Handouts of The Presentations

Indian Association of Structural Engineers
Seminar on
Introduction to New Guidelines for Seismic
Design of Road Bridges (IRC:SP:114-2018)
23rd June 2018
PHD House, New Delhi
Handouts of the Presentations

Sponsors
Mageba Bridge Products Resistoflex Dynamics Pvt Ltd Sanfield (India) Ltd
Pvt. Ltd
Supporting Organization
Indian Roads Congress

Proposed Coverage of the contents of Code IRC:SP:114-2018 during the Seminar on
“Introduction of New Guideline for Seismic Design of Road Bridges

by various Speakers :
S. No. Name Timings Coverage
Mr Manoj Mittal 14:30 to 14:45
1 Welcome Address
President, IAStructE (15 Minutes)
An overview of Indian Seismic Codes on
14:45 to 15:00
2 Prof S K Thakkar Bridges: Challenges and Issues for
(15 Minutes)
developments
History of Seismic Code in IRC, Brief on

15:00 to 15:20
3 Mr A K Banerjee Substantive Changes in this new guideline
(20 Minutes)
and brief Introduction to each chapter
Chapters 2 to Chapter 5 :
15:20 to 15:55 Introduction, Conceptual Design, Seismic
4 Mr Aditya Sharma
(35 Minutes) Induced forces & Site Conditions, Seismic
Analysis Methods,
Chapter 6, 7 & 10 :
Dr Lakshmy 15:55 to 16:25
5 General Design Provisions, Seismic Design
Parameswaran (30 Minutes)
Methods& Seismic Isolation Devices
Chapter 8 & 9 :
16:25 to 16:45
6 Mr Alok Bhowmick Design of Bridge Components & Ductile
(20 Minutes)
Detailing of Structures
16:45 to 17:15 Presentation on Appendix A1 to A5 - Worked

7 Mr Rajiv Ahuja
(30 Minutes) Out Examples
17:15 to 17:35
8 Q&A Question & Answer Session
(20 Minutes)
17:35 to 17:45
9 Mr Alok Bhowmick Vote of Thanks
(10 Minutes)
HANDOUTS OF THE PRESENTATIONS
Prof. S. K. Thakkar
Former Professor, Earthquake Engineering and
Railway Chair Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
6/26/2018
This Presentation
• Indian Seismic codes on Bridges
An Overview of Indian Seismic Codes on Bridges: • Comparative features
Challenges and Issues for Developments • Challenges and Issues for Development
Dr. S.K.Thakkar
Former Professor of Earthquake Engineering and Railway
Bridge Chair Professor, IIT Roorkee
Seminar on New Seismic Guideline (IRC:SP:114-2018)

PHD House, August Kranti Marg, New Delhi, June 23, 2018
Indian Seismic codes Parent Seismic Code

• IS: 1893 Part (3), 2014 : Bridges and Retaining • IS: 1893 Part (1) 2016, General Provisions for
walls Buildings
• RDSO Seismic Guide lines for Railway Bridges, • Seismic Zoning
2015 • Response Spectrum
• IRC: SP: 114-2018, Seismic Guidelines for Road
Bridges
Update of Codes Comparative features

• Continuous process • Applicability
• Gap between state of art and existing practice • Same Design Seismic Force
• R & D in Seismic aspects of Bridges • Design Live Load: Seismic Force on LL
• Design Philosophy • Importance Factors
• Deficiency in Design Methods • R- Factors
• Experience gained from recent earthquakes • Design criteria
• Feed back from professionals
1
6/26/2018
Controlling Factors
Lessons learnt
• Seismic Hazard: Ground shaking, landslides, • Do not repeat past mistakes
Tsunami, Liquefaction, Near Field effects
• Curtailment of steel along the height of tall
• Response Spectrum: ZPA, PGA, EPGA
piers
• Design Earthquakes: DBE, MCE
• Site Specific Spectrum: DSHA, PSHA
• Ductility detailing
• Historical Earthquake data • Seismic detailing of bearings
• Time histories • Behavior depending on structural type,
• Design Philosophy foundation type, soil type, bearing type
Significant Developments Seismic Analysis Methods

• Consideration of inelastic behavior and • Seismic Coefficient Method
ductility in seismic design • Response Spectrum Method, R-factors
• Capacity design • Time History Method
• Nonlinear Time History Analysis
• Pushover Analysis: Nonlinear Static analysis
Seismic Design Methods

Deficiencies of FBD
• Force based design • The R-factors are inadequate to control
• Force based design including capacity design damage, R-period dependent
concepts • Structures designed by FBD are subjected to
significant damage requiring tremendous post
• Displacement based design: PBD earthquake repairs
• In order to cut down on cost of repairs, it is
necessary to use design method that can limit
extent of damage
• PBD has potential to limit extent of damage
2
6/26/2018
Challenges Issues for Development

• Minimize the gap between State of the Art • Counter the deficiencies of existing design methods
and design practice in codes • Minimize conceptual differences in different seismic
codes
• Conduct research to bring latest available • Adopt most rational methods of seismic analysis
knowledge in seismic codes • Adopt PBD to improve performance and minimize
• Include issues like Near Field Effects, earthquake damage and post earthquake repairs
• Design methods for near field earthquakes
Retrofitting, Structural Control: Passive and
• Structural health monitoring
Active, SHM
• Seismic isolation and PED
• Seismic assessment and retrofitting
Conclusions
• Update of analysis methods: Non-linear time
history method: Benefit-Uncertainties of R-
factors can be overcome
• Update of design methods: Performance Thanks for your kind attention
based design: Benefit- Better behavior, less
damage, Minimize post earthquake repairs,
FBD with displacement check
• Ultimate Goal: No damage in Earthquakes–
Adopt most recent and proven technology
3
Mr. A. K. Banerjee
Former Member (Technical), NHAI and
Convenor, B-2 Committee of IRC
6/26/2018
History of Seismic Provision in IRC Code
History of Seismic Code in IRC

and Brief Overview of New  Seismic provisions were introduced in IRC Code IRC: 6 for first time
in year 1958, wherein country was divided in three seismic zones based
Guidelines on expected seismic intensity or degree of damage i.e. liable to severe
damage, moderate damage and minor or no damage, besides Epicentral
Tracts. This provisions continued till 1979;
 Meanwhile, IS: 1893 came up with a different seismic map showing
five seismic zones, which was introduced in IRC: 6 in 1981. Also,
computation of seismic force, horizontal seismic coefficient,
importance factor and a coefficient to account for different soil and
foundation system as given in IS: 1893-1970 were introduced in IRC: 6
A.K. Banerjee
Former Member (Tech), NHAI
History of Seismic Code in IRC……..contd.

History of Seismic Provision in IRC Code…….contd.
 Interim provisions replaced in 2008 by a new seismic clause on

seismic force using force based design approach and considering
 After Bhuj earthquake in 2001, following interim provisions were simultaneous action of seismic force in three directions, near field
introduced in IRC: 6: effects, dynamic earth pressure and hydrodynamic forces
 New seismic map showing four seismic zones along with zone factor  In year 2010, need was felt to prepare a comprehensive guidelines
for seismic design of road bridges based on Limit State Design
 Force based approach using spectral acceleration, importance factor approach in lieu of working stress design approach as per NDMA
and single Response Reduction Factor R for all bridge components guidelines to follow IS 1893 by B-2 Committee
 Mandatory provisions to prevent dislodgement of superstructure and  A subgroup was constituted in 2015 comprising total nine members
ductile detailing of piers in line with IS 13920 to minimize damage to develop the basic frame work prepared by Prof. S.K. Thakkar and
especially in Zone IV and V
finalize the various draft chapters. Sub Group held 22 meetings
during 2015-2017
 Also, special seismic devices such as base isolation bearings, STUs
recommended
Substantive Changes in New Guidelines Substantive Changes in New Guidelines…….contd.
 Principles of Capacity Design approach adopted for design to ensure that damage
 Terminology of DBE and MCE explained and applicability of guideline for is controllable i.e. plastic hinges occur only where designer intends;
seismic design of bridges with design service life of 100 years considering  Response Reduction Factor for superstructure deleted and only a note for R factor
Design Basis Earthquake (DBE); for steel superstructure mentioned;
 Hydrodynamic force for bridge pier and foundation added with worked out
 Bridges with design service life more than 100 years is outside scope;
example;
 Adopted seismic map and spectral acceleration graphs as specified in IS: 1893  Procedure for Time History Method introduced;
Part I – 2016;  Provision of minimum design horizontal seismic force introduced;
 Adopts method given in IS: 1893 Part I -2016 for evaluation of liquefaction  Requirement of type of seismic analysis for various types of bridges elaborated
potential; depending on terrain and seismicity;
 Ductile detailing of concrete and steel and steel composite members adequately
 For estimation of seismic forces, Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method, Elastic
covered;
Response Spectrum Method and Time History Method have been specified;
 Emphasis given to prevent dislodgement of superstructure and suitable provisions
 Describes various types of special investigations to be done for bridges to be made accordingly in the Guidelines;
constructed in near field zones, skew and curved bridges etc. and Table added
to indicate the special studies / analysis required for specific cases.
1
6/26/2018
Substantive changes in new guidelines……….contd. Brief Introduction to Chapters
 Procedure for force based design, capacity design, over strength factor, Guidelines comprise ten chapters and five informative appendices:
potential location of plastic hinges, ductility and capacity demand etc. Chapter1: Preface
explained and elaborated; Chapter 2: Introduction
 Emphasis given to prevent dislodgement of superstructure and suitable Chapter 3: Conceptual Design
provisions made accordingly in the Guidelines; Chapter 4: Seismic Induced Forces and Site Condition
Chapter 5: Seismic Analysis Method
 Potentially liquefiable soil and procedure for calculating liquefaction
Chapter 6: General Design Provision
potential introduced;
Chapter 7: Seismic Design Methods
 Use of different types of bearings and specific mention of use of Chapter 8: Design of Bridge Components
elastomeric bearings introduced; Chapter 9: Ductile Detailing of Structures
Chapter 10: Seismic Isolation Devices
Chapter 1 & 2 Chapter 3 - Conceptual Design
 Chapter 1 – Preface – defines history of provisions for seismic  Site selection for bridges in terms of seismic vulnerability;
design of bridges in IRC codes
 Structural system and configuration with Table indicating
 Chapter 2 – Introduction covers the following:
seismically preferred and not preferred structural configurations;
• Scope
• Seismic effects on bridges  Guidelines for design of bearings and expansion joints;
• General principles of earthquake resistant design of bridges  Structural ductility and energy dissipation;
• Design philosophy for use of DBE or MCE in design  Types of seismic devices
• Special investigations and detailed studies for different types og
bridges
• Definitions and symbols
Chapter 4 – Seismic Induced Forces & Chapter 5 – Seismic Analysis Methods

Site Condition
 Horizontal (both transverse and longitudinal) and vertical ground  Elastic Seismic Acceleration method (Seismic Coefficient method;
motions, their components and combination of component motions;
 Provision for vertical seismic component;  Elastic Response Spectrum method;
 Seismic zone map (as in IS 1893: Part I – 2016), zone factors and  Two different Spectra proposed as in IS: 1893 Part I – 2016;
importance factors;
 Geotechnical aspects to determine spectra and three types of soil
 Damping coefficient of 5% specified for both steel and concrete
structures; classification for supporting the structure;
 General principle of soil structure interaction and seismic effect on live  Linear Time History method elaborated;
load;
 Guidance provided to select appropriate analytical method;
 Computation of dynamic component of earth pressure and
hydrodynamic forces on bridge piers and foundations.  Minimum design Horizontal Seismic Acceleration Coefficient
specified to determine minimum horizontal seismic force in design
2
6/26/2018
Chapter 6 – General Design Provision Chapter 7 – Seismic Design Methods
 Weak column and strong beam concept followed;  Detail coverage of force based approach, capacity design principles
 Plastic hinges allowed to form in bridge piers at predetermined and capacity design steps to be followed and structural components
locations as decided by designer; to be protected;
 Procedure and advantages of capacity design principle following
 Strength based design approach amalgamating force based approach
and capacity design principle has been prescribed. Euro Code Annexure – G explained;
 How plastic hinge regions are to be designed and special confining
reinforcement for plastic hinge region and design of portion of pier
in between plastic hinge and the connections;
 Minimum shear force to be considered for either flexural or shear
mode of failure.
Chapter 8 – Design of Bridge Components Chapter 9 – Ductile Detailing of Structures
 Provision for seismic design of superstructure, piers, abutments and  Additional provisions for ductile detailing in concrete piers included
foundations; in the Guidelines over and above the provisions in IRC: 112 like
 Identification of potentially liquefiable soils emphasized; percentage of reinforcement, minimum concrete grade etc.;
 Ductile detailing of steel structures covers the following:
 Provision of seismic design of bearings, seismic connections
including STUs and expansion joints elaborated;  Ductile behaviour of framed structure likely to be in plastic range;
 Provision of reaction blocks, restrainers, rigid links or tie bars etc.  Ensure adequate strength, stability and ductility to resist severe
essentially to prevent dislodgement of superstructure. earthquakes in all seismic zones;
 Ensure minimum level of curvature / rotation, ductility at plastic hinges
and ductility of tension braces designed as per IRC: 22 and IRC: 24
Chapter 10 – Seismic Isolation Devices Appendices with Examples
 Design of bridges incorporating seismic isolation devices like;  Appendix A-1 – Illustration of elastic seismic acceleration method;
• Hydraulic Viscous Damper;  Appendix A-2 – Illustration of elastic response spectrum method;
• Elastomeric Bearing Damper (Low Damping Elastomer);  Appendix A-3 – Illustration of capacity design procedure;
• High damping Elastomeric Bearing Damper;  Appendix A -4 – Illustration of hydrodynamic pressure on piers;
• Lead – Rubber Bearing Damper;  Appendix A-5 – Illustration of liquefaction of soil.
• Friction Dumper
3
Mr Aditya Sharma
Director –Highway & Structures, Ramboll India and
Member Secretary, B-2 Committee of IRC
CONTENTS OF GUIDELINES –MAIN CHAPTERS
(IAStructE) • Chapter – 1 Preface
• Chapter – 2 Introduction
• Chapter -3 Conceptual Design
• Chapter -4 Seismic Induced Forces and site Condition

SEMINAR ON ―INTRODUCTION TO NEW
• Chapter -5 Seismic Analysis Method
SEISMIC GUIDELINES ON HIGHWAY
• Chapter -6 General Design Provision
BRIDGES (IRC:SP:114-2018)‖
• Chapter -7 Seismic Design Methods
ON 23RD JUNE 2018 • Chapter -8 Design of Bridge components
• Chapter -9 Ductile Detailing of Structures
• Chapter-10 Seismic Isolation Devices

CHAPTERS -1 to 5
Presented By :- Aditya Sharma
CHAPTER 1 -PREFACE
CONTENTS OF GUIDELINES -APPENDICES
Need for comprehensive seismic guidelines for design of seismic
resistant Bridges :-
• Appendix A-1 – Illustration of elastic seismic acceleration method
• Till the year 2011, the bridges were being designed based on working stress
• Appendix A-2 – Illustration of elastic response spectrum method approach. Meanwhile there had been rapid developments in state-of-the-art in
the area of seismic resistant design of bridges, like capacity design approach,
• Appendix A-3 – Illustration of capacity design procedure which have been incorporated in many international standards of countries like
Japan, USA, New Zealand and Eurocode. Similarly, the bridge design codes in
• Appendix A-4 – Illustration of hydrodynamic Pressure on Bridge Piers India also witnessed a major change with the introduction of Limit State
Design approach for design in IRC: 6, IRC: 112, IRC: 24 and IRC: 22
• Appendix A-5 – Illustration of Liquefaction of soil
• During the year 2010, the need was felt to prepare a comprehensive
“Guidelines for Seismic Design of Road bridges”, to cater to the requirements
of Limit State Design approach, following the NDMA guidelines to follow IS
1893, as mandated to B-2 Committee.
• This Guideline is essentially applicable for seismic design of bridges with a

design service life of 100 years, considering Design Basis Earthquake (DBE). It
has adopted the seismic map and spectral acceleration graphs (both for elastic
acceleration method and elastic response spectrum method) as specified in IS:
1893-Part-I- 2016
CHAPTER 2—CONTD - SCOPE OF GUIDELINES.

CHAPTER 2 - INTRODUCTION
• Applicable to Highway Bridges, River Bridges, Road Over Bridges, Road
• Chapter -2 deals with under Bridges, Underpasses, Flyover Bridges, Pedestrian Bridges,
Submersible Bridges, and Utility Bridges etc.
• Scope of guidelines, relaxation clauses as given in IRC : 6,
• Applicable for bridges with design life up to 100 years and shall be
• General principles adopted to frame the guidelines, designed for Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) only
• Broad seismic effect on bridges, • estimation of seismic forces can be adopted for seismic evaluation of
existing bridges and retrofitting of existing
• Design philosophy for use of DBE or MCE in design of bridges
• Seismic design of the bridges with seismic isolation devices. Ductile
• Special investigation & detailed studies detailing is included in guidelines
• Definitions & Symbols • Bridges having complex geometry and situated at locations requiring
special investigations & detailed studies
• The hydro dynamic effect of water on submerged substructure and

method of assessment of liquefaction assessment of soil. Tsunami,
landslides & near field effects is not included
• Relaxation Clauses,-(a) Culverts and minor bridges up to 10m length in

all seismic zones,(b) Bridges in seismic zones II and III satisfying both
limits of total length not exceeding 60 m and individual simply
supported spans not exceeding 15m need not be designed for seismic
effects, © The dynamic earth pressures on abutments during
earthquakes shall not be considered in Zones II and III
1
CHAPTER 2—CONTD – GENERAL PRINCIPLE & CHAPTER 2—CONTD – SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS
SEISMIC EFFECTS. AND DETAILED STUDIES
• The bridge should be designed for DBE according to the design
philosophy specified in the guidelines, using limit state design  Bridges with individual span length more than 150m
procedure employing Force Based Method of seismic design and
 Bridges with pier height more than 30m in zone IV and V
response reduction factors.
 Cable supported bridges, such as extradosed, cable stayed and
• Use of Site Specific Spectra and Code Response Spectrum
suspension bridges
• Scour Consideration during seismic Design
 Arch bridges having more than 50m span
• The earthquake accelerations should be applied to full mass in case of
 Bridges using innovative structural arrangements and materials.
submerged structures and not on buoyant mass
 Where bridge is located in the near field that is the bridge site is within
• The seismic force on live load in bridges should not be considered in
longitudinal direction. The seismic force on live load should be
10km of known active tectonic fault
considered on reduced live load in transverse direction  Geological discontinuity exists at the site
• Seismic Effects,-The seismic effects on bridges can be classified as  Site with loose sand or poorly graded sands with little or no fines,
• Seismic displacements, Pier failure
liquefiable soil
•Expansion Joint failure  Special types of bridges: Bascule Bridge, Horizontally Curved Girder
Bridge having ≤ 100 m radius, Bridge with high skew- ≥ 30degree,
•bearing failure
seismically isolated bridges, Bridges with Passive Dissipating Devices
•Abutment slumping and (PED), Bridges with Shock Transmission Unit (STU), Bridges with
Innovative Designs
•foundation failure, Partial and complete collapse of bridges due to soil liquefaction
CHAPTER 2—CONTD –DETAILED SEISMIC STUDIES CHAPTER 2—CONTD –DETAILED SEISMIC STUDIES
S Cases in which additional special Special studies/analysis
r Cases in which additional special
studies/analysis is required Sr
Special studies/analysis
studies/analysis is required
1 Bridges with individual span length Use of Site specific response spectrum of the
more than 150 m and/or pier height bridge including geometrical nonlinearity, P- In zone IV and V, if the soil
is more than 30 m in zone IV and V. delta effect and soil-structure interaction is condition is poor, consisting of
needed. Dynamic analysis may be done to marine clay or loose sand with
Site specific spectrum shall be
Cable supported bridges, such as ascertain the energy dissipation 4
little or no fines (e.g., where the
extradosed, cable stayed and characteristics of ductile members. obtained.
soil up to 30m depth has average
suspension bridges SPT N value equal to or less than
20)
Arch bridges having more than 50m
span Site with loose sand or poorly
2 Continuous bridge of length between 5
graded sands with little or no Liquefaction analysis is required
expansion joint larger than 600 m in
Spatial variation of ground motion shall be
fines, liquefiable soil in all seismic (Details given Appendix A5).
all seismic zones. Geological zones.
considered.
discontinuities or marked
Carry out three dimensional Modelling
topographical features are present
3 Bridge site close to a fault (< 10 km) The information about the active faults including substructure and
which may be active in all seismic should be sought by bridge authorities for foundations of bridge considering
zones. projects situated within 100 km of known skew angle. Torsional motions of the
Horizontally Curved Bridge having
epicenters as a part of preliminary bridge about a vertical axis under
investigations at the project preparation ≤ 100 m radius, Bridge with high
6
seismic action shall be considered.
stage skew- ≥ 30degree in all seismic
Possibility of unseating of bridge deck
Help from geological / seismological expert zones
about acute corner to be checked and
with enough experience will be required to
calculate fault movement. ruled out. In single span bridges
4 Bearings shall be designed to resist
5
6 torsional effects
.
CHAPTER 3—CONTD – SITE SELECTION

