??? W0
by mobile but not
set up by system Neighbor Set
Pilots suggested
T_ADD by system for
more checking
Deeper
Deeper Handoff
Handoff Details:
Details:
Search
Search Windows
Windows && Timing
Timing
Q Soft & Softer Handoffs are preferred, but not always possible
• a handset can receive BTS/sectors simultaneously only on one
frequency
• all involved BTS/sectors must connect to a networked BSCs.
Some manufacturers do not presently support this, and so are
unable to do soft-handoff at boundaries between BSCs.
• frame timing must be same on all BTS/sectors
Q If any of the above are not possible, handoff still can occur but can
only be “hard” break-make protocol like AMPS/TDMA/GSM
• intersystem handoff: hard
• change-of-frequency handoff: hard
• CDMA-to-AMPS handoff: hard, no handback
– auxiliary trigger mechanisms available (RTD)
CDMA
CDMA Network
Network Architecture
Architecture
SUPPORT
FUNCTIONS
BASE STATIONS
Voice Mail System SWITCH BASE STATION
CONTROLLER
Packets
CDSU DISCO 1 CDSU
LPP ENET LPP CDSU Σα Txcvr
A
RFFE
A
CDSU DISCO 2
Chips
Σβ Txcvr RFFE
DS0 in T1
CDSU B B
DTCs CDSU Σχ Txcvr
C
RFFE
C
SBS
IOC Vocoders
Vocoder Channel RF
Selectors Element
PSTN
www.nortel.com
MTX
SLM CM
BSC
GPS
GPSR
BSM CDSU
TFU1 CDSU
MTX BTSs
LPP CDSU DISCO 1 CDSU
CDSU Q Primary functions
CDSU DISCO 2
CDSU • vocoding
CDSU • soft handoff management
MTX SBS • FER-based power control
(voice Vocoders
trunks) Selectors • routing of all traffic and control
packets
Q Scaleable architecture
• expand SBS to keep pace with
T1 channelized (24 DS0)
traffic growth
T1 unchannelized
• expandable DISCO
BCN link (HDLC)
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 94
The Nortel BTS
• Fault management
SHELF
---------
HIGH
AVAILABILITY
BSM Workstation
– Alarm Reporting
BCN Links
• Performance management
GPS BSC BTS GPS – interface for CDMA statistics
and peg counts collection
GPSR
GPSR
CDSU CDSU DISCO TFU
• Security management
TFU1 CDSU
Ch. Card ACC
CDSU DISCO 1 CDSU
Σα Txcvr RFFE
CDSU DISCO 2 CDSU
CDSU Σβ
A
Txcvr
B
A
RFFE
B
• Unix-based
CDSU Σχ Txcvr
C
RFFE
C
SBS
Vocoders
Selectors
www.lucent.com
PSTN &
Other MTXs
ECP 5ESS-2000 DCS BTS
Circuit Switch
Executive
Cellular Platform
Processor
Complex
(ECPC) Channel ACU
CDMA Speech Unit
Handling Equipment Cluster Σ Baseband
α Combiner & Radio
Σβ Baseband
Combiner & Radio
Platform
PSTN &
Other MTXs
Q Primary functions
5ESS-2000 DCS • vocoding
• soft handoff management
Circuit Switch
Platform
• FER-based power control
• routing of all traffic and control
packets
CDMA Speech Q Scaleable architecture
Handling Equipment
• expand speech handlers
• expandable packet switch
Packet Switch
Platform
BTS
Channel ACU
Unit
Cluster Σ Baseband
α Combiner & Radio
Σβ Baseband
Combiner & Radio
Σχ Baseband
Combiner & Radio
www.motorola.com
Group Line
DSC Mobility Manager
EMX-2500 Interface (GLI)
PSTN or
EMX-5000
Multichannel
Transcoder
CDMA Card (MCC)
PC
Local
Maintenance
Facility
DSC
EMX-2500
PSTN or
EMX-5000
Group Line
Interface (GLI)
Multichannel
CDMA Card (MCC)
PC
Local
Maintenance
Facility
SC614T SC4852
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 107
Section I
Introduction
Introduction to
to Optimization
Optimization
TaLosses
Management trib
utio ur
an
ervice Test Shopper
s S tion
In c
s
n e
Sel
xe
Profits Capital
Lea
sts
Complex!!! s es Simpler
Co
i sing Purchasing S Con
ven
vert r Relatio ns
up
pli Price ienc
Ad Labo ers e
CDMA
Investigations
BTS
To study the cause of an aeronautical accident, we try to recover the Flight Data
Recorder and the Cockpit Voice Recorder.
