1610 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 45, NO.
5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2009
Standstill Parameter Identification of
Vector-Controlled Induction Motors Using the
Frequency Characteristics of Rotor Bars
Young-Su Kwon, Jeong-Hum Lee, Sang-Ho Moon, Byung-Ki Kwon, Chang-Ho Choi, Senior Member, IEEE,
and Jul-Ki Seok, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—We propose a current injection-based estimator to
identify accurately standstill induction motor (IM) parameters
necessary for vector control. A mathematical model that faithfully
represents the general deep bar effect is introduced. Then, two
exciting signals with a different frequency are sequentially injected
to track the parameters based on the frequency function of the
rotor bar. The proposed methodology employs closed-loop control
of an injected current due to little knowledge of the unknown
motor, rather than the open-loop voltage injection approaches
commonly used in sensorless control schemes. Subsequently, this
control scheme proactively prevents electrical accidents resulting
from inadequate open-loop voltage injection. Our developed spe-
cialized offline commissioning test compensates for the phase delay
resulting from the drive, which significantly affects estimation pre-
cision. The effectiveness of the identification technique is validated
by means of experiments performed on three different IMs.
Index Terms—Closed-loop control of an injected current, fre-
quency function of the rotor bar, standstill induction motor (IM)
parameter identification, vector control.
I. I NTRODUCTION
P RACTICAL vector-controlled induction motor (IM) drive
systems require an intensive and time-consuming effort
for the tuning of their electrical parameters in order to achieve
satisfactory performance [1]. In most cases, the motors in
industrial plants originate from different manufacturers and
the parameters are not accurately known prior to start-up. At
first, therefore, it is not easy to control the motor motion
in accordance with a given speed/torque profile because the
system dynamics are subjected to initial load perturbations.
Paper 2008-IDC-136.R1, presented at the 2008 Industry Applications Soci-
ety Annual Meeting, Edmonton, AB, Canada, October 5–9, and approved for
publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by
the Industrial Drives Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society.
Manuscript submitted for review November 7, 2008 and released for publica-
tion March 10, 2009. First published July 14, 2009; current version published
September 18, 2009. This work was supported in part by the Yeungnam Univer-
sity research grants in 2008 and in part by the Korea Research Foundation Grant
funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion
Fund) (KRF-2008-013-D00046).
Y.-S. Kwon is with the Automation R&D Center, LS Industrial Systems
Company, Ltd., Cheonan 330-845, Korea (e-mail: yskwon@lsis.biz).
J.-H. Lee, S.-H. Moon, B.-K. Kwon, and C.-H. Choi are with the R&D
Center, POSCON Corporation, Seoul 136-713, Korea (e-mail: yjhum@poscon.
co.kr; dal94@poscon.co.kr; kwonbg@poscon.co.kr; choi97@poscon.co.kr).
J.-K. Seok is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Yeungnam Univer-
sity, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea (e-mail: doljk@ynu.ac.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2009.2027164
0093-9994/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE
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In order to find appropriate parameters, iterative tuning tests
should be performed in the factory. Experienced personnel
mainly perform a tuning process based on field observations
and by experimenting with different combinations of parameter
values [2].
Modern rolling mill plants, paper winding processes, or
hoist crane systems, for example, transfer motor torque to
loads through complex mechanical connections that produce
initial load disturbances on the entire system [3], [4]. Improper
tension control, due to incorrect IM parameters, often causes
mechanical and electrical problems in the commissioning stage
or tuning process. Those involved in plant operations recognize
that this process may appear to be an intimidating and a time-
consuming task even to skilled engineers. Therefore, it is worth
mentioning that the motor must be kept at a standstill during
the parameter identification process to avoid potential damage
to the system and to minimize scheduled downtimes.
In an attempt to overcome the aforementioned problems,
some procedures have been developed to identify vector-
controlled IM parameters at the standstill state of these
motors [5]–[10]. The time and frequency domain standstill
methods [5], [6] require special test equipment and expensive
procedures.
A couple of research groups have focused on the standstill
parameter identification using dc signal injection [7], ac signal
injection [8], and injection of an appropriate stator voltage or
current of a predetermined pattern [9]. The injection method
in [7] requires an extra circuit to inject the dc signal into the
motor. In [8], a single-phase sinusoidal current with a constant
frequency was applied to estimate the rotor resistance. The
success of this approach, however, hinges on the selection of
the injection frequency because the rotor resistance estimate is
subject to the skin effect. The approach in [9] requires relatively
complex injection processes.
An alternative standstill estimation method has been reported
in [10], where a model is obtained as a linear least-squares fit
to a special voltage waveform. For adequate voltage waveform
generation, it is necessary to design an additional pulsewidth
modulation strategy.
We suggest, in this paper, a current injection-based estima-
tor to accurately identify standstill IM parameters necessary
for vector control. We introduce a mathematical model that
faithfully represents the general frequency characteristics of the
rotor bar and then, sequentially inject two exciting currents
KWON et al.: STANDSTILL PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OF VECTOR-CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTORS 1611

