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TECHNICAL NOTE
NO ● 1106 ...—
,
By Newell D. Sanders
-.
Mroraft Engine Research Laboratory i ‘“””
C!leveknd, Ohio
I
,’
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-.
. .
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. ,K-:, :-T* r.<.,_, .s
.....- . ..*. -.”:_
Washington —
s b41Gi-lTDC)CUMEiNT FILE Ju~ 1946
1. . ..— — -
L4ArluLJJ& -A...-—— -—
~RATORy . . _:-. —
.. —. -—-
t
,.
Newell D. Sanders
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION —.
●
☛
NACA TN ~0 . 1106
SYM60LS .-
Except where special units are given, any set of consistent units ._—
may be used.
a speed of sound
D diameter
Fn thrust
k constant of proportionality
2
NAOA TN NO. 1106
P power
R gas constant
v linear velocity .—
-v specific volume
●
.!3 ratio of temperature to standard NACA sea-level temperature
P density
T temperature ratio
3
l?ACATN NO. 1106
.
the two systems are geometrically similar. H the streamlines are .——
b
similar, the physical boundaries of the flow are geometrically simi-
le.rfor the two systems, As a result of the similarity ci?flow, the
ratio of velocities and pressure gradients at any two points in one
system equals the ratio of the respective quantities at corresponding. ._
points in the other system.
In the more general case where friction loss snd heat exchange
accompany the flow of compressible fluids, the requirement that
corresponding streamlines be similar is not a sufficient restriction
to insure that the vel~ities, pressure gradients,.and other ccndt-
tions of the fluid be proportional in two systems. As an exemple,
in the case where heat is added to a fluid flowing in parallel
streamlines, a momentum pressure drop will accompany the heat additi~
although no pressure drop would accompany the adiabatic flow of the
fluid in parallel streamlines. It therefore appears that th8 concept ___
a~ similarity of flow requires further refinement. -.
4
NACA TN No. 1106
.
similar; the ratio of the velocities at any two points in one system
b
equals the ratio of velocities at corresponding points in the other;
and the ratios of homologous masses (densities), forces, and temper-
atures are equal>
One of the most widely used ratios of forces that has been used
LVP
in similarity studies is Reynolds number — 3 which is dimensionl-
ess and is proportional to the ratio of ine%ia to viscous forces
within the fluid. From dimensional analysis it has been deduced that,
for geometrically similar systems In which there is incompressible
isothermal fluid flow, the flow patterns will bo similar if the
Reynolds numbers for all systems exe equal.
~(-)
Compressibility =-T
av
~
Therefore
Ccmprossibility = $
5
.
MC.!.‘YH~?O. 1106
.
6
NACA TN No. 1106
.
-—
—. —
V. LV&o T2
..
. --
1
1..
—- - 11<’————
F —--d - -—”Y
4“
\.~’>.,
—
-- _
““~-k~:z~:~::dy<
--- ----
.—. \-.& \ ~-:j+
.
.
\ \
Station O
Burnor–
‘Station 1 station 2~
.-
.—
7
NACA TN No. 1106 .-
.
such that
,
Air flow. - Air flow is related to the I%ch number at sane sta-
tion within the engine, such as the inlet, as follows:
.
vl Wa .-
—= =f~ [z] (2)
al PI AI al
Pl
—= f*[z]
Po
—
%
—=
a. f5 [z] .—...—— .
8 —
NACA TN No. 1106
klaa.
= l?~[z] (3)-”
Y L2 so .- —
i4aa.
The air-flow parameter is, therefore,
y L2 >0 ... .. .—
I/f —
T2 h w= Tc ..--—— —
—= l+-Q-=l+ (4)
TO C= To —.
Cp To .— —
(5)
.
--
,.—
.
Wa a.
= f7 rz]
7 L2 P. .. . . . ....-
. -—
and VO/~ is part of Z. Therefore ..- —-—-.-—
9 .—
NAC!ATNNoo 1106
-=(-)G)C!H _.
Fn
Cpl
po ~02 Ax
P =kFnVO — -.
..
--—
-, n
Multiply both sides offthe equation by To/a. and rearrange the equa-
tion to get
P
= flz [q (7)
YL2PO~ —
aO ()
~,
,
where Wf/Fn is the thrust specific fuel conswnption.
10
NAf!A~ NO ● 1106 ---—
.
Wf
(2’- 1) h Oc 0 ~ = f14 [Z]
Turbojets
11
NACA TN NO. 1106
+
*
+(:;%)I ‘f17 E “::0,q .—
h Wf .-
Substitute this value of ~ llc into equation (5)
Y L2 PO aO
()
1
v~ VOLVOPOm
(9)
~= ‘18~Ko’~
[
The combination of parameters appearing on the right-hand side of
equation (9) will be used extensively in succeeding paragraphs.
