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The picaresque tradition belongs to Spain and derived from the word “picaro”,
meaning a rogue or a villain. The picaresque originally involved the misadventure
of the rogue-hero, mainly on the highway. Soon, however, the rogue was replaced
by a conventional hero – gallant and chivalric. The comic element lay in the nature
of the hero’s adventures, through which, generally, society was satirized.
Fielding’s affinity with picaresque model appears first of all in the representation
of rogue and villainy; secondly, in the humorous style which often takes a mock-
heroic turn, and in the geniality of temperament; thirdly, in the portrait of
characters of certain lower classes of men and women; and finally, in the
humorous or satiric descriptions of the contents of the chapters and the
introduction of side stories or episodes into the main narrative.
Thus, the journey in Joseph Andrews is not a mere picaresque rambling, a device
solely for the purpose of introducing new adventures such as we find in the classic
picaresque story, , but an allegorical journey, a moral pilgrimage, from the vanity
and corruption of the city-life to the relative naturalness and simplicity of the
country. The picaresque motif helps Fielding to fulfill his aim of ridiculing the
affectations of human beings. The different strata of society can be represented
through the picaresque mode. The travelers meet squires, innkeepers, landladies,
persons, philosophers, lawyers and surgeons, beggars, pedlars and robbers and
rogues. Fielding’s satire is pungent as he presents the worldly and crafty priests
and the callous, vicious and inhuman country squires. Malice, selfishness, vanities,
hypocrisies, lack of charity, all are ridiculed as human follies.
The Picaresque novel is the loosest in plot – the hero is literally let loose on the
high road for his adventures. The hero wanders from place to place encountering
thieves and rogues, rescuing damsels in distress, fighting duels, falling in love,
being thrown in prison, and meeting a vast section of society. As the hero meets a
gamut of characters from the country squire to the haughty aristocrat, from
hypocrite to ill-tempered soldiers, the writer is able to introduce with the least
possible incongruity, the saint and the sinner, the virtuous and the vicious. The
writer has a chance to present the life, culture and morality prevalent in his time,
and to satirize the evils.
Fielding acknowledged his debt to Cervantes, whose Don Quixote is the best
known picaresque novel in Spanish.
Like the Don Quixote and Panza, Parson Adams and Joseph set out on a journey
which involves them in a series of adventures, some of them burlesque, at several
country inns or rural houses. Like the Don, Parson Adams is a dreamy idealist. But
there are differences, too, between Joseph Andrews and the picaresque tradition,
vital enough to consider Fielding’s novel as belonging to the genre of its own.
The central journey in Joseph Andrews is not mainly a quest for adventure as it is
in the picaresque tradition. It is a sober return journey homewards. Joseph and
Lady Booby are taken to London and the reader is given a glimpse of society’s ways
in that great city.
It is in Chapter 10 of Book I that the picaresque element enters the novel, with
Joseph setting out in a borrowed coat towards home. The picaresque tradition is
maintained uptil the end of Book III. Joseph meets with the first misadventure
when he is set upon by robbers, beaten, stripped and thrown unconscious into a
ditch. A passing stage-coach and its passengers very reluctantly convey Joseph to
an inn. The incident gives ample scope to Fielding for satirizing the pretences and
affectations of an essentially inhuman society.
The Tow-wouse Inn provides a grim picture of callous human beings – the vain and
ignorant surgeon and the drinking parson. Once again kindness and generosity
come from an apparently immoral girl, Betty the chambermaid. With the arrival of
Parson Adams, the picaresque journey takes on a more humorous tone, with
plenty of farce. The encounter with the “Patriot” who would like to see all cowards
banged but who turns tail at the first sight of danger, leads to the meeting with
Fanny. She is rescued by Adams in proper picaresque-romance style with hero.
Several odd characters are met on the way – such as the hunting squire – the
squire who makes false promises. Then comes the abduction of Fanny – and the
reintroduction of something more serious.
We also have the interpolated stories, which belong to the picaresque tradition. In
his use of this device, Fielding shows how far he has come from the picaresque
school.
To conclude, Joseph Andrews has a rather rambling and discursive narrative, which
makes us to believe that it is a picaresque novel. But, on the whole, it is not a
picaresque novel rather the picaresque mode has helped him in the development
of his comic theory – that of ridiculing the affectations of human beings.
Another epic convention is the use of digression. There are two major digressions
in “Joseph Andrews”. There are, seemingly, irrelevant stories of Leonara and Mr.
Wilson. Epic writers considered them as embellishments. Fielding, however, makes
the interpolations thematically relevant. For, these are not irrelevant in reality.
Every epic has a moral lesson in it and this is no exception with a comic epic.