Fig. 2. d-axis equivalent circuit of an IM at standstill.

III. P ROPOSED IM PARAMETER I DENTIFICATION

The d-axis equivalent circuit of an IM at standstill can be
drawn, as shown in Fig. 2. For the identification, we adopt a
Fig. 1. Plot of the hyperbolic function of (1). method of injecting an alternating d-axis current with a dc bias
while letting the q-axis current be equal to zero
with different frequencies to track the parameters from the
frequency function of the rotor bar. The proposed methodology ids = Ids + idh = Ids + Im cos ωh t (3)
employs closed-loop control of an injected current due to
little knowledge of the unknown motor, rather than the open- where Im is the amplitude of the ac current and the dc bias Ids
loop voltage injection approaches commonly used in sensorless is determined as the nominal magnetizing current value on the
control schemes. Subsequently, this control scheme proactively nameplate of the motor [12]. When the injection frequency ωh
prevents electrical accidents resulting from an inadequate open- is high enough, most of the high-frequency (HF) current flows
loop voltage injection. We describe here our development of through the rotor branch.
a specialized offline commissioning test to compensate for In this paper, two exciting signals with different frequencies
the phase delay of the drive that significantly affects the esti- are sequentially injected to determine the parameters. First, an
mated precision of the IM parameters. The effectiveness of the HF current superimposed on a dc bias is injected to estimate
identification technique is validated by means of experiments the stator resistance and the stator leakage inductance. Then, a
performed on the three different IMs. low-frequency (LF) current test is performed to find the value
of the rotor leakage inductance and the rotor resistance at the
II. F REQUENCY C HARACTERISTICS OF ROTOR BAR rated slip frequency. In this paper, the subscript lf or hf of each
The current distribution in shorted rotor bars may vary sig- parameter indicates that the corresponding parameter is related
nificantly with frequency, giving rise to significant variations to the LF or the HF test process, respectively.
in the rotor resistance and inductance. For a simple rectangular
bar with a depth d, the effective impedance of the bar can be A. HF Current Test
represented as [11]
From Fig. 2, the d-axis voltage equation at steady state is
Zbar =Rr_hf +jXlr_hf derived as
 
sinh 2αd+sin 2αd sinh 2αd−sin 2αd Vds = Rs Ids + (Rs + Rr )idh − ωh Lσ Im sin(ωh t) (4)
=αdRr_dc +j
cosh 2αd−cos 2αd cosh 2αd−cos 2αd
where Lσ = Lls + Llr . A low-pass filter (LPF) is used to obtain
(1)
the equivalent stator resistance including the voltage drop of

