Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
b/ye
rzvk f;zx
gpbhe/FB fpT{o'
gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk
gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk
1990
gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh ;z;eoD L 1100
w[Zb L- 30 o[gJ/
;odko shoE f;zx n?w J/, n?b n?b n?w, ofi;Nqko, gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk tb'I gqekfFs ns/ :?;w?B fgqNz o}, gfNnkbk
d[nkok w[fdqs .
1
ykBdkB
j'o d{;o/ f;ZX{ ik f;ZX-{ pokV iZNK1 tKC nNkohtkb/ ;odko Gh nkgDk
fgZSk i?;bw/o d/ w'Yh i?;b GZNh-okig{s Bkb ik w/bd/ jB . ir wZb dk
g[Zsq Xok fJ; ]kBdkB dk gfjbk pzdk ;h i' okig{skfBUI T[Am e/ gzikp B{z
nkfJnk ns/ ;zB 1580 Jh;th d/ eohp wkbt/ ftZu c{b wfjoki nk e/
nkpkd j'fJnk . fJj nkgD/ ;w/I dk fJe uzrk okrh ;h ns/ okr-ftZfdnk
d/ ikd{ jkb sZe Gh T[; B{z pV/ ;fseko Bkb :kd eod/ jB .2
;zB 1735 d/ eohp fJ; ykBdkB ftZu fJe tkoh fjZb i[b j'Jh s/
fJBQK ftZu'I e[M c{b wfjoki fgzv s'I T[m e/ b[fXnkD/ d/ f}b/ nbkek
irokUI ftZu fJzdrVQ (ekUIe/) nk t;/ . fJ; ]kBdkb d/ fJ; t/b/ d/
fJfsjk; ;pzXh e[m gsk BjhI ubdk . f;oca fJsbk jh gsk bZrdk j? fe
ekUIe/ d/ u"Xoh ekBQ uzd d/ d' g[Zsq r"jo s/ e"o uzr/ okm fBeb/ s/ nkgDh
fe;ws niwkT[D bJh gzMh e[ ;tko b?e/ wkM/ tZb nkJ/ . fJZE/ fJBQK B/
nNkoh s'I uVQd/ tZb nZX e[ whb dh ftZX s/ nk w'VQh rZvh s/ Bt/I fgzv dk
BkUI nkgD/ fgSb/ fgzv d/ BkUI T[As/ ekUIe/ oZfynk . fJj fgzv jkb sZe T[E/
nkpkd j? .3
1. "Sidhu, with its branch the Barar, or Sidhu-Barar, is the largest and
most important of the Jat tribes of the Punjab, for from it have sprung
the great Phulkian families of Patiala, Nabha and Jind and the Brar
family of FAridkot. the Sidhu trace their origin to Jaisal, a Bhatti Rajput
and founder of Jaisalmer... The pure Bhatti Rajputs of Bhattiana still
admit their relationship with the Sidhu and Barar." Rose, H.A. - A
Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and N.W.F.P., iii 421
2. ;:Zd jkd j;B s/ ;:Zd oip nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp, 60-1l b?gb frqfcB,
gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd 1, 238
3. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 61l gzikp uhca;, (1890), 238 .
gzE gqekF ftZu fbfynk j? fe r'o/ B/ ;zws 1794 B{z Xb/FNk d/ bkr/ fJe fgzv
t;kfJnk s/ T[; dk Bkw r'og[ok ofynk . gzE gqekF, d{ih n?vhFB, 835.
fJj fdB ]kb;/ bJh pV/ fpyV/ ;B . ;?c[Zd"bk Btkp npd[b
;wZd Bk fdb/fo-izr dk g[Zsq }eohnk ykB i' fJfsjk; ftZu ª]kB
pjkdo« eoe/ gqf;ZX j? bkj"o dk ;{p/dko ;h . f;zxK dh esb-nkw sK
fJ; d/ fgT[ d/ }wkB/ s'I jh fJe Fkjh caowkB Bkb ikoh j' u[Zeh j'Jh ;h
id fJj j[ew j' frnk ;h fe fiZE/ feXo/ Gh e'Jh f;Zy fwb/ fpBk g[ZS
gqshs d/ esb eo fdZsk ikt/ .1 fJ; wsbp bJh bkj"o s'I ]kB pjkdo
dhnK rFsh c"iK fBebdhnK s/ f;ZyK B{z N'b Gkb ftZu fgzv' fgzv
fcodhnK . fiZE/ feXo/ f;zxK B{z gsk brdk T[E/ ik Skgk wkodhnK s/
T[BQK B{z cV e/ bkj"o gj[zuk fdzdhnK . fJBQK rFsh d;fsnK B/ wkM/ s/
fonkVeh dk ;kok fJbkek rkj wkfonk . eJh tkoh dPkp/ s/ BZe/ d/
T[gob/ fjZf;nK sZe Gh fJj ik g[Zid/ . fJ; soQK j}koK dh frDsh ftZu
f;zx geVh: geVh: e/ bkj"o g[Zid/ ofjzd/ . fiZE/ T[jfdZbh dotki/ d/
uVQdh tZb pk}ko Byk; ftZu bzv/ pk}ko dh EK s/ Fjhd eo fdZs/ iKd/
. eJhnK B{z sbtko Bkb esb ehsk, eJhnk B{z uoyVhnK s/ ukVQe/
T[BKQ dhnK jZvhnK eVek fdZshnK, eJhnK B{z w{r z bhnK Bkb e[Ntk e/
wotk fdZsk ns/ eJhnK B{z j'o eJh gqeko d/ s;hj/ d/ e/ wko w[ekfJnk
. T[BQK d/ f;o d/ w[Bko/ u[D/ iKd/ ;B s/ p/-f;o XV esb-rkj ftZu
dptk fdZs/ ikd/ . fJ;/ n;EkB s/ jh fJBQK FjhdK dh :kd ftZu bkj"o
dk Fjhd-rzi j? .2 fJj i[bw e/tb f;zxK T[s/ jh BjhI ;B j[zd/ . who
wzB{ d/ t/b/ sK f;zxDhnK B{z gh n;fj s/ nefj eFN fdZs/ rJ/ id fe
T[BQK d/ d[ZX u[zxd/ pZfunK d/ N'N/ N'N/ eo e/ T[BQK dhnK M'bhnK ftZu gkJ/
rJ/, T[BQK B{z G[Zy/ GkD/ jo o'} ;tk ;tk wD dkD/ ghjD B{z fdZs/ iKd/ ;B
ns/ T[BQK B{z yzBh yzBh o'Nh s/ r[}kok eoBk g?Idk ;h, go FkpkF T[BQk r[o{
d/ bkbK s/ r[o{ dhnK pZuhnK d/, fiBQK B/ fJj ;ko/ eFN fyV/ wZE/ ;jko
bJ/ s/ j}koK ftZu'I fe;/ fJe B/ Gh nkgDh fizd pukT[D bJh Xow B{z
fsnkrDk gqtkD Bk ehsk .3 fJBQK w[;hpsK d/ ekoB f;zxK B{z xo xkN
4. w[BFh dkfBFto fbydk j? fe pzdk f;zx pjkd[o d/ esb d/ pkd j[ew j' frnk fe
fiE/ feXo/ Gh fJ; fcoe/ d/ b'e fwbD, MN esb eo fdZs/ ikD . fwcaskj-T[-
stkohy, ;ck 396 .
5. rD/Fdk; pv'jok, fo;kbk fJ-;kfjp B[wk, 198-9l eBQJhnk bkb, skohfy-bkj"o
219 nbh-T[-dhB, fJpqs Bkwkl bshc, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp, 193 .
6. frnkB f;zx, gzE gqekF . fJj ;]shnK fJ; jZd se ehshnK iKdhnK ;B s/ f;zxK B/
fJBQK B{z fJ; soQK fyV/ wZE/ ;jkfonk fe jkb se fJj ]kb;/ dh nodk; dk fjZ;k pDhnK
ubhnK nk ojhnK jB .
SZv e/ izrbK ns/ gjkVK tZb B{z fBeb ikDk g? frnk . go fJj ;G e[M
Gh T[BQK dh ;fgfoN B{z Bk e[ub ;fenk, pbfe T[j d{D ;tkJ/ j[zd/ rJ/
. fJj r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dh f;zxK ftZu c{eh j'Jh BthI o{j ;h fi; B/ T[BQK
B{z ;Zu-w[Zu fuVhnK s'I pk} ns/ frZdVK s'I F/o pDk fdZsk ;h . fJ; t/b/
]kb;/ ftZu jT[w? s/ ngDZs BjhI ;h . T[j r[o{ gzE dh ;/tk bJh ihT[Id/
ns/ r[o{ gzE B{z uVQdhnK ebK ftZu oZy tykT[D bJh e[opkB j' iKd/ ;B
. eJh fBZi dk bkG T[BQK B{z Gowk e/ GoktK Bkb'I s'V BjhI ;h ;edk ns/
fe;/ fBZih B[e;kB iK ikB dk vo T[BQK B{z nkgD/ gzE dh ;/tk s'I fgZS/ BjhI
;h jNk ;edk . gzE dh ;/tk T[BQK dk we;d ;h Gkt/I T[j fe;/ Gh jkbs
s/ g'}hFB ftZu ;B . Gkt/I e'Jh f;zx ;odko ;p/r f;zx dh g[}hFB ftZu
bkj"o dk e[stkb ;h s/ Gkt/ ;odko Fkw f;zx s/ eg{o f;zx tKC je{ws
dk eZNV fto'Xh . fdb ftZu fJZSk ;kfonK d/ fJe' ;h s/ T[j ;h fe ªijK
ijK ]kb;k ;kfjp, sjK sjK foZfXnk fonkfJs, d/H s/H casfj, fpod
eh g?i oj/, gzE eh ihs, ;qh ;kfjp ih ;jkfJ, ]kb;/ ih d/ p'b pkb/ .« fJj'
jh ;t/o/ ns/ Fkw r[o{ d/ j}{o T[BKQ dh nodk; ;h s/ fJ; B/ jh T[BKQ B{z fJe
ikB s/ fJe w[mZ eo oZfynk ;h . fJ;/ e[opkBh dh ;fgfoN s/ gzE bJh ikBK
x'b x[wkT[D dh feos B/ j}koK pzfdnK d/ wo fwN ikD go Gh e"w B{z fBZs
BtK fBo'nk, ihT[dI k ikrdk s/ uVQdhnK ebK ftZu ofynk . frDsh ftZu
]kb;k Gkt/I nkN/ ftZu b{D Gh BjhI ;h go r[o{ Go';/ T[BKQ T[j e[M eo
ftykfJnk i' eo'VK dh frDsh tkb/ j}koK d/ Nkeo/ s/ Bk eo ;e/ .
f;zxK dhnk nkgk-tko{ e[opkBhnK s/ gzE bJh xkbK s'I T[s;kjs j' e/
ekT[fI enK d/ r"jo s/ e"o Gh nzfwqs;o g[iZ / s/ gzv/ dh gkj[b SZe e/ f;zx ;Zi
rJ/ s/ fJBQK d/ Bkw r"jo f;zx s/ e"o f;zx j' rJ/ .1
fiZE/ j[D fgzv nNkoh nkpkd j? T[E/ T[; t/b/ fJe g[okDh E/j j[dz h ;h
fi; B{z fNZpk :k y/Vk2 nkyd/ ;B s/ fJ; d/ T[go p?okrh ;kX{nK dk v/ok ;h
1 oJh;kfB gzikp, 61l gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd gfjbh, 238 .
2. b?gb frqfcB B/ ?gzikp uhca;" ftZu fJ; n;EkB B{z, fiE/ fe pokrhnK dk v/ok j[zdk
;h s/ pktk w{b dk; B/ r'o f;zx B{z nk p;D bJh fejk, fNpbhnK ik eotk (Biblia
or Karewa) fbfynk j? . ;:Zd jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh B/ fNZpk T[oca yo/tk
(oJh;kfB-gzikp, gzikp, gzL 61) . mhe fNZpk :k y/Vk, j'Dk ukjhdk j? . pj[s ;kohnK
g[okDhnK E'jK ni/ sZe fNZp/ iK y/V/ jh nytkT[IdhnK jB .
. fJ; v/o/ d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ e[M eZu/ e'm/ ;B . fJ; fBZe/ fij/ fgzv s/ T[;
d/ fJod frod dh G"I d/ wkbe Gh p?okrh jh ;B . w[be ftZu npsoh
d/ ekoD u'ohnK s/ vke/ nkw ;B fiBQK s'I eJh tkoh ;kXK d/ e'm/ s/ v/ok
Gh ;[Ze/ BjhI ;B pud/ . ;kX{ ftuko/ pV/ szr ;B s/ j?okB ;B fe eh eoB .
p?okHhnK ftZuI' fJe pktk w{b dk; ;B fiBK Bkb fgzv t;kT[D d/ fdBk s'I jh
r"jo/ dk pVk gqw/ j' frnk j'fJnk ;h . id r"jo f;zx nzfwqs Se e/ f;zx ;i
frnk s/ T[j d/ Bkb j'o eJh ;zpXz h ns/ ;zrh ;kEh f;zx ;i rJ/ sK pktk
w{b dk; B{z fynkb nkfJnk fe i/ e'Jh T[BKQ dh fJ; npsoh d/ t/b/ ;jkfJsk
eo ;edk j? sK fJj r[o{ e/ f;zx jh jB . f;zx T[; t/b/ dhB d[yhnK d/ oky/
s/ rohpK d/ ;jkJh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B i' b'eK dh w[;hps nkgD/ rZb gk e/ Gh
T[BKQ d/ eFN fBtkoB B{z fsnko j' g?dI / ;B . fJj ;'u e/ pktk w{b dk; B/ r"o
f;zx B{z nkfynk fe s[;hI ;kv/ gk; jh ub p;' s/ nkgD/ ofjD bJh ;kv/ y/V/ s/
fJe T[uZ h nNkoh pDk bU, s/ fJod frod dh G"I dh wkbeh Gh s[;hI jh ;KG'I
. n;hI sK ;kX{ jK, nkokw Bkb f}zdrh r[}koBk ukj[dz / jK, d' wX{eVhnK
o[yZ hnK fwZ;hnK i' fwb ikD, ;kB{z T[j jh pj[s jB .
r"jo f;zx B/ pktk w{b dk; dh fJj rZb gqtkD eo bJh s/ E/j B{z nk
nkpkd ehsk s/ T[BKQ d/ nkyD w{ip fJE/ fJe T[uA h nNkoh nk pDkJh . r"jo
f;zx dh nNkoh T[uA / fNZp/ s/ j'D eoe/ d{oI' fd;dh ;h . fJ; d/ Bkw s/ j"bh
j"bh fgzv dk Bkw Gh nNkoh tZiD bZr fgnk .
id f;zx ;odko S'N/ S'N/ iZE/ pDk e/ wZbK wkoD bJh d/F ftZu fcoB
bZr/ sK r"jo f;zx nkgD/ ;zpXz hnK ;w/s ;odko r[op]F f;zx o'VKtkb/ d/
iZE/ ftZu Fkwb j' frnk . ;odko r[op]F f;zx ;odko Gzwk f;zx Gzrh s/
;zrhnK ftu'I fJe f;o-eZY ;odko ;h . T[; d/ d' j'o ;kEh ;odko ;B, fJe
T[; dk Gshik r[iZ o f;zx s/ d{;ok ;odko bfjDk f;zx ekjb'I . ;odko
r[op]F f;zx d/ ubkDk eo ikD fgZSI' T[; dh eK s/ r[iZ o f;zx ;odko
pfDnk . r[iZ o f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx d'BI' ;odko joh f;zx Gzrh d/ fw;bdko
;B .
fJ; t/b/ r"jo f;zx B/ j"bh j"bh nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK s/
ep}k eo fbnk fiBQK dh ;bkBk nkwdBh ;Zs j}ko o[gJ/ ;h .1
1. ;:Zd jkdh j;B (oJh;kfB-gzikp gzL 61, ns/ b?gb frqfcB (gzikp uhca;, gzBk
238) B/ r"jo f;zx d/ nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK s/ ep}k eoB dk ;zB 1737
Jh;th fdZsk j?, fi; t/b/ ykB pjkdo }eohnk ]kB bkj"o dk ;{p/dko ;h ns/ Bkdo
Fkj ni/ fjzd[;skB T[s/ jZbk, eoB BjhI ;h nkfJnk . fJ; t/b/ jkb sZe f;zx B/
nkw ep}/ eoB/ BjhI ;B nkozG/, fJ; bJh fJ; skohy T[s/ }ok FZe g?dk j?, go u{zfe
j'o e'Jh rtkjh fJ; d/ fto[ZX th BjhI, fJ; bJh fJ; B{z rbs Gh BjhI nkfynk ik
;edk.
;odko r[op]F f;zx o'VKtkb/ d/ ubkDk eo ikD fgZS'I r"jo
f;zx ;odko r[Zio f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx GzrhnK d/ Bkb jh fojk . T[;
dh pjkdoh s'I gq;zB j' e/ ;odko r[Zio f;zx B/ T[; B{z nmkoK j}ko S/
;' o[gJ/ wkwb/ dk fJbkek ikrho ftZu d/ fdZsk .1
~~~
1. oJh;kfB-gzikp ftZu nmkoK j}ko d" ;' o[gJ/ ikrho fbyh j'Jh j? i', f}nkdk
gqwkDhe j? . frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd gfjbh, 238 .
2
r"jo f;zx d/ fszB g[sZ o ;B db f;zx, fdnkb f;zx s/ fBjkb f;zx . ;odko
fBjkb f;zx dk g[Zso ;odko Fkw f;zx ih, fi; dk jkb t/ot/ Bkb nZr/ uZb e/
gkmeK dh G/Nk ehsk ikt/rk . d{;o/ gk;/ e"o f;zx d/ uko g[Zso ;B, N/e f;zx, i'X
f;zx, t}ho f;zx s/ uVQs f;zx . fJBK ftZuI' ;odko i'X f;zx dk g[sZ o irs-gqf;ZX
;odko iVs f;zx nNkohtkbk s/ T[BKQ dk g[sZ o okik F/o f;zx nNkohtkbk j'J/ jB
fiBQK B/ u/bhnKtkb/ nzrq/iK Bkb bVkJh ftZu BkwkDk yZfNnk s/ nzs r[ioks ftZu
gk;k gos ikD eoe/ gzikp d/ oki d/ Bkb jh d/F fBekbk b? rJ/ . ;zB 1858 B{z
;odko uso f;zx ebeZs/ d/ okik F/o f;zx pBko; ftZu uVkJh eo rJ/ .
id r"jo f;zx wihm/ d/ B}dhe d[okBhnK Bkb fJe izr ftZu Fjhd j'
frnk sK ;odko fBjkb f;zx nkgD/ fgsk dh EK s/ fB:s j'fJnk . ;zB 1764 ftZu
id ]kb;/ B/ bkj"o T[s/ ep}k ehsk sK ;odko fBjkb f;zx ;odko r[iZ o f;zx s/
;odko bfjDk f;zx Gzrh d/ Bkb ;h . fJ; t/b/ fJ; B{z g;o{o dk gorDk ikrho
ftZu fwfbnk fi; dh nkwdBh dk nzdk}k v/VQ bZy ;bkBk ehsk frnk j? .1 ;odko
r[Zio f;zx dh w"s fgZS'I fJj nkgfDnK GshfinK s/ ;zpzXhnK ;w/s ;odko r[Zio
f;zx d/ g[sZ o ;odko ;kfjp f;zx gk; oj/ s/ ;zB 1797 B{z nfjwd ykB FkjKuhpkFh
Bkb izr ftzu gzE dh tX uVQ e/ ;/tk ehsh .2
1. frnkB f;zx, gzE gqekF (d{ih n?vhFB), 836; nfjwd Fkj pNkbhnk, f}efo-
r[o{nK fJpsdkfJ f;zxK (sfswk T[wdko stkohy), gzL 15 . ;odko bfjDk
f;zx s/ ;odko r[Zio f;zx d/ t/ot/ ;fjs jkbK bJh t/y' p{N/ Fkj dh skohfy
gzikp, fibd gfjbh, gzL 517-20 s/ y[Ftes okfJ dh skohfy f;ZyK, 113-
117 .
2. jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, okJh;kfB gzikp, 61-2l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd
gfjbh, 239 . nfjwd ]kB FkjKuhpkFh Bkb f;zx d/ izr d/ t/ot/ ;fjs jkbK
bJh t/y' T[wdks[ stkohy, dcaso d'w 34l y[Ftes okfJ, 116l frnkB f;zx,
gzE gqekF, d{;oh n?vhFB, 734-61l nbh-T[-dhB, fJpqs Bkwk, 308 .
wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;zB 1799 ftZu bkj"o s/ ep}k eo fbnk . fJ;
t/b/ fB}kw dhB e;{ohnk ns/ Gzrh s/ okwrVQhJ/ ;odko wjkokik dh fdB' fdB tZX
ojh skes B{z mZbQD bJh ftT[IsK eoB bZr/ . nrb/ ;kb ;zB 1800 ftZu G;hD
fgzv dh i{j ftZu c"iK dk fJe seVk fJeZm j'fJnk . T[Xo'I oDihs f;zx Gh w[ekpb/
bJh fsnko j' e/ s[o fgnk . go ;odko r[bkp f;zx Gzrh dh nkukBe w"s B/ fJeZm
fsZso fpZso eo fdZsk . fJBQhI fdBh wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx
nNkohtkb/ B{z rj[ Bkb d/fynk s/ T[; dhnK nzdo{Bh y{phnK B{z GKg frnk . T[; dh
fJZSk ;h fe fe;/ soQK ;odko fBjkb f;zx T[; gk; nk ikJ/ . fJ; wsbp bJh
wjkokik B/ T[; B{z p[bk G/fink . go ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/ ;odko ;kfjp f;zx B{z
SZv e/ wjkokik gk; ub/ ikDk uzrk Bk ;wfMnk s/ BKj eo fdZsh . fJ; p/ro}
tcakdkoh dk gsk id ;kfjp f;zx B{z bZrk sK T[j pj[s jh gq;Bz j'fJnk s/ ;odko
fBjkb f;zx dh ikrho ns/ d{;o/ nbkT{;I tXk fdZs/ .3
;odko ;kfjp dh w/jopkBh ns/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx dh uVQdh ebk s/
soZeh B/ T[; d/ uu/o/ GoktK N/e f;zx, i'X f;zx s/ t}ho f;zx d/ fdbK ftZu Jhoyk
dh nZr pkb fdZsh . T[BKQ B/ ;odko ;kfjp f;zx d/ ezB GoB/ F[o{ eo fdZs/ . fJj }ok
ew}'o fdb nkdwh ;h . iK sK fJj T[BKQ dh rZb B{z ;wM Bk ;fenk iK T[BKQ B{z BKj
eo ;eD d/ n;woE ;h . Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe fJ; B/ T[BKQ d/ nky/ bZr e/ ;odko
fBjkb f;zx dh gzdoK e[ jk}ko dh ikrho }ps eo bJh . ;odko fBjkb f;zx
fJe nDyhbk s/ yok pzdk ;h . T[j fJ; BkikfJ} ;b{e Bz{ ed podkFs eo ;edk
;h s/ Bkb/ ikrho xZN j' ikD d/ ekoB T[; dk fJZ}s Bkb fNe/ ofjDk w[wfeB BjhI
;h fojk . fJ; bJh T[j ;odko ;kfjp f;zx dh skp/dkoh SZv e/ nkgD/ fgzv nNkoh
ubk nkfJnk .2
fJBQK fdBK ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ eJh T{m ;odko fBjkb f;zx dh
b[ZN ftZu nk rJ/ . fi; t/b/ wjkokik B{z fJ; rZb dk gsk bZrk sK T[BQK B/ nkgD/
e[M nkdwh ;odko fBjkb f;zx gk; G/i e/ efj ;[D e/ T{m w'V fbnkT[D . fJBQK
nkdwhnK d/ g[iZ D s'I gfjbK eJh T{m fpe u[eZ / ;B go i' pkeh ;B T[j ;odko fBjkb
1. gzikp uhca;, fibd d{;oh, 239l jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp, 62 .
