Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction

Department of Rural Engineering

Exercises 1

Compute: single curve of different radius where one tangent is offset a specified distance from
and parallel to the original tangent.

Given:

Simple curve: Original PI = 100 + 00.00,   20  00'Rt. , T = 511.35 m, L= 1000 m, R =2900 m

Construction CL F
R=3800 PC Construction STA. 94+12.38 PC2 CL Original
PC1
? =20° PC Original STA. 94+88.65
R=2 ? =20° F
900
PT
PT Orig PI1
Con inal
POT struc STA PI2
tion . 10 X
Orig 4+8
inal STA 8.65 Y
STA . 10
. 10 7+38
7+3 .8
5.05 3 Bk
Fwd

Solution
 Determine the Original PC and Original PT
Original PC = Original PI – T
= (Sta 100 + 00.00 m) - 511.35 m
= (Sta 100 + 00.00 m) – (Sta 5 + 11.35 m)
= Sta 94 + 88.65 m
Original PT = Original PI + L
= (Sta 94 + 88.65 m) + 1000 m
= (Sta 94 + 88.65 m) + (Sta 10 + 00.00 m)
= Sta 104 + 88.65 m
 Determine the Construction PI, Construction PC, Construction PT, and Original
POT
We need to determine Construction PI, T' , L'
From the figure above:
F 31
X    85.1718 m
tan  tan 20

Y  F 2  X 2  90.64 m

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

Construction PI = Original PI + X
= (Sta 100 + 00.00 m) + 85.17 m
= Sta 100 + 85.17 m
  20 
T'  R' tan    3800 m  tan    670.04 m
2  2 
 20
L'  2 R'   2  3800 m  1326 .45 m
360 360

So, we can determine the Construction PC and Construction PT

Construction PC = Construction PI - T'

= (Sta 100 + 85.17 m) – 670.04 m

= (Sta 100 + 85.17 m) – (Sta 6 + 70.04 m)

= Sta 94 + 15.13 m

Construction PT = Construction PC + L'

= (Sta 94 + 15.13 m) + 1326.45 m

= (Sta 94 + 15.13 m) + (Sta 13 + 26.45 m)

= (Sta 107 + 41.58 m)

A = T’ + Y – T

= 670.04 m + 90.64 m – 511.35 m

= 249.33 m

Original POT = Original PT + A

= (Sta 104 + 88.65 m) + 249.33 m

= Sta 107 + 37.98 m

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

Exercise 2

Determine the length and bearing of tangent MN, 1 ,  2 , a, b

Given:

R1  100 m, R2  150 m
P1  5 m, P2  10 m
L1  300 m, L2  500 m
O1  (50, 1000 , 0), O2  (0, 0, 0)

Solution

 R1 & R2  Radii of the curves which coordinates of Radials AO1 & BO2

 P1 & P2  Offset (“p” distance) to permit intersection of selected spirals, without spirals,
P1 & P2  0

Determine length and bearing of O1O2 from known coordinates; then, in triangle O1O2 C :

  cos1
R1  P1   R2  P2   cos1 100  5  150  10   7439'9.69"
O1O2 0  50 2  0  1000 2  0  02

CO2  MN  R1  P1   R2  P2 tan   100  5  150  10tan7439'9.69"  965.54 m

Determine angles a and b from bearing of O1 A, O2 B and O2 O1 :

1 180 L1 180  300

L1   (2R1 )  1    17153'14.41"
360 R1   100
1 180 L2 180  500
L2   (2R2 )  1    19059'9.35"
360 R2   150

a  1    17153'14.41"7439'9.69" 24632'24.1"
b   2    19059'9.35"7439'9.69"  26538'19.04"

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

Exercise 3

Determine the length and bearing of tangent MN, 1 ,  2

Given:

R1  150 m, R2  200 m
P1  5 m, P2  10 m
L1  300 m, L2  500 m
O1  (50, 1000, 0), O2  (0, 0, 0)

Solution

 R1 & R2  Radii of the curves which coordinates of Radials AO1 & BO2

 Determine length and bearing of O1O2 from known coordinates; then, in triangle O1O2 C :

  sin 1
R2  P2   R1  P1   sin 1 (200  10)  (150  5)
 034'20.1"
O1O2 0  502
 0  1000   0  0
2 2

` O1C , MN 
R2  P2   R1  P1   1001 .203 m
tan 

 Determine angles a and b from bearings of O1 A, O2 B, and O2 O1

1 180 L1 180  300

1  L1   (2R1 )  1    11435'29.61"
360 R1   150
 180 L2 180  500
 2  L1  2  (2R1 )  1    14314'22.01"
360 R2   200

a  90    1  9000'00"034'20.1"11435'29.61"  2059'49.71"

b  90     2  9000'00"034'20.1"14314'22.01  23240'1.91"

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

Exercise 2.16

Determine the properties of the alignment curve below:

Given:

  6433'10"
JH  1211 .77m
  3718'22"
T  2637 .44 m
R2  7813 .06 m
R1  2864 .79 m
Solution

Triangle No. 1 GHI

Find G & GI

1.   180    180  6433'10"  11526'50"

2. G  180  (  )  18000'00" (11526'50"3718'22" )  2714'48"
3. HI  T  JH  2637 .44 m  1211 .77 m  1425 .67 m
HI sin  1425 .67  sin(11526'50" )
4. GI    2811 .907 m
sin G sin( 2714'48" )

Triangle No.2, DGF

Find D and DF

5. GF  GI  T  2811 .907  2637 .44  5449 .347 m

6. DF  GF tan G  5449 .347  tan( 2714'48" )  2806 .197 m
7. D  180  (90  G)  90  2714'48"  6245'12"

Triangle No.3, ABC & CDE

Find:  (Angles at B & E are thus determined)