where α = πf μ◦ /ρ, f represents the frequency, μ◦ indicates power devices and the inverter-motor cables
the permeability of air, ρ is the resistivity of the conducting bar, LP F (Vds ) LP F (Vds )
and Rr_dc denotes the dc rotor resistance. For convenience, R̂s = = . (5)
Ids LP F (ids )
a simple rectangular bar was considered here. However, the
effective impedance formula of (1) can be readily adapted to For a practical application, we assume that the skin effect
modified forms of single-cage rotor bars that are widely used in of the stator parameters is negligible in the frequency range of
vector-controlled IMs [11]. interest (< 250 Hz) compared to that of the rotor parameters
Fig. 1 shows a plot of the hyperbolic function of (1). It [13]. Then, the equivalent resistance and inductance under the
is shown in Fig. 1 and (1) that the effective resistance and HF injection condition can be identified from the product of the
leakage reactance approach equality as the frequency or bar ac voltage and current component
depth increases. Thus, if αd > 2,
vdh · idh = Req_hf · i2dh − ωh Leq_hf · Im
2
sin(ωh t) cos(ωh t)
Rr_hf ∼
= Xlr_hf ∼
= αdRr_dc . (2)
1 2 1 2
= Req_hf Im + Req_hf Im cos(2ωh t)
This is a typical example of a general law of skin effect, 2 2
i.e., the current redistribution causes the effective resistance to 1
− ωh Leq_hf Im
2
sin(2ωh t) (6)
increase with the frequency. 2

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1612 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 45, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2009

where slip frequency. Using the same approach for the equivalent
inductance, we obtain
Req_hf = Rs + Rr_hf (7a)   
Leq_hf = Lls + Llr_hf . (7b) LP F (vdl − R̂eq_lf · idl )2
L̂eq_lf =  (14)
From (6), the equivalent resistance and inductance can be ωl LP F (i2dl )
estimated
where vdl and idl represent the ac voltage and current compo-
LP F (vdh · idh ) nents of the LF current test. ωl is the injection current frequency
R̂eq_hf = (8a)
LP F (i2dh ) in the LF current test.
   Then, the LF rotor leakage inductance Llr_lf can be
LP F (vdh − R̂eq_hf · idh )2 described as
  
L̂eq_hf = . (8b) Klr sinh(2αl d) − sin(2αl d)
ωh LP F (i2dh ) L̂eq_lf − L̂ls = L̂lr_lf = √
fl cosh(2αl d) − cos(2αl d)
By combining (5) and (7a), the HF rotor resistance Rr_hf (15a)
becomes where

R̂r_hf = R̂eq_hf − R̂s . (9)
πfl μ◦
αl = . (15b)
The HF rotor leakage inductance Llr_hf is described using ρ
(2) and (9) as
Then, the value of αl d is simply obtained from (15b)
Xlr_hf R̂r_hf 
L̂lr_hf = = . (10) πμ◦  
ωh ωh αl d = d fl = Kαd fl . (16)
ρ
Hence, we identify the stator leakage inductance as
By using Kαd in (16) and (2), R̂r_dc is given by
L̂ls = L̂eq_hf − L̂lr_hf . (11)
R̂r_hf
R̂r_dc = √ . (17)
From (1), the HF rotor leakage reactance can be written as Kαd fh
3 sinh 2αd − sin 2αd
Xlr_hf = Xlr_dc (12) From (16) and (34) in the Appendix, L̂lr_dc can be formu-
2αd cosh 2αd − cos 2αd lated as
where Xlr_dc denotes the dc rotor leakage reactance. A com- 2 
prehensive mathematical development of (12) is presented in L̂lr_dc = Kαd fh L̂lr_hf . (18)
3
the Appendix for those interested.
By combining (10) and (12), the HF rotor leakage inductance Finally, we uniquely determine the rotor resistance and
can be rewritten as leakage inductance at the rated slip frequency as in (19) and
(20), shown at the bottom of the page, where fslip is the
1 3 Klr rated slip frequency. These results indicate that the proposed
L̂lr_hf = √  Llr_dc = √ (13)
fh 2 πμ◦ d fh identification method can provide a deep-bar-effect curve of the
ρ
effective rotor resistance and leakage inductance over the whole
where Llr_dc denotes the dc rotor leakage inductance and the frequency range.
constant Klr represents a proportional coefficient with respect
to the inverse square root of the frequency. IV. S ELECTION OF I NJECTION F REQUENCY AND THE
C URRENT C ONTROLLER D ESIGN
B. LF Current Test A. Selection of Injection Frequency
The same test with an LF current is performed again to The selection of fh in the HF injection test involves a
find the rotor leakage inductance and resistance at the rated tradeoff between the estimated accuracy, due to a better