CHAPTER-3 –CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
The preferred bridge sites from consideration of
• Site selection for bridges in terms of seismic vulnerability; seismic hazard is
• Selection of structural system & configuration with Table • Not near active faults,
indicating Seismically Preferred and Not Preferred
structural configurations; • Soil do not have potential for liquefaction and where
stiff and stable soil is available to provide required
• Guidelines for design of Bearing & Expansion Joints; resistance against the forces generated due to
earthquake.
• Preferred structural arrangement having effect on Time
Period of bridge; • The site prone to landslide should be preferably
avoided.
• Structural Ductility and energy dissipation;
• Seismic Devices.
In case these are not possible to be adhered to,
mitigating measures are to be taken. The bridges in Zones
IV and V should be founded preferably on rock, firm
alluvium or stable soil layers
2
CHAPTER 3- CONTD –PREFERRED STRUCTURAL CHAPTER 3- CONTD –PREFERRED STRUCTURAL
CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION
Seismically preferred Seismically not preferred
Substructure
Superstructure
1. Suspended Spans
resting on Cantilever 1. Multiple column bent for substructure 1. Plate Type Piers (Very large
Integral Bridges. (Helps to avoid unseating of the arms (Connection is are preferable because their redundancy difference in stiffness in two
superstructure from support and also improves subjected to large and ability to produce ductile behaviour orthogonal directions)
seismic response due to high redundancy ) unpredicted
displacement and 2. Adjacent Piers of near equal heights and
rotations) near equal stiffness (i,e. Variation in
Right Bridges or Bridges with mild curvature, small stiffness ≤ 25%). (Stiffness irregularities 2. PCC and Masonry Piers in Seismic
skews (i.e. radius of Curvature ≥ 100 m & Skew ≤ cause concentration of seismic shear zone IV and V
o
30 ). (Right Bridges provides a direct load path with forces in the shorter columns, which may
predictable response under seismic loads. Bridges cause brittle shear failure)
2. Superstructure with
with sharp curvature and large skew angles 3.Piers with such shapes, where
high seismic mass. 3. Piers of such shapes where plastic hinge
experience larger and unpredictable deformations, plastic hinge is likely to form at
will form at the top of foundation (Helps to
which in turn, results in larger ductility demands and intermediate height. (Causes large
restrict the damage to inspectable portion
also imparts torsional effects); shear force in substructure for
above ground only, during a seismic event)
formation of plastic hinge)
4. Piles extended up to pier cap
Continuous Bridges (Helps to avoid unseating of the
without pile cap & without
superstructure from support in longitudinal direction)
reduction in pile size above ground
Lighter Superstructure with low seismic mass 5. Piers with flares near top and
(Reduces the seismic demand for substructure and bottom in case of portal structure
foundation design)
CHAPTER 3- CONTD –PREFERRED STRUCTURAL CHAPTER 3- CONTD –BEARINGS

CONFIGURATION
Bearings and Expansion Joints & Seismic Devices
The bearings are generally of following types
1. Bearings with high damping characteristics to
dissipate energy (i.e. High Damping Elastomeric
a) Metallic Rocker and Roller-cum rocker type rigid bearings,
Bearings & Lead Rubber Bearings, friction where the load transmission is through linear knife edges.
pendulum bearings which reduces seismic
demand in substructure and foundation).
2. Bearings where vertical load bearing
b) Pot cum PTFE Bearings / Spherical Bearings of rigid type
mechanism is segregated from lateral load with Fixed or Free Sliding arrangement where load transfer
resisting mechanism (Ensures predictable from superstructure is over a specified area in plan.
response of the bearings under seismic event)
e.g. Pot cum PTFE bearings 1. Metallic Rocker & Rocker-cum-
Roller bearings in Seismic zone IV and V
3. Detailing where adequate gap at Expansion (Rigidity of bearings increases seismic c) Flexible Elastomeric bearings where the bearing allows
Joints are provided to cater for seismic demand) relative movements between superstructure and
movements. (To avoid pounding of deck)
substructure by its flexibility and by preventing the
4.Bearing Design to ensure structural integrity
and avoidance of unseating of structure under
transmission of harmful forces, bending moments and
extreme seismic displacements, considering out vibrations.
of phase movements wherever applicable.
5. Use Seismic devices (like STU‘s, Viscous While the Rigid bearings specified in a) and b) above can be
Dampers, LRB‘s to improve seismic performance
of Bridges (As it reduces seismic demand)
used under any circumstances, following the provisions of
Foundations
relevant IRC codes, :
1. Foundation type preferred which adds to
flexibility to the system and increases time
period.
CHAPTER 3- CONTD –BEARINGS CHAPTER 3- CONTD –TIME PERIOD OF BRIDGE

Elastomeric Bearings can be used with following possible arrangements:
• It is preferable to design bridges in zones IV and V in such a way
I. Elastomeric Bearings provided on individual supports to transfer vertical loads and
non-seismic lateral loads and to accommodate imposed deformations and that fundamental period falls in most favourable range in both
translations. Seismic actions are transferred to substructure by lateral connections longitudinal and transverse directions such that the seismic
(monolithic or through pin bearings/guided bearings) of the deck to other demands are smaller both in the structure and foundation.
supporting members (piers or abutments).
II. On all or individual supports, with the same function as in (i) above, combined with • Various methods to enhance time periods of piers may be explored
seismic links / seismic stoppers which are designed to resist seismic actions. such as using framed substructure, cantilever piers with near equal
stiffness in two principal directions and use of seismic isolation
III. On all supports to resist both seismic as well as non-seismic actions. In this case
bearings.
the seismic response of substructure and Superstructure shalll remain essentially
elastic and therefore response reduction factor for design shall be considered as 1.
In case of Elastomeric Bearing use with arrangements as in (i) and (ii) above, the normal
• For computing time period, due consideration shall be given to the
low damping elastomeric bearings (i.e. damping ratio less than 0.06 can be used). flexibility available to the bridge from pile/well foundation due to
soil structure interaction for maximum & no scour condition. The
In case of elastomeric bearings used with arrangements as in (iii), these bearings shall consideration of flexibility leads to longer period of vibration of
be designed as ‘isolation bearings. Low damping bearing can also be used as isolation
bearing for which reference can be made to IRC: - 83. For use of high damping bearing
substructure resulting in reduced seismic demand.
reference to Chapter 8 shall be made.
3
CHAPTER 3- CONTD –STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY CHAPTER 3- CONTD – USE OF SEISMIC DEVICES
AND ENERGY DISSIPATION
 Special devices such as Shock Transmission Units (STU’s), seismic
• Seismic design of bridge is generally achieved by providing isolation bearings and viscous dampers offer feasible solutions for
adequate strength and ductility of substructure. The energy seismic resistant design of bridges.
dissipation takes place due to inelastic behaviour of pier. The
location of plastic hinge should be predetermined and the  Multi span bridges, with continuous superstructure, are generally
required flexural strength of the plastic hinge shall be obtained provided with fixed bearing over one pier or abutment. In order to
using capacity-based design approach. distribute the seismic force generated by superstructure to other
piers/abutments STU’s may be used between superstructure and
• RCC/PSC substructure shall be designed as under reinforced other piers/ abutments where free bearings are used.
and adequately detailed to avoid premature failure due to shear
and bond. Plastic hinge regions shall be provided with close  Seismic isolation devices/ bearings are provided in multi span
spaced transverse stirrups to confine the compressed concrete continuous bridges which are rigid or stiff with time period less than
within the core region and to prevent buckling of longitudinal 1.0 seconds, founded on firm soil strata, to reduce the seismic
reinforcement. demand by enhancing the time period and increasing the damping.
• In steel substructure, the compression zones require detailing to  Viscous dampers are used to connect the structural members both
avoid premature buckling and joints require proper detailing to in longitudinal and transverse direction. They help in dissipating the
ensure overall ductile behaviour of the structure. seismic energy and thereby reduce the displacement.
CHAPTER 4 –SEISMIC INDUCED FORCES & CHAPTER 4 –GROUND MOTION (HORIZONTAL

SITE CONDITION AND VERTICAL)
• Horizontal & vertical ground motions, their components • The horizontal ground motions in longitudinal
and Combination of component motions; and transverse directions of bridge cause most
damaging effects in earthquakes.
• Provision for Vertical Seismic Component;
• The vertical motion in bridge can arise due to
• Design Forces for elements of Structures and use of vertical ground motion and vertical motion in
Response Reduction factor R; cantilever spans arising due to horizontal
• Seismic Zone Map , Zone factors & Importance factors; motion of piers.
• General principle for soil structure interaction, seismic • The effect of vertical ground motions is
effect on live load; important in bridges with long spans,
prestressed concrete spans, bridges with long
• Hydrodynamic forces on bridge piers and foundations- horizontal cantilevers and where stability is the
Appendix -4 contains worked out example based on criteria of design.
procedure mentioned in the Chapter
• The vertical ground motions can be quite
significant in near field earthquakes
CHAPTER 4 –COMPONENTS OF GROUND MOTION

CHAPTER 4 –COMPONENTS OF GROUND MOTION
& ITS COMBINATION
& ITS COMBINATION
The design seismic force resultants (i.e. axial force, bending moments, shear forces,
• The characteristics of seismic ground motion and torsion) at any cross-section of a bridge component resulting from the analyses in
expected at any location depend upon the magnitude the two orthogonal horizontal directions (x,z) shall be combined as below:
of earthquake, depth of focus, distance of epicenter a) ±r1±0.3r2
and characteristics of the path through which the b) ±0.3r1±r2
seismic wave travels.
Where,
• The random ground motion can be resolved in three r1= Force resultant due to full design seismic force along x direction.
mutually perpendicular directions r2= Force resultant due to full design seismic force along z direction.
• In zones IV and V the effects of vertical components When vertical seismic forces are also considered, the design seismic force resultants
shall be considered for all elements of the bridge. at any cross section of a bridge component shall be combined as below:
However, the effect of vertical component may be
a) ±r1±0.3r2±0.3r3
omitted for all elements in zone II and III, except for
b) ±0.3r1±r2±0.3r3
prestressed concrete superstructure, bearings and c) ±0.3r1± 0.3r2±r3
linkages, horizontal cantilever structural elements,
for stability checks and bridges located in the near Where,
field regions r1 and r2 are as defined above and r3 is the force resultant due to full design
seismic force along the vertical direction.
Note: The earthquake motion have been combined for all cases irrespective of whether
structure is orthogonal/skew/curved/irregular.
4
CHAPTER 4 –VERTICAL COMPONENT OF SEISMIC CHAPTER 4 –RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR
ACTION Table 4.1 Response Reduction Factors (R)
Analysis for vertical seismic action requires time period of superstructure in vertical 'R' WITHOUT
direction. Time period for the superstructure has to be worked out separately using the DUCTILE
'R' WITH DUCTILE
BRIDGE COMPONENT DETAILING
property of the superstructure, in order to estimate the seismic acceleration coefficient DETAILING
(for Bridges in Zone
II only)
(Sa/g) for vertical acceleration. It can be obtained by free vibration analysis of
Substructure
superstructure using standard structural analysis software. However, for simply supported
(i) Masonry / PCC Piers, Abutments 1.0 1.0
superstructure with nearly uniform flexural rigidity, the fundamental time period Tv, for (ii) RCC Wall piers and abutments transverse
1.0 1.0
vertical motion can be estimated using the expression: direction (where plastic hinge cannot develop)
(iii) RCC Wall piers and abutments in
longitudinal direction (where hinges can 3.0 2.5
develop)
Eq. 4.1 (iv) RCC Single Column 3.0 2.5
(v) RCC/PSC Frame ( Refer Note VI) 3.0 2.5
Where, (vi) Steel Framed 3.0 2.5
l is the span metres, m is the mass per unit length (N-m), and EI is the (vii) Steel Cantilever Pier 1.5 1.0
flexural rigidity of the superstructure in N-m2. Bearings and Connections (see note(V) also) 1.0 1.0
Stoppers (Reaction Blocks)
EI may be estimated for simply supported span as (l /48 ▲), where ▲is
3 Those restraining dislodgement or drifting 1.0 1.0
away of bridge elements.
deflection of span due unit point load applied on it.
CHAPTER 4 –RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR CHAPTER 4 –RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR

• Bearings and connections shall be designed to resist the
• Bracing and bracing connection primarily carrying lesser of the following forces, i.e., (a) design seismic forces
horizontal seismic force for steel and steel composite obtained by using the response reduction factors & (b)
superstructure, R factor shall be taken as 3 where ductile forces developed due to over strength moment when hinge
detailing is adopted. is formed in the substructure. For calculation of over
• Response reduction factor is not to be applied for strength moments, (Mo) shall be considered as Mo=γo MRd
calculation of displacements of elements of bridge as a γo = Overstrength factor & MRD is plastic moment of
whole. section,. Over-strength factors for Concrete members: γo=
1.35 & for Steel members: γo = 1.25
• When elastomeric bearings are used to transmit horizontal
seismic forces, the response reduction factor (R) shall be • The shear force for over strength moments in case of
taken as 1.0 for all substructure. cantilever piers shall be calculated as MRD/h, ―h‖ is
height. In case of portal type pier capacity of all possible
• In case substructure and foundation will remain in elastic hinges need to be considered.
state, no ductile detailing is required.
• Capacity Design should be carried out where plastic hinges
• Ductile detailing is mandatory for piers of bridges located are likely to form.
in seismic zones III, IV and V where plastic hinges are
likely to form
CHAPTER 4 –SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

CHAPTER 4 –OTHER PROVISION SAME AS
• For bridges founded on soft/ medium soil where deep EXISTING IRC :- 6-2017
foundation is used soil structure interaction shall be considered.
• It shall not be considered for open foundation on rocky strata.

• Seismic Zone Map and zone factors
• Modelling the substructure and foundation of the bridge

considering soil –structure interaction effects, flexibility of soil • Soil Structural Interaction, Damping and Soil
is included by using soil springs. properties
• The effect of considering soil-structure interaction, in general,
results in longer time period for the pier-foundation system, • Importance Factor
thereby reducing the seismic forces. However, considering soil
flexibilities shall result in large displacements.
• Seismic effects on live load combination
• Soil parameters, like elastic properties and spring constants
shall be properly estimated.
• Seismic effects on earth pressure & dynamic
• For Variability of values for soil properties, the highest values
of soil stiffness shall be used for calculating the natural period component
and lowest value shall be used for calculating displacement.
• Load combinations under SLS and ULS
5
CHAPTER 4 –HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON BRIDGE CHAPTER 4 –HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON BRIDGE
PIERS AND FOUNDATIONS PIERS AND FOUNDATIONS
• The hydrodynamic action on bridge piers can be • When the earthquake occurs, hydrodynamic forces shall be
computed by any of the following procedures: considered acting on all submerged parts of structures
such as piers, well caps, wells, pile caps, piles and the
• Total hydrodynamic force and pressure distribution connected beams between the two wells if existing, over
along the height of submerged piers following the the submerged height up to scour level in addition to the
method of cylinder analogy shall be adopted. This seismic force calculated on the mass of the respective part
method is suitable when Seismic Coefficient Method of the structure. This force shall be considered to act in
of analysis is employed. the horizontal direction corresponding to the direction of
earthquake motion. The total horizontal force shall be
• Computing ‗Added Mass‘ of water contained in
evaluated by 2
enveloping cylinder and adding this mass with the
inertial mass of pier. This method is suitable when
dynamic analysis such as Response Spectrum Method
or Time History method is employed. Method of • Ce = A coefficient given in Table 4.4 as a function of ratio of height of submerged
computing added mass of water is explained in portion of pier (H) to Radius of enveloping cylinder Re
Appendix A-4
• αh = Design horizontal seismic coefficient
• W = Weight of the water of the enveloping cylinder
CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

• Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method (Seismic Coefficient The Seismic analysis of the bridges shall be carried out using
Method)- worked out examples presented in Appendix-1; the following methods as per applicability, depending upon
the complexity of the structure and the input ground motion.
• Elastic Response Spectrum Method – Worked out example
presented in Appendix-2;
• Two different Spectra are proposed as per latest IS: 1893- • Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method (Seismic Coefficient
Part-I-2016; Method)
• Geotechnical Aspects in determining spectra and the type • Elastic Response Spectrum Method
of soil on which the structure is placed shall be identified
by three types of Soil classification; • Time history Method
• Time History Method elaborated;
• Minimum Horizontal force for which structure should be

designed is introduced by mentioning Minimum Design
Horizontal Seismic Acceleration Coefficient.

Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method:
• For use in Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method (Seismic
For most of the structures of low to medium heights with small
Coefficient Method)
span and small length of bridge , elastic seismic acceleration
method (Seismic coefficient method) is adequate. In this
method structure is analysed its fundamental(single) mode of
vibration.
Fh = Ah x (Dead load +Appropriate live load)
Fh = horizontal seismic force to be resisted.
Ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient
The design horizontal seismic coefficient shall be determined as
follows:
I = Importance Factor R= Response reduction factor
Z = Zone factor Sa/g= Design acceleration coefficient for different soil types, normalized
with peak ground acceleration, corresponding to natural period T of structure (considering
soil-structure interaction, if required). It shall be as taken corresponding to 5 percent
damping,
6
Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method: Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method:
The fundamental natural period T (in seconds) of pier/abutment

of the bridge along a horizontal direction may be estimated by
the following expression:
In absence of calculations of fundamental period of small bridges, Where,

the value of may be taken as 2.5 D = Appropriate dead load of the superstructure and live load
in kN
Fundamental time period of bridge component is to be calculated by F = Horizontal force in kN required to be applied at the centre
any rational method of analysis by adopting the Modulus of of mass of superstructure for one mm horizontal deflection at the
Elasticity of Concrete (Ecm) as per IRC: 112, and considering top of the pier/ abutment for the earthquake in the
moment of inertia of cracked section, which can be taken as 0.75 transverse direction; and the force to be applied at the top of
times the moment of inertia of gross uncracked section, in the the bearings for the earthquake in the longitudinal direction.
absence of rigorous calculation

Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method: Elastic Response Spectrum method
Applicability on specific structure type is given below This is a general method, suitable for more complex structural
systems (continuous bridges, bridges with large difference in
pier heights, bridges which are curved in plan, etc), in which
a) Pier height of bridge is less than 30m. dynamic analysis of the structure is performed to obtain the
first as well as higher modes of vibration. The forces are
b) Bridge having no abrupt or unusual changes in mass, stiffness obtained for each mode by use of response spectrum as given
or geometry along its span below
c) Bridge should be straight in and adjacent piers do not differ in
stiffness by more than 25%
This method is not applicable for arch bridge of span more than
30m, cable supported bridges, suspension bridges and other
innovative bridge. This method is illustrated in Appendix A-1
CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS Geotechnical Aspects for determining the Spectrum
Elastic Response Spectrum method
Classification of Types of Soils for Determining the Spectrum to be Used to
Estimate Design Earthquake Force
The following steps are required in Elastic Response Spectrum Method Sr. Soil Type Remarks
No.
i) a) Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand (SW) both with
• Formulation of an appropriate mathematical model consisting of lumped
I less than 5 percent passing 75 µm sieve (Fines)
mass system using 2D/3D beam elements. The mathematical model should Rock or b) Well graded gravel-sand mixtures with or without fines (GW-
suitably represent dynamic characteristic of superstructure, bearings, sub- Hard soils SW)
structure, and foundation and soil/ rock spring. In rock and very stiff soil c)Stiff to hard clays having N above 30, where N is standard
fixed base may be assumed. penetration test value
d) Poorly graded sand (SP) or clayey sand (SC), all having N
above 30
• Determination of natural frequency and mode shapes following a standard ii) a) Poorly graded sands or poorly graded sands with gravel (SP)
transfer matrix, stiffness matrix, finite element method or any other II with little or no fines having N between 10 and 30
Medium or b) Stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils, like silts of low
approach. Stiff soils compressibility (ML) or clays of low compressibility (CL) having N
between 10 and 30
• Determine total response by combining responses in various modes by iii) a) All soft soils other than SP with N<10. The various possible
mode combination procedure such as Square root of the sum of the III soils are:
Soft soils b) a) Silts of intermediate compressibility (MI);
squares (SRSS), complete quadratic combination (CQC) etc. b) Silts of high compressibility (MH);
c) Clays of intermediate compressibility (CI);
• Calculate the base shear values computed at (3). d) Clays of high compressibility (CH);
e) Silts and clays of intermediate to high compressibility (MI-
MH or CI-CH);
f) Silt with clay of intermediate compressibility (Ml-CI); and
g) Silt with clay of high compressibility (MH-CH).
7
Time History Method Minimum Design Horizontal Seismic Force
• In bridges where pier height are high Bridges and its components shall be designed and constructed to resist
• bridge has abrupt or unusual changes in mass, stiffness or the effects of design Horizontal Seismic force specified above.
geometry along its span and has large differences in these
parameters between adjacent supports, But regardless of horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient Ah arrived
• special seismic devices such as dampers, isolator shock at by applying appropriate seismic analysis methods., bridges shall
transmission unit etc are provided and have lateral load resisting system capable of resisting horizontal
• Where the large spatial variation need to considered seismic acceleration coefficient not less than Ah- Min given below
SEISMIC ZONE Ah- Min

The dynamic analysis of a bridge by time history method may be carried
II 0.011
out using direct step-by-step method of integration of equations of
motion suitable steps small enough to include response of highest III 0.017
modes of vibration. This method is also recommended in situations
IV 0.025
where large number of modes vibration are expected to participate in
bridge response. V 0.038
CHAPTER 5 –METHOD OF ANALYSIS CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

Method of analysis in
Pier Height Remarks
Type Of Bridge/Pier Height/Span Condition Seismic Zone Method of analysis in
Pier Height Remarks
II & III IV & V Condition Seismic Zone
Right Bridge or Skew II & III IV & V
Up to 30m ESAM ESAM
Up to Difference in Pier
Simply Supported Large All heights ERSM ERSM Refer Note 4
30 ◦ or curved span individual span 0 to 60m Heights/Stiffness
having radius more Above 30 m ERSM ERSM < 100 m
Curved in Plan All heights ERSM ERSM*
than 100m radius
Simply Supported Up to 30m ESAM ERSM Bridge With Skew Angle >30 ◦ All heights ERSM ERSM*
60 to 150m
individual span Above 30 m ERSM ERSM
#site Specific
Up to 30m ESAM ERSM Cable Stay,
Main Span Spectrum for
Individual Span > 150m Suspension & All heights ERSM* ERSM#
Above 30 m ERSM ERSM <600m zone IV & V
Extradosed span
preferable
<150m
between All heights ERSM ERSM Evaluation of
exp. joints. liquefaction
Bridges founded on site with sand or
Continuous/Integral potential shall
Spatial Variation poorly graded sand with little or no fines All heights ERSM ERSM
Bridges >150m be carried out
of ground or in liquefiable soil in all seismic zones
between All heights ERSM ERSM* as given in
motion to be
exp. joints Appendix A2
considered
Bridges Located on From following analysis methods higher order analysis should be performed wherever bridge is falling under more than
Geological All Spans All heights ERSM* ERSM* Refer Note 3 one category
discontinuity ESAM - Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method
Major Bridges in
"Near field or Bridges
ERSM – Elastic Response Spectrum Method
on soils consisting of ERSM*- Elastic Response Spectrum Method & Time History Method
#site Specific
marine clay or loose
All Spans All heights ERSM* ERSM# Spectrum ERSM#- Elastic Response Spectrum and Time History Method with Site specific studies
sand ( eg where soil
preferable • Bridges having 0 to 15m span and overall length is less than 60m falls in seismic zone II and III no seismic check
up to 30m depth has
an avg SPT need to consider.
value≤10) • Geological discontinuity is a plane or surface that marks a change in physical or chemical characteristics in a soil
Filled up or rock mass. A discontinuity can be in the form of a bedding plane, joint, cleavage, fracture, fissure, crack, or fault
- ESAM ESAM
Arch plane
Arch Bridges
All other • The adjacent pier do not differ in stiffness by more than 25 %. Percentage of difference shall be calculated based on
- ERSM ERSM
Arch lesser of the two stiffness
THANK YOU
8
Dr. Lakshmy Parameswaran
Chief Scientist Bridges & Structures Division, CSIR-CRRI and
Member, B-2 Committee of IRC
6/26/2018
Introduction to IRC:SP:114-2018 Guidelines For

Chapter 6: General Design Provisions
Seismic Design of Road Bridges
• Contents
Chapter 6- General Design Provisions
Chapter 7-Seismic Design Method • 6.1 General
Chapter 10- Seismic Isolation Devices • 6.2 Basic Design Principles
• 6.3 Seismic Design Aspects
Dr. Lakshmy Parameswaran • 6.4 Design Provisions
Chief Scientist • 6.5 Long Span Bridges
CSIR-Central Road Research Institute
• 6.6 Special Type of Bridges
New Delhi-110 025
Email:lakshmy.crri@nic.in
6.1 General 6.2 Basic Design Principle

• The Earthquake Resistant Design Measure shall consider
Design Concept the Seismic Effects arising due to three orthogonal
• Strong Beam Weak Column components of ground motions to Minimize the damage of
• Plastic hinges are allowed to form in predetermined Bridge Components
locations in pier
• Strength based design of Bridge components-
Amalgamating Force based Approach and Capacity
Design Principle
• Provision of Seismic Isolation Devices
6.3 Seismic Design Aspects 6.3.2 Capacity Design?
• Strength, Ductility and Energy Dissipation • Force Demands for essentially essential components
• Energy dissipation in the structure due to inelastic adjacent to ductile components should be determined by
action the in plastic hinge capacity –design principle, i.e., joint-force equilibrium, by
multiplying plastic hinge capacity at hinge location by
• Reduce Seismic Demand on structure by provision overstrength factor.
of Seismic isolation devices or seismic protection
devices (Chapter 10) • Don’t use overstrength factor for those components where
plastic hinge is not likely to Form.
• Capacity protected regions of substructure/ Pile
• In the hierarchy of failure modes, priority is given to ductile
foundation can be designed elastically without
failure mode
ductile detailing.
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6.3.3 Overstrength Factor 6.3.4 Ductility Capacity and Demand
• The Overstrength factor is a multiplying factor to • The global displacement capacity should not be
plastic moment capacity at hinge location. less than estimated displacement demands under a
• This represents various sources of overstrength, e.g., design earthquake and local displacement capacity
-unintentional increase in material properties, of individual Members.
-post-yield strain hardening, • The ductility capacity should be more than ductility
-rounding off dimension of members and demand
-providing excess reinforcement than
required.
6.4 Design Provisions 6.4.2 Substructure

• 6.4.1 Superstructure • Preselect the number of piers and abutments that will
• No Plastic hinge to be formed in superstructure withstand seismic forces in longitudinal/transverse
• Superstructure to remain elastic even where plastic hinges direction.
are formed in pier. • Plastic hinges should develop at predetermined locations of
• Adopt capacity design principle for superstructure a bridge pier.
• Prevent Unseating of Superstructure • Avoid shear failure of pier by ductile detailing.
6.4.3 Bearings and Expansion Joints 6.4.4 Foundation
• Inertia forces generated on superstructure • Force Demands on foundations should be based on

due to seismic effects should be transferred to capacity design principle, i.e., plastic capacity of pier
pier/abutment through fixed bearing capable bases multiplied with an appropriate over strength
factor.
of withstanding horizontal forces.
• Foundation should be designed to remain elastic.
• Pile Foundation may experience limited inelastic
deformations, then adopt ductile detailing.
• In case of well and pile foundations, the foundation
should be taken deeper into soil layer where
liquefaction is not likely to occur.
2
6/26/2018
6.5 Long Span Bridges 6.6 Special Type of Bridges

• Long Span Bridges- cablestayed, suspension • These shall be designed for site-specific
bridges- affected by spatial and temporal spectrum and for which no importance factor
variation in ground motion to be used.
• Different piers are subjected to different
ground motions at any one time, because
seismic waves take time to travel from one
pier to another
Chapter 7 Seismic Design Method 7.2Force Based Design Method

• The Structural configuration of bridge is chosen and Member Size
Estimated –Conceptual Design- Chapter3
• 7.1 General • Use cracked moment of inertia for estimation of Member stiffness (
• 7.2 Force Based Design Method-Design Earthquake-DBE& MCE, RCC bridge pier 75% of gross Moment of Inertia)
Ultimate Limit State • Estimation of time - two principal horizontal direction and in vertical
• 7.3 Capacity Design- Principle, Advantage and Steps direction
• 7.4 For Which bridge components apply Capacity Design • Carryout Seismic Analysis – Chapter 5-Response spectrum Method,
ensure the participation of 90% of total mass (Table 5.3)
• 7.5 Design of Concrete Section with Ductile Detailing- Seismic • Select the Response reduction factor corresponding to redundancy,
design force for substructure, design of plastic hinge and ductility and material of System (Table 4.1)
outside the region of plastic hinge
• Obtain Design Seismic forces by dividing Elastic Seismic forces by
• 7.6 How to Account for Second Order Effects on Plastic Hinge Response Reduction Factor
• 7.7 Design of beam column joints • Identify the location where plastic hinges are to be formed- use
• 7.8 General Procedure for calculation of Capacity Design Concept of strong beam weak column,
Effects • Design plastic hinge, ductile detailing of plastic hinge, Apply capacity
design principle for outside region/component
7.2.1Design Basis Earthquake-DBE&

7.2.2 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
MCE
• All Bridges shall be designed for DBE. • While designing for DBE, only ULS shall be
• Bridges having design life >100years shall be ensured and the load combinations and load
designed for Design Basis Earthquake and factors are given in IRC:6-2017.
Maximum Considered Earthquake(MCE). • Capacity Design Effects shall be treated as
Ultimate Loads for which sections will be
checked independently.
3
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7.3 Capacity Design- Broad Steps

• The required design moment at potential locations of plastic
hinge is determined for load combination specified in IRC:6-
2017.
• Structural design of member section at plastic hinge location is
carried out by limit state design.
• Longitudinal and transverse reinforcements is determined
following rules of ductile detailing.
• Determine the forces in the Members adjacent to plastic hinge
which are to remain elastic, by capacity design procedure.
7.3.3Advantages of Capacity Design

7.3.4 Capacity Design Steps
Method
• Plastic Designs can occur only at predetermined • Determination of Plastic Hinge Location
locations ( Plastic hinge location depends on the • Computation of Capacity design Effects,
restraint condition at Pier Ends) Illustrative Example in Appendix 3
• A Suitable Mechanism of Energy Dissipation is
• Design for Capacity Design Effects
deliberately and thoughtfully chosen by the
designer
• A clear Hierarchy in the required strength is
established. The regions outside plastic hinge are
intended to remain elastic
Potential Locations of Plastic Hinges in Potential Location of Plastic Hinge in Frame Type
Cantilever Pier Pier
4
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Potential Location of Plastic Hinge in

7.3.4.2 Computation of Capacity Design Effects
Plate Type Pier
Overstrength factor
ME = Design Moment in Seismic Design Situation at Plastic hinge location,

A-Deck, B-Pier, PH-Plastic Hinge
7.5.2Design of Plastic Hinge Regions 10.Seismic Isolation Devices

• To be used with Rigid Structures with T<1.0sec, For
reducing Seismic Response (force/displacement)
• By lengthening Time Period of bridge, reduces forces but
increasing the displacement
• By increasing damping, which reduces displacement and
may reduce forces
• By a combination of two effects (preferred)
Do Not Seismic Isolation Devices For Bridges founded

on Type III soil, i.e, soft soil
5
6/26/2018
Seismic Protection Devices- Isolator,

Type of Seismic Isolation Devices
Damper, STU
• Hydraulic Viscous Damper
• Elastomeric Bearing Damper ( Low Damping)
• High Damping Bearing (Damping ratio between 0.1
and 0.2)
• Lead Rubber Bearing
• Friction Pendulum Bearing
32
Typical Arrangement of Damper in

Lead Rubber Bearing Damper
Continuous Structure
Functions of Seismic isolation devices

Vertical load carrying capability, high lateral flexibility and high
vertical rigidity
Energy dissipation( hysteretic, viscous, frictional)
Lateral restoring capability
Horizontal restraint under non-seismic service horizontal loads
10.7 Design Properties of Seismic Isolation

Devices from Supplier for Analysis
Seismic Isolation Device Properties required for Seismic Analysis
Elastomeric Bearing Damping Ratio

Damper (Low Damping)
High Damping Elastomeric Damping Ratio
Damper
Lead Rubber Bearing Size of Bearing, Number of Elastomer Layer, and Steel
Plates, Thickness of steel plates& Elastomer Layer,
Diameter of Lead Plug, Damping Ratio of composite
material
Friction sliding damper with Dynamic sliding friction, Maximum displacement after
flat or curved surface incorporating device into structure
Fluid Viscous Damper Viscous force displacement parameter, viscous resistance,

velocity of movement, max. Displacement after
incorporating the device.
6
6/26/2018
Analysis Methods for Bridges with Seismic Isolation Devices

Rigid structure in High
R
Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method
Seismic Zone
Use Elastic Response • Rigid Deck model to be used
Spectrum Method for
Use R=1 for Analysis
RA Vertical Component of • Transfer of Earthquake shear through seismic
Seismic Action
Isolation devices shall be determined considering
Elastic Seismic
sdof effective time period system using effective
Elastic Response Spectrum
Acceleration Method, if distance of stiffness and damping of isolation devices used,
Method, if distance of
bridge site to Active
bridge site to Active
fault>10Km and substrata Non-linear Time History
mass of superstructure, and spectral acceleration
fault>10Km and substrata
does not contain loose to
contain loose to medium
cohesionless soil,
R soft clay
Analysis of Bridge
R corresponding to Teff.
(Refer Chapter 5)
medium cohesionless soil, /silt (PI>40)with high water
soft clay/silt (PI>40)with table or liquefiable soil and
high water table or effective damping ratio ≤0.3
liquefiable soil and (Refer Chapter 4 for
effective damping ratio Combination of Actions))
≤0.3
Acceleration and Displacement Spectra
7
6/26/2018
All components of isolating system shall be capable of functioning without

any unacceptable deformations at the total maximum displacements.
45
8
Mr Alok Bhowmick
Managing Director, B&S Engineering Consultants Pvt Ltd and
Member, B-2 Committee of IRC
26‐06‐2018
IRC:SP:114-2018
IRC:SP:114-2018 GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF ROAD BRIDGES
GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC CONTENT OF CHAPTER 8 CONTENT OF CHAPTER 9
DESIGN OF ROAD BRIDGES (DESIGN OF BRIDGE COMPONENTS) (DUCTILE DETAILING OF STRUCTURES)
COVERAGE : 8.1 General 9.1 Ductile Detailing of

8.2 Superstructure RCC Structures
 CHAPTER 8 : DESIGN OF BRIDGE COMPONENTS
8.3 Substructure : Piers &
 CHAPTER 9 : DUCTILE DETAILING OF STRUCTURES Abutments
8.4 Foundation 9.2 Ductile Detailing of
APPLICABILITY : THE CODE WILL BE APPLICABLE W.E.F 30.06.2018 Steel and Steel
8.5 Bearings, Seismic
Connections & Composite Structures.
Expansion Joints
ALOK BHOWMICK
Honorary Secretary, IAStructE
IRC:SP:114-2018 IRC:SP:114-2018 : Chapter 8

GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF ROAD BRIDGES GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF ROAD BRIDGES
Classification of Loads on Bridges :
CHAPTER 8 Horizontal Framing – Vertical Loads
govern design LOADS ON BRIDGES Vertical Framing – Horizontal
Load governs design
(DESIGN OF BRIDGE COMPONENTS)
VERTICAL LOAD HORIZONTAL LOAD
This chapter deals with :
1. Procedure for seismic design of various bridge components .
DL & SIDL LIVE LOAD VERT. EQ LOAD WIND LOAD HOR. EQ LOAD, BR. etc.
2. Transfer of force mechanism from bearing to substructure and
foundation.
3. Applicable for “Regular” bridges only. SUPERSTRUCTURE PIERS / ABUTMENTS
[‘Regular’ bridges are defined as those bridges, where seismic actions
are resisted primarily through abutments and flexure of piers.] SLAB GIRDERS / BOX PORTAL FRAME CANTILEVER MASONRY PIERS
IRC:SP:114-2018 : Chapter 8 IRC:SP:114-2018 : Chapter 8

8.2 : Superstructure 8.2 : Superstructure
1. For design, vertical Seismic is to be considered for all seismic zones in case Main Elements in Superstructure, which is covered
of PSC structures. In case of RCC structures, vert. seismic to be considered in great detail in this guideline are :
in Zone IV and V.
1. Linkage Elements : To prevent undesirable movements
2. Superstructure generally do not play any major role in resisting lateral loads, of adjacent superstructure units at supports (Ties,
except transferring the lateral load from Superstructure thru’ Bearings Cables, Dampers…etc.)
(Exception : Integral Bridges).
2. Seismic Stoppers : To prevent dislodgement of
3. However superstructure is prone to being unseated or toppled at pier cap due Superstructure.
to lateral loads. So provision for large seating width, unseating prevention
blocks, seismic links and holding down devices are necessary. 3. Seating Widths : A minimum support length in capping
at expansion end of girder.
4. All PSC / RCC Superstructures shall be designed for Elastic Seismic Forces
with R = 1. Plastic hinges not allowed to be formed in deck. For Steel / 4. Holding Down Device : to preventing instability and
Composite Superstructures, R=2.5 may be used with ductile detailing. toppling.
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8.3 : Substructures : Piers & Abutments 8.3 : Substructures : Piers & Abutments
1. Capacity Design Concept is applicable for connections and Capacity design Moments
Foundations : Ensures that the ductile elements in the structure Within the length of members developing plastic hinges (PH)
will yield prior to failure of the brittle elements.
Deck
Pier
2. Damage preferred in Piers; Pier base detailed for ductility and

overstrength for design of Pier section.