2. jkdh jFB, oJh;kfB gzikp, 62l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd d{;oh, 239 .
f;zx B/ wjkokik B{z tkg; G/i fdZs/ .
fJ; rZb s'I wjkokik oDihs f;zx pj[s jh gq;zB j'fJnk s/ T[; B/ nkgD/
nkdwh ;odko fBjkb f;zx gk; G/i/ sK fe T[; B{z wjkokik ;kfjp dh B"eoh ftZu
nk ikD bJh gq/oD . pj[s e[M efjD ejkT[D go ;odko fBjkb f;zx ok}h j'
frnk . wjkokik B/ T[; B{z nkgDh c"i ftZu nca;o w[eoZ o eo fdZsk s/ uko ;' ;'bK
;tko, fJe tZvh s'g ns/ ;Zs F[soh }zpo{ / T[; d/ skfpnk ehs/ .1
gfjbK w[fjzw fiZE/ fe ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z wjkokik oDihs f;zx tb'I G/
fink frnk ;h T[j SZS d/ fJbke/ B{z ;o eoB dh ;h .2 fJE/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/
S/sh jh nkgDh tckdkoh s/ pjkdoh d/ ekoD pj[s bkw g?dk eo fbnk . wjkokik
oDihs f;zx pjkdoK dk edodkB ;h . T[; B/ ;zB 1803 ftZu u[oiz k j}ko gzi ;"
o[gJ/ dh ;[Zy' dh ikrho ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z fdZsh s/ fszB ;kb pkd fJe bZy
;kbkBk nkwdBh tkbk g;o{o dk fJbkek p]fFnk .3 ;zB 1807 ftZu id wjkokik
B/ e;{o T[s/ Xktk ehsk sK ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/ pVh pjkdoh fdykJh . wjkokik
oDihs f;zx id Gh fe;/ Bt/I fJbke/ B{z cafsj eodk ;h sK T[EI' d/ g[okD/ jkew B{z
edh Gh xo'I p/-xo BjhI ;h eodk, pbfe T[; d/ r[}ko/ bJh T[; T[; B{z fe;/ j'o EK
ikrho d/ fdnk eodk ;h sK fe T[j nkgD/ f}zdrh d/ fdB nkokw s/ fJZ}s Bkb
r[}ko ;e/ . e;{o casfj eo b?D go Btkp e[spdhB e;{ohJ/ B{z wjkokik B/ wwd'N
dk fJbkek ikrho ftZu d/ fdZsk s/ e;{o dk ;kok fJbkek ;odko fBjkb f;zx d/
skp/ eo fdZsk fi; dh nkwdBh fJe bZy ;Zs j}ko ;h .4
e;{o d/ fJbke/ d/ Bkb jh vZroK s/ ;odko XzBk f;zx wbtJh dk cho'}g[o
1 frnkBh f;zx gzE gqekF (d{ih n?vhFB, gzL 839) ftZu fbydk j? fe wjkokik
oDihs f;zx B/ fJ; t/b/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z gzi ;" ;tko d' s'gK s/ ;Zso F[soh
}zp{o/ fdZs/ ;B. T[go fdZsh rJh frDsh jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh dh feskp oJh;kfB
gzikp, gzBk 63 s/ frqfcaB dh gzikp uhca;, gzBk 239 d/ w[skpe fdZsh rJh j? .
2. gzE gqekF, d{ih n?vhFB, 836
3. gzE gqekF, 836l oJh;kfB gzikp, 62l frqfcB gzikp uhca;, 240
4. e;{o wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ fto[ZX ;k}kFK dk fJe pVk tZvk nZvk ;h . fJE'I d/
jkew fB}kw dhB dh Ffj s/ ;jkfJsk Bkb jh Gzrh s/ okwrVQhJ/ ;odko G;hD ftZu
izr dh fsnkoh ehsh, i' f;o/ BjhI ;h uVQ ;eh . j[D fB}kw dhB d/ wo ikD fgZS'I T[;
d/ GkJh e[sp dhB B/ fto'Xsk F[o{ eo fdZsh ;h .
dk fJbkek brdk ;h . fJE/ jh ;zB 1808 d/ n]ho sZe ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/
nmkoK j}ko o[gJ/ ;bkBk dk j'o fJbkek nkgD/ ep}/ eo fbnk . S/sh jh fgZS'I
fJBQK B/ wjkokik gk;'I nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK dh fszB j}ko dh wkch gqkgs
ehsh . fJ; soQK ;odko fBjkb f;zx dh e[b ikrho fszB bZy S/ j}ko nZm ;" o[gJ/
dh j' rJh . fJ; ftZu v/Y bZy dh }ksh wkch dh ikrho ;h s/ fJe bZy, Sgzik j}ko
nZm ;" d/ pdb/ c"ih B"eoh bJh Bcoh d/Dh j[zdh ;h .1
;zXKtkbhJ/ ;odkoK s'I pknd, i' wjkokik d/ nkgD/ jh ykBdkB d/ ;B, j'o
e'jh Gh ;odko n?;k BjhI ;h fi; dh fJZiA s tfvnkJh wjkoki/ dh B}o ftZu ;odko
fBjkb f;zx dk Nkeok eo ;edh . fJj ;G wkB t[; B{z nkgD/ pkj{-pb s/ pjdkoh
Bkb gqkgs j'fJnk ;h . T[; B/ wjkoki/ dhnK nD-frDs s/ nw[b Z ;/tk ehshnK ;B
. ;zB 1801 s'I 1817 sZe FkfJd jh e'Jh n?;h w[fjzw j't/ fiZE/ ;odko fBjkb
f;zx B/ tZX uVQ e/ pjkdoh Bk fdykJh j't/ . eFwho, fgzv dkdB ykB, Bhbk,
uetkb, ;?dg[o, BokfJD rVQ, gke gNB, wfjw{d e'N, w[bskB nkfd jo tZvh izr
ftZu w'jo/ j' e/ ;{ofwnK dh soQK sbtko d/ i"jo ftykJ/ . 1810 ftZu w[bskB dh
bVkJh ftZu fJe ;[ozr d/ cN ikD Bkb p{oh soQK M[bf;nk frnk ;h . fJ; t/b/
;odko nso f;zx Xkoh, i' fJ; d/ B}dhe jh yVk ;h wkfonk frnk s/ j'o eJh
;odko }ywh j'J/ ;B . ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z fJ; t/b/ fJbki bJh bkj"o G/fink
frnk ;h . fJ; soQK pjkd[okBk e[opkBhnK eod/ j'J/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/ nzs
nkgDh f}zdrh gh wjkoki/ T[go'I e[opkB eo fdZsh ns/ pkpo s/ jwk:{z tkbk tkfenk
fszB ;" ;kb pknd w[V sk}k eo fdZsk .2
1817 ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx tDhJ/e/ T[so/ j'J/ ;B fe nukBe jh
;]s phwko j' rJ/ s/ jkbs fJE/ sZe ]okp j' rJh fe T[BQK dh f}zdrh ;pzXh
fBok;sk j' rJh . fJj jkbs d/y e/ ;odko fBjkb f;zx n?;/ gqw/ -T[Skb/ ftZu nkJ/
fe nkg B/ fJe wb j' e/ ;fsr[o{ d/ j}{o nodk;k ;'fXnk, wjkokik d/ gbzx dhnK
fszB gqeowK ehshnK s/ fco jZE i'V e/ nodk; ehsh fe wjkoki ;kfjp ok}h j' ikD
s/ T[BQK dk o'r w?B{z bZr ikt/ . fJ; nodk;/ fgZS'I nkg S/sh jh nNkoh B{z ub/ nkJ/
. GkDk eosko dk n?;k tofsnk fe wjkokik ;kfjp ok}h j'D bZr gJ/ ns/ ;odko
1. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 64l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, d{;oh fibd,
241
3
w[bskB dh bVkJh
fJ; tke/ s'I E'Vk fuo jh gfjbK ;odko fBjkb f;zx B/ nkgD/ g[sZ o ;odko
Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk B{z wjkoki/ dh c"i ftZu Gosh eotk fdZsk ;h .1
;odko Fkw f;zx d/ iBw dh skoh] ns/ S'Nh ntZ;ek d/ jkbks dk e[M gsk
Bjh ubdk .2
T[BKQ d/ ihtB dk ;G s'I gfjbK gqf;ZX ekoBkwk i' fJfsjk; ftZu nkfJnk j?
T[j ;zB 1818 dh w[bskB dh nk]oh bVkJh ;h . fJ; s'I gfjbK w[bskB g[o fszB
tko uVQkJh ehsh rJh ;h go ep}k BjhI ;h ehsk frnk . gfjbh w[fjzw 1810 ftZu
w[bskB rJh id fe wjkokik YkJh bZy o[fgnk s/ thj x'V/ B}okBk ns/ bVkJh t/
b/ fJe c"ih d;s/ dh ;jkfJsk dk tfjdk b? e/ w[V nkfJnk ;h . d{;oh tkoh 1816
ftZu fJe bZy thj j}ko B}okBk w[eoZ o j'fJnk fi; ftZuI' nZ;h j}ko b? e/ wjkokik
wBe/o/ tZb B{z nk frnk . sh;oh tko 1817 ftZu w[bskB dh w[fjzw fwA;o dhtkB
uzd dh ewkB j/mK G/ih rJh go T[; B{z ;cabsk gqkgs Bk j'D eoe/ 1818 d/ nkozG
ftZu 25 j}ko c"i ezto yVe f;zx dh ;odkoh ftZu w[bskB B{z s'oh rJh s/ fwZ;o
1. vkeNo u'gVk B/ nkgDh feskp gzikp n?} J/ ;"to/B ;N/N (gzBk 163) ftZu fbfynk
j? fe ;odko Fkw f;zx gfjb/ gfjb ;B 1803 Jh;th ftZu wjkoki oDihs f;zx
dh ;/tk ftZu nkJ/ ;B, go gfjbh gqf;ZXh nkg B{z w[bskB d/ nk]oh x/o/ ftZu gqkgs
j'Jh fiZE/ fe nkg fJe pksoh dh ewkB eo oj/ ;B . fJj T[j ;wK ;h id fe fJBQK
d/ fgsk ;odko fBjkb f;zx B{z SZS ns/ g'm/jko d/ fJbke/ ftZu pjkdoh d/ ekoD ;[y'I
dh ikrho fwbh ;h . j' ;edk j? fe fJzBh fdBhI jh wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ gq;zB j'e/
;odko Fkw f;zx B{z Gh c"i ftZu b? fbnk j't/ .
2. i/ vkeNo u'gVk dh T[gq'es skohy ;zB 1803 Jh;th mhe j?, id fe ;odko Fkw
f;zx wjkokik ;kfjp dh c"i ftZu dk]b j'J/ dZ;/ iKd/ jB, sK T[; t/b/ fJBQK dh
T[wo xZN' xZN 18 e[ ;kb j'Dh ukjhdh j? . fJ; fj;kp Bkb nkg dk iBw ;zB
1785 d/ B}dhe ubk iKdk j? . go fJj f;oc fj;kph nB[wkB jh j? . e'Jh Go';/
:'r rtkjh fwbD sZe :ehBh s"o s/ e[M BjhI fejk ik ;edk .
dhtkB uzd T[; dk BkfJp w[eoZ o ehsk frnk . fJ; w[fjzw d/ Bkb ;odko Fkw f;zx
nNkohtkb/ Gh ;B . fi; t/b/ w[bskB d/ febQ/ B{z x/ok gkfJnk frnk sK dZyD dh
pksoh dh pkjh dh ewkB fJBQK d/ ;g[od ;h . d{;ohnK pksohnK ;odko db f;zx
Bj/oBk, ;odko nwho f;zx ;zXKtkbhnK ns/ ;odko d/;k f;zx wihmhnK dh ewkB
j/mK ;B . w[bskB d/ jkew Btkp w[}Zco yKB B/ Gh ekch fsnkoh ehsh j'Jh ;h .
nkgDh wZdd bJh T[; B/ f;ZyK fto[XZ ijkd d/ Bkw s/ p/-F[wko w[byZJhnk Gh fJeZmk
eo fbnk ;h s/ T[j w[ekpb/ s/ vfNnk j'fJnk c"i dh nkg ewkB eo fojk ;h . GKt/
I ][d wjkokik oDihs f;zx fJ; t/b/ w[bskB w"id { BjhI ;h, go T[j bkj"o o'}kBk
x/o/ ns/ izr ;zpXz h fjdkfJsK G/idk ;h . T[; dh wBFk ;h fe febQ/ s/ Xktk p'b e/
e'Jh ]sok Bk fbnk ikt/ pbfe x/o/ B{z w}p{s eo e/ w[}Z cZ o ]kB B{z febk ykbh eoB
bJh wip{o eo fdZsk ikt/ . go sK Gh eJh tkoh fJZe/ d[eZ / jbe/ jZb/ s/ MVck edh
edh j' jh iKdhnK ;B . r'bkpkoh brksko }koh ofjzdh ;h . fJ; w"e/ s/ GzrhnK
tkbh s'g }w}wk bkj"o'I wzrtk e/ uko tkoh fJZE/ ubkJh rJh fi; Bkb feb/ dh
dhtko ioioh j' rJh .
fJ; t/b/ dh fJe pVh nihp xNBk w[BFh r[bkp ihbkBh B/ nkgDh fbys
ªizfr wbskB« ftZu fdZsh j? . T[j fbydk j? fe fJ; izr ftzu w?I G/i pdbk e/ ;{jhJ/
dk ezw eo fojk ;K ns/ nkgD/ gN/ f;zxK d/ e/;K tKC T[go B{z bg/N/ j'J/ ;B . nk]ho
d/ fdB (2 i{B ;zB 1818) dh rZb j? fe id w?I ]poK ;{jK b?D bJh fJ; soQK
f;Zy c"iK ftZu fco fojk ;K sK s'gykB/ d/ fJe gkf;T[I w?Bz{ xpokjN ftZu ehshnK ik
ojhnK e[M rZbK ;[DkJh gJhnK . w?I ibdh Bkb UXo B{z j' frnk . eh t/ydk jK fe
pkoK s/oK f;zx nkg; ftZu MrV oj/ ;B s/ ªgfjb/ w?ª, gfjb/ w?I« efj oj/ ;B .
B}dhe ikD s'I gsk bZrk fe T[BKQ dh s'g dk gjhnk N[NZ k j'fJnk j? . fJBQK ftZuI' fJe
B/ sith} ehsh fe i/ fJ; N[N/ j'J/ gjhJ/ dh EK n;hI tkoh tkoh nkgDk w'Yk vkjhJ/
sK fJj s'g ezw eo ;edh j? s/ ;kv/ gkf;UI fYZbh g? ojh s'gK dh wko c/o s/} j' ikJ/
rh . fJj sith} ;[D e/ T[BKQ f;zx ftZuI' jo e'Jh ªgfjb/ w?«I , «gfjb/ w?«I efj fojk ;h
s/ F'o wfunk j'fJnk ;h . fJsB/ B{z fJe f;zx B/, i' nca;o wkb{w j[d z k ;h, fejk fe
w/oh rZb ;[D' . gfjbK w?I nkgDk w'Yk vkj[zdk jK, w/o/ fgZS'I dfjD/ tkbk f;gkjh s/
T[; fgZSI' T[; d/ pkJ/I tkbk . fJ; soQK tkoh tkoh nkgDk w'Yk vkj[dz / ub', c/o i' r[o{
B{z Gkt/ . T[BKQ B/ fJ; soQK eoBk F[o{ eo fdZs/ s/ tkoh tkoh w'Yk vkj e/ s'g d/ Xwke/
Bkb d; frnkoK nkdwh cBkj j' rJ/ go s'g ubkT[dI / rJ/ . fJsB/ B{z ioioh j'Jh
feZb/ dh ezX ftZu gkV g? frnk s/ f;zx dhtko T[sZ / uV rJ/ .
nzs ftZu r[bkw ihbkBh fbydk j? fe f;ZyK d/ fJ; ;ke/ B{z t/y e/ w?I j?okB j'
fojk ;K s/ eJh tkoh w/ok ih Gh T[Skb/ wkodk ;h fe w?I Gh nkgDk w'Yk fJ; gjhJ/
d/ j/mK d/ d/tK ns/ i/ w?I ihT{d I k fojk jK sK fJ; bJh fe f;ZyK dh fJ; ;{owrsh dh
ejkDh B{z d[BhnK ftZu ihT[d I k SZv iktK .
fJj fJ; t/b/ dh jh rZb wkb{w j[zdh j? id fe w"ek skV e/ nekbh c{bk
f;zx fBjzr1 B/ nukBe jh febQ/ s/ ik Xktk p'fbnk . Btkp w[icZ o ]kB nkgD/ g[sZ oK
;w/s w[ekpb/ bjh nkfJnk go ykb;k dh sbtko d/ ;kwQd/ g/F Bk rJh s/ f;zx
nekb nekb r{iz kT[d I / nzdo X;D/ F[o{ j' rJ/ . w[icZ o ]kB nkgD/ gzi g[soK ;w/
s bVdk j'fJnk wkfonk frnk . fJ; t/b/ i/jV/ ;{ow/ ;kfonK Bkb' w'jo/ ;B s/ i'
gkV okj/ feb/Q d/ nzdo dk]b j'J,/ T[BKQ ftZui' fJe ;odko Fkw f;zx Gh ;h . fejk
iKdk j? fe o;s/ ftZu w[ekpb/ bJh vfNnk j'fJnk Btkp w[}cZ o ]kB dk g[sZ o Fkj
fBtk} ]kB fJBQK d/ jZEI' jh wkfonk frnk ;h . fJ; izr ftZu ;odko Fkw f;zx i]wh
Gh j' rJ/ ;B s/ w'Y/ s/ sbtko dk xkU bZrk ;h . Btkp w[}cZ o ]kB dk tZvk g[sZ o
;ocaok} ykB s/ fJe S'Nk }[bfcaeko ]kB izrh e?dhnK dh j?;hns ftZu bkj"o
gj[uz kJ/ rJ/ s/ wjkokik B/ T[BKQ d/ r[}ko/ bJh g?BFB s/ ikrho d/ fdZsh . fi; t/b/
;{pk w[bskB dh je{ws bJh gqpzX j'Dk F[o{ j'fJnk ns/ wjkokik B/ EkUI EKJh
nkgD/ jkew w[eoZo ehs/ sK ozrg[o dk fJbkek ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ ;g[od ehsk
frnk .2
nfjwd ftZu ;odko d/;k f;zx wihmhJ/ s/ sbzp/ ftZu ]kb;k casfj f;zx
nkjb{tkbhJ/ d/ mkD/ Bh:s j'J/ .
1. eJh fJe fbykohnK B/ fJ; t/b/ jZbk eoe/ nZr/ tXD tkb/ fBjzr f;zx dk Bkw ;kX{
f;zx fbfynk j?, go mhe Bkw c{bk f;zx jh gqshs j[zdk j? . pkpk gq/w f;zx B/ fJ;
;pzXh nkgdh g[;se ihtB fpqsKs c{bk f;zx nekbh" ftZu ekch pfj; ehs j? d/y'
d{ih n?vhFB, gzBk 98-102 .
2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkoh], dcaso d'w, 210-21l bshca, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp,
410-13l jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp 64l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;,
241l r[bkw ihbkBh, izfr w[bskB, 27 .
4
eFwho dh w[fjzw
w[bskB s/ fgFkto B{z fBtk e/ wjkoki/ dh B}o eFwho tZb j'Jh . eFwho d/
jkew iZpko ]kB dk t}ho gzvs pho Xo gmkB dh fBrkj e[tZbh d/y e/ d/;'I GZi
fBefbnk s/ gbkj bJh wjkoki/ dh ;/tk ftZu jk}o j'fJnk . wjkoki/ B/ T[; dh
pVh nkU Grs ehsh ns/ T[; gk;'I eFwho d/F ;zpXz h g{oh g{oh tkechns jk;b
eo e/ w[fjzw dh fsnkoh bJh j[ew ikoh eo fdZsk1 s/ o;sk ;kc eoB bJh nkgD/
tehb bkbk feFB fdnkb B{z oki"oh tZb G/fink . T[j okik nro ]kB oki"oh tkb/
s/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ f}whIdkoK Bkb rZb pks gZeh eoe/ cZrD ;zws 1874 (cotoh
1819) B{z bkj"o tkg; nkfJnk s/ fwZ;o dhtkB uzd okjhI ;kok jkb wjkoki/ B{z
dZf;nk ns/ okik nZro ]kB dk e/;o d/ gzi/ tkbk fJeoko Bkwk g/F ehsk fi; ftZu
;[rXz yk e/ gqD ehsk j'fJnk ;h fe fi; t/b/ ]kb;k c"iK fJZXo oki"oh tZb nkT[DrhnK
sK eFwho d/ fJ; gk;/ d/ ezw eki ftzu e'Jh caoe BjhI nkt/rk ns/ jo gqeko
fwZskq Bk ;jkfJsk eoB ftZu n?B y[Fh ;wMh ikt/rh .2
u/s 1876 (;zB 1819) B{z bkj"o dh fjck}s f;zx ;kfjp ]kb;k casfj
f;zx nkjb{tkbhJ/ d/ ;g[od eoe/ eFwho dh w[fjzw tkbh c"i d/ fszB fjZ;/ pDkJ/
rJ/ . fJe fjZ;k fwZ;o dhtkB uzd dh ewkB j/mK fdZsk frnk . fJ; fjZ;/ ftZu ;odko
Fkw f;zx nNkohtkb/ ;B i' w[fjzw d/ ioB?b d/ ]k; wZddrko ;B . ;odko irs
f;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko itkbk f;zx, ;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk s/ ;odko osB
f;zx Gh fJBQK d/ Bkbj jh ;B . d{;ok fjZ;k eztb ]kb;k yVe f;zx dh ewkB j/mK
gfjb/ fvthiB dh e[we bJh fB:s j'fJnk . sh;ok fjZ;k ][d wjkokik dh nkgDh
ewkB j/mK t}hokpkd ik T[sfonk sK fe t/b/ f;o fiZE/ b'V j't/ wZdd gj[zuk ;e/
ns/ okFB s/ j'o ;kwkB gj[uz kT[d I k oj/ .