 
   
 sinh 2Kαd fslip + sin 2Kαd fslip
R̂r = Kαd fslip R̂r_dc       (19)
cosh 2Kαd fslip − cos 2Kαd fslip

     
3 sinh 2Kαd fslip − sin 2Kαd fslip
L̂lr =  L̂lr_dc       (20)
2Kαd fslip cosh 2Kαd fslip − cos 2Kαd fslip

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KWON et al.: STANDSTILL PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OF VECTOR-CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTORS 1613

Fig. 4. Offline test result for the testing drive of IM #1.

from the drive prior to start-up. The HF current and voltage,

Fig. 3. Plot of fh_min and fl_max on commercial IMs. with the delay factor, are as
signal-to-noise ratio, and the maximum sampling frequency of idh = Im cos(ωh t − δi ) (25a)
the phase current. In the HF current injection test, fh , depending 
vdh = Vm cos(ωh t + φ + δPWM ) (25b)
on the bar depth, should be chosen such that αd > 2. Thus, the
minimum available frequency is obtained as where δi denotes the phase delay of the sampled current, Vm is
  2 the amplitude of the ac voltage, φ represents the phase angle,
πμ◦
fh_ min = 2/ ×d (21) and δPWM is the corresponding angle of the PWM generation
ρ(Al)
delay. Applying (25) to (6) results in

where ρ(Al) denotes the resistivity of aluminum. Fig. 3 shows a
 LP F (vdh ·idh ) Vm
plot of fh_min with respect to the bar depth of commercial IMs R̂eq_hf = 2 = cos(φ+δi +δPWM ) (26a)
LP F (idh ) Im
with power ratings ranging from 5 to 100 kW. Vm
It can be observed from this example that all values of fh_min L̂eq_hf = sin(φ + δi + δPWM ). (26b)
ωh Im
are below 200 Hz. This implies that the value of 200 Hz is
sufficient to satisfy the condition of αd > 2 down to a power Since φ almost reaches 90◦ in this HF condition, the estima-
range of 5 kW.  
tion error more severely affects R̂eq_hf than L̂eq_hf . An accu-
In the LF test, fl is chosen so that rate estimation of the phase delay is critical for the success of
the proposed identifier design. Here, we define a new variable,
|jωl lm |
≥9 (22a) phase delay compensation index (PDCI), Kδ , using (2) and (9)
|rr + jωl llr |

αd < 1.5. (22b) R̂r_hf R̂eq_hf − R̂s πμ◦
Kδ = √ = √ = · d · Rr_dc . (27)
fh fh ρ
The motor parameters in (22a) denote values obtained from
the nameplate data [12]. Equation (22a) comes from the condi- Equation (27) indicates that Kδ must maintain a constant
tion that more than 90% of the ac current should flow through value irrespective of fh if no phase delay is involved in the
the rotor branch. The LF test can be also fulfilled by choosing identification process. Fig. 4 shows the offline test result for the
the condition of (22b) because the LF injection region is located testing drive of IM #1 with unknown phase delay. To achieve
in the range of αd < 1.5, as shown in Fig. 1. this, we just observe the Kδ trajectory while obtaining the value
The maximum available frequency is of R̂r_hf for several discrete frequencies. Here, our goal is to
  2 find the relative trajectory pattern that is as flat as possible
πμ◦
fl_ max = 1.5/ ×d . (23) without caring about the PDCI value itself depending on the
ρ(Al) motor parameter. This process makes the proposed offline test
An overlay plot of fl_max as a function of d is shown in completely independent of IMs connected to the inverter.
Fig. 3. Thus, fl is approximately determined from (22a) and The plot, shown in Fig. 4, reveals a trajectory that varies
(23) as with the injection frequency in the case of incorrect delay
compensation. The inaccurate state is clearly noticeable in the
4.5rr trajectory of Kδ , giving a high sensitivity to detuning. From
 ≤ fl < fl_ max . (24)
π lm − (9llr )2
2 these observations, it can be concluded that the correct phase
delay is about 138 μs for the testing drive.