Increase in overstrength factor with increased axial force for 8.3 : Substructures : Piers & Abutments
Concrete Structures.
3. Guideline recommends to restrict skew angles of Bridge Abutments
Relationship between 'k' and 'K' and Piers to less than 30o. Skewed Abutments are highly vulnerable to
1.6000
damage during seismic. If required, increase span length to reduce
skew. (This does not mean that more than 30o Skew is not permitted !!)
Overstrength multiplying factor, K
1.5000
Concrete Members, o = 1.35 1.4000

8.4 : Foundation
Steel Members, o = 1.25
1.3000
1. Force demand on Foundation should be based on capacity design
1.2000 principle. In general it is not allowed that bridge foundations are
1.1000
intentionally used as sources of hysteretic energy dissipation and
therefore should, as far as practicable, be designed to remain
undamaged under the design seismic action. This design philosophy
1.0000
0.08 0.18 0.28 0.38 0.48 0.58 0.68
Normalised Axial Force, k
is new and a marked change from current practice.

8.5 : Bearings, Seismic Connections & Expansion Joints 8.5 : Bearings, Seismic Connections & Expansion Joints
1. Detailed guideline given for Bearing Arrangement for Seismic 2. Detailed guideline given for Bearing Arrangement in this
Zone IV and V. guideline for Seismic Zone IV and V. CASE 2
CASE 1
1. RESTRAINED EB WITH IN-
BUILT FIXITY
1. EB TAKING VERTICAL
ARRANGEMENT TAKING
LOADS
VERT. + LAT. LOADS
2. SEPARATE SEISMIC
2. SEPARATE SEISMIC
REACTION BLOCKS TO
REACTION BLOCKS TO
TAKE LATERAL LOADS
TAKE LATERAL LOADS
3. REACTION BLOCKS TO
3. REACTION BLOCKS TO BE
BE DESIGNED FOR
DESIGNED FOR SAME ‘R’
CAPACITY DESIGN
VALUE AS THAT OF
FORCES
SUBSTRUCTURE.
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26‐06‐2018

8.5 : Bearings, Seismic Connections & Expansion Joints FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPANS ‐
3. Detailed guideline given for Bearing Arrangement in this
guideline for Seismic Zone IV and V.
CASE 3
1. FREE POT/PTFE /
SPHERICAL BEARINGS TO
TAKE VERTICAL LOADS
2. SEPARATE SEISMIC
REACTION BLOCKS TO
TAKE LATERAL LOADS
3. REACTION BLOCKS TO BE
DESIGNED FOR CAPACITY
DESIGN FORCES
Structural bearings are fixed, guided or moveable in all directions

Guided in constant direction ‘’ from direction
FOR CONTINUOUS SPANS Guided in direction of Expansion
(line joining ZMP with the guide) of Expansion
(WITH HLMR BEARINGS) :
(HLMR : High Load Multi Rotational)

Guided in direction tangential to curve
FOR CURVED & SKEWED, CONTINUOUS SPANS

(WITH HLMR BEARINGS) :

FREE BEARING FREE BEARING
FIXED BEARING FIXED BEARING
GUIDED BEARING
GUIDED BEARING
PIN BEARING
PIN BEARING
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26‐06‐2018

8.5.2.5 Minimum Overlap Length at moveable joint : 8.5.2.5 Minimum Overlap Length at moveable joint :
Lov
= 1.0, 1.36 & 1.67 for Soil

Type I, II & III respectively
= 40 cm
beyond which ground motion is considered uncorrelated = 500m

Tc = 0.4, 0.5 & 0.65 for Soil Type I, II & III respectively; TD = 4.0

8.5.3 : Seismic Connections : 8.5.3.1 Reaction Blocks
While transferring seismic loads through Seismic connections, care shall be
taken to ensure that the dynamic shock effect is duly taken into account.
TD
REACTION
BLOCKS
TB TC

8.5.3.2 : Seismic Connections – Links 8.5.3.2 : Seismic Connections – Links
Linkage to be designed for part load = .Q
Linkage to be designed for capacity design effects ignoring bearing resistance
Seismic Links usually are considered to be

a part of retrofitting measures to existing
bridges. Should be provided with proper
slack to allow non-seismic displacements
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26‐06‐2018

8.5.3.3 : Seismic Connections – Vertical Holding Down Devices 8.5.3.4 : Seismic Connections – Longitudinal Restrainers
Vertical hold-down devices shall be To control excessive
provided at all supports (or hinges in displacements from causing
continuous structures), where collapse of the superstructure
resulting vertical force U due to the spans, restrainers may be
maximum elastic horizontal and provided. Specialist literature
vertical seismic forces (combined as may be referred for this
per relevant clause of the Code) purpose.
opposes and exceeds 50% of the 50%DL < U < 100%DL
[Design for minimum U = 10% DL]
dead load reaction D. U > 100%DL,
[Design for 1.2 x (U‐D)]

8.5.4 : Shock Transmission Units 8.5.4 : Shock Transmission Units
Shock transmission units (STU) V < 0.1 mm/sec
are devices that provide velocity-
dependent restraint of the relative
displacement between deck and V > 1.0 mm/sec
supporting pier caps / abutment
caps
IRC:SP:114-2018 IRC:SP:114-2018 : Chapter 9

9.1 Detailing Rules for RCC Structures :
CHAPTER 9
Objective: Increase of local ductility of reinforced concrete sections +
(DUCTILE DETAILING OF STRUCTURES) avoiding brittle failure modes
Confinement: for increasing ultimate concrete strain εcu
1. The provisions of this clause will be applicable for all bridges in
seismic zone III, IV and V where plastic hinges are likely to be Confined concrete
fcm,c
formed.
Unconfined concrete
2. Design strategy : Basic assumption is that the plastic response fcm
will occur in the substructure, where repair of plastic hinges post- Ecm
Esec
earthquake is relatively easy.
εc1 εcu1 εc1,c εcu,c c
3. Steel & Composite Bridges are also covered (New Addition) Stress‐strain diagram of unconfined and confined concrete
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26‐06‐2018

9.1 Detailing Rules for RCC Structures : 9.1 Detailing Rules for RCC Structures :
Confinement reinforcement : Confinement reinforcement
 Increases with normalized axial force: ηk = NEd / (Acfck)
and Axial reinforcement ratio ρ (for ρ > 0.01).
 Minimum Long. Reinforcement shall not be less than 1%
(New addition to the IRC 112 provision)
 Minimum concrete grade at Plastic Hinge Location : M30
(New addition to the IRC 112 provision)

9.1 Detailing Rules for RCC Structures : 9.2 : Ductile Detailing of Steel / Composite Structures
1. Unlike Concrete, Steel is a ductile material. Problem with steel is
Confinement reinforcement premature ‘Buckling’ of compression members.
2. Provisions of this clause is applicable for Steel & Composite
Bridges located in seismic zone III, IV and V
3. When ductile detailing is followed, only ‘Plastic’ and ‘Compact’
section shall be used in potential plastic hinge formation zone.
4. Members forming a part of the gravity load resisting system and
not intended to resist the lateral EQ loads need not satisfy the
requirement of this section, provided they can accommodate the
deformations without premature failure.

Cross section which can develop plastic hinges and 9.2 : Ductile Detailing of Steel / Composite Structures
Plastic have rotational capacity to develop plastic hinge
Mp 1. Ductile limit state shall precede brittle limit state. The weakest
Compact Cross section which can develop plastic moment of resistance, member shall fail in ductile manner before any other member can
My but have inadequate plastic hinges rotational capacity fail in strength or in buckling.
Semi-compact
Cross section in which extreme fibre in compression can 2. Unanticipated over strength in the ductile element can lead to
reach yield stress, but can not develop the plastic moment of
resistance non-ductile behaviour. Therefore steel with low value of yield ratio
Slender (Fy/Fu) are preferable for ductile elements.
Cross section in which elements buckle locally even before
reaching yield stress.
3. High strength steels are generally less ductile (lower elongations)
y u Rotation 
and generally have a higher yield ratio. High strength steels are
generally undesirable for ductile elements
Section Classification based on Moment-Rotation Characteristics
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26‐06‐2018

What is the concept of ductility in steel ? Why ductility is required for seismic design ?
Ductility is the ability of the  Permits redistribution of internal stresses
structure to sustain large
inelastic deformations  Increases strength of members, connections &
without significant loss in structures
strength.
 Permits design based on simple equilibrium models
Ductility is response of :  Results in more robust structure
 is not just
Displacement • material,
displacement
Rotation
Curvature • structural component and  Provides warning of failure
Strain
• global frame.
Etc.
 Permits structure to survive severe EQ loading

Why ductility is required ? Why ductility is required ? ‘Lower Bound Theorem of Plastic
 Permits redistribution of 50 Ksi  Permits redistribution of Analysis’ is only applicable for
internal stresses internal stresses Ductile Structures.
 Increases strength of  Increases strength of Designs satisfying equilibrium and
members, connections & members, connections &
material strength limits are safe.
structures structures
 Permits design based on  Permits design based on As a designer, as long as we satisfy
simple equilibrium models simple equilibrium models the equilibrium (i,e. provide a load
 Results in more robust  Results in more robust path, a ductile structure will
structure structure redistribute internal stresses and
 Provides warning of failure  Provides warning of failure forces so as to find the available
 Permits structure to survive  Permits structure to survive load path.
severe EQ loading severe EQ loading

Why ductility is required ? Why ductility is required ? Bridge is to be designed for
 Permits redistribution of  Permits redistribution of ductile behaviour
internal stresses internal stresses
Bridge
 Increases strength of  Increases strength of
members, connections & members, connections &
structures structures
 Permits design based on  Permits design based on
simple equilibrium models simple equilibrium models
 Results in more robust  Results in more robust
structure structure
 Provides warning of failure  Provides warning of failure
 Permits structure to survive  Permits structure to survive
severe EQ loading severe EQ loading
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How to achieve ductile response in steel bridges ?
1. Ductile limit state should precede brittle limit state
• Ductile elements must be the weakest in the load path
• Stronger is not better in ductile elements
• Define required strength for brittle limit states based on
expected yield capacity of ductile element
2. Connections should be stronger than members
3. Avoid high strength steels in ductile elements
4. Use cross sections with low b/t ratio
Shall not be used in Seismic Zone IV & V & for Bridges
5. Provide adequate lateral bracings with Importance Factor, I > 1.0 in Zone III

9.2 : Ductile Detailing of Steel / Composite Structures 9.2 : Ductile Detailing of Steel / Composite Structures
Cross Girder at Mid‐Depth Crossed Girder also supporting the slab
Open Section Bracing : Cross girder connected to Bracing : Diagonals, four box stiffeners
Bracing : Top & Bottom Chords, diagonals, vertical web stiffeners
vertical stiffeners to main beam
Closed Section
Bracing : Diagonals, four box stiffeners
Typical
Open Section Typical Braced Moment Frames in
Bracing : Top & Bottom Chords, diagonals,
vertical stiffeners to main beam & Frames in Bridges Bridges
provision for bearing replacement Cross Bracing with deep beam

Typical bracing over

span of a multi-girder
bridge (slab not shown)
Plan bracing systems Torsional bracing systems
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9.2 : Ductile Detailing of Steel / Composite Structures
9.2.3 Load Combinations :
1. In addition to the load combinations given in IRC:6 Special
(Table B.1 to B.4), following additional load combination requirements to
avoid instabilities
shall be considered : like buckling &
 1.2 x (DL) + 0.5x(LL) + 2.5 x (EQL) and over-turning
 0.9 x (DL) + 2.5 x (EQL)
9.2.4 Connections, Joints & Fasteners :
1. All Bolts shall be fully tensioned ‘HSFG’ bolts or ‘Turned and Fitted’ bolts (Black bolts can be
used in frames not intended to resist EQ loads)
2. All welds shall be complete penetration butt welds, except in splices in compression
members.
Typical bracing of a multi-girder bridge 3. Bolted joints shall be designed not to share loads with welded joints on the same surface.

Typical Concentrically braced steel frames (CBF) Typical Eccentrically braced steel frames (EBF)
Specialist literature shall be
referred for design of EBF
Tension braces shall
have to be designed to
resist 30 to 70% of
lateral load Gross area yielding of the
tension brace shall take
place before yielding failure
of connections and
buckling of main members.
FOR BUILDINGS FOR BRIDGES

Typical Eccentrically braced steel frames (EBF) Cl. 9.2.6.2 : Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBFs)
Frame Configuration
• Capable of withstanding inelastic joint rotation of 0.02 radian
• Provisions only for diagonal, X- bracing, V and inverted-V bracings. K-braced
frames not permitted
Bracing Members
• Slenderness of bracing member < 120 where :  = (250/fy)0.5]
• Required compressive strength, Pr < 0.8 x Pd (Design Strength),
• Bracing cross-section can be Plastic, Compact & Semi Compact, but not slender
• Tensile braces carry 30-70% of load
• Built-up braces: local slenderness < 0.4 Overall slenderness
• Connection strength to withstand min. of [1.2xAgxfy, Force in the brace due to load
combinations in 9.2.3, Max. Force which can be transferred by the system]
• Check for tension rupture, block shear and gusset local buckling
• Connection to withstand 1.2 Mp of brace section
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Cl. 9.2.6.3 : Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBFs) Cl. 9.2.7.2 : Ordinary Moment Frames (OMFs)
Frame Configuration 1. OMFs shall be capable to withstand inelastic deformation
• Capable of withstanding inelastic joint rotation of 0.04 radian corresponding to joint rotation (θp) of 0.02 radians without
• Provisions only for diagonal, X- bracing, V and inverted-V bracings. K- degradation in strength and stiffness below the full yield value
braced frames not permitted
(MP).
Bracing Members
2. Beam to Column Connections for OMFs – Both Rigid & Semi Rigid
• Shall be made of E250 B0/BR steel of IS 2062. Connections are permitted
• Slenderness of bracing member < 160
• Pr < 1.0 x Pd …….[ ] Rigid moment connection to withstand full plastic moment, Mp of beam or
• Columns and Bracing cross-section shall be plastic the maximum moment that can be delivered, whichever is less.
• Tensile braces carry 30-70% of load Semi-rigid connections to withstand 0.5Mp of beam, or the maximum
• Built-up braces: local slenderness < 0.4 Overall slenderness
moment that can be delivered, whichever is less. The design moment shall
• Splices to resist shear and 0.5Mp of smaller section
• Connection same as in OCBF
be achieved within a rotation of 0.01 rad.

Cl. 9.2.7.3 : Special Moment Frames (SMFs) Cl. 9.2.7.3 : SMFs - Beam-to-column joints and connections
1. SMFs shall be made of E250 B0/BR steel of IS 2062. 1. In column having strong axis connections (beam & column web in
the same plane), the panel zone shall be checked for shear
2. Should be capable to withstand inelastic deformation corresponding to
joint rotation (θp) of 0.04 radians. buckling at the design shear defined above. Column-Web
doubler plates or diagonal stiffener may be used to strengthen the
3. The connection to withstand a shear from the load combination 1.2DL+ web against shear buckling.
0.5LL plus the shear from the application of 1.2 Mp in the opposite Continuity
sense, at each end of the beam. The shear strength need not exceed the 2. The individual thickness of the column webs
plate
value corresponding to additional load combinations. and doubler plates, shall exceed (dp+bp)/90.
4. All beam-to-column connections shall be rigid and designed to withstand dp
3. Continuity plates (stiffener plates) shall be
at least 1.2 times Mp of the connected beam. When a reduced beam
section is used, its minimum flexural strength shall be at least equal to
provided in all strong axis welded bp
0.8 times the full plastic moment of the unreduced section. connections except in end plate connection 58

Cl. 9.2.7.3 : Beam & Column Limitations Cl. 9.2.7.4 : Column Bases
1. Strong Column weak beam concept is to be followed in 1. Fixed column bases and their anchor bolts should
be designed to withstand a moment of 1.2 times
steel frames. the full plastic moment capacity of the column
section.
2. The anchor bolts shall be designed to withstand
the combined action of shear and tension as well
as prying action, if any.
3. Both fixed and hinged column bases and their
anchor bolts shall be designed to withstand the full
shear under any load case or 1.2 times the shear
capacity of the column section, whichever is higher.
10
Mr. Rajiv Ahuja
Independent Consultant-Bridges & Highway and
Member of B-2 Committee of IRC
6/26/2018
Guidelines for Seismic Design of Bridges

APPENDIX –A-1
GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF ROAD BRIDGES‐IRC:SP:114‐2018 ILLUSTRATION OF ELASTIC SEISMIC ACCELERATION METHOD
By AS PER METHOD IN CLAUSE 5.2.1 OF CHAPTER 5
INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
Ah = (Z/2) x (I/R) x (S a /g) T=2x (D/1000F)^0.5
where Z=Zone Factor, I=Importance Factor T=Fundamental Natural Period in Secs
R=Response Reduction Factor D= Seismic Load
Sa/g=Design Acceleration Coefficient F=Horz. Force in KN for 1mm deflection
Presentation on Appendix A‐1 to A‐3 Simply Continuous

Span condition Supported Spans Integral Spans
(Case 1) (Case 2)
(Case 3)
Height of 10m 20m 40m
Substructure
Presented by
Bearing Type Elastomeric POT/PTFE -----
Rajiv Ahuja
Seminar Organised by IAStructE on 23rd June 2018 Foundation Type Open Pile Well
(fixed at base) (with soil spring) (with soil spring)
Guideline for Seismic Design of Bridges
Case 1: Simply Supported Span resting on Elastomeric Bearing. CASE 1

Type of Super Structure Simply Supported
Type of Foundation Open Foundation
Type of Bearing Elastomeric Bearing
Type of Seismic Analysis Longitudinal
M1 = Contributory Mass of Super Structure for Span – 1 = 4000 Kn
M2 = Contributory Mass of SIDL & SSDL for Span – 1 = 1000 kN
M3 = Contributory Mass of Super Structure for Span – 2 = 4000 kN
M4 = Contributory Mass of SIDL & SSDL for Span – 2 = 1000 kN
MP = Contributory Mass of Pier and Pier Cap Pn = 982. kN
Guideline for Seismic Design of Bridges Guideline for Seismic Design of Bridges
MEMBER MEMBER DETAILS SECTION PROPERTIES REMARK

Seismic Modelling for Pier Pn:
Foundation (P) 4 x 4 x 1.5 m A = 16.00 m2, Uncracked

I xx = I yy = 21.33 m4
Pier (Q) 2 m dia., 8.5 m height A = 2.36 m2, Cracked
I xx = I yy = 0.59 m4
Pier Cap (R) 2.1 x 4 x 1.5 m A = 8.40 m2, Uncracked
I xx = 3.09 m4,
I yy = 11.20 m4
Elastomeric Bearing
g ((S)) 3500 kN/m per bearing, RXY = n.A.G.v XY/ T e Elastomeric Bearing
no. of bearings = 6 no. (Refer IRC:83, Part-II) acts as Spring
RXY = Resultant of the forces resisting to translatory motion,

n = Total number of bearings on pier cap,
A = Total plan area of bearing,
G = Shear modulus of bearing (IRHD 50) = 0.7 MPa,
v XY = Maximum resultant horizontal relative displacement obtained by vectoral addition of v X & v Y (for
stiffness computation – unit deflection).
Te = Total thickness of elastomer in shear = 50 mm.
RXY/v XY = (6 x 500 x 500 x 0.7)/50 = 21000 N/mm
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6/26/2018
Variation of Ah with depth:

• For portion of foundation between the scour level & up to 30 m depth, the portion of foundation mass Importance factor (I) = 1.2
may be computed using seismic coefficient obtained by linearly interpolating between A h at scour Response reduction factor (R) = 3.0
level & 0.5A h at a depth 30 m below scour level.
A h = (Z/2) x (I/R) x (S a /g) = 0.0404
• For embedded portion of foundation at depths exceeding 30 m below scour level, the seismic force
due to foundation mass may be computed using design seismic coefficient equal to 0.5A h .
Calculation of Base Shear:
Illustration: Sr. Component Seismic Seismic Force Remark
Force required for 1mm deflection at Node ‘5’ (F) = No. Acceleration (kN)
15.272 kN
Contributory Mass of Superstructure including SIDL & SSDL (D) = Coefficient
C ffi i t (Ah )
10000 kN
1 From Bearing 0.0404 404.00
Time Period (T) using simplified formula (Chapter 5) =
1.618 sec.
2 Pier Cap 0.0404 12.73
Time Period (T) computed by authenticated commercial software =
1.633 sec.
3 Pier (above GL) 0.0404 23.79
Design Horizontal Seismic Acceleration Coefficient (A h ) as per Clause 5.2 :
4 Pier (below GL) 0.0401 3.15 Seismic Acceleration
(S a /g) for medium stiff soil type, normalized for 5 percent damping Coefficient (A h ) modified for
5 Foundation 0.0396 23.76
=1.36/T =1.36/1.618 = 0.841 depth
Seismic Zone = Zone IV
Zone Factor (Z) = 0.24
Case 2: Two Span Continuous Superstructure resting on POT-PTFE Bearing CASE 2
Type of Super Structure Continuous
Type of Foundation Pile Foundation
Type of Bearing POT-PTFE
Type of Seismic Analysis Transverse
Where,
M1 = Contributory mass of Super Structure on Pier Pn = 8000 kN
M2 = Contributory mass of SIDL on Pier Pn = 1000 kN
M3 = Contributory mass of SSDL on Pier Pn = 1000 kN
M4 = Contributory mass of Appropriate Live Load on Pier Pn = 1500 kN
MP = Contributory Mass of Pier and Pier Cap Pn = 2400 kN
SIDL = Superimposed Dead Load SSDL = Surfacing
MEMBER MEMBER SECTION REMARK

INDICATION DETAILS PROPERTIES
Pile Cap (P) 8.7 x 5.1 x 1.8 m A = 44.37 m2, Uncracked
I xx = 96.17 m4,
I yy = 279.86 m4
Pier (Q) 2.6 x 2 m, 18.5 m A = 3.90 m2, Cracked
height I xx = 1.30 m4,
I yy = 2.20 m4
Pier cap (R) 2.2 x 4.5 x 1.5 m A = 9.90 m2, Uncracked
I xx = 1.73 m4,
I yy = 2.93
93 m4
Bearing (S) RIGID - POT/PTFE Bearings acts as Rigid
Member
Dummy (T) RIGID - DUMMY
Piles (U) 6 piles of 1.2 m A = 0.85 m2, I xx = I yy Cracked, Actual ‘n’ piles to be
dia. = 0.076 m4 modelled as per user (project)
• To find Time Period in Transverse Direction, force to be applied (F in kN) at Node ‘6’
for 1 mm deflection at Node ‘4’.
• The stiffness of soil springs is to be calculated in accordance with provisions of
IS:2911 (Part 1/ Sec 2) or any specialist literature.
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6/26/2018
Illustration: Design Horizontal Seismic Acceleration Coefficient (Ah ) as per Clause 5.2 :
Force required for 1 mm deflection at Node ‘6’ (F) = 7.4 kN
Design acceleration coefficient for rocky or hard soil type, normalized = 1.00/T
Dead Load Reaction of Superstructure including SIDL & SSDL & Appropriate Live Load =11500 kN
With peak ground acceleration, corresponding to natural period T of = 1.00/2.602
Time Period (T) using Simplified formula (Annex D of IRC:6-2017) = 2.49 sec.
Structure & 5 percent damping (S a /g) = 0.38
Time Period (T) computed by authenticated commercial software = 2.60 sec.
Seismic Zone = Zone IV
Scour Level below Ground Level = 5.00 m Zone Factor (Z) = 0.24
Founding Level = 40.0 m below GL
Importance factor (I) = 1.2
Depth of Superstructure = 1.8 m
CG of Superstructure above top of bearing level = 1.2 m
Response reduction factor (R) = 3.0
Thickness of Surfacing (SSDL) = 100 mm
CG of SSDL above top of bearing level = 1.85 m
A h = (Z/2) x (I/R) x (S a /g) = 0.01843
CG of SIDL above top of bearing level = 2.4 m
CG of Live Load above top of bearing level = 3.1 m
Minimum Ah as per Table 5.2 f Guidelines =0.025
Calculation of Base Shear: Case 3 Two Span Continuous Superstructure with Integral Pier
Sr. No. Component Seismic Seismic Remark
Acceleration Force
Coefficient (kN)
(Ah )
1 Live Load (20%)=300 KN 0.025 7.5
2 From Bearing (DL + SIDL 0.025 250

+SSDL)=10000 KN
3 Pier Cap=371.25 KN 0.025 9.28
4 Pi (above
Pier ( b GL) 2340 KN
GL)=2340 0 025
0.025 58 5
58.5
5 Pier (below GL)=65 KN 0.025 1.625
6 Pile Cap=1997 KN 0.025 49.925
7 Pile (above Scour Level)=458 KN 0.025 11.45
8 Pile (Scour Level to 30 m below Scour 0.01875 95.34 Seismic Acceleration

Level)=5085 KN Coefficient (A h )
9 Pile (30 m below Scour Level to 0.0125 10.59 modified for depth.
Founding Level)=847.5 KN
Seismic Modelling for Pier Pn:

CASE 3
Type of Super Structure Continuous
Type of Foundation Well Foundation
Type of Bearing Integral
Type of Seismic Analysis Longitudinal
Where,
M1 = Contributory mass of Super Structure on Pier Pn = 12150 kN
M2 = Contributory
y mass of SIDL on Pier Pn = 3000 kN
M3 = Contributory mass of SSDL on Pier Pn = 2400 kN
MP = Contributory Mass of Pier Pn = 6000 kN
SIDL = Superimposed Dead Load
SSDL = Surfacing
118
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6/26/2018

Load due to Surfacing (SSDL) = 40 kN/m

Load due to Superimposed Dead Load (SIDL) = 50 kN/m
MEMBER MEMBER DETAILS SECTION REMARK*
INDICATION PROPERTIES
Well Cap (P) 7.5m dia., 1.5m height A = 44.18 m2, I xx = I yy = Uncracked
Design Horizontal Seismic Acceleration Coefficient (Ah ) as per Clause 5.2:
155.32 m4
Pier (Q) 3 x 2 m, 40 m height A = 4.50 m2, Cracked Design acceleration coefficient for medium stiff soil type, normalized = 1.36/T
I xx = 3.38 m4,
I yy = 1.50 m4
With peak ground acceleration, corresponding to natural period T of = 1.36/3.06
Dummy (R) RIGID - DUMMY
Structure & 5 percent damping (S a /g) = 0.444
Well Stening (S) 7.5m dia., Well A = 11.93 m2, I xx = I yy Cracked
Stening Thickness = 68.77 m4 Seismic Zone = Zone IV
0 75 m
0.75
PSC PSC Box Girder Span c/s Area = 8.10 m2 Uncracked Zone Factor (Z) = 0.24
Superstructure (T) Length = 30 m
Importance factor (I) = 1.2

Illustration:
Time Period (T) computed by authenticated commercial tools = 3.06 sec. Response reduction factor (R) = 3.0
Scour Level below Ground Level = 5.00 m
Founding Level = 40.0 m below GL A h = (Z/2) x (I/R) x (S a /g) = 0.02131
Depth of Superstructure = 2.5 m
= 8.1 m2 Ah minimum as per Table 5.2 =0.025
C/S area of Superstructure (mid span)
Span of Superstructure (for LHS & RHS) = 30 m
CG of Superstructure above top of bearing level = 1.655 m
Calculation of Base Shear:

Sr. Component Seismic Seismic Remark
No. Acceleration Force
Coefficient (kN)
(Ah )
1 From Bearing (DL + SIDL + 0.025 439
SSDL)=17550
2 Pier (above GL)=5925 0.025 148
3 Pier ((below GL)=150

) 0.025 3.75
4 Well Cap=1657 0.025 41.4
5 Well Steining (above Scour Level)=1193 0.025 29.8
6 Well Steining (Scour Level 0.01875 223.7 Seismic

to 30 m below Scour Level)=11928 Acceleration
7 Well Steining (30 m below 0.0125 24.9 Coefficient (Ah)
Scour Level to Founding modified for
Level)=1988 depth.
APPENDIX A-2
ILLUSTRATION OF ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD The pier is considered as hollow and is divided into 3 sections of 15m height each.
Self weight of Superstructure + SIDL = 9810.0 kN Properties of the pier section are as below:
Self weight of Pier cap = 1177.2 kN
Live Load on superstructure = 1471.5 kN 1.0 Area of Pier section @ top = 8 m2 m3
Seismic Zone = V I longitudinal @ top = 4.17 m4
Zone Factor Z = 0.36 = 39.17 m4
I transverse @ top
Importance Factor I = 1.5 15m
Response Reduction Factor R = 2.5 10.347 m2
2.0 Area of Pier section @ m2 =
I longitudinal @ m2 = 13.15 m4
Elastic Modulus of Concrete E = 3.2+07 kN/sqm
= 53.727 m4
I transverse @ m2
Pier Cross Section m2
3.0 Area of Pier section @ m1 = 12 69 m2

12.69
I longitudinal @ m1 = 22.13 m4
t 68.28 m4
h I transverse @ m1 = 15m
4.0 Area of Pier section @ bottom = 15.04 m2

I longitudinal @ bottom = 31.11 m4 m1
b I transverse @ bottom = 82.84 m4
Section Properties Breadth, b Height, h Thickness, t 15m

Top of Pier 7 2 0.5 For Member 3
Bottom of Pier 7 4 0.8
Area for section of member 3 = 9.17 m2
Moment of Inertia in Longitudinal direction, Ilongitudinal = 8.66E+00 m4
Moment of Inertia in transverse direction, Itransverse = 4.6E+01 m4
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6/26/2018
For Member 2 Basic Steps in Response Spectrum Method

Area for section of member 2 = 11.520 m2 Step-1 Frame Mass Matrix ,M
Moment of Inertia in Longitudinal direction, Ilongitudinal = 1.8E+01 m
4
Step-2 Frame Stiffness Matrix, K
4 Step-3 Determine Eigenvalues, w^2 by [K-w^2M]=0 for each Mode
Moment of Inertia in transverse direction, Itransverse = 6.1E+01 m
Step-4 Determine Ferquency for each Mode=w
For Member 1 = 13.87 m2
Step-5 Determine Natural Time Period, T for each mode=2π/w
Area for section of member 1 Step-6 Determine Eigenvectors ɸ at each storey for each mode, by [K-Mw^2]ɸ=0 for each Mode
Moment of Inertia in Longitudinal direction, Ilongitudinal = 2.7E+01 m4
Step-7 Determination of Modal Participation Factors for each Mode, Pk
Moment of Inertia in transverse direction, Itransverse = 7.6E+01 m4
Average properties for member 1, 2 & 3 are provided as given in4the table below:
Member I (m4) I (m4) I (m ) Area (m2)
longitudinal transverse z
1 26.62 75.56 76.99 13.87
2 17.64 61.01 51.62 11.52
Step 8
Step-8 Determination of Modal Mass for each Mode,
Mode Mk
3 8.66 46.45 26.70 9.17
Modal Contribution of each mode
Load calculation: Mode-1=M1/M, Mode-2=M2/M and Mode-3=M3/M where M is total mass of all masses
Transvaerse seismic load
Total Seismic load at m3 [DL + SIDL +20% LL+ wt. of pier(7.5m height)] = 12969 kN
Total Seismic load at m2 [Wt. of pier(15m height)] = 3806 kN
Longitudinal seismic load
Total Seismic load at m3 [DL + SIDL + wt. of pier(7.5m height)] = 12675 kN
Total Sesimic load at m1 [Wt. of pier(15m height)] = 4670 kN
Step-9 Determination of Lateral Forces at each Strorey level for each Mode, Qik MODAL BASE ACTIONS:
MODE PERIOD Shear (in KN) MOMENTS (KN-M)

FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
1 1.536 0.00 0.00 1178.33 49529 0.00 0.00
2 0.184 0.00 0.00 889.03 11877 0.00 0.00
3 0.064 0.00 0.00 248.4 1950.9 0.00 0.00
Step-10 Determination of Storey Shear in each Mode,Vik BASE SHEAR IN KN BY SRSS: 1496.85 kNm
BASE MOMENT BY SRSS: 50970 kNm
n (B) Transverse Direction
Vik= ∑ Qik Mode Frequen Time Modal Contribution%

i+1 cy (Hz) Period
Step-10
St 10 Determination
D t i ti off Storey
St Sh
Shear d to
due t allll Modes
M d byb SRSS att each
h storey,V
t V (
(sec)
)
Step-11 Determination of Lateral Forces at each Storey, F=Vi-Vi+1 1 1.14 0.877 80.266
STAAD Output 2 10.518 0.095 15.454
3 29.383 0.034 4.28
(A) Longitudinal Direction MODAL BASE ACTIONS:
Mode Frequen cy Time Modal Contribution % MODE PERIOD Shear (in KN) MOMENTS (kN-M)
(Hz) Period FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
(sec) 1 0.877 2145.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -89888.58
2 0.095 868.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -10466.48
1 0.651 1.536 78.896 3 0.034 148.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1105.86
2 5.442 0.184 15.563 BASE SHEAR
3 15.506 0.064 5.541 AND MOMENT 2319.61 0 0 0 0 90502.64
Eigenvectors-Normalised
LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION displacements
Mode‐1 Mode ‐ 2 Mode ‐ 3
Mode Shapes‐Longitudinal Direction
φ31 1.00 φ32 ‐0.17 φ33 ‐0.05
φ21 0.47 φ22 1.00 φ23 0.67
1.00 ‐0.17
‐0.05
φ11 0.13 φ12 0.57 φ13 ‐1.00
Calculation of Modal Mass
Modal mass is calculated as per the definition of IS-1893-
0.47 1.00 Part-1 2016 Refer: CL: 7.7.5.4 a
0.67
M1 = 16687 kN W3 = 12675 kN
M2 = 3287 kN W2 = 3806 kN
M3 = 1172 kN W1 = 4670 kN
Total (M)= 21150 kN
0.57 Modal Contribution of various Modes
0.13 ‐1.00
Mode 1= 100.M1/M = 78.90 %

Mode 2= 100.M2/M = 15.54 %
5.54 %
Mode 3= 100.M3/M =
Mode Participation Factors
Mode participation factors are calculated as per the definition of IS-1893-Part-1 2016
P1 = 1.11
P2 = 0.76
P3 = ‐0.43
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6/26/2018
Calculation of design lateral force at each DOFs(Qik)

Design lateral forces are calculated as per CL. 7.7.5.4. c of IS: 1893‐Part1‐2016
Z = 0.36 Response Spectra is choosen for Rocky/Hard Soil

I= 1.5 Type Ref: Cl. 6.4.2 b of IS:1893‐Part‐1‐2016
R= 2.5
Mode‐1 Mode‐2 Mode‐3

TN 1.54 Sec 0.18 Sec 0.06 Sec
Sa/g 0.65 2.50 2.50
AK 0.07 0.27 0.27
k=Mode Number
Lateral Mode‐1 Mode‐2 Mode‐3 Shear at each level for each mode is given
force by
b
Q1k 988 kN ‐440 kN 72 kN
n
Q2k 141 kN 782 kN ‐294 kN Vik= ∑ Qik
Q3k 46 kN 546 kN 539 kN i+1
Base
Storey Shear Moments
Shear Vik Mode‐1 Mode‐2 Mode‐3 SRSS Mode-1 Mode‐2 Mode‐3 SRSS
V1 988 kN ‐440 kN 72 kN 1083.6 kN 49351 11843 2480 50813
V2 1128 kN 342 kN ‐223 kN 1199.8 kN ( 11843 = 988 x45 + 141 x 30 + 46 x 15 )
( 2480 = ‐440 x45 + 782 x 30 + 546 x 15 )
V3 1174 kN 888 kN 316 kN 1505.5 kN
( 50813 = 72 x45 + ‐294 x 30 + 539 x 15 )
Modal Analysis in Transverse Direction Calculation of Modal Mass
1.00 ‐0.18 ‐0.07 -Part-1 2016
M1 = 17218 kN W3 = 12969 kN
M2 = 3322 kN W2 = 3806 kN
M3 = 916 kN W1 = 4670 kN
0.50 1.00 0.78
Total (M)= 21445 kN
Modal Mass Participation Factors
0.14 0.67 ‐1.00
Mode 1= 100.M1/M = 80.29 %
Mode 2= 100.M2/M =
2= 100 M2/M = 15.49
15 49 %
Mode 3= 100.M3/M = 4.27 %
Mode Participation Factors
Mode‐1 Mode ‐ 2 Mode ‐ 3 P1 = 1.11

P2 = 0.73
φ31 1.00 φ32 ‐0.18 φ33 ‐0.07 P3 = ‐0.36
φ21 0.50 φ22 1.00 φ23 0.78
φ11 0.14 φ12 0.67 φ13 ‐1.00
Calculation of design lateral force at each DOFs(Qik)
Z = 0.36 Response Spectra is choosen for Rocky/Hard Soil

I= 1.5 Type Ref: Cl. 6.4.2 b of IS:1893‐Part‐1‐2016
R= 2.5
Mode‐1 Mode‐2 Mode‐3

TN 0.88 Sec 0.10 Sec 0.03 Sec
Sa/g 1.14 2.43 1.51
AK 0.12 0.26 0.16
SHEAR Mode‐1 Mode‐2 Mode‐3

Q3k 1769 kN ‐446 kN 50 kN
Q2k 262 kN 723 kN ‐175 kN k=Mode No
Q1k 89 kN 593 kN 274 kN
Base Moments
Storey Mode‐1 Mode‐2 Mode‐3 SRSS
Mode Mode‐1 Mode‐2 Mode‐3 SRSS
Shear
V3 1769 kN ‐446 kN 50 kN 1825 kN Moment 88814 10523 1105 89442
V2 2031 kN 277 kN ‐125 kN 2054 kN Kn‐M kNm
V1 2120 kN 870 kN 149 kN 2297 kN
( 88814 = 1769 x45 + 262 x 30 + 89 x 15 )
( 10523 = -446 x45 + 723 x 30 + 593 x 15 )
( 1105 = 50 x45 + -175 x 30 + 274 x 15 )
6
6/26/2018
APPENDIX –A-3
CAPACITY DESIGN METHOD FOR MEMBERS WITH DUCTILE BEHAVIOUR
¾ Design of Section with IRC:112 for Load Combinations of IRC:6 by Limit State Method
¾ Design of Plastic Hinge including its location, height and ductile detailing as specified in Clause
7.5.2 & 7.5.4 of Guidelines
¾ Determination of MRd, Design Flexural Strength of section in Longitudinal and Transverse directions
at location of plastic hinge for reinforcement and dimensions provided
¾ Computation of Over Strength Moment Mo by multiplying MRd with Over Strength Factor ԃo
¾ Computation of Capacity design Moment, Mc and Shear Vc for the member sections outside the
plastic hinge
¾ Design of Section outside plastic hinge for Mc & Vc in accordance with Clause 7.5.3
¾ Design of Foundation for Moment Mo and Shear Vc computed at base of pier
¾ Capacity Design Effects shall be treated as Ultimate loads Fig.1 Typical Pier in Transverse Direction
1. Material Properties:
Grade of concrete for Substructure fck = 45 N/mm2
Grade of concrete for Pile foundation fck = 35 N/mm2
Grade of steel reinforcement for Substructure and f y = 500 N/mm2
Pile foundation
Clear Cover to reinforcement for Pile foundation c = 75 mm
Clear Cover to reinforcement for Substructure c = 40 mm
Gross Area of Pier section A c = 3570000 mm2
2. Calculation of Seismic Forces:

Table 1: Un
Un-Factored
Factored forces from Superstructure at bearing level
Sr. Description P HL HL ML MT
No. (kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
1 Dead Load (DL) - 7710 0 0 0 0
Superstructure
2 SIDL (permanent) SIDL-F 700 0 0 0 0
3 SIDL Surfacing SIDL-V 620 0 0 0 0
4 Live load (LL) Reaction Without Impact Factor
i P max(LL) Q1 1982 0 0 238 3164
ii Max M T (LL) Q2 1321 0 0 159 4416
iii Max ML (LL) Q3 1326 0 0 1061 2121
Fig.2 Typical Pier in Longitudinal Direction
Where SIDL - Super Imposed Dead Load Response Reduction factor, R= 1
P - Axial Force Considering medium type soil
HT - Horizontal Force along Transverse Direction Ah Long=0.164

HL - Horizontal Force along Longitudinal Direction Ah Trans=0.263
MT - Transverse moment Load Factor for Seismic Combination=1.5
ML - Longitudinal moment Base Shear factored for ULS Seismic Combination in Longitudinal Direction = 4418 kN (1)
P max(LL) - Maximum Vertical load case
Base Shear factored for ULS Seismic Combination in Transverse Direction = 3735 kN (2)
Max M T (LL) - Maximum Transverse moment case
Max ML (LL) - Maximum Longitudinal moment case
T bl 2:
Table 2 Braking
B ki forces
f att the
th base
b off Pier
Pi
Superstructure Mass for longitudinal seismic (DL + SIDL) =18043 KN
Sr. Description P HL (kN) HT M L (kNm) M T (kNm)
Superstructure Mass for transverse seismic (DL+SIDL+0.2 x LL) = 9441 KN No. (kN) (kN)
1 Braking Force under seismic Combination , Fb
T, Time Period of the system along Longitudinal Direction = 1.18 sec i P max(LL) 0 284 0 4067 0
ii Max M T (LL) 0 208 0 2976 0
T, Time Period of the system along Transverse Direction = 0.75 sec
iii Max ML (LL) 0 284 0 4067 0
Taking
Zone factor =0.24
Importance factor =1.2
7
6/26/2018
Table 3: Summary of forces at the base of Pier ULS Seismic with R=3 3. Design of Section:
Sl. Description P HL HT ML MT The reinforcement detailing of the Pier section at the base and at the curtailment level is
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
No shown in Figure 3. Curtailment level is assumed to be 6m above the ground level.
1 Earthquake along Longitudinal Direction
a 1.35(DL+SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) + 0.2(Q 1 ) + 0.2(F b ) + 1.5F eq 14682 1528 387 16251 6331
b 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) +0.2(Q 2 ) + 0.2(F b ) + 1.5F eq 14547 1512 383 16005 6508
c 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) +0.2(Q 3 ) + 0.2(F b ) +1.5F eq 14548 1528 383 16415 6050
2 Earthquake along Transverse Direction

a 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) + 0.2(Q 1 ) + 0.2(F b ) + 1.5F eq 14636 498 1292 5509 17557
b 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) + 1.75(SIDL-V) + 0.2(Q 2 ) + 0.2(F b ) +1.5F eq 14501 483 1275 5263 17565
c 1.35(DL +SIDL-F) +1.75(SIDL-V) + 0.2(Q 3 ) + 0.2(F b ) +1.5F eq 14502 498 1276 5673 17108
At the base of Pier At curtailment level

Figure 3: Reinforcement Detailing of the Pier Section
4. Design Flexural Strength of Section:
At ULS, the design flexural strength of the section in orthogonal directions is estimated for maximum
vertical load case but with Seismic Moment dominating in respective direction and permanent
moment in other direction.
In computing MRd, biaxial moment under the permanent effects and seismic effects corresponding to the
design seismic action in the selected direction shall only be considered as per clause 7.3.4.2.
‘K’ if the value of normalized axial force ‘ηk’ is greater than 0.08.
Ultimate axial force, NED (At the base of Pier) = 14682 kN
Design Flexural Strength along Longitudinal Direction, M Rd,L = 27660 kNm Where, η k = NED /A c f ck = (14682 x 1000) / (3570000 x 45) = 0.091 > 0.08
Design Flexural Strength along Transverse Direction, M Rd,T = 29390 kNm Since the value of normalized axial force, η k, is more than 0.08, the over-strength factor requires
Distance between ground level to the top of Pier Cap, h = 10.25 m modification as below:
Moment due to Live Load (Longitudinal Direction) = 0.2 x 238 = 48 kNm
Moment due to Live Load (Transverse Direction) = 0.2 x 3164 = 634 kNm K=(1+2 ( η k-0.08)^2)=1.0002
Maximum Braking Force = 0.2 x 284 = 57 kN
Thus γo =1.0002 x1.35=1.35
The Capacity Moment diagram is shown in Fig.4. below
Factored Moments (ULS) due to permanent actions, i.e. live load and braking force :-
Along Longitudinal Direction = 48 + 57 x 10.25 = 632 kNm
Along Transverse Direction = = 634 kNm
5. Over Strength Moment, Mo:
The procedure to calculate the capacity moment and shear is applied separately for each of the two
horizontal components of the design seismic action. As per clause 7.3.4.2 (a) the over-strength
moment of the sections due to plastic mechanism is obtained by multiplying the design flexural strength
of the section with appropriate over-strength factors.
Over-strength factor for concrete substructures = γo = 1.35
As per clause 7.3.4.2 (b) of this Guideline, the over strength factor has to be multiplied with a factor
The over-strength factor to be considered for Pier section = 1.35 Capacity moment at curtailed section along Longitudinal Direction, = 15483 kNm
Over strength moment at the base of Pier along = 37341 kNm <22840 kNm (MRd long)
M c,L, curtailed = 37341 x (10.25-6)/10.25
Longitudinal Direction, M o,L = 1.35 x 27660
Capacity moment at curtailed section along Transverse Direction, = 17420 kNm
Over strength moment at the base of Pier along Transverse = 39677 kNm
M c,T, curtailed = 39677 x (10.25-6)/10.25 <25980 kNm (MRd trans)
Direction, M o,T = 1.35 x 29390
6.Capacity Design: Hence, the design flexural strength of the section at curtailed level is more than the
6.1 For Capacity Design Moment Mc: capacity moment at the same level.
Curtailment of longitudinal bars, if any, should be done at
¾ Within members having
gpplastic hinges,
g , the Mc at the vicinity
y of hinge
g shall not
such a level that the design flexural strength of the section
be taken greater than MRd of the hinge -Clause 73.4.2(d) of Guidelines.
at the curtailed level (M Rd,curtailed ) should be greater than the
capacity moment (M c ) at the curtailed level (Figure ). 6.2 For Capacity Design Shear Vc in Pier
Ultimate axial force, N ED (At curtailment level) = 13893 kN
As per section 7.8 of this Guideline, the increase of moments of plastic hinges, ΔM, is
= 22840 kNm obtained by deducting the moment due to permanent actions, i.e. live load and braking
Design Flexural Strength at curtailed level along Longitudinal
Direction, M Rd,L, curtailed (From Figure 3 (b) force (considering appropriate load factors) from the over-strength moment of the section
Design Flexural Strength at curtailed level along Transverse = 25980 kNm along both the directions. The increase in moment of plastic hinge is:-
Direction, M Rd,T, curtailed (From Figure 3 (b)
8
6/26/2018
Final Capacity Design Shear in Longitudinal Direction = 3582+ 57 = 3639 kN
Final Capacity Design Shear in Transverse Direction = 3735 kN

Along Longitudinal Direction, ΔM L = 37341 - 632 = 36709 kNm
Along Transverse Direction, ΔM T = 39677 - 634 = 39043 kNm Checks should be carried out to ensure that the plastic hinge region, pier sections beyond
plastic hinge and also foundation have shear strength greater than the Final Capacity
As per clause 7.3.4.2 (e), Capacity Design shear corresponding to this increase in Design shear Vc of the section along both the directions are calculated.
moment is Obtained as:-
6.3 Bearings:
Vc = (∑ΔM) / h where ∑ΔM is nothing but ∑Mo Bearings and connections are to be designed for lesser of the following forces:-
(i) Seismic forces obtained using Response reduction factor as applicable for
Shear Along Longitudinal Direction = 3582 kN (3)
= ΔM L / h = 36709/10.25 assessment of bearings.
Shear Along Transverse Direction = 3810 kN (4) (ii) Forces developed due to over strength moment when hinge is formed in the
= ΔM T / h =39043/10.25 substructure
Hence the design seismic forces for bearing design are:-

The factored shear due to permanent actions (braking force for this example) is then
added to the shear due to design seismic forces so as to obtain the Final Capacity design Along Longitudinal Direction, lesser of (1) and (3) = 3582 kN
Along Transverse Direction, lesser of (2) and (4) = 3735 kN
shear along both the directions.
6.4 Capacity check for Pile Foundation:
The foundation is capacity protected by designing it for Over strength Moment Maximum moment on a pile is observed to be
Mo and Capacity Design Shear Vc in both the directions separately. Along Longitudinal Direction = 910 x 9/2x 0.8 = 3276 kNm
The summary of forces acting at the base of pile cap for the considered maximum vertical Along Transverse Direction = 934 x 9/2x 0.8= 3362 kNm
load case in Longitudinal and Transverse is given in Table 4. The number of piles is
considered as 4 at a spacing of 4.5m in both directions. The pile diameter is assumed to be 1.2m and the corresponding reinforcement assumed is 19 numbers
of (32+20mm) bundled bars. For the above said pile, the capacity at the minimum axial load i.e. -724
Table 4: Summary of forces at the base of Pile cap kN and -968 kN along longitudinal and transverse direction respectively is found out to be 3575 kNm
P HL HT ML MT Reactions on Pile in kN and 3484 kNm respectively.
respectively The capacity of the Pile for longitudinal and transverse seismic case is
Hor. Load on
Description Pile, more than the maximum moment on the pile.
kN kN kN kNm kNm P1 P2 P3 P4 kN
Longitudinal
Seismic 17218 3639 0 37341 634 9192 9333 -583 -724 910
Case
Transverse
Seismic 17157 57 3735 48 39677 -932 9546 9510 -968 934
Case
The depth of fixity is assumed to be 9 m from the pile cap bottom. The reduction factor for fixed head
pile is assumed to be 0.8 as per Fig. 5 of IS 2911(Part 1/Sec 2).
Column reinforcement details at Base
Section Properties for complete section ...

Overall dimensions height = 2.1 m
Appendix-A3 width = 1.7 m

Centroid coordinates x = 850.0 mm
y = 1050.0 mm

Loads for Analysis of section Cross section area = 3570000.0 mm²
Surface area = 7600.0 mm²/mm
At Base
Applied Obtained
@2.1m face 21 No 32 Dia Both Face +
Case P (kN) ML (kN.m) MT (kN.m) Loads Capacity (kN.m) 21 No 20 Dia Both Face +
@1.7m face 15 No 25 Dia Both Face
Seismic Long 14682 16251 6331 V & MT 25377 in Long. Dir. Total = 616.944 cm2
Seismic Trans 14636 5509 17557 V & ML 27445 in Trans. Dir. % Ast = 1.73 %
Seismic Long for Capacity Design 14682 16251 634 V & MT 26898 in Long. Dir.

Seismic Trans for Capacity Design 14636 630 17557 V & ML 29078 in Trans. Dir.
At Curtailment Point
Seismic Long for Capacity Design 13893 15483 634 V & MT 22344 in Long. Dir.
Seismic Trans for Capacity Design 13893 289 17420 V & ML 26067 in Trans. Dir. Column reinforcement details at Curtailment Point

Section Properties for complete section ...

Column Dimenion details Overall dimensions height = 2.1 m
M45 Grade Conc. width = 1.7 m

Centroid coordinates x = 850.0 mm
Traffic y = 1050.0 mm
2100
Cross section area = 3570000.0 mm²
Surface area = 7600.0 mm²/mm
@2.1m face 21 No 25 Dia Both Face +
21 No 20 Dia Both Face +
@1.7m face 15 No 25 Dia Both Face
1700 Total = 485.484 cm2
% Ast = 1.36 %
9
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Ͳ^ĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ Ͳ&ĂĐĂĚĞƉƌŽĮůĞƐ
- Sliding bearings and foils ͲtĂůůĂŶĚĐĞŝůŝŶŐƉƌŽĮůĞƐ
ͲĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ ͲWƌŽĮůĞƐĨŽƌƐůĂďƐĂŶĚƟůĞƐ
- Elastomeric bearings
sŝďƌĂƟŽŶŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶ ^ƉĞĐŝĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ
ͲsŝďƌĂƟŽŶŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ - Sealing membranes
Ͳ/ŵƉĂĐƚƐŽƵŶĚŝŶƐƵůĂƟŽŶ - Hydrophilic rubber seals
- Staircase bearings ͲĚŚĞƐŝǀĞĂŶĚ
- Pedestal bearings sealing compounds
ͲsŝďƌĂƟŽŶŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶ - Shear connectors
connectors
2
mageba –
Team and highlights
WĞŽƉůĞĂƚƚŚĞŚĞĂƌƚŽĨĞǀĞƌǇƚŚŝŶŐǁĞĚŽ ŵĂŐĞďĂŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐŝŶĂŶƵƚƐŚĞůů • Finalist at the 2012 “Entrepreneur of
Those who manufacture important com- ͻ^ŝŶĐĞ ŝƚƐ ĨŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌ ϱϬ ǇĞĂƌƐ ĂŐŽ͕ the Year” awards for Switzerland’s best
ponents for bridges or buildings carry a ŵĂŐĞďĂ ŚĂƐ ĞƋƵŝƉƉĞĚ ǁĞůů ŽǀĞƌ ϮϬ͕ϬϬϬ companies.
large responsibility to society. In our daily bridges worldwide with its quality • In 2013, the year of the company’s 50th
ǁŽƌŬ ǁĞ ƐƚƌŝǀĞ ƚŽ ĞǆĞƌĐŝƐĞ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶ- products. ĂŶŶŝǀĞƌƐĂƌǇ͕ ŚŽŶŽƵƌĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ Wƌŝǆ ^s
ƐŝďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ĞīĞĐƚ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ĨŽƌ ͻdŚĞŵĂŐĞďĂƚĞĂŵŽīĞƌƐƚŚĞĞǆƉĞƌƟƐĞĂŶĚ awards as one of the three best SMEs
each other, our customers and the wider competence of more than 700 employees (small and medium enterprises) in the
society. ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŽǀĞƌϭϬϬĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͘ Zurich economic area.
• Strong global network with 15 subsidiar- • dŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ
ŵĂŐĞďĂ͛Ɛ ĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞZt^ŽůůŝŶŐĞƌ,ƺƩĞ'ŵď,ŐƌŽƵƉŽĨ
ies, 7 licensees, and agents in more than
on which the success of the company ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐŝŶϮϬϭϰ͕ŵĂŐĞďĂĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽ
50 countries.
ƌĞƐƚƐ͘ tĞ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽƵĚ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ŵĂŶǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐƌŽǁŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůǇ͘
industry’s most knowledgeable and capa- ͻ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚ ƐƉŝƌŝƚ ŽĨ ƉŝŽŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŶŽ-
• tŝƚŚƚŚĞĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨ
ďůĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐŝŶŽƵƌƚĞĂŵ͘dŚĞǇĞǆƉĞƌƚůǇ ǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ ĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶ-
Ludowici Engineered Rubber Products by
ƐĞƌǀĞŽƵƌĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐ͛ŽŌĞŶǀĞƌǇƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ƟŶƵĂůŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌ-
mageba (Australia) in 2015, mageba can
needs, and ensure that the quality of our ǀŝĐĞƐŵĂŬĞŵĂŐĞďĂĂƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůĞĂĚĞƌ
ŶŽǁŽīĞƌƚŚĞĨƵůůƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĂƚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚ worldwide.
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ Ăƚ ĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞ ƉƌŝĐŝŶŐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐ-
ůĞǀĞůĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚ͘ • Honoured in 2009 with an award for hout Australia and New Zealand.
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ ƌĞŇĞĐƟŶŐ ŽƵƚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ƉĞƌ-
formance under the headings Economy,
Ecology, and Social.
3
^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ
mageba structural bearings –

ǀĞƌƐĂƟůĞ͕ƐƚƌŽŶŐĂŶĚůŽŶŐͲůĂƐƟŶŐ
^ƵƉƉŽƌƚǇŽƵĐĂŶĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶ Elastomeric bearing Spherical bearing
1
Bridge bearings transfer forces from the
bridge deck to its support pillars or abut-
ŵĞŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞǇ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĂƐ ĮǆĞĚ͕
guided sliding or free sliding, to suit the
ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďƌŝĚŐĞ
deck. >ŝŌŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ
Pot bearing bearing
tŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨŚŝŐŚͲƋƵĂůŝƚǇďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ
ŵĂŐĞďĂ ŽīĞƌƐ ŵĂŶǇ ƚǇƉĞƐ ŽĨ ďĞĂƌŝŶŐ ƚŽ
ƐĂƟƐĨǇ ďƌŝĚŐĞͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗ WŽƚ
bearings, spherical bearings, elastomeric
2 bearings, horizontal force bearings, linear
Incremental launch
ƌŽĐŬĞƌ ďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ͕ ůŝŌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ Linear rocker bearing (ILM) bearing
bearings, pendulum bearings, incremental
launch bearings and seismic bearings. In
ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ͕ŽŶůǇŚŝŐŚͲ
quality materials are used. These include
ROBO®SLIDE, a sliding material with excep-
ƟŽŶĂůƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞWKDƐĞĂůŝŶŐĐŚĂŝŶ
ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƉƌŽǀĞŶŝƚƐǁŽƌƚŚŽǀĞƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůĚĞĐ-
ades in sealing the elastomeric pad at the
heart of a pot bearing.
3
,ŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚǇĂƐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ
Bearings are manufactured in accordance
,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐͲŵĂŐĞďĂďƌŝĚŐĞďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ
ǁŝƚŚ Eϭϯϯϳ ƵŶůĞƐƐ ŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ͘
• RESTON®POT bearings are among
The CE-label declares conformity with the
ŵĂŐĞďĂ͛Ɛ ĐŽƌĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŽǀĞƌ
standard’s requirements.
ϱϬ͕ϬϬϬ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĂƚĞ͘ KŶĞ ŽĨ
these set a new world record in 2007
with its ability to carry 21,000 tonnes.
• RESTON®SPHERICAL is a spherical
bearing which, especially together
ǁŝƚŚ ZKKΠ^>/͕ ŽīĞƌƐ ĞǆĐĞƉƟŽŶĂů
ĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇ͘/ƚŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌ
4
ůĂƌŐĞƌŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚůŽǁƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ͘
• LASTO®BLOCK is an elastomeric bear-
1 Assembly of a RESTON®SPHERICAL bearing.
ing which, when using CR elastomer,
Ϯ Ƶƚ ǀŝĞǁ ŽĨ Ă ĨƌĞĞͲƐůŝĚŝŶŐ Z^dKEΠWKd ďĞĂƌŝŶŐ͘ is highly resistant to ageing, UV light
and ozone.
ϯ ZĞĂĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌĐĞĂĐƟŶŐŽŶĂZ^dKEΠWKd • RESTON®POT LIFT-CONTROL is a pot
>/&dͲKEdZK>ůŝŌŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐďĞĂƌŝŶŐ͕ƵƐŝŶŐ
bearing which allows the load from a
ĂƉŽƌƚĂďůĞĚĞǀŝĐĞ͘
structure to be monitored. It can also
4 RESTON®POT LIFT-CONTROL bearings perma- ďĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂũĂĐŬƚŽůŝŌƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŝĨ
ŶĞŶƚůǇĚŝƐƉůĂǇůŽĂĚƐĂŶĚĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽůŝŌƚŚĞ necessary.
structure.
4
/ŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂZ^dKEΠ&KZŚŽƌŝǌŽŶƚĂůĨŽƌĐĞďĞĂƌŝŶŐ͘
&ŝŶĂůĂƐƐĞŵďůǇǁŽƌŬƐďĞĨŽƌĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂůĂƌŐĞ
TENSA®MODULAR expansion joint.
ǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶũŽŝŶƚƐ
mageba expansion joints –