To study the cause of a CDMA call processing accident, we review data from the
Temporal Analyzer and the Layer 3 Message Files -- for the same reasons.
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 112
Starting Optimization on a New System
Q RF Coverage Control
• try to contain each sector’s coverage, avoiding gross spillover
into other sectors
• tools: PN Plots, Handoff State Plots, Mobile TX plots
Q Search Window Settings
• find best settings for SRCH_WIN_A, _N, _R
• especially optimize SRCH_WIN_A per sector using collected
finger separation data; has major impact on pilot search speed
Q Neighbor List Tuning
• try to groom each sector’s neighbors to only those necessary
but be alert to special needs due to topography and traffic
• tools: diagnostic data, system logs
Q Access Failures, Dropped Call Analysis
• finally, iterative corrections until within numerical goals
Getting these items into shape provides a solid baseline and foundation from
which future performance issues can be addressed.
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 113
Solving Problems on Existing Systems
DTCs
CDSU Σβ
Txcvr B RFFE B
Handset
SBS CDSU Σχ Txcvr C RFFE C
Vocoders Messages PC-based
IOC
Selectors
Mobile Data
Capture Tools
IS-95/J-STD-008 Messages
Unix-based,
Various PC-based PC-based
External Data Analysis Mobile Data
Analysis Post-Processing Post-Processing
Tools Tools Tools
Q LCC:
• RSAT2000 mobile collection
LCC
• Collect2000 PC collection software
• DeskCAT post-processing Software
Q SAFCO (no photo available)
• Mobile PC collection tool
• Portable pen-based PC tool
• OPAS post-analysis software
Q COMARCO: Comarco
• NES-series units / PC collection
• File formats for post-processing
• latest models include L3 messaging
Menu D D
MAIN MENU È DEBUG 0È
1:Volume 1:Screen
2:Call Info 2:Test Calls
3:Security 3:CDMA Only
4 * D
D DEBUG 0È
FEATURES 4È 4:Errors
1:AutoAnswer 5:Clr Errors
2:AutoRetry 6:13K Voice
3:Scratchpad 1
0
D
D 318 2 9D
X A 7F
ENTER FIELD
SERVICE CODE
******
See following
0 0 0 0 0 0 * legend for
maintenance
(* or correct code, if different) display values
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 123
Entering QCP-820/QCP-2700 Maintenance Display
Q Enter 111111
Q Hold the jog dial in
Q Navigate to the Debug Screen
Q Enter the access code (normally 000000)
Q you will see the same display screens and options as in the earlier
QCP phones
Q press menu 7, 0
Menu
Q enter in DEBUGM (332846)
Q screens are similar to QCP phones
7
D
0
318 2 94
X A 7F
3 3 2 8 4 6
SVC SVC
Menu Main Menu ↑È Debug Menu ↑È
1:Call Logs 1:Screen
2:Phone Book 2:Test Calls
8 * SVC
SVC Debug Menu ↑È
Setup ↑È 3:Errors
1:Auto Retry 4:Erase Error
2:Anykey Ans
1
0
SVC
SVC
S04379 SI0 1
Service Code T-63 D105-06
?????? P016 CH0600
See following
0 0 0 0 0 0 * legend for
maintenance
(* or correct code, if different) display values
February, 2000 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter 7 - 128
Interpreting Samsung Maintenance Display:
Acquisition, Idle, and Access States
0 - Pilot Channel Acquisition Substate
1 - Sync Channel Acquisition Substate
Display toggles between: 2 - MS Idle State
Slot Cycle Index 3 - System Access State
System Identifier (SID) 4 - Traffic Channel State
Network Identifier (NID) 5,6,7 - various call service options
Processing State
Receive
svc Power,
Transmit
S04379 SI0 1 dbm
Frequency
PN Offset (channel #)
Screen 13: Neighbor Set (#6-10) Screen 15: Neighbor Set (#16-20)
PPN NBR 6 PN Offset PPN NBR 16 PN Offset
EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units
PPN NBR 7 PN Offset PPN NBR 17 PN Offset
EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units
PPN NBR 8 PN Offset PPN NBR 18 PN Offset
EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units
PPN NBR 9 PN Offset PPN NBR 19 PN Offset
EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units
PPN NBR 10 PN Offset PPN NBR 20 PN Offset
EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units EC Ec/Io in 1/2 db units
“The Mobile Communications Handbook” edited by Jerry D. Gibson. 577 pp., 35 chapters. CRC Press/ IEEE Press
1996, ISBN 0-8493-0573-3. $89 If you can buy only two books, buy this second. Solid foundation of modulation
schemes, digital processing theory, noise, vocoding, forward error correction, excellent full-detailed expositions
of every single wireless technology known today, RF propagation, cell design, traffic engineering. Each chapter
is written by an expert, and well-edited for readability. Clear-language explanations for both engineers and
technicians but also includes detailed mathematics for the research-inclined. Highly recommended.
“CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook” by Jhong Sam Lee and Leonard E. Miller, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 0-
89006-990-5. Excellent treatment of CDMA basics and deeper theory, cell and system design principles,
system performance optimization and capacity issues. Highly recommended.
“Applications of CDMA in Wireless/Personal Communications” by Garg, Smolik & Wilkes. 360 pp., Prentice Hall,
1997, ISBN 0-13-572157-1 $65. Good CDMA treatment. Excellent treatment of IS-95/JStd. 008 as well as W-
CDMA. More than just theoretical text, includes chapters on IS-41 networking, radio engineering, and practical
details of CDMA signaling, voice applications, and data applications.
“CDMA RF System Engineering” by Samuel C. Yang, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-991-3. Good general
treatment of CDMA capacity considerations from mathematical viewpoint.
"CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication" by Andrew J. Viterbi. 245 p. Addison-Wesley 1995. ISBN
0-201-63374-4, $65. Definitive very deep CDMA Theory. You can design CDMA chipsets after reading it, but
beware lots of triple integrals; not very relevant to operations. Prestige collector’s item among CDMA faithful.
"Mobile Communications Engineering" 2nd. Edition by William C. Y. Lee. 689 pp. McGraw Hill 1998 $65.
ISBN 0-07-037103-2 Lee’s latest/greatest reference work on all of wireless; very complete and well done.
"Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook" by Simon, Omura, Scholtz, and Levitt. 1227 pp., 15 illus., McGraw-
Hill # 057629-7, $99.50 Definitive technical reference on principles of Spread Spectrum including direct
sequence as used in commercial IS-95/JStd008 CDMA. Heavy theory.
"Voice and Data Communications Handbook" by Bates and Gregory 699 pp, 360 illus., McGraw-Hill # 05147-X, $65
Good authoritative reference on Wireless, Microwave, ATM, Sonet, ISDN, Video, Fax, LAN/WAN
"Communication Electronics" by Louis E. Frenzel, 2nd. Ed., list price $54.95. Glencoe/MacMillan McGraw Hill,
April, 1994, 428 pages hardcover, ISBN 0028018427. All the basic principles of transmission and their
underlying math. If you didn’t take signals & systems in school, this is your coach in the closet.
“Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications” by Bernard Sklar. 771 pp., Prentice Hall, 1988. $74
ISBN# 0-13-211939-0 Excellent in depth treatment of modulation schemes, digital processing theory, noise.
"Wireless Personal Communications Services" by Rajan Kuruppillai. 424 pp., 75 illus., McGraw-Hill # 036077-4, $55
Introduction to major PCS technical standards, system/RF design principles and process, good technical
reference
"PCS Network Deployment" by John Tsakalakis. 350 pp, 70 illus., McGraw-Hill #0065342-9, $65 Tops-down view
of the startup process in a PCS network. Includes good traffic section.
"The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs (1997)" published by the American Radio Relay League (phone 800-594-
0200). 1100+ page softcopy ($44); useful exposure to nuts-and-bolts practical ideas for the RF-unfamiliar.
Solid treatment of the practical side of theoretical principles such as Ohm’s law, receiver and transmitter
architecture and performance, basic antennas and transmission lines, and modern circuit devices. Covers
applicable technologies from HF to high microwaves. If you haven’t had much hands-on experience with real
RF hardware, or haven’t had a chance to see how the theory you learned in school fits with modern-day
communications equipment, this is valuable exposure to real-world issues. Even includes some spread-
spectrum information in case you’re inclined to play and experiment at home. At the very least, this book will
make dealing with hardware more comfortable. At best, it may motivate you to dig deeper into theory as you
explore why things behave as they do.