B. Offline Commissioning for Phase Delay Compensation
In the HF test, a phase delay of the feedback current and
a PWM generation delay can give a detrimental effect on the
proposed identification accuracy. In this paper, we propose an
offline commissioning process to find the delay effect coming
C. Current Controller and Observer Design
For single-phase (d-axis) HF current control, in this pa-
per, we introduce a simple proportional-integral plus resonant
(PI + R) controller. This controller achieves infinite gain at
the resonant frequency of concern. The main objective, here,

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1614 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 45, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2009

Fig. 5. Proposed identification and current control scheme. (a) Block diagram of HF current test. (b) Block diagram of LF current test.

is that dc bias current control is performed through the PI where vdl can be simply obtained by subtracting R̂s Ids
action and the resonant controller is responsible for HF current from Vds .
regulation. In combination with both controllers, this approach Here, we choose the observer which is designed as
can effectively deal with closed-loop control of the single-phase
current with an HF component. The PI + R design method x̂˙ = Ax̂ + LC(x − x̂)
leads to an advantage of easy implementation of the proposed
method. The transfer function of the proposed PI + R controller y = x̂2
can be designed as in ⎡ ⎤
0 0 2ωl
KI KR ωcut s A = ⎣0 0 2ωl ⎦
GAC (s) = KP +
s
+ 2
s + ωcut s + ωl2 (or ωh2 )
(28) 0 −2ωl 0
⎡ ⎤
l1
where ωcut and KR represent the 3-dB cutoff frequency and the L = ⎣ l2 ⎦ , C = [1 0 0] (30)
gain of the resonant controller. l3
Unfortunately, it is not trivial to spectrally separate the
desired signal component from the overall signal using the
low-pass filtering at low frequencies. Therefore, the LF current where L = [l1 l2 l3 ]T is a gain matrix. The observer gain
injection test is performed by a simple linear observer instead selection and the phase delay error effect are not at all critical
of the LPF-based scheme of (14). For the purpose of designing in this test since the state dynamics are much slower compared
an observer, a state-space model can be proposed as to the sampling frequency. Then, we obtain L̂eq_lf as

2
x̂1 = vdl sin(ωl t) L̂eq_lf = − (x̂1 − x̂2 ). (31)
1 1 ωl Im
x̂2 = R̂eq_lf Im sin(2ωl t) + ωl L̂eq_lf Im cos(2ωl t)
2 2
1 1 L̂lr_lf is computed by combining (15) and (31). Fig. 5 shows
x̂3 = R̂eq_lf Im cos(2ωl t) − ωl L̂eq_lf Im sin(2ωl t) (29)
2 2 the overall block diagram of the proposed strategy.