1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, 259-611; pkpk gq/w f;zx, joh f;zx
Bb{nk, 91
6
;zws 1878 w[skpe ;zB 1821 Jh;th ftZu wjkoki oDihs f;zx s/ T[BKQ
dh ;Z; wkJh ;dk e"o eBQJhnk ftZu e[M Bkok}rh j' rJh . ekoB fJj ;h fe
wjkoki/ d/ d' Fkj}kd/ ezto F/o f;zx ns/ ezto skok f;zx wkJh ;dk e"o dh bVeh
wjkokDh wfjskp e"o dh e[Zy'I ;B . fJj w[ZY s'I jh f}nkdk nkgDh BkBh gk; fojk
eod/ ;B . T[BQK B/ e;pk pNkbk wkJh ;kfjp gk;'I wzfrnk . wkJh ;dk e"o fJj d/
Dk BjhI ukj[zdh ;h . fJ; eoe/ j"bh j"bh nkg; ftZu Bkok}rh tXdh rJh . wkJh
;dk e"o eJh tkoh wjkoki/ B{z tZX xZN Gh p'b fdnk eodh ;h . nr;s d/ nk]ho
ftZu id wjkokik ;kfjp soB skoB s'I fJFbkB eo e/ nzfwqs;o nkJ/ s/ fJE'I 9
;szpo B{z tkg; bkj"o g[iZ / sK T[BKQ fdBK ftZu rkw'I ]kB d'jK gkf;nK s'I rZb pks eo
fojk ;h, go e'Jh c?;bk j[d z k B}o BjhI ;h nkT[d I k . 5 nes{po B{z d[;fjok eo e/
d{;o/ fdB id wjkokik ;kfjp Fkjdo/ ijKrho pkdFkj d/ wepo/ wBe/o/ dh
w[fjzw bJh cai" dk w[nkfJBk eoB bJh g[iZ / sK ]po gj[uz h fe wkJh ;dk e"o Bkok}
j' e/ fpBK o[];s d/ jh nkgD/ w[be B{z s[o rJh j? . wjkoki/ B/ ;odko d/;k f;zx
wihmhJ/ B{z G/fink fe fit/I j't/ wkJh B{z w'V e/ b? nkt? . ;odko d/;k f;zx B/ XkJh
eoe/ bkj"o'I pkoK e'j s/ fgzv g[b g[Zi e/ wkJh ;dk e"o B{z w"V fbnKdk s/ Fkjdo/
Bkb b? nkfJnk . wkJh ;dk e"o B/ fJE/ nk e/ pVh ]crh }kjo ehsh s/ eJh e[M
T[uk BhtK Gh p'b rJh s/ fJj Gh Xweh fdZsh fe T[j gzikp SZv e/ nzr}/q h fJbke/ B{z
s[o ikJ/rh s/ tZXDh dk febQk s/ fJbkek nzr}q/ K dh fjcak}s ftZu eo d/tr / h . fJj
rZb e/tb Xweh sZe jh Bk ojh pbfe wkJh B/ nzr}/q K B{z fuZmh Gh fby fdZsh s/ T[BKQ
tZXDh ftZu nkgDk mkDk th fpmk fdZsk, i' nzrq/}K B{z B/ ;Zs ;kb fgZS'I ;zws 1885
fpeqwh, ;zB 1828 Jh;th, ftZu wjkoki/ d/ jtkb/ ehsk . fJ; t/b/ vo ;h fe d/F
ftZu n?tI/ e'Jh npsoh Bk c?b ikt/ feT[fI e fJ; t/b/ wkJh B{z r[;Z k nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h
s/ r[;Z / ftZu pzdk eJh tkoh jkBh bkG BjhI ;'u ;edk . wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odko
d/;k f;zx whihmhJ/, ;odko eow f;zx ukjb s/ w[BFh fFt fdnkb B{z G/fink fe
wkJh d/ Bkb ik e/ febQk ]kbh eotk bt'I . wkJh B/ nzsorsh b[et/I s"o s/ nkgD/
mkD/dkoK B{z fuZmhnK fby fdZshnK fe vZN e/ w[ekpbk eoB . ;odkoK B/ fJ; rZb dh
]po wjkoki/ B{z gj[zuk fdZsh s/ j'o ca"i wzr xZbh . fJ; go wjkoki/ B/ ;odko
irs f;zx nNkohtkb/ ns/ ;odko i? f;zx ns/ gqskg f;zx B{z e[we bJh G/fink .
fJ; s'I fpBQK i/jbw'I f;Z;o dhtkB uzd s/ j'o ;odkoK B{z Gh fJ;/ ezw bJh fB:s
ehsk . u[Bkfu fw;Z;o dhtB nkfd B/ rkw' ]kB Bkb fwb e/ pNkbk s/ nNZb rVQ
nkfd fefbQnK s/ ep}k eo fbnk . fJ; s'I pknd wjkoki/ B/ fJ; fJbke/ dk gqpXz
;odko d/;k f;zx wihmhJ/ d/ ;g[od ehsk .1
1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, 290-92, 377; p{N/ Fkj, stkohfy
gzikp, dcso gziw, 190-1 .
7
;zB 1826 ftZu po/bh dk fJe ;Z:d nfjwd pzrkb, fpjko ns/ :{ gh d/
nzrq/}h fJbke/ s'I o[gfJnk s/ nkdwh fJeZm/ eo e/ f;ZyK fto[ZX ijkd dh fsnkoh
Bkb ;ojZd s/ nk g[iZ k s/ gmkDK B{z nkgD/ Bkb obk fbnk .1 ;zB 1827 d/ nkozG
ftZu :{;c}Jh gjkVhnK ftzu gzisko d/ w[ekw s/ nk frnk .
wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;odko p[X f;zx ;zXktkbhJ/ B{z ca"i d/ e/ ;Z:d d/
fto[XZ w[fjzw s/ G/fink . ijKrhok d/ w[ekw s/ ;Z:d d/ ;kEh gmkDK Bkb fJZe bVkJh
j' gJh fi; ftzu gmkDK B{z jko j'Jh . go u{fz e ;ojZd s/ ;kok w[byZJhnk w}jph i'F
tZu nkfJnk j'fJnk ftrV fojk ;h fJ; bJh wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odko Fkw f;zx
s/ ;odko irs f;zx nNkohtkfbnK B{z eJh j}ko o[gfJnk fJBkw d/ e/ ijkdhnK
d/ fto[XZ ;odko p[X f;zx dh ;jkfJsk eoB bJh Bh:s ehsk . fJBQK s'I fpBQK okik
;[u/s f;zx, r[bkp f;zx s/ iwkdko y[Fkb f;zx B{z th wZdd bJh s'fonk . ]kb;k
c"iK otK othI g[iZ gJhnK s/ 8 cZrD 1883, 23 cotoh ;zB 1827, B{z ne'Vk dh
izr ftZu ;:Zd B{z jko d/ e/ Gik fdZsk .
wjkoki/ B/ id fJ; fiZs dh ]po g[iZ h sK T[; B/ ][Fh ftZu ehwsh f]bnsK,
x'V/ nkfd ;odko p[X f;zx ;zXktkbhnk, ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkb/ s/ j'o
;odkoK bJh fw;Zo p/bh okw d/ jZE nNe G/i/ .2
go ;:Zd d/ Gi fBebD Bkb T[; dk ;kok }'o g{oh soQK N[NZ BjhI ;h ;fenk
. T[; B/ f;ZXk ;kwQD/ Nkeok eoB dh EK fJe okshI nukBe jh j}o'I s/ ik jZbk
wkfonk s/ e[M b[N wko ik ehsh . go S/sh jh fgZS'I f;zx th g[Zi rJ/ s/ ijkdh GZi
fBeb/ . fJ; rZb B/ ;okdo p[ZX f;zx B{z :ehB d[nk fdZsk fe fJj g{ophJ/ ijkdh
1. fwo}k j?os d/jbth, j:kfs sZJh:pk 299 .
2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, 338-341; fwo}k j?os, j:ks sZJh:pk,
161-162 .
f;oca b[N/o/g[Dk jh ikDd/ jB, w?dkB ftZu ;kjwD/ yb' e/ ;{ophoK tKC bVB dh
fJBQK dh fjzws BjhI j? . fwo}k j?os fbydk j? fe ªj}o' T[s/ oks d/ jZb/ B/
ijkdhnK dh db/oh T[s/ ekfJosk dk XZpk bk fdZsk ;h .« u{Bz kfu ;odko p[X f;zx B/
;Z:d nfjwd B{z fJe fiZmh fby fe ¿oks B{z XkV/ wkoBk s/ p/]pfonK T[s/ jfEnko
ubkT[Dk pjkdoK dk sohek BjhI, eh ekoB j? fe s{z nkg w?dkB ftZu BjhI nkT[dI k s/
jZEI' jZEh bVkJh ftzu nkg'I nkgDh fe;ws dk c?;a bk BjhI eo b?dI k .À go ;:Zd b/
fJ; dk e'Jh f;ZXk T[so d/D dh EK n?t/I Nkb-wN'b eo fdZsk .1
;Z:d nfjwd s/ T[; d/ ;kEhnK B/ w[V w[V jZb/ eoB s/ b[N wko wukT[D d/
:sB ehs/ go e'Jh g/F Bk rJh ns/ jo EK B[e;kB T[mk e/ jko ykDh gJh . j[D fJBQK
B/ fgFkto d/ gmkDK Bkb :kokBk rzfYnk s/ gZybh nkfd d/ w[;bwkB ;odkoK B{z
Bkb fwbk fbnk .
go fJj :kokB/ pj[s d/o sZe fBG Bk ;e/ . ;zB 1829 ftZu ijkdhnK B/
fgFkto T[s/ ep}k eoB dk :sB ehsk . bVkJh ftZu ;odko :ko w[jzwd ]kB
pkoe}Jh, i' wjkokik oDihs f;zx tb'I T[E/ dk jkew ;h, }]wh j' frnk s/ T[; dh
c"i d/ g?o T[yV rJ/ . go fJscke Bkb fJ; t/b/ ezto F/o f;zx s/ iBob t?sI o{ k,
i' b?bk x'Vk b?D bJh rJ/ j'J/ ;B fJZE/ w"i{d ;B . fJ; eoe/ ;Z:d nfjwd B{z
fgZS/ jN ikDk fgnk . S/sh jh fgZSI' :ko w[jwz d ]kB r[io frnk s/ wjkokik ;kfjp
d/ j[ew nB[;ko ezto F/o f;zx B/ :ko w[jwz d ]kB d/ Gok ;[bskB w[jwz d ]kB B{z
fgFkto dk jkew w[eoZ o eo fdZsk s/ nkg w[V nkfJnk .
fJXo ;cabsk Bk j'D go ;:Zd nfjwd B/ i{B 1830 ftZu eFwho tZb B[z
tZXD dk :sB ehsk, go nzp d/ jkew gkfJzdk ]kB B/ o;sk o'e fdZsk s/ ;odko
joh f;zx Bb{nk s/ iBob nbkod B/ fJBQK dhnK nk;K T[s/ gkDh c/o fdZsk . fJ;
bJh ;:Zd B{z wip{o j' e/ f;zX dfonk s'I gko NZg ikDk fgnk .2
e[M wjhfBnK dh fsnkoh fgZS'I ;Z:d nfjwd B/ w[V fgFkto s/ jZbk p'b
fdZsk . ;[bskB w[jwz d ijkdhnK dk Nkeok Bk eo ;eD eo e/ fgFkto SZv e/ GZi
frnk, go f;zx dh c"i g[i g?D s/ ;:Zd c/o gjkVk B{z d"V frnk . gF"ok f;zx d/ w[V
1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohy, dcso d'w, fjZ;k ntZb, 32, 35, 45-7, 50
9
1. poB}, No?tb} fJzN{ p[ykok, fibd sh;oh, 1-5l fgqz;?g, wjkokik oDihs f;zx, 153-54 .
j'o d/y' w/;B, B?o/fNt n"c tohn; BoBh}, fibd sh;oh, 432 .
2. The Government of India and of England, as well as the public at
large, were never amused and deceived by a greater fallacy than that of
opening the Indus as regards the commercial object. The results of the
policy concealed under this pretext have been the introduction of troops in
the countries on and beyond the river, and of some half a dozen steamers
on the Stream itself, employed for warlike, objects, not for those Masson,
Narrative of Various Journies, iii, 432.
3. The Scheme of surveying the Indus, under the pretence of sending a
Present to Rajas Runjeet Singh, seems to me highly objectionable.
It is a trick in my opinion, unworthy of our Government, which cannot
fail when detected, as most probably it will be, to excite the jealousy and
indignation of the powers on whom we play it.
It is just such a trick as we are often falsely suspected and accused of by the
the native powers of India, and this confirmation of their suspicions,
generally unjust, will do more injury by furnishing the ground of merited
reproach, than any advantage to be gained by the measure can compensate....
To demand a passage for our officers under a fictitious pretence, and then
to take advantage of the civility of the rulers of Sind to do that which we are
concious would not be allowed, appears to me to be ungenerous and
unfair," – Kaye, Selections from the Papers of Lord Metcalf, 211-12.
27 wJh B{z pjktbg[o dh ;ojZd s/ gj[fz unk fiZE/ fe Btkp pjktb yakB dkT{dg's/q
tb'I G/i/ rJ/ w?jwkBdko r[bkw edko yakB B/ T[; dk ;[nkrs ehsk. 5 i{B B{z yad [
Btkp Bkb w[bkeks j'Jh s/ 8 i{B B{z poBia s/ T[; dh gkoNh gzikp dh ;ojZd s/
gj[zu/ fiZE/ fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx tb'I ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ B/ T[; dh
nkU-Grs ehsh .1
poBIa fbydk j? fe f;Zy fJbke/ ftu'I r[ioa B bJh fJzsiakw fpbe[b w[ewz b
;B ns/ w?jwkBdkoh dk gqpzX fJsBk T[dkosk Gfonk ;h fe gkoNh s'H fJbktk
fgzvK d/ fszB ;" j'o raohp nkdwh jo o'ia gq;ka d/ s/ fxU Bkb oZi iKd/ ;B. ;odko
bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ B/ T[; B{z fJ; rZb dk th :ehB fdbkfJnk fe fJ; ;cao ftZu
fi; fe;/ d/ th y/s dk e'Jh B[e;kB j'tr / k, ;oeko tb'I T[; B{z T[sBh S'N eo fdZsh
2
ikt/rh .
os;/ ftZu sbtko Bkb izrbh ;{o s/ ;ao/ d/ f;aeko ftZu f;ZyK dh db/oh
s/ pjkdo B/ piBia d/ fdb s/ nkgDk f;Zek fpmk fdZsk . okth d/ ezY/ MkT{ d/ MZb
ftu'I fJZe ;ao/ fBeb fgnk s/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx B/ piBia s/ b?eZ h B{z f;aeko d/yD
bJh ;Zdk fdZsk. jkEhI fsnko Bk j'D eoe/ piBia sK Bk frnk go b?eZ h f;zxK Bkb
ob fgnk. MN jh fJZe f;zx B/ ;a/o B{z iaywh eo fdZsk, go u{zfe eJhnK d/ x'V/ ;a/o
s'H vo rJ/ ;B fJ; bJh f;zx x'fVnK s'H T[so e/ g?db j' gJ/ s/ sbtkoK jZE
ftZU b? e/ ;ao/ B{z tzrkoD bJh nZr/ tX/. M[iz bkfJnk j'fJnk ;ao/ pV/ r[;Z / Bkb fJZe
f;zx T[Zs/ e[d fgnk. ni/ T[j T[; f;zx d/ yZp/ w'Y/ s/ fNfenk jh ;h fe f;zx ih B/
sbtko dk fJZe uzrk fNetK tko T[; d/ f;o s/ iV fdZsk. go i'V u{fz e pokpo dk
BjhI ;h, fJ; bJh f;zx j'ohI MzMV' / rJ/ s/ fvZr gJ/. fJsB/ B{z j'o ;kEh Gh g[iZ gJ/ s/
;ao/ B{z wko frokfJnk. fJj ;ao/ fJZe pV/ tZv/ nkeko dk ;h s/ d; c[NZ bzpk ;h s/ T[;
dk gZN fJZe uzr/ i[nkB nkdwh d/ gZN tork ;h .
poBia fbydk j? fe f;ZyK d/ wB dh ;aKsh s/ db/oh :ehB dh jZd'I bzxh
j'Jh j? s/ T[BKQ B{z nkgD/ ;odkoK tb'I pVk T[s;akj fwbdk j?. iaywh j' u[eZ / nGkr/
nkdwh ;pzXh ;tkbK d/ itkp ftZu T[BKQ B/ p/gotkjh Bkb nkfynk fe j'fJnk eh,
nkyao T[j f;Zy j?, T[; B{z uzrk fJBkw fwb/rk . nZr/ T[; B{z fJZe x'Vk s/ ;" o[gJ/
1. poB} No?tb}, fibd sh;oh, 100-1l ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkoh], dcso ;'w,
fjZ;k ntZb, 55
2. poB} No?tb}, fibd sh;oh, 122-23
;kbkBk soZeh fwb u[eZ h j?. ;ao/ dh yZb, f;o s/ gzi/ MN gN jh wjkoki/ gk; G/i fdZs/
rJ/ ;B ns/ T[BKQ tb'H iaywh Bkb j'o th fiankdk T[dkosk Goh feogk dk toskU
j'tr I k j? .1
/ k. fJj T[s;akj fJBQK b'eK B{z fjzd;[ skBhnK ftu'I ;G s'I pjkd[o pDkT[d
wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk fJj d;s{o ;h fe id th e'Jh tZvk gqd;/ h, yak;
eoe/ :o'ghnB, gzikp ftZu nkT[Idk sK T[j pVk y[ZbQ fdbh Bkb T[; dk ;[nkrs
eodk ns/ fJZe yak; tZv/ ;odko iK nfjbeko B{z T[; dk w?jwkBdko fB:s eodk
. ekcah frDsh ftZu B"eo ukeo T[; B{z fdZs/ iKd/ s/ T[; d/ ykD/ dkD/ ns/ xkj -gZm/
dk ;kok gqpXz w?jwkBdko dh d/y Gkb Bkb ;oeko d/ B"eo eod/. fJ; dk ;G s'I
tZvk cakfJdk ;oeko B{z fJj ;h fe fJ; soQK T[; gqd;/ h dh jo fJZe fBZeh w'Nh rZb
dk gsk brdk ofjzdk s/ d/;a ftZu T[; B{z e'Jh b[ethI rZb eo ;eD dk w"ek Bk
fwbdk . w?jwkBdko iK Bkb G/i/ rJ/ w[B;ah iK nyapko-Bth; o'ia d/ o'ia jkbks
fby e/ wjkokik ;kfjp B{z G/id/ ofjzd,/ fiBQK s'H T[BKQ B{z g{oh-g{oh tkecahns g[iZ
iKdh s/ T[j Bkb'I Bkb :'r gqpXz th eoh iKd/ ns/ T[; Bkb w[bkeks bJh g{oh soQK
fsnko j' iKd/.
fi; t/b/ b?cfa BNB?NI piBia d/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ w?jwkBdko
tZbI' j'J/ ;[nkrs ;pzXh XzBtkd dh fuZmh ns/ ;odko tb'I t/ot/ dh noiah g[iZ h sK
jkVQ ;zws 1888 d/ nkyaoh jcas/ (i[bkJh 1831 d/ d{;o/ jcas/ d/ nkozG ftZu)
wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ s/ yabhck B{odZ[ hB B{z nkfrnk ehsh
fe SKr/ wKr/ d/ w[ekw T[sZ / ik e/ T[; dh nkU-Grs eoB ns/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx
B{z fJBkw ti'I ;'B/ d/ iVkT{ efVnK dh i'Vh G/ih. ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z fJZe jiako gzi
1 The bravery of our Seik friends had been already exhibited to us by their
attacking the wild hog with a sword, on foot; but a nobler specimen of
their couarge was displayed in the death of a tiger...
"The coolness and courage of the Seiks surpass belief; they have great
encouragement from their chiefs. To al my enquiries regarding the
unfortunate man that had been wounded, they replied, with an
ostentation of indifference, that he was but a Seik, would be well
rewarded, and had already received a horse and his annual pay had been
increased an hundred rupees. The skin, head and paws of the tiger were
immediately despatched to the Maharaja, whose bounty will be further
extended to the wounded. This encouragement makes these people the
bravest of the Indians." Burnes - Travels into Bokhara, Vol. iii, 138-140.
;" o[gJhnk gqkj[D/ d/ gq;kd gkDh bJh s/ YkJh ;" f;otkoB/ ti'I fdZsk s/ gzi ;"
o[gJhnK yabhcak B{odZ hB d/ ;g[od j'fJnk. gzMh ;{ow/ x'V-uVQ,/ ;'dkkro e[o;htkbk
ns/ ;kJ/pkB s/ u'pKtkb/ caok;a yabhcak B{od Z[ hB d/ Bkb G/i./ d' ;" oo[gJhnK ;tkoK
d/ yaou bJh, shj o[gJhJ/ ;[dkro bJh s/ ;" o[gJhnK caok;aK bJh fdZsk frnk .
15 i[bkJh 1831 dh ;akw B{z nb?riavI? o poBia dh gkoNh SKr/ wKr/ g[iZ h.
;odko ;akw f;zx nZr/ jh ;[nkrs bJh T[EZ / w"id{ ;h. gfjbh w[bkeks jkEhnK T[sZ /
j'Jh. fwbBh t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx s/ T[BKQ d/ ;kEhnK tZbI' ;'B/ dhnK w'joK s/ uKdh
d/ o[gJhnK dhnK E?bhnK f;otkoB/ ti'I g/;a ehshnK rJhnK. ;odko ;akw f;zx B/
fJZe ewkB g/;a ehsh s/ ;[y-;aKs Bkb nk g[iZ D go poBia B{z tXkJh fdZsh s/ pkd;akj
fJzrfb;skB dh ok}h ya[Fh g[ZSh. f;Zy ;odko B// Bkb fJ; t/b/ B/}/dkok dk fJZe
d;sk s/ fJZe f;Zy fo;kbk ;h . f;Zy fo;kb/ B? p;zsh ozr dh todh ;ikJh j'Jh ;h.
fJj T[jh fo;kbk ;h i' ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ Bkb jh ;:Zd nfjwd po/bhtkb/ B{z
fNekD/ bk e/ w[fVnk ;h .