BC + CE = R1  R2 (1)

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

In triangle ABC:

R1 DE sin W
BC  and CE 
sin  sin 
R DE sin W R1  DE sin W
 BC  CE  1  
sin  sin  sin 
R  DE sin W
From (1)  sin   1
R1  R2

In triangle CDE:

8. DE  R2  DF  7813.06  2806.197  5006.863 m

9. W  180  D  180  6245'12"  11714'48"
R1  DE sin W 2864 .79  5006 .863  sin(11714'48" )
10. sin     0.6851
R1  R2 2864 .79  7813 .06
   4314'55.47"
11. B  90  4314'55.47"  4645'4.53"
12. E  180  (  W )  180  (4314'55.47"11714'48" )  1930'16.53"

Determine the total length of curve

B E
Total L  2R1  2R2
360 360
2
 BR1  ER2 
360
2
 (4645'55.47"2864 .79  1930'16.53"7813 .06)
360
2
 (46.929   2864 .79  19.504   7813 .06)
360
 5006 .086 m

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

Proving formula

Prove that:

1
sin 
s  b s  c 
2 bc
where : a  R1  R
b  R2  R
c  2R

c  a  b  c 
1
2

Solution

From the figure above:

In ΔABC :

b2  c2  a2
cos  1 
2bc
2bc  b 2  2bc  c 2  a 2

2bc
2bc (b  c) 2  a 2
 
2bc 2bc
(b  c  a)(b  c  a )
 1
2bc
(a  c  b)( a  b  c)
 1
2bc
[( a  b  c)  2b][( a  b  c)  2c]
 1
2bc
(2s  2b)( 2 s  2c)
 1
2bc
2( s  b)( s  c)
 1 (1)
bc

And, according to basic trigonometric formula:

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

 A A
cos A  cos  
2 2
 A  A  A  A
 cos  cos   sin   sin  
2 2 2 2

 A  A
 cos2    sin 2  
2 2
 A  A  A  A
but cos2    sin 2    1  cos2    1  sin 2  
2 2 2 2
 A
 cos(A)  1  2 sin 2  
2
 
So, cos( 1 )  1  2 sin 2  1 
 2 

  2( s  b)( s  c)
Thus, (2)  (1) : 1  2 sin 2  1   1 
 2  bc
   ( s  b)( s  c)
 sin 2  1  
 2  bc
  ( s  b)( s  c)
 sin  1  
 2  bc

  ( s  b)( s  c)
Hence, sin  1  
 2  bc

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

Ex2.17

Determine the properties of reverse curves to parallel tangents below:

EQUAL RADII:

Given:

R1  R2  2000 .00 m
P  12 m

Required: Find 1 and  2

Solution

1. R1  R2  2000.00 m

2. 1   2
3. BG  P  12 m
1 1
R1  P 2000 .00   12
4. cos 1  2  2  0.997  1   2  426'21.20"
R1 2000 .00

5. AG  4 PR1  P 2  4  12  2000 .00  12 2  309 .6062015 m

AG 309 .6062015
6. sin 1    0.0774  1   2  426'21.20"
R1  R2 4000 .00
AG 309 .6062015
7. sin 1    0.0776  1   2  426'21.20"
R1  R2  P 4000 .00  12

Thus: 1   2  426'21.20"

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

UNEQUAL RADII:

Given:

R1  2000 .00 m
P  12 m
AG  300 m

Solution

1. 1   2

2. AB  AG 2  P 2  300 2  12 2  300.24 m

AB 2 (300.24) 2
3. R2   R1   2000 .00  1756
2P 2  12
AG 300
4. sin 1    0.079872204  1   2  434'52.39"
R1  R2 2000  1756

R1  R2  P 2000  1756  12
5. cos 1    0.996805118  1   2  434'52.39"
R1  R2 2000  1756

AG 300
6. tan 1    0.0801282051 3  1   2  434'52.39"
R1  R2  P 1756  2000  12

Thus: 1   2  434'52.39"

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

Ex 2.18

Determine the properties of reverse curves not to parallel tangent below:

Given:

  213'16"
AD  54.00 m
R1  17200 .00 m
R2  21500 .00 m

Required: 1 and  2

Solution

AD 54.00
1. AC    1393 .33 m
sin  sin( 213'16" )

2. BG  DF  R2 cos  AD  21500  cos(213'16" )  54  21429 .85 m

R1  BG 17200  21429 .85
3. cos 1    0.9981873385  1  327'1.21"
R1  R2 17200  21500

4.  2  1    327'1.21"213'16"  113'45.21"

Thus: 1  327'1.21" and  2  113'45.21"

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia Rural Road Construction
Department of Rural Engineering

EX 2.19

Determine the properties of reverse curves between parallel curves below:

R2  10700 .00 m, R1  10800 .00 m, R  2000 .00 m

a  10800 .00  2000 .00  8800 .00 m
b  10700 .00  2000 .00  12700 .00 m
c  2  2000 .00  4000 .00 m

s  a  b  c   12750 .00 m
1
2

Required: 1 and  2

Solution

 
1. Sin 1  
s  bs  c   12750  12700 12750  4000   0.0928019650 9
 2  bc 12700  4000

 1  1038'58.72"

2 R sin 1 2  4000  sin(1038'58.72" )

2. sin     0.2174152408    1233'26.14"
R1  R 10800  4000

3.  2  1    1038'58.72"1233'26.14"  2312'24.86"

Thus: 1  1038'58.72" and  2  2312'24.86"

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