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KWON et al.: STANDSTILL PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OF VECTOR-CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTORS
Fig. 6. ΔRr and Δτr of IM #1 with the nameplate-based magnetizing
inductance (lm ) error.
TABLE I
E STIMATED R ESULTS AND E RRORS W ITH K NOWN VALUES
V. E STIMATION D EPENDENCY BY M AIN F LUX D EVIATION
A main flux error from the rated value could be present
during the proposed identification process due to the inaccurate
nameplate-based magnetizing inductance lm . As the flux level
increases, for example, the HF rotor leakage flux strongly
saturates the rotor slot bridges [14], causing the HF rotor
leakage inductance to decrease. We notice from (2), (17), and
[14] that the HF rotor leakage flux saturation due to the main
flux deviation gives a significant impact on the rotor resistance
estimate R̂r .
In order to justify this assertion, a test result is shown in Fig. 6
for IM #1 described in Table I. In this test, each Ids was calcu-
lated from each combination set of the rated flux level and the
corresponding magnetizing inductance error ΔLm . Although
not seen in the figure, the real magnetizing flux gradually rises
as the d-axis current increases. It can be observed that the
estimated rotor resistance error ΔRr decreases almost linearly
with the magnetizing inductance error ΔLm . An explanation
for this change in trajectory is that higher flux levels are more
likely to push the HF rotor leakage inductance to saturate as the
claim made in [14]. Not surprisingly, the error plot of the rotor
time constant (Δτr ) runs almost flat from −4% up to +20%,
covering our lm error range of interest. In light of this, we
select the rotor time constant as an estimated parameter without
having a noticeable effect on the inaccurate lm .
Once the motor is driven in obedience to a specified ve-
locity command with the estimated rotor time constant, the
magnetizing inductance or the magnetizing current level can
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1615
TABLE II
I NVERTER S WITCHING F REQUENCIES AND T EST C ONDITIONS
Fig. 7. HF current control performance at 250 Hz.
be accurately identified [15]. Then, the rotor resistance can be
separated from the estimated rotor time constant and the final
tuning of motor leakage inductances can be done by repeating
the process of (8b), (11), and (20).
VI. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
We implanted the proposed algorithm on three different
inverters to drive three different IMs described in Table I. In the
table, the equivalent stator resistance including a voltage drop
of power devices and the inverter-motor cables was extracted
using (5) and τ̂r was compared to τr tuned by considering
the indirect vector control performance. ΔRs and Δτr were
within ±5% and ±20%, respectively, even with the inaccurate
nameplate-based lm . Such errors are reasonably tolerable per-
forming practical vector control.
The current sampling frequency of each inverter and test
conditions are summarized in Table II. In all tests, Im was set to
9% of Ids . At the commissioning stage, the deadtime effect of
the drive was rejected from a prescribed compensation scheme
[16]. The gain of the resonant controller, KR , and ωcut were
fixed to 6720 and 15.7 rad/s, respectively. In the testing system,
the bandwidth of the PI controller and the observer were given
as 2000 and 4 ωl rad/s, respectively.
The time-domain responses of the current regulation perfor-
mance in the HF and LF test are shown in Figs. 7 and 8. At the
top, we plotted an overlay plot of the d-axis current command
and the controlled current. The bottom plot shows the dq-axis
1616
Fig. 8. LF current control performance at 30 Hz.
Fig. 9. Estimation results of the HF current test on IM #1.
voltage command at the same time. With the use of the PI + R
control and the proposed observer, it can be observed that the
current controller provides complete control over the LF and
HF injection.
An HF current injection test was chosen for the first step of
the identification of IM #1, as shown in Fig. 9. In this test,
the value of Ids was determined based on an inaccurate lm .
At the instant of t = 0.6 s, the identification algorithm started
while the rotor speed was kept at zero. After 0.2 s, all of the
estimated parameters were stabilized, resulting in a close fit of
their known values.
At the end of the first estimation process, an LF current injec-
tion test started at the instant of t = 0.4 s, as shown in Fig. 10.
The estimated parameter quickly converged to the known value
where we observed that the algorithm was stable at steady
state. The total time taken for both tests was within 1 s. This
makes the proposed algorithm very promising for automated
self-commissioning of modern industry plants combined with a
huge number of IMs.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 45, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2009
Fig. 10. Estimation results of the LF current test on IM #1.
Fig. 11. Reconstructed deep-bar-effect curves of IM #1 over the frequency.
Combining (15) and (16) yields the bar depth of IM #1 as
d = 1.6 cm. This value and the obtained rotor parameters were
used to compute the deep-bar-effect curves of IM #1, as shown
in Fig. 11. Note that the resulting curves over 250 Hz indicate a
perfect match between rotor resistance and leakage reactance
as given in (2). This implies that the proposed method can
provide frequency characteristics of rotor bars over the whole
frequency range. Thus, we expect our main idea to lead to a
wide cross section of exciting ongoing research efforts such as
fault diagnosis and the condition monitoring of IMs.
In order to reconfirm how close τ̂r matches the “true” one,
we performed the load test using another motor coupled to the
testing IM, as shown in Fig. 12. An SS-201 torque sensor from
Ono Sokki with a maximum level of 200 N · m and ±0.2%
accuracy was connected to read the actual load torque. Fig. 13
shows the load test result for the indirect vector-controlled IM
#3 (17.5 kW). Here, we observe that the torque error is within
20%. The result indicates that the estimated rotor time constant
is reasonably accurate for performing practical vector control.
KWON et al.: STANDSTILL PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OF VECTOR-CONTROLLED INDUCTION MOTORS 1617