18 i[bkJh B{z fJj gkoNh ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ Bkb bkj"o gjzu[ h id fe
caeho niahiaZ[dhB s/ okik r[bkp f;zx B/ wjkokik ;kfjp tb'I fJBQK dk ;tkrs
ehsk. s/ iBob nbkod d/ pzrb/ fJBQK B{z T[skok fdZsk frnk. 20 i[bkJh dk fdB
poBIa dh wjkokik ;kfjp Bkb w[bkeks bJh fB:s j'fJnk s/ T[; fdB Skj e[ t/b/
fJbQK B{z p[bk fbnk frnk. fwbBh s/ yao? yaohns g[SZ D s'I pknd x'fVnK dk w[bkjiak
j'fJnk s/ bkov n?bBpo' dh fuZmh gVQh rJh. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ pVh y[;ah gqrN
ehsh s/ T[BKQ B{z e[M e[ nkgD/ x'V/ ftykJ/. poBIa wjhBk e[ bkj"o mfjfonk s/ nkb/
d[nkb/ dh ;?o ehsh ns/ 16 nr;s B{z bkj"o'I ftdk j' e/ f;awb/ B{z s[o frnk .
wjkokik ;kfjp ;pzXh poBia fbydk j? fe T[j mkm-pkm ns/ fdykt/ s'I
fpbe[b ofjs j? go sK th T[; d/ dopko dk gZek j'fJnk ;fseko fXnkB :'r j?
. dopko ftZu wjkoki/ dk gfjoktk ;G s'H ;kdk ;h. oDihs f;zx jo rZb ftZu
o'gV dh w[bkeks
1. fgqz;?g, oDihs f;zx (1834), 159L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 454 .
ezgBh dh fB:s ;kca Bk ofjD dk fyankb g?dk j' frnk ;h ns/ nkg; d/ snZbe[ ks
gfjb/ fisB/ fBZx/ BjhI ;B oj/ .2
bkov p?fI Nze e[M fdB gfjbK jh 22 nes{po B{z o'gV nk g[iZ k. u"E/ fdB
fgZSI' 25 dh ;t/o B{z wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ dfonk d/ d{;o/ gk;/ g[iZ D sI' MZpd/ jh
fgZSI' bkvo p?fI Nze tZbI' fJZe v?gN{ ;/ Ba T[BKQ gk; ;bkw bJh g[iZ k. wjkoki/ B/ T[BKQ dk
gzdoK s'gK dh ;bkwh Bkb ;[nkrs ehsk s/ fgZS'I ezto yVe f;zx wjkokik tZb'I
w'VthI w[bkeks dh o;w bJh rtoBo iBob B{z fwb/. fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx
nNkohtkb/ ezto ;kfjp d/ Bkb ;B s/ ;odko joh f;zx Bbtk, okik r[bkp f;zx,
okik ;zrs f;zx BkG/tkbk s/ ;odko nso f;zx ;zXktkbhnk th T[BKQ d/ Bkb rJ/
. 26 s'I 31 nes{po sZe d'jK gkf;nK s'I w[bkeksK s/ ca"ih d/y-fdykt/ j[zd/ oj/.
fJBQK ftZu th jo w"e/ s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx ih w"i{d ;B. wjkokik oDihs f;zx B{z
u{zfe ezgBh dh fB:s ;pzXh ;aZe ;B, fJ; bJh 31 nes{po B{z rtoBo iBob
tb'I wjkokik ;kfjp B{z fJZE d';sh-gZso fdZsk frnk s/ 1 Btzpo B{z fSV'-fSVh j'
rJh .3
fJZE/ wjkokik ;kfjp B/ nzro/iKa gk;'I f;zX ;pzXh T[BKQ dh Bhns s/ fJokfdnK
dk gsk eoB dk :sB ehsk. go T[BKQ B/ e'Jh f;o g?o Bk dZf;nk jkbKfe fi; fdB
wjkokik o'gV g[Zik ;h, T[;/ fdB jh eoBb g"fNzio B{z j[ew fdZsk frnk ;h fe
j?dokpkd ik e/ who w[okd nbh Bkb sikosh fJeoko-Bkwk eo/. fgq;z g fbydk j?
fe j' ;edk j? fe rtoBo iBob B{z o{; d/ JhokB ftZu nkgDk o;{y iwkT[D ftZu
ekw:kp j' ikD dh jkbs ftZu T[; d/ wB'oEK fto[XZ fsnko ofjD dh b'V wfj;{;
j'Jh j't./ fJ; bJh f;zXhnK Bkb rZb-pks ;akfJd fe;h jZd se oki;h jh j't,/ go
rtoBo iBob fJj rZb wzB b?D iK fJj' fij/ wB'oEK B{z iakjo eoB bJh fsnkko
BjhI ;h. fJ; bJh f;zx dfonk d/ ezfYnK T[gZ obhnK je{wsK s/ jkewK Bkb ;pzX
1. pk;{, okJhia n"ca dh efo;uhnB gkto fJB fJzvhnk, fibd 4, gzBk 480, :kew'I,
b?Noia cao'w fJzvhnk (1834), fibd d{;oh, 112, 255L bshca, gzikp, 454
b[vb', fpqfN;a fJzvhnk, fibd d{;oh, 90.
2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k nZtb 84-103L fgqz;?g, oDihs
f;zx, 162-67L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 451-55, i/ aph a co/iao B/ nkgDh
feskp *fwfbNoh w?w'fJo n"c b?cafNB?IN-eoBb i/wia ;feZBo* ftZu fJ; w[bkeks dk
uzrk jkb fdZsk j? . ;feZBo nkg fJZE/ w"ia{d ;h . d/y' fibd 2, gzBk 207-18 .
g?dk eoB dk uzrk sohek dfonk dh ijkiaokBh bJh y[ZbQ dhnK ;aosK tkbk
nfjdBkwk jh fdf;nk .1
nzro/iKa tb'I wjkokik ;kfjp Bkb f;zX d/ wkwb/ ftZu tosh rJh p/oy[ h
s/ b[ethI ukb B/ T[; d/ fdb B{z e[M yZNk eo fdZsk . 11 iBtoh 1832 dh fuZmh ftZu
:kew'I fbydk j? fe *oDihs f;zx s/ rtoBw?NI nzro/ia h d/ snZbe[ ks o[yZ / fij/ jB.
nzro/ia nkgDh tgko T[; gk;/ tXkT[D bJh j/mb/ f;zX T[s/ epiak eoBk ukj[dz / jB
s/ fJ; dh okyh eoB bJh T[BQK B{z fJ; d/ ezfYnk T[Zs/ ca"ih u"IehnK iao{o ekfJw
eoBhnK g?DrhnK. oDihs f;zx fJ; B{z pzd BjhII eo ;edk ns/ fi; rZb B{z T[j
o'e BjhI ;edk, T[j T[; B{z ;fjDh g? ojh j?, fJ; bJh T[; B{z o'j j? .2
;:Z d nfjwd po/ b th d/ fto[ Z X w[ f jz w K ftZ u ;oeko dh i'
;/tk ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ ehsh ;h, wjkokik ;kfjp T[; Bkb pj[s jh gq;Bz ;B. j[D
o'gV dh w[bkeks ftZu th T[BKQ dk ezw pVk ;bkfjnk frnk. fJ; bJh wZxo ;zws
1888 fpeqwh d/ nyaho, d;zpo 1831 d/ d{;o/ jcas/, wjkokik ;kfjp B/ u'Nkjb/
dk snZbe[ k nZm jiako oo[gJ/ ;kbkBk m/e/ s/ ns/ y/w-eoB gzi jiako ;kbkBk m/e/
s/ f;Ze/ ns/ ;ao' / (;[op tk pko{s) bJh ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z fdZs/ s/ Bkb jh skehdh
j[ew ehsk fe m'e/ dk o[gfJnk pokpo toQ/ d/ toQ/ ;oekoh yaika B/ ftZu g[iZ dk oj/ .3
1. poBia, No?tbi fJzN{ p[yakok, fibd 1, 1-33L w'jB bkb, No?tbia 9-19L ;'jB
bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'wL fjZ;k ntZb, 118.
12
;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k ntZb, 113, 116, 128, 130-31 .
;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k d'w, 134, 150, 159, 172-73 .
13
wjkoki/ dh Bkokiarh
pzB{ dh w[fjzw
uVQd/ wkx ;zws 1890 (nZX iBtoh ;zB 1834 Jh;th) ftZu wjkokik
;kfjp B/ dhtkB skok uzd B{z pzB{ NKe tZb T[rkq jh bJh ikD dk j[ew fdZsk. cZrD
d/ nkyaho iK uVQd/ u/s ;zws 1891 (wkou 1834 d/ d{;o/ sh;o/ jcas/) dhtkB
skok uzd dh noiah nkJh fe v/ok fJ;wkJhb yakB s'I pkok jiako o[gfJnk t;{b j'
frnk j? fi; d T[sZ o ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp B/ j[ew G/fink fe pkeh dh oew s/ x'V/
s/ T{mK dh t;{bh ehsh ikJ/, NKe ftZu nkgDk mkDk fpmk fdZsk ikJ/ ns/ dfonk
nNe d/ gko'I d' wjhfBnK dh pNkJh ns/ o'e oew dh t;{bh bJh x'V-ufVQnK dh
fJZe oipD G/ih ikt/.
;odko ;akw f;zx iK sK dhtkB skok uzd d/ BKb jh pzB{z B{z rJ/ ;B iK
fgZSI' g[iZ / ;B, fJ; dk gZek Ej[ BjhI brdk, go nkg t;ky wjhB/ pzB{ ftZu fJZe rVQh
T[sZ / jZbk eoB t/b/ T[EZ / w"id
{ ;B. dhtkB skok uzd B/ s/iha Bkb fJZE/ d'jK gkf;nK
s'I jZbk eotk fdZsk. fi; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe fJ; jZb/ ftZu nkgDh cai" d/ eJh
nkdwh iaywa h j'D Bkb pj[s B[e;kB j'fJnk s/ ;odko i? f;zx nNkohtkbk wkfonk
frnk. id t;ky d/ sh;o/ jcas/ (ngqb ? 1834 d/ nkyaoh jcas)/ fJ; rZb dh yapo
dh noiah wjkokik ;kfjp B{z g[iZ h sK iktp ftZu T[BKQ B/ c[owkfJnk fe fe;/ ezw ftZu
ekbh s/ s/iah eoBh uzrh BjhI j[zdh, nZr/ B{z Xhoi s/ Yzr Bkb ezw ehsk ikt/ ns/
d'jK gkf;nK s'H jZbk BjhI eoBk ukjhdk, fJZE gk;/ dk jZbk jh uzrk j?. fJ;/ ;pzX
ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp B/ tiaho fXnkB f;zx B{z fejk fe dhtkB skok uzd nbQV (Bk-
siaopkeko) nkdwh j? ns/ fi; soQK ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ B/ w?dkfB-izr
ftZu fjzws ftykJh j? pjkdoK d/ ezw fJ; soQK jh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; izr ftZu
;odko ;akw f;zx B/ tXd/ nk oj/ t?oh dk pV/ j";b/ s/ db/oh Bkb vZN e/ Nkeok
ehsk s/ T[BKQ d/ w{jz w'V fdZs./ Gkt/I T[BKQ d/ j/mbk x'Vk th wkfonk frnk go T[j sK
th fgSKj Bk jN/ s/ ;{ofwnK tKC nZr/ tZX e/ T[BQK B/ t?oh B{z g?o'I eZY fdZsk.
wjkokik ;kfjp B{z dhtkB skok uzd dh :'rsk T[Zs/ u{zfe fiankdk Go';k
BjhI ;h fojk fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ iwkdko ya[;akb f;zx s/ okik r[bkp f;zx B{z j[ew
ehsk fe ik e/ Btkp ;akj fBtkia yakB wBe/o/ tkb/ dk pzB{ nNe s/ nNe dfonk s'I
gkob/ fJbke/ T[sZ / dyab eok fdZsk ikt/ ns/ dfonkUI fJ; gk;/ d/ v/ok fJ;wkJhb
d/ fJbke/ T[sZ / nkgDk dyab eo fbnk ikt/.1
fg;akto dh w[fjzw
wkb{w j[zdk j? fe pzB{z s'I ;odko ;akw f;zx fg;akto dh w[fjzw s/ G/i/ rJ/
fiZE/ fe ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B/ uVQkJh eoe/ fJ; fJbke/ B{z (wJh 1834 ftZu) gZe/
s"o s/ f;Zy oki Bkb fwbk fbnk ;h. fJ; t/b/ nwho d';s w[jwz d yakB B/ fg;akto
jwbk eoB bJh nzri/q Ka gk;'I ;jkfJsk wzrh. go T[j wjkokik oDihs f;zx Bkb
ftrkV gkT[Dk BjhI ukj[d z / ;B fJ; bJh T[BKQ B? dyab d/DI' BKj eo fdZsh.
2 n;{ 1891 (17 ;zspo 1834) B{z fg;akto'I wjkokik ;kfjp gk; yapo
g[Zih fe nwho d';s w[jzwd yakB B/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z fuZmh fbyh j? fe i/ w/
jopkBh eoe/ fg;akto T[; B{z d/ fdZsk ikt/ sK T[j pVk XzBtkdh j't/rk ns/ skp/
dkoh ti'I pVh nXhBrh Bkb wjkokik ;kfjpo dh ;/tk ftZu bkj"o x'V,/ s'jca/ s/ j'o
n;pkp G/Nk eo/rk, BjhI sK e'jkN, ncaohdh s/ ;{;caiaJh dhnK gjkVhnK ns/
yao[ k;kB, pzBz{ s/ NKe s'I bVke/ rkiahnK dhnK cai" K iwK eoe/ fg;akto s/ jZbk eo d/
t/rk. 4 nZ;{ B{z wjkokik ;kfjp B/ w[B;ah eow uzd B[z ezto B"fBjkb f;zx s/ T[BKQ d/
;kEh ;oeod/ ;odkoK bJh ehwsh fyabnsK d/ e/ fg;akto G/fink s/ jj[ew ehsk
fe fJj fyabnsK ezto ;kfjp B{z gj[zuk fdZshnK ikD ns/ T[j ya[d nkgd/ jZEhI
;odkoK B{z pya;D.
fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx d/ Bkb ;B s/
j'o tZv/ ;odkoK dh soQK T[BKQ B{z th B" egfVnK dh fyabns G/ih rJh .1
e[M fuo fgZSI' yad[ th wjkokik ;kfjp B/ fg;akto tZb B{z e{u eo fdZsk fiZE/
fe T[j 26 t;ky 1892 (6 wJh 1835) B{z g[iZ / s/ tiaho yakB d/ pkra ftZu T[skok
ehsk. fJZE/ ;[bskB w[jzwd yakB T[BQK B{z nk fwfbnk s/ JhB wzB bJh. wjkokik
;kfjp B/ pVk :sB ehsk fe d';s w[jwz d th skp/dkoh gqtkB eo bt/ s/ yaB{ yaokpk
Bk j't/. d';s w[jzwd yakB B{z nkgDhnK rkiah ca"iK go pVk wkD ;h fJ; bJh T[j
bVkJh bJh fsnko j' e/ nk frnk, go id 31 t?;ky, 11 wJh ;zB 1835 B{z d{;o/
gk;/ yakb;/ B{z fsnko po fsnko izr bJh vfNnk t/fynk sK sbtko fwnkB ftZu jh
ofj rJh ns/ fg;akto b?D dk fyankb SZv e/ fpBK e[M pj[sk w[ekpbk ehs/ jh
w?dkB'I fBeb GZik. wjkokik ;kfjp fg;akto dk gZek gqpzX eoe/ bkj"o B{z w[V
nkJ/ .2
1. efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;y; (1849), 222L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp,
467-8L ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjz;k d'w, 216 .
2. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso ;'w, fjZ;k d'w, 245-51, efBzxw, fj;Noh
n"ca dh f;y; (1849); 222-23L pkpk gq/w f;zx, ;odko joh f;zx BbtkL 234-
37 .
16
fJ; t/b/ ;qh nzfwqs;o ftZu r[odPkok pkpk nNZb ;kfjp dhnK SZsK dh
;/tk j' ojh ;h. fJ; r[odPko/ dh fJwkos dh ;/tk ;zrs d/ T[s;akj Bkb ;zB 1822
JhL ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;ao[ { ehsh ;h. do;aBh dotkia/ dh SZs wkJh ;dk
e"o B/ ;zB 1823 ftZu pDtkJh ;h ns/ r[zpd dh ;/tk ;zB 1830 ftZu ;odko d/
;k f;zx wihmhJ/ B/ ehsh ;h. nzdob/ ;wkX tkb/ yak; pzrb a / d/ pkjobh gqeowk dh
SZs dh whBkekoh ns/ ;[Bfjoh ezw wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ 1835 ftZu eotkfJnk.
fJ; r[odPkok ;kfjp dh ;/tk ftZu ;odko ;akw f;zx ih B? th jZE tNkfJnk ns/
gqeowK dh T[s-q uVQdh SZs dk rZuekoh gb;so eotkfJnk. rZu dk gb;so g[okD/
iawkB/ ftZU fJZe yak; uhai j[d
z h ;h fi; ftZu ;zrwowo dk u{oB, pj[s pkohe o/sk,
fJZe yak; soQK dk u{Bk, fi; B{z fig;w nkfynk iKdk j?, tkb n/s j'o eJh uhiaK
obkJhnK iKdhnK ;B. fJBQK B{z orVD s/ x'ND T[sZ / eJh tkoh eJh eJh toQ/ bkJ/
iKd/ ;B ns/ gzdoK thj srkohnK T[Zs/ jiakoK o[gJ/ yaou nk iKd/ ;B. fJ; Bkb
pDh ns/ fbzph j'Jh fJwkos pj[s ;h wiap{s ns/ eJh eJh ;" ;kb pknd th E'VQ/
fuo dh pDh j'Jh BthI Be'o gqshs j[zdh ;h .
gzi ;kb pknd ;zB 1842 ftZu fco ;odko ih B/ fJ; r[odPko/ dh j'o
;/tk ehsh ns/ nkgD/ g[Zso ;odko mkeo f;zx dh fBrokBh j/mK r[odPtkko/ dk
pkjobk fjZ;k pDtkfJnk .
fi; X{w-Xkw s/ ;akB ;ae" s Bkb wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ g'so/ s/ ;akjiakdk
yVe f;zx d/ g[sZ o ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk ftnkj ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ dh
bVeh phph BkBeh Bkb j'fJnk, d[BhnK dh skohya ftZu T[; dh e'Jh fw;kb fwb
;eDh efmB j?.
wjkokik ;kfjp dh w[Y Z s'I jh fJj fJZSk ;h e ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh izR
bkj"o dh pikJ/ r[o{ eh Broh ;qh nzfwqs;o s'I uVQ/. fJ; wsbp bJh T[BQK nkGd/
Go';-/ :'r ;odkoK B{z fJZE/ G/i fdZsk sK fe iaoo{ h gqpXz eoB. gzikp ftZu e'Jh okik,
wjkokik s/ ;odko BjhI ;h fi; B{z fJ; ftnkj ftZu ;akwb j'D dk ;Zdk Bk fdZsk
frnk j't./ gstzs/ wfjwkBK ftZu wjkokik gfNnkbk, BkGk, eg{oEbk, ihId, caohde'N,
Btkp wb/o e'Nbk, okik eb;hnk wzvh s/ ;[e/s, uzpk, B{og[oo ns/ j'o wkbtk,
wkMk s/ d{;o/ fJbkfenK d/ ;odko ;akwb ;B. nzri/q Ka tZbI' bkov n"eb?vI , rtoBo
iBob fJzvhnk, ;o ukob; w?NZ ekc rtoBo nkrok s/ iBob ;o j?Boh c/B nzr/q
iah ewKvo-fJB-uhca B{z ;Zdk fdZsk frnk ;h, go fJBQK ftu'I ;akwb e/tb ;o j?Boh ca/
B s/ T[; dk ;Nkca jh j'fJnk.
JhN; fJzvhnk ezgBh tZbI' yak; ewKvo-fJB-uhca s/ T[; d/ cai" h ;Nkca d/
;a kwb j'D ftZu fJZe oki;h G/d th ;h s/ T[j fJj fe cai" h ;ftfrnkB d/ fJj fBg[D
f;nkD/ fJ; gokj[D-ukoh d/ w"e/ dk cakfJdk T[mk e/ ca"ih B[esk fBrkj s'I gzikp
;pzXh w[ezwb tkecahns jk;b eo ;eDr/. efBzxw fbydk j? fe **T[j :'r
;?Bkgsh cai" h T[gkU s/ ;?fBe r[DK B{z GKgD ftZu ;dk jh pVk ske ;h, T[; B/ T[;
;?Bk-db dk nzdkiak bkfJnk fi; dh fe gzikp B{z w[ezwb s"o s/ nXhB eoB bJh
b'V gt/rh go oT[; B/ fJ;/ t/b/ n;{b d/ s"o s/ fJj dZf;nk fe ;sb[i dfonk ns/
okig{skB/ s/ f;zX d/ phnkpkB nzrq/iaK bJh uVQdh tZb ;G s'H tXhnk jZdK jB.
f;ZyK Bkb bVkJh dh ;zGktBk pj[s d{o j'D eoe/ fJZe gokj[D/ bJh bVkJh d/ yV
:zsoK dh ftT[sI pBkT[Dh ;aG' Bhe BjhI ;h. a a a a a ;a o j?Boh caB/ d/ fJj fyankb fbys
ftZu Gkt/I Bk fbnKd/ rJ/ j'D, go i' b'e T[; d/ nkb/-d[nkb/ ;B T[BKQ B{z fJBQK dk
uzrh soQK gsk ;h. fit/H w?Bz{ e?gNB t/v gk;'I ;[fDnk j'fJnk :kd j? T[; dk (;o
j?boh caB/ dk gzikp B{z g{oh soQK casfj eoB bJh )nzdkiak ;skjN jkiako nkdwhnK
dk ;h ns/ T[; dk fyankb ;h fe ;akfJd d' ;kb i'oa dh bVkJh bZrh oj/. fJj bkj"o
ikDk ;akfJd fJ; rZb ftZu fiankdk cakfJd/wd z ;kps j'fJnk fe pzrkb dh cai" dk
nDEZe e[nkNo-wk;No-iBob b?cfa NB?NI -eoBb rkovB wbe d/ fJ; fjZ;/ dk t/
ot/ ;fjs Be;ak pDk ;eD d/ :'r j' frnk ;h ns/ fJj Be;ak T[BQK ;kfonK
Bef;anK dk nkXko pfDnk fijV/ fe nzs f;ZyK Bkb bVkJh bZr ikD t/b/ tos/
rJ/.1
izR uVQB s'I gfjbK gzi e[ bZy nkdwhnK dk fJeZm ftnkj ftZu ;akwb
j'D bJh j' frnk. fJZe/ ftnkj d/ ;ko/ jkbK dk ft;Eko Bkb fiaeo BjhI j' ;e/rk,
fJ; bJh e/tb iaoo{ h rZbK dk jh fiaeo ehsk ikJ/rk. 25 cZrD 1893, 6 wkou
1837, B{z b"Y/ t/b/ s'jca/ s/ szpb
' g/;a j'J./ 26 cZrD, 7 wkou, dh ;t/o/ ;qh dopko
;kfjp jkiao j' e/ wjkokik ;kfjp B/ ;D/ ;akjiakfdnK s/ gstzs/ gqkj[fDnK d/ wZEk N/
fenk, nodk;k ;'fXnk ns/ G/Nk uVQkJhnK ns/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z ;/jok pzBD Q
dh o;w ndk ehsh. b"Y/ t/b/ izR B/ nNkoh B{z uVQkJh ehsh. nzfwqs;o s'I nNkoh se
bZyK dh frDsh ftZu b'ehI ;Ve d/ d'jhI gk;hI yV/ ;B. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ gqkj[fDnK
d/ jkEhnK T[sZ / o[gJhnK dhnK E?bhnK oytkJhnK j'JhnK ;B sK fe T[j o;s/ ftZu
1 That able Commander was ever a careful observer of military means and of
soldierly qualities: he formed an estimate of the force which would be required
for the complete subjugation of the Punjab, but at the same time he laid it
down as a principle, that the Sutlej and the wastes of Rajputana and Sindh
were the best boundaries which the English could have in the East. The
prospect of a war with the Sikhs was then remote, and hostile designs could
not with honour be entertained by a guest .