Fn VO LVO pO ml
——= f19 (lo)
Y L2 P. .7
[ Qo ‘ %“
,
I’ V. LVOPO ~
.f20 ~ — ~. —
~ao (11)
. y L2 PO a. [ 1
1
(7 - 1) h qc I?f V. LVoPo NL
fzl q y. J ~ (12)
W ~=
[
(13)
.-
12
NAOA TN NO, 1106
,
# —.
v~
V(-J
f23
[
T2
l%, Ro) ~
Wf
w:
1
*
Usually Wf/Wa is small enough to neglect the mass effect.
13
—..
NL
—=
ao &-
Y-- .—
V Std .-
--
NACA TN :~Oo 1106
Rmmi2rrczs
16 -——-- --
ITACATN No. 1106 . ..-. — .—
17
NACA TN No. 1106 Fig”.1
.
NATIONAL ADVISORY
COf#41TTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
● 14
Altitude
(ft) /
n 20,000
.12
.10
g D
ks K
3
*
.8
.6
.4
/A
,s! /
A +
o
10 14 18 22 26 30
g
‘gine-speed ‘arameter’
ao
Figure l.- Generalization of static thrust
characteristics of a turbojet engine.
Fig. 2 NACA TN F/o. 1106 .—
.
NATIONAL AOVISORY .
COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
● 16
,14
.12 Ii
.10 ,
/
.
.8
} ●
.6
/
.4 ~ /
M. E ()
.2 d,
o
10 14 18 22 26 30 .
~
Engine.speed parameter, =0
.
F1 ure 2.- Effect of flight Mach number on generalized
fhrust characterlstlos of a turbojet engine.
,
9
4.0
I NATIONAL
COMMITTEE
ADVISORY
FOR AERONAUTICS
3.0
2.0
Mo
Flo
1.0 -x
o
4.0.
3. o’
2. 0 A
M()
o -
+.●
.80=
1.0
10 14 18
Engine.speed parameter, ~
NATIoNAL ADVISORY
COMMITTEE FoR AERONAUTICS
100 A
Altitude
(ft)
80 \
o 10,000
0 20,000
Y 30:000
60 \
\
40
.
20 80
t
1
060
40.
\-
1 \ I I 1 I
%11~ 1 I I
4%
GI
I t I I f n 1
1“1 I I IN I I I I
r)
al
no. . I I
o
8 12 16 20 24 28 3
m!
‘@ne-s*ed ~ramter’ q .
Figure 4.- Effect of altitudeon generalizationof spealfic
fuel consumptionOr a turbojet engine.
●
NACA TN No. 1106 Fig. 5 .—
NATIONAL ADVISORY
COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
Alt 1 tude
(ft)
n
o lo,oqo
o 20,000
0 30,000
o 16 ~
-
12
0
4 8 12 16 20 24 X l@
Corrected engine speed, lil~, rpm
Figure 5.- Varlatlon of eorreated thrust and aorreated
thrust speaifle fuel consumption with corrected engine
speed of a turbojet engine. Static test conditions.
EOPEaO (S3K34S}
Senders, N. D, ItMVISWNi Poaor Planto, Jot and Turbine (5)
IsECRONi Performance (16)
• CROSS [»H!B*1C£$I Engines, Jet propulsion - Performance
1(33350); Engines, Jet propulsion - Thermodynamics DIVISION
_AUTKQ3(S)
A&&1. TITlfc Performance parameters -for jet-propulsion engines
Fcocm trfiEi
CtfMGtMATWG AGENCY: Nations 1 Advisory Committed for Aeronautics, Washington, D. 0.
TOAMSATtOM.
coowroy LANGUAGE iQG'NOASSl ft &CUS& DAK I PACES
_DiSj TJnclasB. Jul'l^ J[ £2
ADS?Qfl<Sff
E3 FEATIKES
tableo, graphs
Performance parameters for jet-propulsion engines have been developed froia the concepts
of flow sir.ilarltj'i inertia, elastic, and viscous forces; and thermal expansions of the
working fluid. The analysis relates performance to the geometry of the boundaries, l&ch
number, Reynolds number, and total-temperature ratio. The results of performance tests
with turbojet engines are expressed in terms of two types of generalizing parameteri
dimensionless parameters and corrected parameters that are not dimensionless.
NOTE* Requests for copies -of this report muot be addressed to. N.A.C.A.,
Efashington^P. C.
T-3, KQ, AJ3 MATEOia COMMAND Alfl VECHNJCAL DNDEX WRIGHT FI21D, OHIO, USAAf / ,,
ttt*0-21 OAfl 47 cn
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