From (33), it is proved that the HF rotor leakage reactance

can be written as (12).
By combining (1) and (33), the HF rotor leakage reactance
can be formulated as
3
Xlr_hf = αdRr_dc = Xlr_dc . (34)
2αd

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for indirect field orientation of an induction machine,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
For a rectangular rotor bar, the dc resistance and inductance Appl., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 720–727, Jul./Aug. 1991.
per unit length may be obtained as [11] [16] C. H. Choi, K. R. Cho, and J. K. Seok, “Inverter nonlinearity compensa-
tion in the presence of current measurement errors and switching device
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Rr_dc = (32a) pp. 576–583, Mar. 2007.
wd
d
Llr_dc = μ◦ (32b)
3w
where w represents the width of the bar slot. By using (32), the
coefficient of the hyperbolic function in (1) can be modified as Young-Su Kwon received the B.S. and M.S. degrees
in electrical engineering from the School of Electri-
πf μ◦ 2 ρ cal Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan,
α2 d2 Rr_dc ρ d wd πf μ◦ d 1 Korea, in 2005 and 2008, respectively.
αdRr_dc = = = He is currently with the Automation R&D
αd αd w αd
Center, LS Industrial Systems Company, Ltd.,
d 3 3 3 Cheonan, Korea. His specific research interests are
= 2πf μ◦ = 2πf Llr_dc = Xlr_dc . high-performance electrical machine drives and sen-
3w 2αd 2αd 2αd sorless control of ac machines.
(33)

Authorized licensed use limited to: Jul Ki Seok. Downloaded on September 18, 2009 at 22:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1618 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 45, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2009
Jeong-Hum Lee was born in Korea in 1977. He
received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical
engineering from Inha Uiversity, Incheon, Korea, in
2003 and 2005, respectively.
Since 2005, he has been with the R&D Center,
POSCON Corporation, Seoul, Korea, where he is
currently a Research Engineer. His current research
interests are motor drive systems and pulsed power
systems.
Sang-Ho Moon was born in Korea in 1975. He
received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engi-
neering from Pukyoung University, Pusan, Korea, in
2001 and 2003, respectively.
He is currently with POSCON Corporation, Seoul,
Korea, where he is involved in the development
of pulsed power systems for antipollution of air
environment using plasma technology. His current
interests are motor drive systems and pulsed power
systems.
Byung-Ki Kwon was born in Korea in 1970. He
received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engi-
neering from Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea,
in 1993 and 1995, respectively.
Since 1995, he has been with the R&D Center,
POSCON Corporation, Seoul, where he is currently a
Team Leader. His current research interests are mo-
tor drive systems, high-voltage inverters, renewable
energy systems, and pulsed power systems.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Jul Ki Seok. Downloaded on September 18, 2009 at 22:32 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Chang-Ho Choi (M’01–SM’04) received the B.S.
degree from Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, in 1979,
the M.S. degree from Seoul National University,
Seoul, Korea, in 1984, and the Ph.D. degree from
Hanyang University, Seoul, in 2000, all in electrical
engineering.
Since 1991, he has been with the POSCON Cor-
poration, Seoul, as a Director, where he actively
developed the factory automation system for steel
manufacturing. He was a Visiting Research Scholar
at Texas A&M University, College Station, from
June 2003 to September 2004. His research interests include high-voltage
inverters, pulsed power systems, renewable energy systems, and their industrial
applications.
Dr. Choi is a member of the IEEE Industry Applications Society and
Sigma Xi.
Jul-Ki Seok (S’94–M’98–SM’09) received the B.S.,
M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in
1992, 1994, and 1998, respectively.
From 1998 to 2001, he was a Senior Engineer
with the Production Engineering Center, Samsung
Electronics, Suwon, Korea. Since 2001, he has been
a member of the faculty of the School of Electri-
cal Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan,
Korea, where he is currently an Associate Professor.
From February 2008 to February 2009, he was a
Visiting Researcher in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,
University of Wisconsin, Madison. His specific research interests are in high-
performance electrical machine drives, sensorless control of ac machines, and
nonlinear system identification related to the power electronics field.
Dr. Seok is currently a member of the Editorial Board of the Institution of
Engineering and Technology (IET) Electric Power Applications.