These views of Sir Henry Fane's may not be on record but they were well
known to those about his Excellency. His extimate was, as I remember to
have heard from Capt. Wade, 67,000 men and he thought there might be a
two years' active warfare.
. This visit to Lahore was perhaps mainly useful in enabling Lieut. Col.
Garden, the Indefatigable quartermaster-general of the Bengal Army to
complete a detailed map of that part of the country, and which formed the
ground work of all the maps used when the hostilites did at last break out
with the Sikhs." - Cunningham, History of the Sikhs (1849), 227-28, and
footnote on p.227.
;'N eod/ ikD. ya[d wjkokik ;kfjp nNkoh sZe ;ko/ o;s/ y[bhI jZEhI o[gJhnK,
p[sehnK nfkd dk whIj toQkT[d I / rJ/ fi; Bkb eJh bZy o[gJhnk raohp rao[ p/ ftZu
tzfvnk frnk.
nNkoh gj[uz D s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ pV/ ;akjkBk Yzr Bkb nkU-Grs
ehsh s/ izR d/ T[sko/ dk gqpXz ehsk. T[;/ okshI ftnkj j' frnk s/ oks nks;apkiah,
ya;[ ha nK s/ i;aBK ftZu r[ioa h.
d{;o/ fdB wjkoki/ B/ pV/ y[b/Q fdb Bkb yao? -yao? ks fdZsh. dkB tzvD bJh
gzi whbK ftZu fJZe dkfJok pDkfJnk frnk fi; d/ fJod frod cai" K yVhnK ;B.
fJ: dkfJo/ d/ nZ;h dotkia/ ;B s/ jo dotkia/ T[Zs/ yaiakBuh E?bhnK bJh p?m/ ;B
i' ih gosh, eh nkdwh s/ eh ikBto, fJZe fJZe o[gJhnk d/Jh iKd/ ;B s/ fe;/ B{z
yakbh BjhI ;h ikD fdzd/. efjzd/ jB fe fJ; t/b/ fJZe nihp Biakok g/;a nkfJnk.
fJZe wzrsk wjkokik ;kfjp d/ jai{o jkiao j' e/ efjD bZrk fe ;oeko d/ j[ew
Bkb ;G B{z ih gosh fJZe fJZe o[gJhnk fwb fojk j?, w?B{z th w/ok jZe fdbkfJnk
ikt/. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ fJZe yaika Buh B{z j[ew fdZsk fe fJ; dk fjZ;k fJ; B{z d/ fdU.
T[; B/ ehVhnK ekfYnK dh Goh j'Jh fJZe fNzv g/;a ehsh s/ noia ehsh fe jiao{ w?Bz{
w/o/ ih frD e/ jZe fwb/. fJ; wzrs/ dh ukbkeh s/ wjkoki pV/ jZ;/ s/ fek fe iK sK
s{z frD e/ dZ; fe s/o/ fJj ih fesB/ jB iK fJj fNzv o[gJhnK dh Gotk b?. T[; B/
fejk w?B{z wBia{o j? fe w/oh fNzv Go fdZsh ikt/, fi; Bkb T[; d/ fuoK d/ dfbZdo
N[NZ rJ/ .2 fJfsjk;ekoK dk nzdkiak j? fe fJ; soQK yao? ks ftZu e'Jh 20 bZy s'I T[gZ o
o[gJhnk yaou nkfJnk. fJ; s'I jh nzdkiak bZr ;edk j? fe ;ko/ ftnkj s/ eh yaou
nkfJnk j'tr / k.
;odko ;akw f;zx B/ nkgDh ;g[Zsqh B{z i' dki fdZsk T[; ftZu w'NhnK
w'NhnK uhiaK fJj ;B L-
11 jkEh
101 T{m
101 x'V/
4. gzE gqek;a, 836, pkpk gq/w f;zx, wjkokik oDihs f;zx, 265-73L B"fBjkb f;zx,
61-64 .
101 rT{nK
101 wZMhnK
500 i'V/ e;awhoh d[;ka b/
pj[wb
Z[ / jho/, itkjo s/ iat/ o, p/nsz ;'B/ uKdh d/ GKv/, ehwyakp d/ EkB s/
j'o T{Bh, o/;awh, s/ ;{sq d/ eZgV/ fiBQK dk w[Zb frDBk w[;aeb j?. fJ; s'I fJbktk
wjkokik ;kfjp, ;akjiakdk yVe f;zx, ezto B"fBjkb f;zx, ezto ;ao/ f;zx s/ d{;o/
;akjiakfdnK, ;o j?Boh ca/B s/ T[; d/ ;Nkca s/ d{;o/ gstzfsnK B{z pj[-w[ZbhnK
g[;akeK fdZshnK. fJ; ;akdh T[Zs/ ;odko ;akw f;zx dk gzdoK bZy o[gJhnk yaou
nkfJnk.1
1. ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso, fjZ;k 3, 358-78L c/B, ckJht :hnoia fJB
fJzvhnk, 119-183L p{N' ;akj skohfya gzikp L nbh-T[-dhB, fJpqsBkwk .
20
fg;akto B{z e{u
12 u/s ;zws 1895, 24 wkou 1838, B{z ;odko joh f;zx Bbt/ dh
noiah g[Zih fe iwo{d ftZu j'Jh bVkJh ftZu jkih ekeV s/ ;nkdsyakB d/ v/o/ d/
ekcah ncarkB iayawh j'J/ s/ wko/ rJ/ jB ns/ e[M f;zx th j[ew ;Zs eo rJ/ jB.
itkp ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp B/ cao[ wkfJnk fe okik r[bkkp f;zx s/ ;odko bfjDk
f;zx wihmhnk ibdh jh fg;akto B{z e{u eoBr/ s/ nkg wjkokik ;kfjp th gstzs/
gqkj[fDnK B{z ftfdnk eoe/ fg;akto tZb B{z tkrK w'VBr/ .1
19 u/s B{z ;o j?Boh ca/B s/ T[BQK d/ nzrq/ia ;kEhnK B{z ftfdnk ehsk s/
ezto ;ao/ f;zx T[BKQ B{z SZvD bJh fcaoi' ga o[ tZb rJ/. e;{o dk fJbkek u{fz e ;odko
;akw f;zx dh ikrho ftZu ;h fJ; bJh e;{o ftZu fJBQK dh nkU-Grs s/ o'Nh gkDh
dk ;kok gqpXz ;odko ;akw f;zx tb'I ehsk frnkk. XhowbhJ/ r[o{ ;kX{ f;zx eoskog[ohJ/
(;D/ nkfd ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp) ns/ d{;o/ gstzfsnK d/ ftfdnk j'D ikD fgZS'I
wjkokik ;kfjp th bfjzd/ B{z uVQ gJ/ s/ 27 u/s, 8 ngqb ? 1838, B"oks/ tkb/ fdB
;a/y{g[o/ g[Zi/. ;a/y{g[o/ g[ZiD s/ gsk BjhI eh rZb j'Jh iK okik fXnkB f;zx dk eh G/d
y[fbQnk fe wjkokik ;kfjp T[; Bkb pV/ ;yas Bkokia j' rJ/. fJZE/ fXnkB f;zx B/ p/
Bsh ehsh fe ;ay/ g{ o[ / ftZu T{bK (:orawkbK) dh frDsh pj[s fiankdk j' rJh j? ns/
nZi B"oks/ dk ;aG[ fdB j?. fJ; bJh Xow eow eoBk iaoo{ h j?. nZrI' wjkokik ;kfjp
B/ cao[ wkfJnk fe *sK c/o izwt{ kb/ T{bK B{z SZv d/j, Xow J/jh j?. b'eK B{z B;hjs s/
nkg whnK ca;hjs < e[M fuo fgZSI' id p/Bsh j'Jh fe wBe/o/ s'I T{b ;D/ d' ezgBhnK
d/ jkiao jB sK wjkokik ;kfjp B/ itkp fdZsk fe T{bK B{z y{j ftZu s/ ezgBhnK B{z
dfonk ftZu ;[NZ fdU . fgZSI' id g[fZ Snk fe ;oeko dk v/ok feZE/ ehsk ikJ? sK efjD
bZr/ *;oeko dh ihG T[sZ _/ .2
1 t;ky 1895 B{z, v/ok fgzv T[X'tkbh j'fJnk s/ 2 nekbrVQ s/ 3 B{z
nekbrVQI' okw Bro g[iZ / s/ 20 skohy sZe fJZE/ jh fenkw ehsk . fJZE/ jh okwBro
1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 4, gz a 386 .
2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 4, 388-9 .
d/ w[ekw s/ 11 t;ky, 21 ngqb ? ;zB 1838, B{z ;odko joh f;zx Bbt/ dh noiah
g[iZ h fe d';s w[jwz d yakB d/ GshfinK, w[jwz d ncaib a , nepo ;ahohB yakB, j?do
s/ neow B/ iwo{d d/ febQ/ bkr/ nk w'ou/ bkJ/ jB s/ s'g s/ s'g gJh ub ojh j?.
wjkokik ;kfjp B/ fJj yapo ;[Dd/ ;ko ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z fg;akto ikD bJh
fsnkoh dk j[ew fdZsk s/ Bkb jh nthskfpb/ ;kfjp, ;[bskB w[jzwd yakB, gho
w[jwz d yakB nkfd B{z th j[ew j'fJnk . 17 t;ky B{z ;odko s/i f;zx, ;odko ;akw
f;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko bfjDk f;x wihmhJ/, nbkod, t?Is{ok, e'oN, iwkdko
ya[;akb f;zx s/ okik r[bkp f;zx nkfd B{z j[ew j'fJnk fe ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh
;jkfJsk bJh ft;akto B{z e{u eoB .1
go cai" K g[iZ D s'I gfjbK jh iwo{d dh nkyaoh bVkJh 19 t;ky ;fBuotko
tkb/ fdB j' rJh fi; ftZu ;odko joh f;zx Bbtk iaywa h j'e/ j[ew-;Zs eo rJ/
. fJj dodBke yapo wjkokik ;kfjp B{z 26 t;ky B{z o'jsk; d/ wekw s/ g[Zih.
nekb ubkDk eoB s'I gfjbK ;odko joh f;zx B/ iwo{d d/ febQd / ko ;odko wjK
f;zx B{z B;hjs ehsh ;h fe id sZe wjkokik ;kfjp tZbI' j'o cai" Bk nk g[iZ / T[BKQ d/
ubkD/ dh yapo pkjo Bk eZYh ikt/. u[BKfu ;odko wjK f;zx B/ fJ; dh X[;e se
Bk fBebD fdZsh sK fe fdb-YZm/ gmkD j'o w[byZJhnk Bkb b? e/ feXo/ febQ/ T[sZ /
Bk nk g?D.
wjkokik ;kfjp tZbI' G/ih rJh e[weh cai" d/ fi; Bkb ;odko ;akw f;zx
nNkohtkb/ nkJ/ ;B, iwo{d d/ w[ekw s/ g[ZiD dh d/o ;h fe 28 t;ky B{z gmkDh
db iwo{d dk w?dkB SZv e/ nbh w;fid tZb B{z fsZso j' frnk. ;odko ;akw f;zx
ns/ e'oN ;kfjp B/ fJBQK dk fgZSk ehsk sKfe T[j fJod frod dhnK gjkVhnK ftZu
b[eD dk :sB Bk eoB . fgZS/ nk oj/ f;zxK B{z o'eD bJh T[BKQ B/ w[ekpbk eoB dk
fJZe :sB ehsk, go f;zxK d/ Nkeo/ s/ T[j fiankdk d/o yV/ Bk ofj ;e/ s/ id E'V/Q
fij/ pzd/ w[ekkpb/ ftZu wo/ s/ iaywh j'J/ sK w?dkB'I GZi fBeb/ s/ nbh w;id d"V
e/ nZr/ B{z s[o rJ/ .
gmkDK tZbI' iwo{d s/ fg;akto B{z e'Jh yasok Bk ofjD s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx
ih e[weh ca"iK d/ Bkb jh bkj"o B{z w[V nkJ/ .2
jiako/ B{z
nyaho i/m 1895 (i{B 1838 d/ d{;o/ jcas/) wjkokik ;kfjp B/ jiako/
d/ fJbke/ dk w[nkwbk t;{b eoB bJh ;odko bfjDk f;zx ;zXKtkbhJ/ B{z w[eoZo
ehsk s/ j[ew fdZsk fe oZJhns dh jkbs dk fyankb oZy e/ w[nkwbk T[rkq fjnk ikt/
. fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ Bkt th gqtkBk ikoh j'fJnk fe ;zXKtkbhJ/ ;odko
d/ Bkb ;akwb j' e/ jiako/ tZb B{z e{u eoB s/ d't/I ob fwb e/ w[nkwb/ dh T[rqkjh
dk fJzsiakw eoB .1
1. ;a'Bpor, p?oB n?foe t'B-No?tbia fJB fJzvhnk n?Iv e?;awho (bzvB 1853),
fibd 2, 194 .
2. Rai Bahadur K.B. Thapar, a distinguished citizen of Lahor, tells me
that when he asked from Khan Bahadur Faqir Qamar-ud-Din, who
was incharge of Maharani Jindan's palace, what truth there was in the
report given credence to by Sir Lepel Griffin that Maharaja Dalip Singh
was not a legitimate son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and that Jindan was
not a wedded wife of the Maharaja, he cried 'Astaghffar-Allah, such a lie!
CAn calumny go further ? I attended the Maharaja's marriage myself.
Maharani Jindan was the daughter of a highly respectable zemindar and
a duly wedded wife. My father was present at the time of Dalipo Singh's
birth and I was my father's attendantat that time. Evidently some evil
gossip must have told the base lie to the Sahib. The Faqir was 18 years
old at time." -The Khalsa, Lahor. October 5, 1930 .
ih dh nkyaoh T[wo ftZu T[BQK d/ 58t/I ;kb ftZu iBfwn ;h) fe eJh fJ; d/ mhe
wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ g[sZ o j'D s/ ;aeZ eod/ ;B go pj[s ;ko/ fJZE/ d/ ofjD
tkb/, fiBQK Bkb fe w?I fJ; ;pzXh rZb-pks ehsh j?, efjzd/ jB fe T[j n?B tZv/
(wjkokik) oDihs f;zx dh jh fJZe fBZeh fijh s;tho j? noEks T[; dh ;aeb
wjkokik oDihs f;zx Bkb fJsBh fiankdk fwbdh j? fe T[j S'N/ g?wkB/ s/ oDihs
f;zx jh gqshs j[d
z k j? .
wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ ;akj ;ai[ kj B{z Bkb b? e/ ekpb ikD tkbh ;koh
nzri/q ha cai" B{z gzikp ftu dh bzxD d/Dk gqtkB BjhI ;h ehsk, fJ; bJh ca;? bk fJj
j'fJnk fe ;akj ;ai[ kj d/ Bkb ikD tkbh nzri/q ha cai" sK j/mI' dh pjktbg[o d/ o;s/
f;zx d/ T[Zso tb dh ezXko d/ o;s/ j' e/ ekpb B{z ikt/ s/ ;akj ;a[ikj d/ g[Zso
;akjiakdk s?w{o B{z wjkokik oDihs f;zx nkgDh ca"i Bkb fg;akto d/ o;s/ ekpb
gj[uz k d/D ns/ T[; d/ Bkb eoBb ebkv t/v s/ E'VhQ i/jh Bkw-wksq ezgBh dh cai"
j't./
;akjiakdk s?wo{ s/ eoBb t/v d/ Bkb ikD tkbh wjkkokik ;kfjp dh cai"
dh ewkB ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z fdZsh rJh s/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk,
;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk s/ e[M j'o cai" h nca;o T[BKQ dh ;jkfJsk bJh Bkb
G/i/ rJ/. ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dk v/ok fg;akto jh ;h fe 2 io[bkJh 1838 B{z yapo
g[iZ h fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx 15 jkV 1896, w[skpe 27 i{B 1839, B{z bkj"o
j[ew-;s eo rJ/ jB s/ T[BKQ dh irQk yakb;k yVe f;zx ih syas T[sZ / p?m/ jB.
fg;akto gj[uz e/ ;akjiakdk s?wo{ B/ 29 wkou 1839 B{z fJZe tZvk dopko
ehsk fi; ftZu fe d[oZ kBh ;odko ns/ fJod frod s/ yap? o d/ gmkD ephfbnK d/
yakB s/ j'o eJh gstzs/ nkJ/. iBob nthskfpb/ B/ f;Zy nca;oK dh, fiBQK ftZu fe
;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ ;G s'I w'jo/ ;B, ;akjiakd/ Bkb w[bkeks eokJh ns/
jo fJZe } T[; d/ n"jd/ nB[;ko fybns fdZsh rJh. fJ; dopko ftZu ;afjiakdk
;odko w[jwz d jk;aw yakB ;zdi' Ja h fJZe T[x Z k wfjwkB ;h i' fe eJh fuo s'I f;ZyK d/
feogk-gksq dh j?;hns ftZu fg;akto ofj fojk ;h. fJj ;akj ;ai[ kj dk wsqn / k-Gok s/
;akjiakdk s?wo{ dk ukuk ;h. fJ; d/ Bkb fJ; d/ fszB g[sZ o s/ fJZe Gshik ;afjiakdk
1.T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 3, fjZ;k 5, gzBk 114, 121 .
iwj{o th ;h.1
fpBK fe;/ yak; w[;ea b d/ ;akjiakdk s?wo{ f;ZyK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb fg;akto'H
nZr/ iwo{d s'I dZok yap? o ftZu dkyab j' frnk.nbh w;fid d/ Biadhe g[iZ D s/ gsk
bZrk fe d';s w[jwz d yakB d/ g[sZ o nepo yakB d/ fjwkfJsh gmkDK B/ o;sk o'fenk
j'fJnk j? s/ nbh w;fid d/ febQ/ ftZu nkeh j'J/ p?m/ jB. 25 i[bkJh B{z o[ektN
g?dk eoB tkfbnK BKb MVg j' gJh s/ e[M B[e;kB th j'fJnk. gmkD T[ZuhnK
gjkVhnK s/ ;B, fJ; bJh T[j T[EZ I' fiankdk nk;kBh Bkb j/mfbnK B{z fB;akBk pDk
;ed/ ;B go T[j fiankdk d/o nV BK ;e/ s/ 29 dh ;t/o B{z gsk bZrk fe T[j nbh
w;fid yakbh eo rJ/ jB s/ w?dkB ;kca j' frnk j?.
fJ; MVg ftZu yakb;k ih dh ca"i B/ tX uVQ e/ fjZ;k fbnk s/ gmkDK B{z
GikT[D s/ nbh w;fid dk febQk ykbh eotkT[D ftZu T[BKQ dk pVk jZ; ;h s/ yak;
eoe/ ;a/y t;ktD B? ekcah pjkdoh ftykJh fi; eoe/ T[; B{z 11 egfVnK dh
fyabns s/ ;'B/ d/ efVnK dh i'Vh s/ d{;o/ ew/dkBK B{z ;Zs ;Zs egfVnK dhnK
fyabnsK s/ efVnK dhnK i'VhnK fJBkw ti'I fwbhnk.2
fJ; fdB eoBb t/v tb'I ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/, ;odko ;akw
f;zx nNkohtkb/, ;odko nwo f;zx s/ wZbk f;zx Bkb pVk o[Zyk fijk toskT[
j'fJnk s/ T[; B? eVe dh X[g ftZu d[gfjo/ jh T[BQK B{z fgZS/ w[V ikD bJh fejk.
;odko bfjDk f;zx s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ fJ; rZb dh f;aekfJs ezto B"fBjkb
f;zx gk; ehsh go okik r[bkp f;zx B/ fJj efj e/ rZb ocak dcak eo fdZsh fe T[;
t/b/ rowh fiankdk ;h s/ j' oj/ joi woi d/ ekoD t/v dh sphns fuV-fuVh j'Jh
j'Jh ;h, fJ; bJh nkg; ftZu r[Z;k eoB s/ szr j'D dh b'V BjhI.3
eoBb t/v dh fJZSk nB[;ko Bihp s/ okwr'b gbNDk nbh w;fid d/
febQ/ B{z ;zGkbh oZyD bJh Bh:s ehshnK rJhnK s/ pkeh ekpb B{z s[o gJhnK s/ 3
;szpo 1839 B{z ;akjiakdk s?w{o d/ Bkb ekpb gj[zu rJhnK. ;akj ;a[ikj fJ; s'I
gfjbK jh ekpb gj[uz e/ syas T[sZ / p?m u[eZ k j'fJnk ;h. j[D u{fz e f;Zy cai" nkgDk
1. ;ajkws nbh, dh f;ya; n?Iv ncarkBia, 231-32 . dopko ;pzXh fiankdk tkecahns
bJh d/y' ftbhnw pko dk *ioBb n"ca J/ wkou a a a a a agz a 229-242* .
2. pko, ioBb n"ca J/ wkou 336-44L ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k
1, gz a 14, 17-18 .
3. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 1, gz a 14, 17-18 .
ezw w[ek u[eZ h ;h, fJ; bJh 5-6 nes{po B{z eoBb t/v d/ Bkb T[j bkj"o B{z w[V
gJh. b'V nB[;ko ;akj ;ai[ kj s/ nzri/q a nc;oK dh ;jkfJsk bJh E'VhQ fijh nzri/q ha
cai" ekpb SZv fdZsh rJh s/ pkeh nzri/q ha cai" th 16-16 nes{po B{z tkg; w[V
gJh s/ 31 d;zpo B{z fco'iga o[ nk g[iZ h.