ĨŽƌůĂƐƟŶŐĚƌŝǀĞƌĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ
ŶƐƵƌŝŶŐĂƐŵŽŽƚŚĚƌŝǀŝŶŐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ Single gap joint Modular joint
1
ǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶũŽŝŶƚƐƉůĂǇĂǀŝƚĂůƌŽůĞŽŶĂůŵŽƐƚ
ĂŶǇďƌŝĚŐĞ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞďƌŝĚŐĞĚĞĐŬŵŽǀĞƐ
ĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶŇƵ-
ĞŶĐĞƐ͘dŚĞŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŐĂƉĂƚĞĂĐŚĞŶĚŽĨ
ƚŚĞďƌŝĚŐĞĚĞĐŬŵƵƐƚďĞďƌŝĚŐĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŇĂƚ
ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶ ĚƌŝǀŝŶŐ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͗ ƚŚĞ ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ
ĂŶƟůĞǀĞƌĮŶŐĞƌũŽŝŶƚ ^ůŝĚŝŶŐĮŶŐĞƌũŽŝŶƚ
ũŽŝŶƚ͘ƐďƌŝĚŐĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂŶƐ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ďƌŝĚŐĞƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽ ŝŶ-
crease, the demands on bridge expansion
joints also increase.
2
tŝĚĞĂŶĚǁĞůůͲƉƌŽǀĞŶƌĂŶŐĞ
mageba supplies a wide range of expan- Mat joint Flexible plug joint
sion joint types, including single gap joints,
ŵŽĚƵůĂƌ ũŽŝŶƚƐ͕ ĐĂŶƟůĞǀĞƌ ũŽŝŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƐůŝĚ-
ŝŶŐĮŶŐĞƌũŽŝŶƚƐ͕ŵĂƚũŽŝŶƚƐ͕ƌĂŝůǁĂǇũŽŝŶƚƐ͕
sliding plate joints ĂŶĚŇĞǆŝďůĞƉůƵŐũŽŝŶƚƐ͘
tŽƌƚŚǇŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĂůŵĞŶƟŽŶŝƐƚŚĞŵŽĚƵůĂƌ
ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ũŽŝŶƚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐ ŝŶǀĞŶƚĞĚ ďǇ
ŵĂŐĞďĂƐĞǀĞƌĂůĚĞĐĂĚĞƐĂŐŽĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶ
ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůůǇĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĞǀĞƌƐŝŶĐĞ͘dŚŝƐĞǆ-
ĐĞƉƟŽŶĂů ƚǇƉĞ ŽĨ ũŽŝŶƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚ
ŽŶŽǀĞƌϱ͕ϬϬϬďƌŝĚŐĞƐĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘ 3
,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐʹŵĂŐĞďĂĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶũŽŝŶƚƐ
• TENSA®MODULAR (Type LR) is an ex-
ĐĞƉƟŽŶĂůůǇŇĞǆŝďůĞĂŶĚĚƵƌĂďůĞũŽŝŶƚ
ǁŝƚŚŽƉƟŽŶĂůĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŶŽŝƐĞͲ
reducing surface plates, special slid-
ŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ ĂŶƟͲƐŬŝĚ ĐŽĂƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ
ĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘
1 A TENSA®MODULAR joint (type LR24, with
ͻ dE^Π&/E'Z;dǇƉĞZ^&ͿŝƐĂĐĂŶ- ϭ͕ϵϮϬŵŵŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚĐĂƉĂĐŝƚǇͿĚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ͘
ƟůĞǀĞƌ ĮŶŐĞƌ ũŽŝŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽīĞƌƐ ŚŝŐŚ
2 ZĞŵŽǀĂů ŽĨ ĂƐƉŚĂůƚ ĂŶĚ ĐƵƫŶŐ ŽĨ ƐƵƉ- 4
ĚƌŝǀŝŶŐĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ͘
ƉŽƌƚ ƌŝďƐ ŝŶ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă
• WK>z&>yΠsEWhŝƐĂŇĞǆŝďůĞ
POLYFELX®ADVANCED PU expansion joint.
ƉůƵŐ ũŽŝŶƚ ƐǇƐƚĞŵ͕ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĞůĂƐƟĐ
ƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͘ /ƚƐ ŬĞǇ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ϯ /ŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂdE^Π&>y;dǇƉĞZͿƐůŝĚŝŶŐ
ĚƌŝǀĞƌ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ͕ ŶŽ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ŶŽŝƐĞ ĮŶŐĞƌũŽŝŶƚ͘dŚĞŵŽĚƵůĂƌŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞũŽŝŶƚĂůůŽǁƐ
ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƟŐŚƚŶĞƐƐ͘ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŵŝŶŝŵĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚƌĂĸĐ͘
• TENSA®CRETE (Type RE) is a single
4 The TENSA®CRETE SILENT (Type RE-LS) joint
ŐĂƉũŽŝŶƚĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐŽĨƐƚĞĞůĞĚŐĞƉƌŽ- ŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇƐƵŝƚĞĚƚŽƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŽůĚũŽŝŶƚƐŝŶ
ĮůĞƐĂŶĐŚŽƌĞĚŝŶŚŝŐŚͲƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƉŽůǇ- busy roads. It normally requires no breaking out of
mer concrete. concrete and its special polymer concrete cures in
only a few hours.
7
^ĞŝƐŵŝĐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ
ŵĂŐĞďĂƐĞŝƐŵŝĐĚĞǀŝĐĞƐʹ
ĚĂŵƉŝŶŐ͕ĂďƐŽƌďŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ
'ƌŽǁŝŶŐĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌƐĞŝƐŵŝĐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ƵƐƚŽŵŝƐĞĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ
1
Bridges and other structures can be sub- mageba is also pleased to assist in the de-
ũĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞǆƚƌĞŵĞ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ǀŝďƌĂ- ǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐĞĚƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌĂŶǇ
ƟŽŶƐĚƵƌŝŶŐĂŶĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞ͘dŚŝƐĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƐĞƚŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚŽĨƐƵƐ-
ĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƚŽĨĂŝůŝĨƐƵŝƚĂďůĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŚĂƐ ƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ
not been detailed. The demand for seismic durability, long life and future needs.
ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇĨŽƌŬĞǇďƵŝůĚ-
ŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶƌŽƵƚĞƐ͕ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽ
grow strongly.
STUs Hydraulic dampers
WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐďƌŝĚŐĞƐĂŶĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ
/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƐƵƉƉůǇŝŶŐ infrastructure and
building products, mageba also specialises 2
ŝŶ ƌĞůŝĂďůĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ

structures. A wide range of products are
ŽīĞƌĞĚ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ &ƵƐĞͲŽǆ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ Precompressed
for modular joints, hydraulic and spring Lead rubber bearings bearings
ĚĂŵƉĞƌƐ͕ůĞĂĚƌƵďďĞƌďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ͕ĂŶĚǀŝďƌĂ-
ƟŽŶŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĨŽƌďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘
,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐʹŵĂŐĞďĂƐĞŝƐŵŝĐĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ
• Hydraulic dampers, Shock Transmis-
sion Units (STU) and preloaded spring
dampers absorb and dissipate exces-
ƐŝǀĞ ĞŶĞƌŐǇ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ĚǇŶĂŵŝĐ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ
such as earthquakes.
• ^ƉƌŝŶŐ ĚŝƐĐ ĚĂŵƉĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůǇ
ǀĂůƵĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ƚŽƉͲƋƵĂůŝƚǇ 1 RESTON® hydraulic dampers. mageba damp-
materials, and durability. ĞƌƐ ŽīĞƌ ĂŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ŵĞĂŶƐ ŽĨ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐ
Ă ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ dŚĞǇ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĞǆƉĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ 4
ͻ>ĞĂĚ ZƵďďĞƌ ĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ ;>ZͿ ĐŽŶƐƟ-
ǁĞůůŽǀĞƌϱϬǇĞĂƌƐ͘
tute the world’s most widespread
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨďƌŝĚŐĞƐ Ϯ dŚŽƌŽƵŐŚ ƚĞƐƟŶŐ ŽĨ Ă ƐƉƌŝŶŐ ĚŝƐĐ ĚĂŵƉĞƌ Ăƚ
and buildings during earthquakes. ƚŚĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚƚĞƐƟŶŐůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇDW;^ǁŝƚǌĞƌ-
• Fuse-Box – The Fuse-Box feature en- land).
sures that a modular joint will dis-
ϯ >ĞĂĚ ZƵďďĞƌ ĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƉƌŽǀĞŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ
connect from the main structure in a
worth in many earthquakes around the world.
controlled way during an earthquake.
dŚŝƐ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƐ ŵĂũŽƌ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ 4 A modular expansion joint featuring Fuse-Box
bridge or expansion joint. ƐĞŝƐŵŝĐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ;ŽŶƚŚĞůĞŌͿ͕ďĞĨŽƌĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ
on a bridge.
8
/ŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂZ^dKEΠWEh>hDƵƌǀĞĚ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ^ůŝĚĞƌ͘
ROBO®CONTROL sensor for measurement of forces in cables.
DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐΘ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ŵĂŐĞďĂŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐΘƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐʹ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚǇĂƚĂůůƟŵĞƐ
dŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŽů “Smart” expansion
1 joints &ƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚǇƚĞƐƚ
The ability of engineers to design, con-
struct and maintain structures has greatly
ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ
for structural health monitoring has also
grown accordingly.
ZĞĂůͲƟŵĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ Integrated system for KŶůŝŶĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐǀŝĂ

structural bearings Internet (24hr)
ŵĂŐĞďĂŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌĞĂůͲ
ƟŵĞ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ĂŶǇ ĚĞƐŝƌĞĚ ĐŚĂƌĂĐ-
ƚĞƌŝƐƟĐŽĨĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞʹĨŽƌĞǆĂŵƉůĞĨŽƌĐĞƐ͕
ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĐƌĂĐŬ ǁŝĚƚŚƐ Žƌ
2 ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĐŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞŝŶ
the structural integrity of a structure, and
ensures that safety measures can be im- Rock anchor
Crack monitoring monitoring
ƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚŝŶŐŽŽĚƟŵĞ͕ŝĨŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇ͘
,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐʹŵĂŐĞďĂŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐΘ
ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ
ͻZKKΠKEdZK>ʹĂŵŽĚĞƌŶĂŶĚŇĞǆŝ-
4
ďůĞƐǇƐƚĞŵǁŚŝĐŚŽīĞƌƐƋƵŝĐŬ͕ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ
ϭ ŵĂŐĞďĂ ŚĂƐ Žǀer 50 years of experience in
ĂŶĚ ŝŶĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĐŚĞĐŬŝŶŐ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘
any type of structure.
2 ROBO®CONTROL is a fully automated moni- ͻ/ŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶƐ ʹ Ă ǀŝƚĂů ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ĂŶǇ
ƚŽƌŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĚĂƚĂĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ structure’s maintenance plan. Done
ǀŝĂƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ͘ properly and professionally, they can
ensure that possible problems are
3 A ROBO®CONTROL Box – the heart of
mageba‘s structural health monitoring system. ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶŐŽŽĚƟŵĞ͘
ͻŵĂŐĞďĂĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƚĞƐƟŶŐ
4 Low energy systems enable ROBO®CONTROL of any bridge product.
ƚŽďĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚŝŶĞǀĞŶƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƌĞŵŽƚĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘
11
ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ
mageba building products –

ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐΠ
>ĞĂĚŝŶŐƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌŽĨďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ^ƚƌŝƉĚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ
Wall bearings sliding bearings 1
Although mageba is best known around
the world for its bridge products, the com-
pany has also supplied building products
ĨŽƌŽǀĞƌϯϬǇĞĂƌƐĂŶĚŚĂƐŝŶƚŚĞůĂƐƚĚĞĐĂ-
ĚĞƚĂŬĞŶĂůĞĂĚŝŶŐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƟ-
ƟǀĞ^ǁŝƐƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘
sŝďƌĂƟŽŶŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶŵĂƚƐ Expansion joints
^ŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶƐ
ĂŶĚŶŽŝƐĞ
ZĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ ŚŽƐƉŝ-
ƚĂůƐ͕ƐƚĂĚŝƵŵƐ͕ĂŝƌƉŽƌƚƐ͕ƌĂŝůǁĂǇƐƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ
ĐŽƵŶƚůĞƐƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĮƩĞĚ 2
with mageba products such as bearings and

Impact sound Compression seal joint
ĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ ũŽŝŶƚƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĞĚ ŝŶƐƵůĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƐƚĂŝƌƐ ƉƌŽĮůĞƐ
ƚŽ ĨƵůĮů Ă ǁŝĚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐůƵ-
ĚŝŶŐŶŽŝƐĞĂŶĚǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶ͕ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ
transmission of forces, and earthquake pro-
ƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŽĂůůŽǁĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĂďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͘
3
,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐʹŵĂŐĞďĂďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ
• LASTO®STRIP linear strip bearings ac-
ĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞ ĨŽƌĐĞƐ͕ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ
ƌŽƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŶŐ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ
thus extending the life of the building.
• TENSA®COMPRESS A expansion joints
ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů͕ ǀĞƌƟĐĂů ĂŶĚ
ƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŽŶĞ ƉĂƌƚ
ŽĨĂďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘dŚĞ 1 mageba building products are continually
ƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝĂŐƌĂŵ
joint’s inner ribbing ensures that it re-
ƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĚǇŶĂ-
tains its form in any state of compres- mic stiffness of VIBRAX®BLOCK B bearings.
sion.
4
• VIBRAX®STAIR stair bearings are used 2 LASTO®STRIP linear strip bearings are easy
ƚŽĚĂŵƉĞŶǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵĨŽŽƚƚƌĂĸĐ ƚŽ ŝŶƐƚĂůů͕ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă Wd& ƐƚƌŝƉ͕
sliding sheet and silicone grease to facilitate sliding
ŽŶƐƚĂŝƌƐ͕ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞ- ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘
ƐƵůƟŶŐŶŽŝƐĞ͘
ͻdE^Π^ ŝƐ Ă ƐƚƌŽŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǀĞƌǇ 3 TENSA®COMPRESS A expansion joints are
elegant expansion joint for use both ƐŝŵƉůĞĂŶĚƋƵŝĐŬƚŽŝŶƐƚĂůů͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ
for many building purposes.
internally and externally. It is water-
ƉƌŽŽĨ͕ĂŶĚŝƚƐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƉƌŽĮůĞƐŽīĞƌĞǆ- ϰ &ŝŶĂů ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ s/ZyΠDW >ͬDͬ,
ĐĞůůĞŶƚŽǀĞƌͲƌŽůůŝŶŐĐŽŵĨŽƌƚǁŚŝůĞĂůƐŽ and VIBRAX®SCREED H. Placed under machines in
reducing noise to a minimum. ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŽƌƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ƚŚŝƐŐƌĞĂƚůǇƌĞĚƵ-
ĐĞƐǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŶŽŝƐĞ͘
12
WŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐŽĨƉƌĞͲĐĂƐƚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ
s/ZyΠ>K<ǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐĂƚDWŝŶƺďĞŶĚŽƌĨ͘
mageba quality and know-how –
ĨŽƌůĂƐƟŶŐĂŶĚƌĞůŝĂďůĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ
^ǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐYƵĂůŝƚǇDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ͻ&ŝƌƐƚĐŽŵƉĂŶǇŝŶŝƚƐĮĞůĚƚŽŚĂǀĞŝƚƐƋƵĂů- ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ƐǇƐ-
ŝƚǇĂƐƐƵƌĂŶĐĞƐǇƐƚĞŵĐĞƌƟĮĞĚŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚ- tem.
ance with ISO 9001 (in 1991). ͻWƌŽĚƵĐƚƚĞƐƟŶŐĂƚĞǆƚĞƌŶĂů͕ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ
ͻǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŝŶƋƵĂůŝƚǇŵĂŶĂŐĞ- ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐĂŶĚŵĂ-
ment and assurance. Experienced quality ƚĞƌŝĂůƚĞƐƟŶŐďŽĚŝĞƐ͘
ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚƐĂŶĚǁĞůĚŝŶŐĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ;/tͬ ͻůŽƐĞ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĮĞůĚƐ ŽĨ Ğǆ-
t/Ϳ͕ĂŶĚĐĞƌƟĮĞĚŝŶƐƉĞĐƚŽƌƐŝŶĂůůŵĂŶ- ternal quality control and research and
ƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ
ͻ^ǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ŽĨ Ăůů ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƉƌŽ- ^ƚƵƩŐĂƌƚ ĂŶĚ <ĂƌůƐƌƵŚĞ ;'ĞƌŵĂŶǇͿ ĂŶĚ
cesses ensured by mageba’s constantly Innsbruck (Austria).
dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůǆĐĞůůĞŶĐĞ ͻǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽǀĞƌŵĂŶǇǇĞĂƌƐǁŝƚŚŵŽǀĞ- ͻĐƟǀĞ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů

ments and transfer of forces in structu- ĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĚĞ-
res, and with damping of impacts, seis- ǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ
ŵŝĐ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƵůĂƟŽŶ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ;EͬEͬKdͿĨŽƌƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůďĞĂƌŝŶŐƐ
ƐŽƵŶĚĂŶĚǀŝďƌĂƟŽŶ͘ and expansion joints.
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sion joint and holder of a number of pa- ŐŶŝƐĞĚ ĞǆƉĞƌƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ
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and expansion joints. ĂŶĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨ<ĂƌůƐƌƵŚĞ͘
14
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Switzerland www.mageba.ch
Version 2015.09
collaboration partners in India
Seismic Isolation Systems
COMPANY PROFILE
COMPANY PROFILE
Founded in 1947, RESISTOFLEX has been a pioneer in several world class technologies and
introduced the same in India in the following Chronological manner:
1947 - VIBRATION, SHOCK AND NOISE CONTROL comprising of Isolators and Flexible Joints.
1992 - SPRING MOUNTS and VISCOUS DAMPERS in collaboration with Christie & Grey, U.K. along
with advanced computer programs for optimized selection.
1995 – developed FAIL-SAFE SILICON RUBBER ISOLATORS for protecting avionics in Satellite
Launch Vehicles in collaboration with Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, India.
1997 - AIR SUSPENSION SYSTEMS for Road and Rail vehicles in collaboration with Contitech-
Continental, Germany.
1998 - SEISMIC RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. Special computer programs developed by Department of

Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee are used in-house for response analysis and optimization of
restraining devices.
2005 - SEISMIC BASE ISOLATION of Buildings developed in technical co-operation with Department
of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee.
2015 - collaborated with HIRUN to offer Seismic Isolation Systems for Buildings & Bridges in India.
HIRUN is the subsidiary of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), a FORTUNE 500
enterprise.
SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS for BUILDINGS & BRIDGES

HIRUN is a specialized company engaged in research, development, production and sales of
Structural Bearings, Seismic Devices and Expansion Joints. This division is headed by Dr. Agostino
Marioni, Doctorate in Engineering from Milan, 1966, who has a vast experience in the field of Anti-
seismic devices for more than 40 years. He has developed several devices including the latest
Sliding Pendulum Isolators, most of which were patented and have been applied in hundreds of
projects worldwide.
He was the Chairman of CEN TC 167, the European Standardization Committee for Structural
Bearing that issued EN 1337 Standard and member of CEN TC 340, for Anti-Seismic Devices that
issued the EN 15129 Standard.
HIRUN offers advanced solutions in civil engineering supporting structural and architectural
designers in many countries around the world based on 40 years of their experience.
E-mail : sales@resistoflex.in Mob.: 98182 00361 - 364

254 nos. of Friction Pendulum Isolators were designed and tested as per EN 15129 and other agreed
specification for an IT / ITES project in Gurgaon.
Resistoflex is a very active industry partner for Govt. of India's initiative for indigenous development
of Base Isolation Systems for Earthquake mitigation and setting up of national level test facilities at
MNIT Jaipur.
A collaborative project with Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Delhi) for Seismic Base Isolated
showcase building has been instituted. The clear objective for this landmark project is to objectively
demonstrate Base Isolation Technology and its techno economic advantages. It will also house a
Technical Centre to promote and support this emerging technology to project authorities, structural
engineers, architects, students, etc.
THE STRATEGY
Design, produce, test to EN/ASCE/IRC/IS codes and provide technical support on several different
times of Structural Bearings, Anti Seismic Devices and Expansion Joints to achieve the most efficient
protection against earthquakes for any kind of bridge / infrastructure / building and guarantee the
following performances:
« Carry horizontal loads
« Allow / restrict movements and rotations
« Increase the period of the structure
« Increase the damping coefficient
The reduction of the seismic response of a structure may be achieved by one the following strategies
or by a combination of them:
« Dissipation of energy (damping)

« Shifting the natural period of the structures to a field of lesser acceleration response
All the devices can be customized following the peculiar feature of any design considering:
« Sliding path
« Fuses
« Performance requirements
« In service / seismic condition
« Any combination of devices
« Installation procedure and replacement
The performances of devices are validated by in-house high load capacity and high velocity at high
stroke tests on isolators and dampers, a facility unique with HIRUN.

NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS ANALYSIS FOR SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM

The preliminary analysis is performed as under:
ª INITIAL: The analysis is done considering all the mass defined by a single point and the
stiffness/damping performed by a single isolation device at SDOF. The seismic action is defined
by the response spectrum defined for the design (dynamic)
ª NON-LINEAR: The analysis is performed as an iteration method in order to get exactly the
behavior of the device which is non-linear
The result defines the following design parameters:

ª DYNAMIC FRICTION
ª EFFECTIVE RADIUS
Using these parameters, the following technical performances are obtained.

ª Damping ratio
ª Effective stiffness
ª Displacement
ª Vertical load
Further evaluation is done in the following worst cases:

ª UPPER BOUND: amplify the design values of the above mentioned parameters (friction-radius)
ª LOWER BOUND: reduce the design values of the above mentioned parameters (friction-radius)
NOTE: Preliminary evaluation is always followed by a summarized table showing all the design
parameters and technical performances at any requested design condition (including UPPER and
LOWER BOUND)
As conclusion of the above Dynamic Analysis, the main designer can perform the final analysis of the
structure (model with software as SAP2000 or ETABS) still using the response spectrum or the
accelerograms.
During this phase the designer shall confirm that our preliminary assumptions are correct to make the
proper modifications.
We are at full disposal for any suggestion or question the designer may need to define the isolators in
the proper way inside the software and in order to generally optimize the design.
After Design Freeze, the machining design of the seismic isolators will be completed to
confirm/obtain the final properties:
ª DYNAMIC FRICTION
ª EFFECTIVE RADIUS
ª Damping ratio
ª Effective stiffness
ª Displacement
ª Vertical load
The above mentioned NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS is normally performed by an internal

iterative calculation sheet but can be performed in an equivalent way using software as ETABS or
SAP2000; that may have some positive feeling for the client but practically will get the same result.

ANTI SEISMIC DEVICES

STRUCTURAL BEARINGS
EXPANSION JOINTS
for
BRIDGES
HIPOT-Pot Structural Bearings

ISOLATORS
HIFLOW-Spherical Structural Bearings
HIRUBBER-Rubber Structural Bearings BEARINGS

HISLIDE-Sliding Pendulum Isolators
HIDAMP-High Damping Rubber Isolators

JOINTS
HILEAD-Lead Rubber Isolators
for
HIFLUID-Viscous Dampers & Lock-Up Devices
HITUNED-Tuned Mass Dampers

Bridges
HIPAD-Hysteretic Dampers
HIJOINT-Finger Joint & Modular Joint & Rubber Joint
HIPOT-High Speed Railway HIPOT- High Speed Railway (China) HITUNED-HZM bridge HIFLUID-Lanzhou-Hekou bridge (China)
HIFLOW-140MN Spherical Bearing HIJOINT-finger joint HISLIDE-Padma bridge (Bangladesh) HIDAMP-Temburong bridge (Brunei)
HISLIDE- IT SEZ, Gurugram (India) HISLIDE- Resistoflex, Noida (India) HIFLUID-Jinmen bridge (China) HICLAMP-Halogaland bridge (Norway)
BUILDINGS SEISMIC BASE ISOLATION
Building is jolted. The violent shaking Building superstructure decoupled

of floors increases in the ascending from the foundation.
floors.
Earthquake energy is absorbed by
Earthquake energy is absorbed by BEARINGS.
damage of columns or beams.
Building shakes gently and slowly
Violent shakes felt inside the building protecting occupants & property.
result in injury to PEOPLE and
damage to PROPERTY........
Lead Rubber Bearing Sliding Pendulum Bearing

Sanfield (India) Limited, started as a group company of Sanfield
Industries Ltd., Hong Kong and now a group Company of Maurer
SE, Germany. With the assistance of its parent company & backed
by the vast experience & expertise of various world renowned
leaders, provides a single source responsibility from Design,
Manufacturing, Testing, Material Supply & Installation together
with providing necessary Quality Assurance & Guarantees for all
it’s product ranges.
Sanfield Industries Limited, Hongkong 1974

Sanfield India Limited, Bhopal 1994
Maurer takeover 2010
VISION and MISSION STATEMENT
……. A Vision United
Mission:
To emerge as a single source solution for all the construction
related needs of the Civil Engineering Projects
¾ Started as 100% family owned
¾ about 50% domestic market share of Joints & Bearings
¾ 1270 Million INR (19.5 M US$)+ turnover for F.Y. 17-18
¾ export, 10-15% of total turnover and increasing ……
¾ Production Area approx. 15,000 m2
¾ Centralized Production plant located in Bhopal
¾ Marketing offices in Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad
¾ Agents & Distributors all over the country and abroad.
Since: 1994 15,000 m2 App. 300 employees

Sanfield (India) Limited - Structural Bearings
- Joint Systems (Highways and Architectural)
- Rehabilitation of Structures
- Mechanical Rebar Splicing
System (Bar Couplers)
- Steel Girder Fabrication
- Pre-stressing Systems
- Electrical Contracting
- Waterproofing
- Specialty Products (Star Box, GFRP & PT Bars,
Sonic Tubes, Shear keys, Precast Accessories)
With Maurer takeover - Expansion Joints (Highways and Railways)
- MSM Spherical Bearings
- Structural Protection Systems
(Dampers, STU, Snubbers, SIP’s)
PRODUCTION CAPACITY :-
¾ Steel Bearings:
....... approx. 1200 Nos. Bearings per month,
(avg. 250 MT load capacity, weight wise approx. 200 T / month)
¾ Rubber Bearings:
……. approx. 1000 Nos. Bearings per month,
(avg. size 400 x 300 x 42mm, vol. wise approx. 4.5 m3 / month)
¾ Movement Joints:
……. approx. 5000 RM of Single Seal and 500 RM of Modular
Joint per month
BENCH MARKS OF SANFIELD INDIA LIMITED :-
Having exports business to Europe, Middle East, Far East and Asia Pacific
Countries.
First ISO 9001:2015 company in India in the field of Joints and Bearings
practicing strict Quality Control in the designing and manufacturing thus certifying
the quality and performance of products.
Executed over 300,000 RM of Expansion Joints & 75,000 units of Bearings on
various Prestigious Bridges, Highways and Expressways across the country and
abroad.
CE Certification for production of MSM Spherical Bearings and Pot / Pot-cum-
PTFE Bearings.
Fully Equipped Testing facilities capable of testing finished Bearings up to 16,000
kN Vertical and 2,000 kN Horizontal Loading with simultaneous application.
TECHNICAL ACCREDITATION - Third Party Control
Material Testing Institute (MPA) University of Stuttgart

Sanfield Certificates (EN1090, CE-certificate)
Sanfield Certificates (ISO 3834, ISO 9001)
FINANCIAL ACCREDITATION
DUN & BRADSTREET RATING 4A3

FINANCIAL ACCREDITATION
SMERA RATING SE 2A
Contact…….
Sanfield (India) Limited.
Head office:
13 - A, D - Sector,
Industrial Area,
Govindpura,
Bhopal – 462 023, India.
Phone : 91 755 4233535 (30 Lines)

Fax : 91 755 2602663, 4270730
e-mail : sanfield@sanfieldindia.in
sanfieldindia@gmail.com
Website : http://www.sanfieldindia.in
About
(IAStructE)
&
Membership Application Form and
Eligibility Criteria
Mr. Mahendra Raj (2003 – 2010)
GOVERNING COUNCIL OF IAStructE Managing Director, Mahendra Raj Consultants Pvt Ltd.
The management of the Association is entrusted to the Governing Council

Mr Raj is the Founder President of IAStructE. During his
sixty years of service to the building profession, he has
shown an uncommon inventiveness and willingness to
Indian Association of
(GC). The GC consists of the President, Four Vice-Presidents, past Presi-
dents and council members who are elected for a period of two years. GC
meets at least six times a year. The main functions of the GC are to monitor
experiment with new concepts. He is considered to be
one of the most inventive engineers in the country. He Structural Engineers
has worked with some of the leading Architects
the implementation of the various missions of the associations based on
its policies and strategies. The association has several committees which
support the work of the Institution and promoting the work of the industry
of the World and of the Country such as Le-Corbusier,
Minoru Yamasaki, Louis Kahn, Charles Correa, B V Doshi, A P Kanvinde, J A
(IAStructE)
more generally. The association strives to Provide high-level guidance to Stein and Raj Rewal. He has been responsible for the design of some of the
the various Committees formed for furthering the activities of the associa- land mark buildings of India, some of which are, Hall of Nations, NDMC, LIC
tion. The present office bearers and GC members are as follows : Buildings in Delhi, Tagore Memorial Hall, Premabhai Hall in Ahmedabad,
Legislative Assembly in Srinagar.
1. President : Mr. Manoj Mittal
2. Vice President (North) : Ms. Sangeeta Wij
3. Vice President (South) : Mr. S. P. Anchuri
4. Vice President (East) : Dr. Anjan Dutta Mr. Srikumar Ghosh (2010-2012)
5. Vice President (West) : Dr. Harshavardhan Subbarao
6. Honorary Secretary: Mr Alok Bhowmick Mr Srikumar Ghosh is one of the founder promoter and
7. Honorary Treasurer: Mr Rahul K. Patel former CMD of CES (Consulting Engineering Service
8. Prof. Mahesh Tandon : Immediate Past President (India) Pvt. Ltd.) He is an Engineering graduate (Gold
9. Mr Mahendra Raj : Founder President Medalist) from Kolkata University (1955) and thereafter
10. Mr Srikumar Ghosh : Past President did his Post-Graduation from Imperial College of
11. Mr S C Mehrotra : Past President Science and Technology, London. He is a Fellow
12. Mr Bhavinkumar S. Shah : Chairman, Gujarat State Centre Member of the Institution of Structural Engineers (UK);
13. Dr. Abhay Gupta : Member the Institution of Civil Engineers(UK) and the Institution
14. Mr Avinash D. Shirode : Member of Engineers (India). He is also the former president of Consulting Engineers
15. Mr Deepak Bansal : Member Association of India CEAI). (2005-2007) and of NACE (National Association of
16. Mr Deepak Thakur : Member Consulting Engineers).
17. Dr Dulal Goldar : Member
18. Mr Ganesh Juneja : Member
19. Dr K K Gnaguly : Member
20. Mr O P Goel : Member Mr. S. C. Mehrotra(2012-2014)
21. Mr R Gogia : Member
22. Mr Sitaram Aggarwal : Member Principal Consultant and CEO of Mehro Consultants.
23. Mr Sushil K Dhawan : Member Mr Mehrotra is one of the leading structural engineer,
24. Dr T. Visalakshi : Member having more than 44 years of experience in structural
24. Mr Vinay Gupta : Member design. He was the first Indian EC member of FIDIC
26. Mr. Vipul Ahuja : Member for the period 2005-09. He is former Chairman,
Membership Committee of FIDIC. He is also former
PRESENT AND PAST PRESIDENT’S OF IAStructE President of CEAI (2003-2005).
Mr Manoj Mittal (2017 – Ongoing)
Mr Manoj Mittal has graduated in Civil Engineering Prof. Mahesh Tandon (2014-2016)
from BITS Pilani in 1985. He also earned his M.Sc. & SECRETARIAT
MS degrees from the same Institute. He is practicing
as Consulting Civil & Structural Engineer and has an Managing Director, Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd. Prof. K-69A, Basement,
experience of over 30 years in the field of Civil & Tandon is an international expert in the field of structur- Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019.
Structural engineering Consulting. He also has al engineering. Many of the structures designed by him
expertise in structural retrofitting and rehabilitation have been widely acclaimed and have received Tel/Fax : 011-45794829
of structures in distress. He has keen interest in the recognition in India as well as internationally. He has E-mail: iastructe@gmail.com
field of green & sustainable design of built environment. He is member of received several awards by many institutions for his
several professional bodies e.g. IEI (I), IAStructE, ICI, CEAI, CDC, ACCE contribution in the structural engineering fraternity. He Website: www.iastructe.co.in
(I), ACI-India Chapter, IBC and IOV. He is member of various BIS commit- is the President, Indian Society of Wind Engineering,
tees e.g. CED-29, and CED-54 & CED-46: P4, P11 & P19. Presently he is India.
also affiliated with SPA-New Delhi as visiting faculty.
ABOUT IAStructE BENEFITS OF JOINING IAStructE HOW TO BE A MEMBER ?
Indian Association of Structural Engineers (IAStructE) is Membership of IAStructE is a sought after professional IAStructE membership is restricted to professionals of proven
national apex body of structural engineers in India established competence and credibility. Depending upon age,
accreditation. Your membership of IAStructE can help
with the objective to cater to the overall professional needs of qualifications and experience, IAStructE members are
you enhance your intellectual, academic, technical and classified into following categories:
structural engineers. The association has become the source
of expertise and information concerning all issues that involve professional status. It provides inter connectivity to the Grade Eligibility
structural engineering and public safety within the built fellow professional and the fraternity. Some of the benefits − Fellow Civil Engineering Graduate with age over 42+
environment. It has no commercial objective. IAStructE has of membership is provided below: years and minimum 20 years experience
signed an MoU with IStructE (Institution of Structural − Member Civil Engineering Graduate with age 32+
Engineers) of UK & JJSI (Japan Society of Seismic Isolation) a. Complimentary magazine subscription: All members years and minimum experience of 10 years
for exchange of information and promotion of Structural − Associate Civil Engineering Graduate with Age 22+ years.
(except Student Members) receive a complimentary
Engineering profession. − Student 3rd and 4th year Undergraduate Civil Engineering
subscription to the Institution’s flagship publication Students.
IAStructE is purely a professional learned society with the
prime objective of supporting and protecting the profession of “STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DIGEST’ (SED). Every applicant for election to membership in any grade
Published quarterly, each issue allows members to remain shall pay the Processing Fee along with his/her application
structural engineering by upholding professional standards and
form. Once the application is accepted by the Governing
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Handouts of The Presentations - Seminar On Introduction To New Guidelines For Seismic Design of Road Bridges

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Handouts of The Presentations - Seminar On Introduction To New Guidelines For Seismic Design of Road Bridges

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Indian Association of Structural Engineers

Indian Roads Congress

“Introduction of New Guideline for Seismic Design of Road Bridges

History of Seismic Code in IRC, Brief on

16:45 to 17:15 Presentation on Appendix A1 to A5 - Worked

Seminar on New Seismic Guideline (IRC:SP:114-2018)

Indian Seismic codes Parent Seismic Code

Update of Codes Comparative features

Significant Developments Seismic Analysis Methods

Seismic Design Methods

Challenges Issues for Development

History of Seismic Provision in IRC Code

History of Seismic Code in IRC

History of Seismic Code in IRC……..contd.

 Interim provisions replaced in 2008 by a new seismic clause on

Substantive Changes in New Guidelines Substantive Changes in New Guidelines…….contd.

Substantive changes in new guidelines……….contd. Brief Introduction to Chapters

Chapter 1 & 2 Chapter 3 - Conceptual Design

Chapter 4 – Seismic Induced Forces & Chapter 5 – Seismic Analysis Methods

Chapter 6 – General Design Provision Chapter 7 – Seismic Design Methods

Chapter 8 – Design of Bridge Components Chapter 9 – Ductile Detailing of Structures

Chapter 10 – Seismic Isolation Devices Appendices with Examples

• Chapter -3 Conceptual Design

• Chapter -4 Seismic Induced Forces and site Condition

• Chapter -9 Ductile Detailing of Structures

• Chapter-10 Seismic Isolation Devices

• This Guideline is essentially applicable for seismic design of bridges with a

CHAPTER 2—CONTD - SCOPE OF GUIDELINES.

• The hydro dynamic effect of water on submerged substructure and

• Relaxation Clauses,-(a) Culverts and minor bridges up to 10m length in

CHAPTER 3—CONTD – SITE SELECTION

CHAPTER 3- CONTD –PREFERRED STRUCTURAL CHAPTER 3- CONTD –BEARINGS

CHAPTER 3- CONTD –BEARINGS CHAPTER 3- CONTD –TIME PERIOD OF BRIDGE

CHAPTER 4 –SEISMIC INDUCED FORCES & CHAPTER 4 –GROUND MOTION (HORIZONTAL

CHAPTER 4 –COMPONENTS OF GROUND MOTION

(v) RCC/PSC Frame ( Refer Note VI) 3.0 2.5

Where, (vi) Steel Framed 3.0 2.5

CHAPTER 4 –RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR CHAPTER 4 –RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR

CHAPTER 4 –SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

• It shall not be considered for open foundation on rocky strata.

• Modelling the substructure and foundation of the bridge

• W = Weight of the water of the enveloping cylinder

CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

• Time History Method elaborated;

• Minimum Horizontal force for which structure should be

CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

I = Importance Factor R= Response reduction factor

The fundamental natural period T (in seconds) of pier/abutment

In absence of calculations of fundamental period of small bridges, Where,

CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

SEISMIC ZONE Ah- Min

CHAPTER 5 –METHOD OF ANALYSIS CHAPTER 5 –SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS

Introduction to IRC:SP:114-2018 Guidelines For

6.1 General 6.2 Basic Design Principle

6.3 Seismic Design Aspects 6.3.2 Capacity Design?

6.3.3 Overstrength Factor 6.3.4 Ductility Capacity and Demand

6.4 Design Provisions 6.4.2 Substructure

6.4.3 Bearings and Expansion Joints 6.4.4 Foundation

• Inertia forces generated on superstructure • Force Demands on foundations should be based on

6.5 Long Span Bridges 6.6 Special Type of Bridges

Chapter 7 Seismic Design Method 7.2Force Based Design Method