Fielding’s views on morality are practical, full of common sense and tolerance,
liberal, flexible and more realistic. These are devoid of prudish and rigid codes.
Fielding wanted to tear the veil of vanity and hypocrisy.
The society is divided into clear cut classes – the high and the low. Dudden notices
a " gulf which seems to separate the classes–the ‘high people' from the ‘low
people..."
The two classes may have dealings with one another in private, as Fielding tells us,
but they scrupulously refuse to recognize each other in public. The rich regard
themselves as the better and superior in every sense to the poor. Lady Booby
could not think in her wildest dreams of admitting Adams to her table, for she
considers him to be badly dressed. Mrs. Slipslop does not deign to recognize a
‘nobody’ like Fanny at an inn. While Fielding exposes such behaviour to ridicule,
we realize the hollow pretension of a society which indulged in so much of
affectation.
In his novel, Fielding has concentrated more on the countryside. But the little that
he describes of town society is enough to give us its characteristics. The wealthy
society of the town shows a high degree of degeneracy. The story of Mr. Wilson
and Leonora as well as Joseph short stay in London provide us with the clear idea
about the vulgarity, degeneration of morals, the vanity and hypocrisy which
infested town society.
“Mr. Abraham Adams was an excellent Scholar. He was a perfect Master of the
Greek and Latin Languages; to which he added a great Share of Knowledge in the
Oriental Tongues...”
Parson Adams is only a curate. He lives in the parsonage in Sir Thomas Booby’s
parish.He is about fifty years old and has a wife and six children whom he can
barely support on his very small income as a curate. He considers all his
parishioners, especially Joseph and Fanny, as his children. In contrast with Parson
Trulliber and Barnabas, Parson adams is extremely sincere in his profession .He
gets a very small income from the church but his virtue remains utterly
uncontaminated. He refuses to become a puppet in the hands of Lady Booby when
the latter forbids him to publish the banns of Joseph’s marriage with Fanny .
Fielding has made adams a comic character . He has made him absent-minded and
given him amusing mannerisms. However this does not detract Adams’ greatness
as a true Christian. Simple, kind, generous and courageous, Adams is the epitome
of true feeling and goodness of heart. Adams’ impulses always prompt him to help
anyone in distress.He is ever ready and ever willing to fight for the right cause.
Although fifty years of age, Adams is magnificently strong and healthy. He knows
how to use his huge fists in defending others.
We can sum up above discussion in the words of Dudden: “Adams emerges from
testing adventures and experiences with his sweet temper unsoured, his
honourable character unsullied, and his innate dignity unimpaired”
Fielding was accused of being immoral in his novels. Dr. Johnson called his
novels “vicious and corrupting”. Richardson echoed the “charge of
immorality” against him. Modern critics, however, has justified Fielding and gave
him a credit of “an estimable ethical code”. Strachey declared him a “deep,
accurate, scientific moralist”. Indeed neither “Joseph Andrews” nor “Tom
Jones” strikes the modern sensibility as ‘low’ or ‘immoral’ either in purpose or in
narration. Behind the truthful portrait of life, lies his broad moral vision. His aim
was to correct mankind by pointing out their blunders: “I have endeavored to
laugh at mankind, out to their follies and vices.”
It is significant that Parson Adams jumps with joy at the reunion of Fanny and
Joseph. It reflects an ability to sympathize with other’s feelings. Simple, kind,
generous and courageous, Adams is the epitome of true feeling and goodness of
heart which is a vital aspect of Fielding’s concept of morality. Adams’ impulses
always prompt him to help anyone in distress. He saves Fanny’s virginity two
times.
“He is an innocent … so completely sincere in his beliefs and actions that he can’t
imagine insincerity in other; he takes everyone he meets at face-value”.
This shows 18th century’s clergy’s degeneracy, who is reluctant to give some
shillings. The rich Parson Tulliber, Mrs. Tow-wouse, Lady Booby and Peter Pounce
lacks natural kindness whereas the poor postilion, Betty and Pedler are true
Christians, for they are ready to help other man in distress asking nothing in
return. But Mrs. Tow-wouse scornfully declares: “Common charity my foot.”
Fielding is against the prudish morality which considers sex as an unhealthy and
dangerous for human life. He favours a healthy attitude towards sex. But he does
not approve of Lady Booby’s desire for Joseph nor does he favour Mr. Slipslop’s
extreme whims. But Betty’s desires spring from a natural heart and feeling. It is
worth noticing that Betty is free of hypocrisy. She acts as ordered by her nature.
“She is good-natured generosity and composition.”
Summing up, Fielding’s concept of morality is realistic, tolerant, broad and fairly
flexible. Modern opinion has vindicated the moral vision of Fielding as healthy,
wide and practical.