;aodko ;akw f;zx d/ bkj"o tkg; w[VB dh skohya dk gsk BjhI bZr
;fenk, go i/ T[j ezto B"fBjkb f;zx d/ Bkb bkj"o B{z w[V nkJ? ;B sK 26 Gkd'I
w[skpe 10 ;szpo B{z fJZE/ g[Zi rJ/ ;B .
ekpb s'I w[Vdh j'Jh nzrq/iah ca"i B{z fvZfrnk s'I okwBor d/ o;s/ f;ZXh
e;{o B{z eo fdZsk ;h sKfe r[ioks, tiahopkd d/ o;s/ bkj"o ftZU dh bzxD dk w"ek
jh Bk pD/. ;o i"B ehB u{fz e wjkokik yVe f;zx B{z fwbDk ukj[dz k ;h fJ; bJh T[j
okw Bro'I bkj"o B{z j' fgnk s/ 12 g'j w[skpe 26 d;zpo 1940 B{z ;akjdo/ gj[uz k
.
id 14 g'j B{z ;o i"B ehB B/ wjkokik ;kfjp dh w[bkeks bJh nkT[Dk
;h sK wjkokik ;kfjp tb'I ;odko ;akw f;zx, ;odko XzBk f;zx wbtJh, ;odko
nso f;zx ekfbnKtkbk s/ caeho niahiad [ hB T[; dh g/;ta kJh bJh Bh:s ehs/ rJ/
. s'gK dh ;bkwh s'I pknd pkd;akjh w;fid d/ pV/ T[Zs/ dopko bZrk fiZE/ fe
wjkokik ;kfjp ehB B{z fwb/. ya?o ya?ohns g[ZSD s'I pknd ;o i"B ehB tZb'I gzik
jiako o[gfJnk f;otkoBk j'fJnk s/ fJZe nzriq/ ha pzde{ , fJZe x'Vk ;D/ ;[Bfjoh iahB
d/, fJZe nzri/q ha xVh s/ fJZe feou Biao ti'I r[ioa hnK. fJ; s'I pknd d';skBk rZb-
pks s/ ekpb dh uVQkJh ;pzXh g[SZ -frZS j[d z h ojh .
nzs ftZu wjkokik yVe f;zx tZb'I ;o i"B ehB s/ T[BQK d/ ;kEhnK B{z
doik-p-doik s'jca fdZs/ rJ/. o[y;a s j'D s'I gfjbK ;o i"B B/ r[og[otk;h wjkokik
oDihs f;zx dh ;wkX dh fiankos ehsh s/ Biao G/N ehsh .
17-18 g'j ;zws 1896 w[skpe 30-31 d;zpo ;zB 1839 B[z fg;akto
d/ nyapko-Bth; dh noiah s'I gsk bZrk fe casfj yakB gzisko-tkbk sK, fi; B/ T[;
fJbke/ ftZu c;kd wukfJnk j'fJnk, uVQkJh eo frnk j? go gkfJzdk yakB B/ jiako/
tkb/ gk;/ ;a'o;a wukJh j'Jh j?. ioB?b nthskfpb/ d/ Bkw wjkokik yVe f;zx ih
tZbI' j[ew ikoh j'fJnk fe fJ; w[be d/ fJzsiakw bJh x'V-ufVQnK dh cai" G/ih ikt/
, Bkb jh j[ew j'fJnk fe ioB?b wfjskp f;zx d' gbNDK X"Ieb f;zx tkbhnK,
ns/ uko s'gK b? e/ ca;kdhnK B{z f;ZXk eoB bJh MN-gN e{u eo d/t. 4-5 wkx,
15-16 iBtoh ;zB 1840, B{z jikfoUI yapo g[iZ h fe gkfJzdk yakB dh ;ao' ;a jkb sZe
wZmh BjhI j'Jh s/ T[; B/ ;oeko d/ eJh fgzv T[ikV fdZs/ jB. u[BKfu e;awho d/
Bkfiaw d/ BKw gotkBk ikoh j'fJnk fe w[iacaokpkd d/ o;s/ jiako B{z gbND G/ih
ikt/ ns/ 6 wkx B{z ;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkb/ B{z j[ew j'fJnk fe fJZe dw
jiako/ B{z G/ihnK rJhnK gbNDK ftZu ;akfwb j' e/ gkfJzdk yakB B{z ;'X./
fJBQK fdBK ftZu jh wb{w j[d z k j? ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkfbnK B{z th
jiako/ ikD dk j[ew j'fJnk fe gkfJzdk yakB B{z ;'XD ns/ wkwb/ dh T[rkq jh eoB.
u[BKfu ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z fJ; w[fjzw ftZu g{oh ekw:kph j'Jh s/ gkfJzdk yakB B{z
JhB wzB b?D go wiapo{ j'Dk fgnk s/ nZr/ B{z nkgDh B/e ubDh bJh nkgDk bVek
iawkBs d/ s"o s/ T{b d/Dk fgnk fi; B{z fe ;odko ;akw f;zx nkgD/ Bkb bkj"o b?
nkJ/. fgZSI' bkj"oI' fJ; B{z S/sh jh fJZisa Bkb ftfdnk eo fdZsk frnk .
21 s/ 22 eZse ;zws 1897, 5 Btzpo ;zB 1840, B{z ;odko ;akw f;zx
nNkohtkfbnK B[z d' poVhnK ;yas ;ZNK tZihnK. fJ; fdB wjkokik yVe f;zx ih
je[w-;fs eo rJ/ fi; Bkb d/;a gzikp dk ;[jkr Gkr b[fZ Nnk frnk, v'rok rodh
nkozG j' rJh s/ esbK s/ rZdkohnK dk w[Y Z pZfMnk s/ T[;/ fdB b"Y/ t/b/ wjkokik
yVe f;zx d/ B"itkB g[sZ o s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx d/ dkwkd ezto B"fBjkb f;zx
v'rfonK dh ;kia; dh G/N uVQ/ rJ/ fi; Bkb fJZe gk;/ sK phph BkBeh ftXtk j'
rJh s/ d{;o/ gk;/ wjkokik yVe f;zx s'I pknd d/;a dh ojh ;jh Yko; th N[NZ rJh
s/ d{;o/ gk;/ d't/I w"sK wjkokik yVe f;zx d/ v'rok tiaho fXnkB f;zx dh frDh
fwEh j'Jh ;kia;a dk Bshik ;B fijVh fe f;Zy oki dhnK T[Zu nNkohnK B{z Yk e/
nkgD/ yakBdkB dh je{ws dk wjZb T[;koB bJh e[M fuo s'I r[d z h ik ojh ;h.
wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ ihT{d I / jh T[BKQ d/ ft;atk; dk BikfJia cakfJdk
T[mk e/ gjkV ftZu nkgDh skes pDkT[Dh s/ tXkT[Dh v'rfonK B/ ;ao[ { eo fdZsh ;h,
fi; B{z nkgD/ nzsb/ fdBhI T[j GKg th frk ;h, ns/ fJ;/ eoe/ T[; B/ tihao fXnkB
f;zx d/ Gok r[bkp f;zx B{z izw{ s'I jiako/ tZb G/i fdZsk ;h. go T[; d/ nZyK whND dh
d/o ;h v'ro/ GoktK B/ fco nkgDhnK ukbK ubDhnK ;ao[ { eo fdZshnK. fit/H T[gZ o
fbfynk ik u[eZ k j? wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ nekb ubkD/ ;w/I ezto B"fBjkb f;zx
fg;akto ;h ns/ fJ; t/b/ r[bkp f;zx th T[EZ / jh ;h. v'rfonK dh wB;ak fJj ;h fe
fit/I j' ;e/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ yakBdkB B{z w[ek fdZsk ikt/ sK fe fXnkB f;zx
d/ g[sZ o jhok f;zx B{z f;Zy oki dh rZdh T[sZ / fpmkT[D bJh o;sk ;kca j[d z k ikJ/.
fJ; t/b/ wjkokik yVe f;zx B/ v'rfonK dh skes B{z ewiao' eoB bJh
oki-gqpXz dk pj[s ;kok ezw nkgD/ fwqs ;odko u/us/ f;zx d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsk s/
fXnkB f;zx dh wfjbK ftZu y[bQh nktk ikJh iaok pzd eo fdZsh. fXnkB f;zx B/
;odko u/s f;zx B{z pdBkw eoB bJh gfjbK dopko s/ ;afjo bkj"o ftZu ns/
fJod frod fJj jtkJh T[Vk fdZsh fe wjkokik yVe f;zx ;odko u/s f;zx B{z pVk
tiaho pDk e/ T[; dh ;bkj Bkb gzikp B{z cozrhnK d/ nXhB eoB dhnK r'd I K r[d
z
fojk j? s/ cozrhnK dh ;jkfJsk d/ fJtia ftZu T[BQK B{z nkwdBh ftu'I S/ nkB/ cah
o[gfJnk d/D dh ;bkj eodk j? fi; Bkb yakb;k cai" s/;odkoK dh EK nzri/q ha cai"
oZyh ikJ/rh. fJ; rZb B{z eJh ;odko s/ cai" h nca;o th ;Zu wzB p?m./ wfjbK ftZu
wjkokik ;kfjp s/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dhnK okDhnK B{z th fJj rZb gj[zuk fdZsh
rJh fi; eoe/ T[j pj[s vo rJhnK. fXnkB f;zx B/ fJj ukb ub rJh skV e/
eJh tZv/ ;odkoK B{z fJj Ngbk fdZsk fe fJ; t/b/ gzikp B{z cozrhnK s'I fJZe' soQK
pukfJnk ik ;edk j? fe ;kok oki eki wjkokik yVe f;zx dh EK ezto B"fBjkb
f;zx d/ ;g[od eo fdZsk ikt/.
T[Xo'I ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z fg;akto'I S/sh p[bk G/fink. r[bkp f;zx B/
fg;akto ns/ o;s/ ftZu ezto B{z wB-xVs rZbK ;[Dk e/ fJ; soQK uZeok fdZsk fe T[j
M{m ;Zu ftZu goy Bk eo ;fenk s/ r[bkop f;zx dh gZNh ftZu nk e/ nkgD/ fgsk
wjkokik yVe f;zx d/ fto[XZ j' frnk. bkj"o g[iZ d/ ;ko jh ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B{z
fXnkB f;zx s/ T[; d/ ;kEhnK gk;'I r[bkp f;zx dhnK rZbKdh rtkjh fwb rJh s/
T[; B{z ;G rZbK dk g{ok :ehB j' frnk.
S/sh jh fgZS'I wjkokik yVe f;zx dh wjkokDh s/ ezto ;kfjp dh wksk
wkJh uzd e"o s/ ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odkoK B{z th cakj fbnk frnk s/ fJBQK dh ;bkj Bkb
8-9 nes{po 1839 dh oks B{z ;odko u/s f;zx xkprkj ftu gko p[bkfJnk s/
fgZSI' oki dk pj[s;kok ezw ezto B"fBjkb f;zx B/ nkgD/ jZE b? fbnk. fJ; s'I S/sh
jh pknd wjkokik yVe f;zx phwko j' rJ/, go fXnkB f;zx B? ezto ;kfjp B{z
fejk fe n;b ftZu T[j fpwko BjhI jB pbfe pjkBk eo ojj/ jB sK fe fe;/ soQK
fJZE'I fBeb e/ nzrq/iaK gk; ub/ ikD. Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe gfjok j'o ;yas eo
fdZsk frnk. fJj jh BjhI pbfe fejk iKdk j? fe ;kia;ha nK B/ jehwK dh okjhI ;cad ?
e;eoh s/ o;eg{o nkfde iafjo E'VhQ E'VhQ d/Dh ;ao[ { eo fdZsh fi; Bkb T[j j"bh
j"Bh x[bd/ x[bd/ x[b rJ/ s/ B" d; wjhB/ phwkoh Bkb oVehId/ 5 Btpzo 1840
B{z ubkDk eo rJ/.
fXnkB f;zx wjkokik yVe f;zx d/ Bkb jh ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh th
nby w[ekT[Dk ukj[dz k ;h feT[fI e fJ; no;/ ftZU ezto th v'ro/ GoktK dhnK ukbK
B{z skV frnk j'fJnk ;h s/ T[; B? fJBQK dhnK ekotkJhnK B{z d/yD GkbD s/ t/b/ f;o
o'e ;eD tkbh iBob t?sI o{ k s/ ;odko nish f;zx ;zxKtkbhJ/ s/ bfjDk f;zx
wihmhnk dh ewkB j/mK fJZe seVh cai" gjkV tZb G/i fdZsh ;h, Gkt/I iakjok s"o s/
fJ; cai" dk we;d wzvh s/ d{;ohnK gjkVh fonk;sK gk;'I g[okDh T[rkq jh eoBk ;h.
fJ; bJh fi; t/b/ wjkokik yVe f;zx d/ dkj-;;eko dk gqpXz j' fojk ;h, fXnkB
f;zx ezto B"fBjkb f;zx bJh th fsnkohnK w[ewz b eoh ik fojk ;h. ezto B"fBjkb
f;zx B{z th T[;/ fdB wotk d/D dk nzdo{Bh wsbp fJj ;h fe ezto ;kfjp dh w"s
B{z d{;o/ ;akjiakfdnK d/ wZE/ w[VQ e/ iK fe;/ j'o pjkB/ T[BKQ B{z th S/jh jh fNekD/ brk
;e/r / k s/ fJ; soQK jhok f;zx bJh ibdh jh okj ;kc j' ikt/rk. T[;/ fdB b'Y/ t/
b/ fi; t/b/ wjkokik yVe f;zx dk ;z;eko j' fojk ;h, fXnkB f;zx B/ jiao{ h pkra
dh fvUVQh T[sZ o gnkD/ nkdwh w[eoZo eo fdZs/ sKfe fi; t/b/ ezto ;kfjp fJZEI' dh
bzxD sK fvUVQh dk SZik T[BQK go m/bQ fdZsk ikt/. fvUVQh d/ Biadhe b'V t/b/
tosD bJh fJe gkbeh th wzrtk e/ oZy SZvh. wjkokik ;kfp dh fusk B{z bKp{
bkT[D s'I E'Vh d/o fgZSI' jh fXnkB f;zx B/ eoBb nb?ria vI?a o rkovBo B{z nkgD/
s'yyakB/ d/ ukbh nkdwh wkw{bh caNhe dh tosh ftZu fbnkT[D bJh fejk ns/ fi;
t/b/ rkovBo w[V e/ nkfJnk T[; t/b/ GkDk tos u[eZ k ;h.
wjkokik ;kfjp dh fusk jkb/ ib jh ojh ;h fe ezto B"fBjkb f;zx
sbkU tZb n;aBkB eoB bJh s[o gJ/. ;akfJd T[BKQ B{z fXnkB f;zx dh x[;o-w[;o
s/ GZi-d"V s'I e[MZ ;aeZ g? frnk ;h. Gkt/I fXnkB f;zx B/ o'eDk th ukfjnk go T[j Bk
wzB./ id w[Vd/ j'J/ nkJ/ sK T[BKQ B/ fXnkB f;zx d/ Gok r[bkp f;zx d/ g[sZ o whnK
T{Xw f;zx dk jZE cV e/ T[; B{z th Bkb jh j? fbnk. fJj d'tI/ fvUVQh ftZu tV/ jh
;B fe X?-X? eodk SZik T[BKQ T[sZ / nk fvfrnk. T{Xw f;zx sK T[EZ / jh fuZs j' frnk.
ezto ;kfjp B{z pj[s fiankdk ;ZN BjhI ;h bZrh, go T[j j/m fvZr gJ/ ;B. T[j
T[ZmD jh bZr/ ;B fe fXnkB f;zx MN T[BQK B{z uko gzi v'bh-pfjfonK dh wdd
Bkb, i' T[EZ / nZr/ jh w"id { oy/ j'J/ ;B, gkbeh ftZu gk e/ febQ/ d/ nzod b? frnk s/
dotkia/ pzd eo fdZs./ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk gkbh d/ Bkb ikDK ukj[d z k ;h
go fXnkB f;zx B/ XZek wko e/ fgZS/ jNk fdZsk. ;zXKtkbhJ/ s/ j'o eJh ;odkoK B/
nzdo ikD dk :sB ehsk go fe;/ B{z th bkr/ Bk bZrD fdZsk frnk, fJZE/ sZe fe
ezto ;kfjp dh wksk wjkokDh uzd e"o th nkgD/ d'jK jZEK B{z dotkia/ Bkb wko wko
e/ EZe rJh s/ jZE bj{ b[jkD eo bJ/ go dotkiak Bk jh y'fbQnk frnk. fJZe gkbeh
pfjo/ B/ fi; B/ ezto ;kfjp B{z gkbeh ftZu gkT[D ftZu d{;fonK Bkb ;jkfJsk
fdZsh ;h fgZSI' eoBb rkovBo B{z dZf;nk fe fi; t/b/ ezto ;kfjp B{z T[mZ D bZfrnk
B{z u[eZ e/ gkbeh ftZu gkfJnk frnk ;h sK T[BKQ B[z wkw{bh ;ZN bZrh j'JH ;h s/ ezto
;kfjp d/ ;oQkD/ T[Zs/ fJZe o[gJhJ/ fisBk bj{ dk fB;akB bZrk ;h, go pknd ftZu
fi; t/b/ vkeNo j'fBrporo B{z p[bkfJnk frnk ;h sK T[; t/b/ T[BKQ dk f;o pj[s
p[oh soQK fuZfEnk j'fJnk ;h, ns/ fp;so/ d/ egV/ bj{ Bkb Go/ j'J/ ;B s/ bj{
dhnK XkoK trhnK j'JhnK ;B s/ T[BQK d/ puD dh e'Jh nk; BjhI ;h. fi; t/b/
dotkiak y'fbQnk frnk ns/ ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odko nzdo rJ/ sK ezto ;kfjp wo u[eZ /
j'J/ ;B.
ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"s fgZSI' fJ; ;pzXh ehshnK r[gs ekotkJhnK dk
y[ok y'i fwNk d/D dk g{ok g{ok :sB ehsk frnk. ezto ;kfjp dh gkbeh nzdo
fbikD tkb/ gzi/ ejko eoBb rkovBo d/ s'gyakB/ d/ ;B. T[j efjzdk j? fe fJBQK
ftu'I d' B[z y[cha nk s"o s/ wotk fdZsk frnk, d' w"s d/ vo s'I fjzd;[ skB B{z GZi rJ/ s/
gzit/I dk e[M gsk BjhI bZrk. ;akfJd T[; B{z th fe;/ soQK gko p[bk fdZsk frnk j't/
rk.
fszB fdB sZe ezto ;kfjp dh w"s dh yapo yac[ hnk oZyh rJh s/ ezto ;ao/
f;zx B{z ypo G/ih rJh fe T[j S/sh bkj"o g[iZ ikJ/.
fXnkB f;zx dk fyankb ;h fe ezto ;ao/ f;zx B{z wjkokik pDkfJnk ikJ/,
fJ;/ bJh fszB fdB ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh w"s dh yapo pkjo Bk fBebD fdZsh
rJh. go u{fz e ;Portk;h ezto ;kfjp d/ xo pZuk j'D tkbk ;h, fJ; bJh ezto ;a/
o f;zx B{z e/tb oki-gqpXz jh pDkfJnk frnk. go fXnkB f;zx d/ GkJh r[bkp f;zx
d/ izw[ s'I nkT[D s/ jkbks pdb rJ/. okik r[bkp f;zx s/ ;odko nso f;zx
;zXKtkbhnk wjkokik yVE f;zx dh ftXtk wjkokDh dk jh gzy fbnk. cai" th T[;/ d/
jh jZe ftZu ;h. n?;h jkbks ftZu ezto ;a/o fz;zx B/ th wjkokDh B[z jZedko gqtkB
eoBk wzB fbnk s/ 101 w'jo Biao g/;a ehsh. ;' ;odkoK dh gqtkBrh Bkb 30
Btzpo 1840 B{z n?bkB eo fdZsk frnk fe oki-gqpXz wjkokDh uzd e"o eo/rh .
efBzxw fbydk j? fe wjkokDh uzd e"o B/ fJj nkfynk ;h fe T[j fXnkB
f;zx d/ g[sZ o jhok f;zx B{z w[spzBk pDk bJ/rh. fJ; rZb B? fXnB f;zx B{z th mzYk
eo fdZsk, feT[Ife v'ro/ th fJj' jh ukj[zd/ ;B fe fe;/ soQK jhok f;zx B{z oki dk
tko; pDkfJnk ikt/. wjkokDh s/ T[; d/ ;bkjekoK dh e";I b fXnkB f;zx dh tXh
j'Jh skes d/ fto[ZX ;B Gkt/I fe nZr/ B{z[ ;G iao{oh j[ew ya[d wjkokDh ;kfjpk d/
d;yasK Bkb ikoh j'fJnk eoBr/, go fXnkB f;zx B{z fJj rZb ed gqtkB j' ;edh
;h. i/ wjkokDh dh e";I b d/ ;odko fXnkB d/ Nkeo/ s/ ekcah j[f;anko j[d z / sK s/ T[j
fJ; dhnK ;kia;Ka d/ s{cka B ftu'I dh oki-gqpXz dh p/Vh B{z gko b? fBed/, s/ ibdh jh
EK EK s/ pbt/ j'D bZr gJ/ s/ ca"i ftZu th p/u?Bh g?dk j'D br gJh, fi; s'I
yasoBke Bshi/ fBebD dk vo ;h.
1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh, n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 224 .
2. efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;y; (1849) 245-6L E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp,
225-6L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 5-1-2L eBQJhnk bkb, skohfya gzikp,
387-8 .
ezto ;ao/ f;zx fJj ;G e[M d/y fojk ;h ns/ T[j ukj[d
z k ;h fe fe;/ soQK d/
;a ftZu nwB-nwkB j' ikt/ ns/ wjkokDh ns/ T[; d/ dofwnkB fyZu-' skD dk th
e'Jh ekoD Bk oj/ . fJ; dk ;G s'I uzrk fJbki fJj ;'funk fe wjkokDh uzd e"o
Bkb, i' T[; dh GoikJh brdh ;h, T[; dh ;akdh j' ikt/. wjkokDh th fJ; sithia
Bkb ;fjws ikgdh ;h s/ T[; B/ fJ; ;pzXh rZb-pks eoB tk;s/ ezto ;ao/ f;zx B{z
p[bk G/fink s/ fXnkB f;zx B/ ;a/o f;zx B[z nkfynk fe wjkokDh d/ p[bkT[D dk
nzdo{Bh wsbp T[; B{z esb eo d/D dk j?. ;' ;ao/ f;zx fpBk wjkokDh B{z fwbD d/
pNkb/ B{z ubk frnk .
ezto ;ao/ f;zx d/ tNkb/ B{z w[V ikD fgZSI' fXnkB f;zx B/ iBob t?sI o{ k s/
e[M j'o tZv/ tZv/ cai" h nca;oK Bkb ;bkj eo bJh fe wjkokDh dh EK ;/oa f;zx B{z
syas T[sZ / fpmkfJnk ikt/ ns/ nkg wjhB/ dh S[NZ h b? e/ izw{ B{z s[o frnk. o;s/ ftu'I
bkj"o ftZu pDkJh rJh pDs dk ;kok jkb ezto B{z fby G/fink ns/ Bkb gbNDK,
o;kfbnK s/ s'gyakfBnK d/ ioB?bK s/ e[wd / kBK B{z gotkB/ fby G/i/ fe fi; t/b/ ezto
;ao/ f;zx ih bkj"o d/ Biadhe gj[uz D sK fJj ;ko/ fwb e/ T[BKQ dh ;jkfJsk eoB.
fXnkB f;zx dh fuZmh g[iZ d/ ;ko ezto ;ao/ f;zx B/ pNkfbUI e{u eo fdZsk s/ thotko
3 wkx 1897 (14 iBtoh 1841) B{z bkj"o p[X{ d/ nkt/ gk; nk g[iZ k. fJZE/ T[; B{z
cai" K d/ ;oeod/ s/ w[B;ah w[;d Z h ik fwb/.
T[Xo wjkokDh uzd e"o B/ okik r[bkp f;zx s/ jhok f;zx nkfd dh ;bkj
Bkb s'gK febQ/ s/ uVQk fdZshnK ns/ fi; t/b/ ezto ;ao/ f;zx dh jwkfJsh cai" febQk
b?D nkJh sK s'g s/ s'g toQBh ;a[o{ j' rJh. fszB fdB fJj' jkb fojk. u"E/ fdB
;'wtko 18 iBtoh B[z okik fXnkB f;zx B/, i' ezto ;ao/ f;zx d/ w[ok;b/ nB[;ko w[V
nkfJnk ;h, ftZu g? e/ s'g pzd eotk fdZsh s/ febQk ezto ;kfjp d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsk.
febQ/ T[sZ / epiak j' ikD s/ ezto ;ao/ f;zx ih wjkokik pD rJ/. wkJh uzd e"o Bkb
;fseko tkbk ;b{e ehsk frnk. febQ/ ftZu jh T[BKQ dh fojkfJ;a bJh gqpXz eo fdZsk
frnk s/ r[ika o/ bJh u'yh oew Bh:s eo fdZsh.
fJ; t/b/ d/ MrV/ MKfink ftZu ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkfbnK B/ e'Jh
T[x Z k fjZ;k fbnk BjhI fd;dk. wkb{w j[d z k j? fe fJBQK j' ojhnK ;kia;K ftZu e'Jh g/
;a Bk ubdh d/y e/ nkg iaok fgZS/ jZN rJ/ ;B .
1. ;fwZE, o/fBzr ca?fwbh n"ca bkj"o, 37L ;'jB bkb, T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k
2, gz a 13-15 .
2. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 238 .
32
fi; t/b/ iBtoh 1841 ftZu wjkokik ;a/o f;zx oi-rZdh s/ p?m/ ;B T[; t/b/
ekpb ftZu, fiZE/ fe nzrq/iaK B/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx tZb'I G/ih rJh ca"i dh ;jkfJsk
Bkb ;akj ;a[ikj B{z syas s/ fpmkfJnk ;h, nwB nwkB ;h, go ezgBh d/ J/buh ;o
ftbhnw w?eBkNB dhnK g'bhNheb rabshnK s/ r'o/ nca;oK s/ f;gkjhnK dhnK gmkB
iaBkBhnK Bkb tXdhnK ik ojhnK pd-ubBhnK B/ gmkDK B{z gVEk fdZsk s/ T[j d';s
w[jzwd yakB d/ g[Zso nepo yakB dh ;odkoh j/mK nzrq/ia s/ N[ZN gJ/. 2 Btzpo 1841
B{z nb?raia?Ivo poBia esb eo fdZsk frnk, s/ e[M fuo fgZS'I w?eBkNB B{z th gko p[bk
fdZsk s/ T[; d/ nf;;N?IN e?d eo bJ/. w?eBkNB d/ woB fgZS'I nrq/ia nca;oK B/ fdb
SZv fdZsk s/ nepo yakB Bkb nfjdBkwk eoe/ ekpb'I fBeb s[o/. gmkDK B/ fgZS'I g? e/
e[M e[ nca;o e?dhnK s'I fpBK ;G B{z caBkj eo fdZsk s/ fJZe vkeNo pqhvB jh ikB puk
e/ ibkbkpkd g[Zi ;fenk. go SZsh jh wro'I ezXko tb'I iBob B"N B/ s/ ya?po d/ o;s/
iBob g"be B/ f;Zy ca"i dh ;jkfJsk Bkb 15 ;szpo 1842 B{z w[V ekpb T[Zs/ ik
epiak ehsk. 5 ngq?b B/ ncarkfB;skB ftZu y[ad gZeh soQK mfjoBk iK nkgDh tZb'I ;akj
;ai[ kj tork e'Jh pkd;akj fpmkT[Dk w[Bk;p Bk ;wM e/ nwho d';s w[jwz d yakB B{z Biao
pzdh -u'I fojkJh d/ fdZsh sK fe T[j w[V ekpb dh je{ws ik ;zGkb/. ebeZfsT[I S[N e/
nwho d';s w[jzwd yakB bkj"o g[Zik fiZE/ fe wjkokik ;a/o f;zx Bkb 21 iBtoh 1843
B{z w[bkeks ehsh. wjkokik ;kfjp B/ pVh fJZias Bkb T[; dk ;tkrs ehsk s/ c/o nZr/
ekpb B{z ftfdnk ehsk.
rtoBo iBob bkov n?bBpo' ikDdk ;h fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/
ncarkfB;skB dh gfjbh w[fjzw ftZu ns/ wjkokik ;ao/ f;zx B/ d{;oh w[fjzw ftZu nzri/q Ka
dh ekcah ;jkfJsk ehsh j? ns/ ekpb ftZu nzrq/iah nca;oK ns/ ca"i dh spkjh s'I pknd
1842 ftZu wjkokik ;a/o f;zx dh ;jkfJsk s'I pra?o nzr/qiaK tk;s/ ekpb ftZu w[V
nkgDk o'jp fpmk ;eDk w[wfeB BjhI ;h, fJ; bJh bkov n?bBpo' ukj[zdk ;h fe T[j
fcao'iag[o d/ w[ekw s/ wjkokik ;a/o f;zzx Bkb w[bkeks eoe/ y[ad T[; dh feogkbsk dk
XzBtkd eo/.
rtoBo iBob d/ fcaoi' ga o[ d/ g'bhNheb J/iNz fw;No i"oi o;b ebkoe
tb'I fJsbkj g[ZiD s/ 19 eZse 1899, w[skpe 2 Btpzo 1842, B{z wjkokik ;a/o
f;zx tZb'I iao{oh gqpzX bJh caeho nihia[ZdhB B{z uVQd/ tZb ikD dh nkfrnk j'Jh ns/
;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk ns/ ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ th Bh:s ehs/ rJ/ s/
j[ew j'fJnk fe caeho niahiad Z[ hB s/ fcaoi' ga o[ ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp d/ tehb okJ/ r'ftzd
i; dh woih d/ w[skpe ezw eoB.
wZxo dh ;zrqKd 15 Btzpo 1842 B{z ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk s/
;odko ;akw f;zx tZb'I wjkokik ;kfjp B{z fJsbkj nkJh fe T[j cb"o g[Zi rJ/ jB s/
T[BKQ B/ b[fXnkD/ caeho niahiad Z[ hB B{z fJsbkj d/ fdZsh j? fi; d/ T[sZ o ftZu caeho ;kfjp
B/ fbfynk j? fe bkov n?bBpo' S/sh jh f;awb/ s'I b[fXnkD/ nkT[D tkb/ jB, T[; d/
nkT[D sZe ;odko bfjDk f;zx s/ ;akw f;zx cb"o jh mfjoD. fi; t/b/ rtoBo
iBob nk ikt/rk T[; t/b/ ;bkj eoe/ T[BQK B{z p[bk fbnk ikt/rk.
d;zpo d/ gfjb/ jcas/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk tZb'I wjkokik ;kfjp
tZb noiah nkJh fe gfjbK fw;No ebkoe s/ c/o okJ/ fe;aB uzd eZbQ cb"o nkJ/ ;B
s/ fJeZm/ jh fco w[V rJ/ s/ d{;o/ fdB ;akw B{z w[bkeks dh sithia j'Jh. gfjb/ ;odko
bfjDk f;zx B/ ebkoe ;kfjp gk; bkN ;kfjp Bkb w[bkeks dk gsk eoB bJh w[;ha o
xZb/ fi; d/ T[Zso ftZu ebkoe ;kfjp B/ efjbk G/fink fe T[j d' xzN/ fgZS'I nkJ/rk s/
w[bkeks eok fdZsh ikt/rh. eJh d/o fJzsiako eoB fgZS'I ;odko bfjDk f;zx bkN
;kfjp d/ v/o/ tZb tJ/ s/ ebkoe ;kfjp gk; w[;aho G/i/. fJ; s/ T[; B/ itkp fdZsk fe
nZi w[bkeks dk fdB BjhI j? s/ Gbe/ fco'iag[o B{z s[o ikDk j?. fJj rZb nDyhb/
;odko bfjDk f;zx s/ ;odko ;akw f;zx B{z pj[s p[oh bZrh s/ T[j Bokia j' e/ nkgD/
v/o/ B{z w[V nkJ/ s/ fJ; rZb dh f;aekfJs wjkokik ;kfjp B{z fby G/ih. caeho niahiad Z[ hB
B/ fJ; rZb ftZu d';a ;odko bfjDk f;zx d/ f;o EZfgnk fi; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe
g'j w[skpe 18 d;zpo B{z wjkokik ;a/o f;zx B/ iwkdko y[a;akb f;zx B{z Bh:s eoe/ G/
i fdZsk s/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx d/ Bkw gotkBk fby G/fink fe s'jca/ nkfde i' uhiaK
T[BQK gk; jB T[j iwkdko ;kfjp d/ nkdwhnK d/ jtkb/ eo d/D.
fJ; t/b/ jkbks nzdo'I nzdo pdb rJ/ efBzxw fbydk j? fe fJt/I wkb{w
j[zdk j? fe tiaho fXnkB f;zx BjhI ;h ukj[zdk fe bkov n?bBpo' s/ wjkokik ;a/o f;zx
dh w[bkeks dh sithia f;o/ uVQ/. T[; B{z yasok ;h fe feXo/ T[; B{z spkj eoB iK T[;
dh skes B{z s'VD bJh jh Bk e'Jh ftfX pD ikJ/. caeho niahia[ZdhB dk th fJ; t/b/
wjkokik ;ao/ f;zx d/ rZdh T[sZ / p?mD s/ wjkokDh uzd e"o d/ fjwkfJsh
;zXktkbhJ/ ;odko d/;a SZv e/ nzriq/ ha fJbke/ ftu ub/ rJ/ ;B fiZEI' fe T[j wjkokDh
d/ jZe ftZu :sB eod/ oj/ go e'Jh ;cabsk Bk j'Jh. ;odko nihs f;zx fJ;
wsbp bJh ebeZs/ th g[iZ k ;h go rtoBo iBob B/ w[bkeks Bk ehs. nyaho i/
m 1899, i{B 1842, ftZu wjkokDh uzd e"o d/ wko/ ikD fgZS'I jkbks pdb rJ/
sn/ nzri/q a g'bhNheb J/iNz B/ th ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odkoK d/ d/;a B{z nk ikD dh ;bkj
fdZsh. uVQd/ wZxo (Btzpo 1842) B{z wjkokik ;ao/ f;zx B/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx B{z
we/ohnK s'I fojk eo fdZsk ns/ ;odko nihs f;zx B{z th bkj"o p[bk fbnk ns/
fJBQK dhnK iaps ehshnK j'JhnK ikrhoK s/ ikfjdkdK tkg; eo fdZshnK. wjkokik
;a/o f;zx B{z fyankb ;h fe j[D ;akia;K dk e'Jh ekoD Bk ofjD eoe/ fiazdrh nwB
Bkb r[ioa ./
;zB 1843 d/ ;a[o{ ftZu wjkokik ;kfjp ns/ tiaho fXnkB f;zx ftZu e[M
Bkukeh j' rJh fi; dk ekoD v'rfonK dh skes pj[s fiankdk j[zdh ikDk ;h.
wjkokik ukjzd[ k ;h fe fJBQK dk iao' xZN ehsk ikJ/ ns/ fJBQK d/ nkdwhnK dh EK n?;/
nkdwh iawz[ t/ ko nk;kwhnK s/ oZy/ ikD fijV/ fe Go';/ :'r j'D. nkgDh g'iha ;aB ns/
skes B{z yaso/ ftZu g?d
I k d/y e/ fXnkB f;zx B/ wjkokik d/ fto[XZ fJZe ;kia;ha gkoNh
pDk bJh fi; ftu fszB/ v'ro/ Gok, fXnkB f;zx dk g[Zso jhok f;zx, ;zXktkbhJ/
;odko ns/ caeho niahiad Z[ hB i[V rJ/. fJBQK dk wB;ak wjkokik ;ao/ f;zx B{z syasI'
bkj[D dk ;h go uzf{ e nzdo'I nzdohI fJj fJZe d{;o/ d/ fto'Xh ;B, fJ; bJh fJBQK dh
;kfi;a f;o/ Bk uVQ ;eh. j[D fXNkB f;zx fpBk wjkoki/ dh fJikias d/ bkj"oI' rao? -
1. ;fwZE, o/fBzr c?fwbh n"ca bkj"o, 72-3L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 511-
2a
2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 3, 28-29L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp
, 513L eBQJhnk bkb, skohfya gzikp, 593L E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp,
fibd 2, 278L ;fwZE, o/fBzr ca?fwbh n"ca bkj"o, 75 a
fi; s'I T[BKQ B/ fJ; B[z fcod/ fvZmk iK j'o eh e[M j'fJnk fi; B/ ;zXktkbhnK B[z fJe
dw fXnkB f;zx d/ fto[ZX eo fdZsk. fJ; t/b/ GkJh r[ow[y f;zx B/ nkfynk fe i/
tbN'jk BtK bkT[Dk j? sK fJj eVSk g[okDk fe; bJh oZy fbnk j?< fJj ;[D e/
;zXktkbhJ/ ;odko B/ tiaho fXnkB f;zx T[sZ / th r'bh dkra fdZsh s/ T[; B{z th gko
p[bkfJnk .
34
fXnkB f;zx B{z wko d/D fgZS'I i/ ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odko ca"iK ftZu ik e/ jkb
y'bQ fdzs/ ns/ T[BKQ B{z nkgDh tZb eoB dk :sB eod/ sK ;akfJd jkbks e[M pdb
iKd/. go fJj T[ekJh T[BQK B{z pVh wfjzrh gJh. nkgD/ fgsk tiaho fXnkB f;zx d/
wko/ ikD dh yapo ;[Dd/ ;ko jhok f;zx ca"iK gk; g[Zik ns/ gZr bkj e/ T[BQK d/
;kjwD/ ;[NZ fdZsh ns/ sbtko eZY e/ efjD bZrk fe bT[ w?Bz{ th p/;ea wko fdU,
w?I fJj gZr sK jh pzBD Q h j? i/ s[;hI pBQkUr/. cai" K wjkoi/ ns/ tiaho d/ esb dh rZb
;[D e/ febQ/ T[sZ / uVQ s[ohnK fiZE/ fe ;odko nihs f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx nkeh j' p?m/
;B go sh;o/ fdB ca"iK B/ feb/ s/ epiak eo fbnk s/ d'B'I ;odko s/ T[BQK d/ e[M
;kEh wko/ rJ/.
wjkokik dbhg f;zx B{z oki-rZdh s/ fpmkfJnk frnk s/ jhok f;zx T[BKQ
dk tihao pfDnk, ns/ wjkokik ;kfjp dh wksk wjkokDh fizd e"o, i' fJfsjk; ftZu
wjkokDh iK wkJh fizdK eoe/ gqf;ZX j?, T[BKQ dh ;ogq;s pDh. wjkokik dbhg f;zx
wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ ;G s'I S'N/ g[sZ o ;B. nkg dk iBw 23 Gkd'I ;zws 1895
fpeqwh, 6-7 ;szpo ;zB 1838 Jh L B{z bkj"o ftZu j'fJnk ;h s/ fJ; t/b/ nkg dh
T[wo dk S/tk toQk bZrk ;h.
jhok f;zx B/ tiaho pDd/ ;ko jh j"bh j"bh cai" K ftu'I f;ZyK dh frDsh xZN
eoBh ;ao[ { eo fdZsh s/ T[BKQ dh EK g{ophJ/ Gosh eoB br fgnk. T[; B/ nkgD/ uku/
r[bkp f;zx B{z fejk fe T[j pj[s ;ko/ gjkVhJ/ bkj"o b? nkt/ sK fe yakbf;nK B{z vo
j/mK ofynk ik ;e/. fJ; t/b/ r[bkp f;zx nkgD/ Gshi/ jhok f;zx B[z ezBt[ bQN/ h oZyD
Bkb bkj"o d/ yaiakB/ ftu'I pj[s ;kok o[gJhnk izw{ B{z b? frnk.1 fJ; s'I gfjbK
1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 302-3L T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 2,
65-67 a
2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 2, 67-9L E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd 2, 303-
05L bshca, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 529-30 a
35
tiaho jhok f;zx d/ GZi fBebD ns/ wko/ ikD d/ pknd wjkokDh fizd
e"o dh ;bkj Bkb T[; dk Gok ;odko itkjo f;zx tiaho pfDnk s/ ;odko
itkjo f;zx B/ nkgD/ fwZso fwZ;o bkb f;zx B{z cai" dk ;odko pDk fdZsk. ;odko
itkjo f;zx pzdk sK pVk fjzwsh ;h, go ;h iaok e[ ;aokph epkph. fJ; bJh ca"iK
T[; Bkb pj[s fiankdk y[;a BjhI ;B. T[BQK B/ ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhJ/ B{z i'
jhok f;zx dh tiahoh d/ fdBhI pBko; B{z ubk frnk ;h, s/ ezto fg;a"ok f;zx B{z
p[bkT[D bJh fuZmhnK fbyhnK. ;odko bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk sK fJsBh d{oI' nk Bk
;fenk, go ezto fg;a"ok f;zx bkj"o g[Zi rJ/. wkJh fizd e"o B/ T[; B{z fJZe seVh
ikrho d/ e/ f;nkbe'N d/ Biadhe G/i fdZsk.1
fJ; t/b/ ca"i ftZu gzukfJsK dk pVk ia'o ;h s/ ca"ih w[fjzwK dh pKrv'o
pj[s e[M T[BKQ d/ jh jZE ;h. fgSb/ fdBhI fi; t/b/ tiaho jhok f;zx d/ S'N/ Gok whnK
itkjo f;zx B/ bkj"o d/ jkbks ns/ jhok f;zx s/ iZbkQ gzvs nkfde d/ GZi fBebD
s/ wko/ ikD dhnK yapoK ;[DhnK sK T[j fJZe dw i;o'N/ g[Zik fiZE/ fe yakBdkB dh
d"bs iwQk oZyh j'Jh ;h s/ fJ; d"bs ftu'I pj[s ;koh nkgD/ uku/ r[bkp f;zx d/
febQ/ izw{ ftZu gj[uz k fdZsh.2
cai" K B{z gsk ;h fe v'ro/ bkj"o dk pj[s ;kok yaika Bk j"bh j"bh i;o'N/ s/
izw{ B{z b? rJ/ jB. wjkokDh uzd d/ iawkB/ s'I b? e/ jhok f;zx dh w"s sZe id id th
fJBQK dk dkU bZrk i' e[M fJBQK d/ jZE nkfJnk fJj ;w/N e/ gjkV B{z b? rJ/ s/ fJ;
soQK fJBQK ;oeko bkj"o dk yaika Bk sK yakbh tork eo fdZsk s/ nkgDhnK g[;sa K bJh
d"bs iwQK eo bJh. fJj fJj' jh ;oeko bkj"o dh u'oh ehsh j'Jh d"bs ;h fi;
1. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh, 307-8L feogk okw, r[bkpBkwk,
290-91 a
2. E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"c a dh gzikp, fibd d{;oh .
ftu'I 1845-46 dh f;zxK s/ nzrq/iaK dh bVkJh fgZS'I e[M e[ nzr/qiaK B{z d/ e/ r[bkp
f;zx B/ nzs e;awho dk oki ;KG fbnk. ;" ca"ih gzukfJsK B/ ;odko ;akw f;zx
nNkohtkb/ s/ okik bkb f;zx B{z i;o'N/ s/ uVQkJh eoB ns/ jhok f;zx d/ fJbke/ B{z
iaps eo b?D bJh Bh:s ehsk.
fJ; d/ Bkb jh wjkokDh fizd e"o s/ ;odko itkjo f;zx tZbI' bkb osB
uzd d[rZ b s/ pktk whjK f;zx d/ jZEhI r[bkp f;zx B{z ;[Bj/ k G/fink frnk fe jhok
f;zx dk fJbkek s/ wkb ns/ okik ;[u/s f;zx dh ftok;s dk nZX fijVk fe jhok
f;zx B{z d/Dk ehsk j'fJnk ;h ;oeko d/ jtkb/ eok fdZsk ikJ/ ns/ Bkb/ whnK
itkjo f;zx B{z th jtkb/ eo fdZsk ikJ/. fJ; Bkb jh T[BQK fby G/fink fe ya[d
r[bkp f;zx d/ fJbke/ B{z BjhI S'fVnk ikJ/rk. go r[bkp f;zx B/ tcakdko B"eo tKC{
j[ew wzBD dh EK whnK itkjo f;zx B{z i' fJ; t/b/ i;o'N/ ;h jZbk-;a/o fdZsh fe
yakb;k ca"i d/ w[ekpb/ bJh fsnko j' ikJ/ s/ fijVh ca"i jhok f;zx B/ uzp/ B{z ;o
eoB bJh iwQk ehsh ;h, T[; B[z o[gfJnk s/ fdbk;k d/ e/ f;zxK Bkb bVB bJh yVk
eo fbnk. fJ;/ soQK EK EK seV/ s/ yVQ/ j' ikD bJh whnK oDpho f;zx B{z okwBro,
dhtkB BkBe uzd B[z MZgkb s/ dhtkB eow uzd B[z g[DS gotkB/ fby G/i./ dhtkB
joh uzd s/ tiaho bygs B{z rVQh nkfd s'I ca"i b? e/ jkiao j'D bJh fby fdZsk.
fJsB/ B{z ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/ cai" b? e/ i;o'N/ g[iZ rJ/. nZfrUI
Nkeo/ s/ fe;/ eh yV"Dk ;h. jhok f;zx dk ekodko tiaho puBk nkgD/ e[M nkdwhnK
;w/s f;zxK dh ;aoBhI nk fgnk s/ whnK itkjo f;zx fpBK e[M fiankdk bVkJh ehs/
ikB pukT[D bJh GZi e/ izw{ B{z fBeb frnk. i;o'N/ T[sZ / ;odko ;akw f;zx B/
epiak eo fbnk ns/ fJod frod d/ fJbke/ B{z ;'XD bJh fsnkoh nkozG fdZsh.
fJ; t/b/ okik ;[us/ f;zx d/ tiaho fBjkb f;zx B/ r[bkp f;zx gk;'I izwU { I
fJj efj e/ S[ZNh b? bJh e/ T[j ;Kpk ik e/ yakb;k ca"i d/ Nkeo/ bJh v[Zro ;?Bk
fJeZmh eo/rk. fJsB/ B{z i;o'N/ B{z ;o eoe/ ;odko ;akw f;zx ;Kp/ gj[uz gJ/ s/ tiaho
;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk, okik bkb f;zx, ;odko w/tk f;zx wihmhnk
s/j'o ;oeod/ okik r[bkp f;zx B{z Bkb b? e/ bkj"o B{z tkg; w[V gJ/ s/ 27 u/so
1902, w[skpe 7 ngqb ? 1845, B{z okth d/ ezY/ nk g[iZ ./ okik bkb f;zx iaok szr
fdb nkdwh ;h. T[; B{z fJj yako ;h fe rab [ kp f;zx B/ nkgD/ nkg B{z T[; d/ jtkb/
feT[I BjhI ehsk s/ ;odko w/tk f;zx d/ b;aeo ftZu feT[I frnk j?, fJ; bJh T[; B/
nkgD/ fwZso tiaho ;odko itkjo f;zx B{z ;odko w/tk f;zx d/ fto[XZ e[M gZNh gVQk
fdZsh s/ itkjo f;zx T[; d/ ej/ bZr e/ w/tk f;zx d/ fto[XZ j' frnk s/ j' ;edk j?
T[; Bkb e'Jh G?Vk ;b{e th eodk s/ nZfrUI pbtk j' g?Idk go GkJh okw f;zx B/
ftZu g? e/ ;wMkfJnk fe nkg; ftZu dzrk ca;kd uzrk BjhI . fJ; Bkb ;ko/ jh
popkd j' ikDr/, Biadhe jh f;o s/ p?mk j'fJnk vkYk t?oh w[be T[sZ / nk epiak eo/
rk, s/ fJ; soQK ;[orpk;h wjkokik dh pDkJH j'Jh je{ws, ;odkoh s/ skidkoh
;G yake j' ikJ/rh, fJ; bJh nkgDhnK iVQK nkg/ gZND tkbhnK ca;kd tkbhnK
rZbK Bk eo' . fJBQK ;apdk B/ ;odko itkjo f;zx B{z iaok fNekD/ b? nKdk ns/
;odko w/tk f;zx wihmhJ/ f;o nk ojh w[;hps Nb rJh.1
fisBk ;odko itkjo f;zx nVQG ;h T[sBh jh wjkokDh fizd e"o nebwzd
s/ j[f;anko ;h, T[; B/ 27 u/so, 7 ngqb ? dh oks B[z fJZe fuZmh s/ T[; T[sZ / e/;o dk
gzik bk e/ r[bkp f;zx B{z G/i fdZsh fe s/oh nkU Grs s/ fJias ftZu fe;h gqeko dk
caoe BjhI nkJ/rk s/ ikB wkb dh jo gqeko oZfynk ehsh ikt/rh . u[BKfu d{;o/ fdB
r[bkp f;zx B{z ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh jt/bh ftZu T[skok fdZsk frnk s/ jo soQK
T[; dh yaksodkoh ehsh rJh .2
1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 2, gz 71-2 a
2. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcaso 4, fjZ;k 3, gz 73-4
wkb{w j[d z k j? e fJ; t/b/ fe;/ B/ ;odko itkjo f;zx iK wkjkokDh fizd e"o
B{z fJj ;aeZ gk fdZsk ;h fe u{fz e cai" dk e[M fjZ;k okik r[bkp f;zx dk fjwkfJsh j?
fJ; bJh ;akfJd okik r[bkp f;zx feXo/ gjkV B{z jh Bk GZi ikJ/ . go u{fz e ;odko
;[bskB w[jwz d yakB, ;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkbk, ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk
s/ ;odko nso f;zx ekfbnKtkb/ ikDd/ ;B e/ r[bkp f;zx GZi e/ BjhI ikJ/rk iK
BjhI ikD fdZsk ikJ/rk, fJ; bJh T[BQK ya[d jh fJBQK dh ;aZe B{z ocak eoB bJh iK
fJBQK d/ efjD/ s/ j/m fbfynk jkiao-iawkBs-Bkwk 12 t;ky 1902, 22 ngqb ?
1845, B{z fby e/ ;oeko/ dkyab eo fdZsk.
soiwk jkiao-iawkBs Bkwk
n;hI ;odko ;[bskB w[jwz d yakB, ;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkbk, ;odko
;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk, ;odko nso f;zx ekfbnKtkbk i' ;odko d/ w[bkiw jK
fJ; t/b/ okik ;kfjp okik r[bkp f;zx pjkd[o f;gkj-;kbko d/ jkiao iakwB jiao{
dh ;/tk ftZu j'J/ jK, fi; t/b/ th jiao{ ;odko dk j[ew j'tr / k jkiao eo fdnKr/
. fJ;ftZu e'Jh T[ia oa BjhI j?. fJ;/ bJh fJj e[M ;soK jkiao-iakwB d/ sohe/ s/ fby
e/ fdZshnK jB fe ;Bd oj/.
skohya 12 t;ky 1902, w[ekw bkj"o .
(w'jo) ;[bskB wj[wz d yakB (cako;h)
(w'jo) nekb ;jkfJd uso f;zx (cako;h)
(w'jo) nekb ;jkfJ s';ka yakBk w[pkfoe okik bkb f;zx (cako;h)
(w'jo) nekb ;jkfJ nso f;zx ekfbnKtkbk (cako;h)
(d;yas) ;jh (r[ow[y)
(d;yas ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkbk)
;jh (r[ow[yh)
(w'jo) Grs okw (cako;h) fJsbkj j'Jh
(w'jo) dhBk BkE 1886 (cako;h)
(nbpd) GkJh okw f;zx ih
(w'jo) f;wo r'fpzd GkJh okw f;zx 1892 (r[ow[yh)
okik r[bkp f;zx uko e[ wjhB/ bkj"o fojk s/ nr;s d/ d{;o/ jcas/ izw{
B{z ftfdnk eo fdZsk frnk . fJ; no;/ ftZu 3 i/m 1902, 14 wJh 1845, B{z
;odko itkjo f;zx B{z tiahoh dh fyabns fwbh s/ T[j gZeh soQK tiaho gqtkB ehsk
frnk . 22 jkVQ w[skpe 3 i[bkJh 1845 B{z wjkokik dbhg f;zx dh wzrDh
;odko uso f;zx nNkohtkb/ dh bVeh Bkb j'Jh s/ 8 ;ktB, 21 i[bkJh, B{z
;odko uso f;zx tZbI' ;arB s/ eZgV/ nkfd g[iZ / fi; ;pzX ftZu jo gk;/ pVh y[;ha
wBkJh rJh .
fgZS/ fbfynk ik u[eZ k j? fe wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ ezto ga;o" k f;zx B{z u'yh
ikrho d/ e/ f;nkbe'N tZb G/i fdZsk ;h, go r[bkp f;zx d/ izw{ B{z w[V ikD d/ S/
sh jh fgZSI' T[; B/ fco wjkokik dbhg f;zx d/ fto[XZ d"V GZi ;ao[ { eo fdZsh . fpBk
fe;/ B{z dZ;/ iK ;oeko bkj"o dh nkfrnk bJ/ T[j ;sb[i'I gko j' e/ b[fXnkD/ d/
o;s/ nzpkb/ frnk, go fejk iKdk j? fe nzri/q Ka B/ T[; dh e'Jh rZb Bk ;[Dh s/ T[j
fBok;a j' e/ gzikp B{z w[V nkfJnk . j[D T[; B{z nkgDh fojkfJ;a nkgDh ikrho ftZu
w[;aeb fd;h, fJ; bJh d[nkpk i/jbw B{z ubk frnk s/ e[M fdB T[ZE/ mfjo e/
nNe d/ feb/ ik e/ nkeh j' p?mk .
fi; t/b/ fJj yapoK bkj"o g[ZihnK sK ;odko itkjo f;zx B/ ;odko
uso f;zx nNkohtkb/ dh ewkB j/mK fJZe cai" nNe G/ih sK fe ezto g;ao" k f;zx
gk;'I febk S[vk fbnk ikt/. ;odko uso f;zx B/ nNe g[iZ e/ ezto g;ao" k f;zx Bkb
w[bkeks ehsh s/ T[; B{z ;wMkfJnk fe s[;hI nkgD/ g[okD/ fJbke/ ftZu ub/ ikU s/
nkokw u?B Bkb fiad z rh r[ika o',I wjkokik ;kfjp d/oki ftZu ca;kd g?dk eoBk uzrk
BjhI , feT[I fe fJj nkgDh iVQ nkg gZND tkbh rZb j?. ezto ;kfjp B/ ;odko uso
f;zx dh fJj rZb gqtkD eo bJh s/ e"b fJeoko s/ gZe/ j'D dk puB b? e/ 30
nr;s B{z febk yakbh eo fdZsk s/ Bkb dh fJZe ;oK ftZu v/ok eo fbnk. ;odko
uso f;zx B/ ezto ;kfjp Bkb j'Jh ;koh rZb-pks bkj"o ;odko itkjo f;zx B{z
fby G/ih . ;odko itkjo f;zx fJj yapo ;[D e/ pVk y[;a j'fJnk s/ fJBkw nkfd
dk bkbu d/ e/ ya[cahnk s"o s/ e[M nkgD/ nkdwh G/i fdZs/ fe fit/I j' ;e/ nNe ik
e/ ezto g;ao" k f;zx dh nby w[ekT[D. u[BKfu fJBQK nkdwhnK B/ nNe ik e/ ezto
;kfjp B{z gko p[bkfJnk.
1. T[wdks[-stkohya, dcso 4, fjZ;k 3, gzBk 81 e[M fbykohnK B/ fJ; eko/ ftZu casfj
yakB fNtkD/ dk jZe j'Dk fbfynk j? s/ e[M e[ B/ ;odko uso f;zx B{z Bkb bg/fNnk
j? go n;hI fJ; wkwb/ ftZu ;'jB bkb B{z fiankdk Go';/:'r ;wMd/ jK .
fi; t/b/ ezto g;a"ok f;zx d/ wko/ ikD dh yapo bkj"o g[Zih sK T[; t/b/
cai" K ftZu tiaho itkjo f;zx d/ fto[XZ r[;Z / dh nZr GVe T[mZ h . u[BKfu cai" h gzuK ftu'I
e[M nca;o wjkokDh fizd e"o gk; nkJ/ ns/ cai" K dh Bkokiarh dk fiaeo ehsk fi;
s'I wjkokDh ;kfjpk B{z jkbs d/ ftrV ikD dk pVk s"yb a k j'fJnk .
6 nZ;{ ;zws 1902, fdB ;ae[ otkko, 19 ;szpo 1845 B{z id okik bkb
f;zx, dhtkB dhBk BkE, py;ah GRs okw, ;odko nzod f;zx ekfbnKtkbk s/
yabhck B{odhB gbNDK B{z ;wMkT[D bJh T[BKQ dhnK b?BK ftZu rJ/ sK cai" h nca;oK
B/ iwk j' e/ ezto g;ao" k f;zx d/ wko/ ikD pkps pVk r[;Z k iakjo ehsk s/ g[SZ -gqshs
ehsh fe fJ; dh i[azw/tkoh mhe fe; d/ f;o j?. fJj ;koh rZb yabhck B{odhB B/
wjkokDh ;kfjpk B{z nk ;wMkJh. d{;o/ fdB ;t/o/ ;ko/ tZv/ tZv/ cai" h gzu nca;o feb/
jkiao j'J/ s/ p/Bsh ehsh fe wjkokDh ;kfjpk ;kv/ Bkbub e/ b?B ftZu do;aB d/
D. T[Zso ftZu wjkokDh ;kfjpk B/ j[ew fdZsk fe nZi dk fdB ofjD fdZsk ikJ/ s/
eb T[j ;odko ijkto f;zx B{z Bkb b? e/ b?B ftZu nkt/rh.
fJ; t/b/ r[bkp f;zx v'ro/ B/ uzrk w"ek skV e/ nkgDh ukb ubDh
nkozG fdZsh. T[; B/ whnK fgoEh f;zx s/ d{;o/ okig{sK B{z p[bk e/ nkfynk e/ fit/I j'
;e/ itkjo f;zx B{z wko w[ekT[D bJh :sB eoB. u[BKfu whnK fgoEh f;zx s/ T[;
d/ v'ro/ ;kEh bkj"ok g[iZ / s/ f;zxK dhnK gbNDK ftZu fwb e/ ;odko itkjo f;zx
d/ fto[XZ X[y ojh nZr s/ia wuk fdZsh.
8 nZ;{ ;zws 1902, fdB n?stko, 21 ;szpo 1845, B{z ;t/o/ jh wjkokDh
;kfjpk B{z Bkb b? uZbD bJh cai" h nca;o feb/ nk g[iZ ,/ go fsnko j[d z / j[d
z / T[BKQ B{z
b"Yk t/bk j' frnk. T[Xo gbNDK ekbhnK g? ojhnK ;B . j[dz h ik ojh d/o dh yapo
;[D e/ gbNDK B/ ioB?bh eo fdZsh. ioB?bh d/ fprb ;[D e/ wjkokDh ;kfjp B/
MN-gN ;odko itkjo f;zx s/ wjkokik dbhg f;zx B{z Bkb b? e/ gbNDK dhnK
b?BK tZb B{z e{u ehsk . fJ; t/b/ e[M gbNDK fdZbh dotkia/ gk; w"i{d ;B s/ e[M
feb/ tZb B{z tZX ojhnK ;B. ;odko itkjo f;zx s/ wjkokik dbhg f;zx fJZe jkEh
T[sZ / ;tko ;B s/ wjkokDh ;kfjpk d{;o/ T[sZ / . gbNDK B{z fwbD d/ wjkokDh
;kfjpk B/ nkfynk fe T[BKQ dk Gok itkjo f;zx r[Bkjrko j?, go j[D T[j T[BKQ dh
;aoD nk frnk j? . fJ; bJh ca"iK feogk eoe/ T[; B{z wkca eo d/D . nZr/ B{z T[j
e'Jh n?;h rZb BjhI eo/rk fi; Bkb gbNDK B{z Bkokiarh dk e'Jh w"ek j't/, go
v'rfonK r[bkp f;zx tZbI' G/i/ rJ/ whnK fgoEh f;zx nfd B/ fJsBk uVQktk uVQkfJnk
j'fJnk ;h fe GVekJ/ j'J/ pzfdnK T[sZ / fe;/ rZb dk e'Jh n;o Bk j'fJnk . ftu'I fe;/
B/ ;odko itkjo f;zx tkb/ jkEh B{z fpmkT[D bJh bbekok wkfonk. wjkps d/
jkEh B{z fpmkT[D dh d/o ;h fe wjkokik dbhg f;zx B{z itkjo f;zx dh r'd ftu'I b?
fbnk frnk. fJ; t/b/ ;odko itkjo f;zx B/ e[M p'bD dk :sB ehsk go o"b/
ftZu fe;/ B/ ;zrhB T[; dh yZph tZyh ftZu eZY wkoh . T[j ;Zi/ gk;/ B{z w[fVnk jh ;h
fe ;kV eodh fJZe r'bh nk tZih s/ T[j gko p'b frnk. Gok B{z nZyK nZr/ e'j
j'fJnk t/y e/ wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ pVk tobkg ehsk, go pD eh ;edk ;h . j[d z k
T[jh j? i' e[dos B{z wBiao{ j[d
z k j?.
d{;o/ fdB 9 nZ;{ ;zws 1902, 22 ;szpo 1845, fdB ;'wtko B{z
wjkokDh fizd e"o gk; yakb;/ B/ wzB fbnk fe T[BKQ B/ ;odko itkjo f;zx B{z wkoB
dk ekok whnK fgoEh f;zx (i' r[bkp f;zx tZbI' G/fink frnk j'fJnk ;h) d/ ej/ s/
ehsk j?, go j[D T[j soQK wjkokDh ;kfjpk dh nkfrnk ftZu ofjDr/. wjkokDh
;kfjpk B/ j[ew ehsk fe je{ws dk eko'pko T[j nkgD/ jZE ftZu b? bJ/rh s/ dhtkB
dhBk BkE s/ ;odkoK dh ;bkj Bkb ;kok gqpXz ehsk ikJ/rk ns/ ;oekoh gotkfBnK
T[sZ / wjkokDh ;kfjp yaD
[ nkgDh ;jh gkfJnk eo/rh .
j[D wjkokDh B{z tiahoh dh gdth ;zpXh ca;? bk eoB ftu e[V n"eV ijh
ikgh . fJ; t/b/ ;odko fwZ;o s/i f;zx th g;ao" I' nk frnk ;h . fJ; bJh fJ; t/b/
fszB nkdwh tiahoh d/ T[whdtko ;B, okik r[bkp f;zx, fwZ;o bkb f;zx ns/
fwZ;o s/i f;zx, fJj fszB/ nkgD/ ngD/ Yzr Bkb skes jk;b eoB d/ :sBK ftZu
;B s/ t/b/ d/ jkbks B{z ;kwQD/ oZy e/ tihaoh bJh fJBQK fszBK ftu'I fe;h d/ jZe ftZu
ca;? bk eo ;eDk pVk w[;ea b s/ w[;ea bK tkbk ;h . fJ; bJh wjkokDh fizd e"o B/
th T[jh sohek tofsnk fijVk fe eJh tkoh wjkokik oDihs f;zx tofsnk eod/
;B . fJj sohek ;h gouhnK gk e/ ca?;bk eo b?D dk . u[BKfu gzi gouhnK
;odko itkjo f;zx dh w"s d/ S/sh jh pknd ;odko ;akw f;zx nNkohtkb/
d/ bVe/ ;odko ekjB f;zx d/ ftnkj dh skohya ;h . fJ; t/b/ ;odko ;akw f;zx dk
fJj fJeZbk jh bVek ;h . tZvk bVek ;odko mkeo f;zx ;zB 1842 ftZu ;[ortk;
j' u[eZ k ;h . fJeb"sh bVeh phph BkBeh ezto B"fBjkb f;zx dh Xow-gsBh ftXtk
j' u[eZ h j'Jh ;h . bkj"o ftZu tos/ rJ/ fJ; Bt/I GkD/ ekoD gsk BjhI ;h jkbks j'o
eh gbNk yk ikD s/ ;odko ekjB f;zx dh ;akdh ftZu jh e'Jh ftxB nk gt/ . fJ;
bJh ;odko ;akw f;zx B/ fJ; ya{B yaokp/ d/ nyakV/ s'I iaok go/ j' e/ ;akdh B{z BfiZm
b?D dh ;bkj ehsh s/ ;sb[iI' gko nkgDh ikrho ftZu fgzv eeokb/ ub/ rJ/ .
;akdh dk ekoi j'J/ B{z E'Vk fuo jh j'fJnk ;h fe f;zxK s/ nzro/iKa dh izr
fSV gJh . fJ; bJh ;odko ;akw f;zx dh rao? s B/ rtkok Bk ehsk fe T[j j[D gzikp
s'I pkjo ofjD . fJ; bJh T[j nkgD/ fgzv nNkoh B{z w[V nkJ/ . ;o b?gb frqfcB
fbydk j? fe ;odko ;akw f;zx dh pjkd[oh T[sZ / sK fe;/ B{z ;aeZ j' jh BjhI ;h ;edk,
go fiBQK jkbks ftZu d'BK gkf;nK s'I bVkJh fSVh ;h s/ fit/I BkbkfJe s/ p/JhwkB
nkdwhnK dh nrtkJh j/mK cai? w"s d/ w{jz XZeh ik ojh ;h T[; B{z ;odko ;akw f;zx
d[yZ s/ nca;;' Bkb d/y fojk ;h s/ T[j fJ; soQK dh bVkJh d/ fto[XZ ;h, fJ; eoe/
u[gZ -ukg nNkoh ftZu p?mk ;h . fJ; gk;/ nzro/iKa B/ uko ;kb s'I fsnkoh ehsh j'Jh
;h, w/om, ;jkoBg[o, nzpkbk s/ eoBkb dhnK S"DhnK ndkwhnK, izrh ;wkB s/
o;d gZm/ Bkb GohnK j'JhnK ;B, ns/ y[d rtoBo ;o j?Boh jkofvzr s/ ewKvo-
fJB uhca ;o jhT{ r"ca fJZe seVh s/ w[ewz b s"o s/ fsnko ehsh j'Jh cai" dh ewkB
eo oj/ ;B . d{;o/ gk;/ ;odko bkj"o dh cai" h fsnkoh dh jkbs fJ; d/ fpbe[b
1. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 65l frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd gfjbh
242 .
T[bN ;h . d' fszB wjhB/ gfjbK nkw s"o s/ bkj"o ftZu fe;/ B{z fyankb th BjhI ;h
fe nzro/iaK Bkb izr bZr gJ/rh fJ; bJh fe;/ B/ fsnkoh eh eoBh ;h s/ fiBQK
nca;oK B{z e[M gsk ;h T[j u{fz e gzikp s'I pkjo d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B s/ fJZE/ B"eoh eoe/
o[gJhnk ewkT[D bJh nkJ/ j'J/ ;B fJ; bJh T[BQK B{z gzikp Bkb eh fgnko j'
;edk . T[BQK B{z fiZXo'I nkgDh nkwdBh d/ gZe/ ofjD s/ rZca/ fwbD dh T[whd j'Jh
UXo jh ob rJ/ . fJ; t/b/ bkb f;zx ;oeko bkj"o dk tiaho ;h s/ s/i f;zx cai" K
dk ewKvo-fJb jhca, fi; B{z fe bkb f;zx tiaho B/ g;ao" I' p[bkfJnk ;h . fJj d'BI'
jh nzdo'I nzdo'I Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ nca;oK Bkb ob/ j'J/ ;B s/ ukjzd [ / ;B fe
ezgBh Bkb Nkeo/ ftZu f;Zy cai" B{z jko j' ikJ/ .
fJBQK jkbks ftZu e'Jh g/;a Bk ubdh d/y e/ ;odko ;akw f;zx u[gZ ukg nkgD/
fgzv nNkoh p?mk ;h go c/o{ ;afjo dh bVkJh ftZu okik bkb f;zx dh jko d/ fgZSI'
id wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ skrhd/ ;[Bj/ / T[gZ o'I Ebh G/iD/ ;ao[ { ehs/ sK T[j izr d/
w?dkB ftZu g[Zi frnk ns/ Xowh ;{ofwnK tKC{ ;GoktK dh bVkJh ftZu gzikp dh
nkiakdh bJh nkgDh fizd x'b x[wk frnk .
;GoktK dh bVkJh dk jkb dZ;D s'I gfjbK gzikp ;pzXh Jh;N fJzvhnk
ezgBh d/ eowukohnK dhnK ehshnK fsnkohnK dk fiaeo eoBk iao{oh j? sK fe
jkbks dk uzrh soQK E"j gsk br ;e/ .
2. eoBb w{s'I, og'osl nko n?B e;N, fj;Noh n?c dh n?Be[n?;N n?c dh gzikp,
efBzxw, fj;Noh n"c dh f;y;, nkfd .
39
Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dhnK gzikp ;zpzXh fsnkohnK
f;ZyK tZb' u{zfe ezgBh d/ fto[ZX e'Jh n?;h rZb BjhI ;h ehsh ik ojh
fi; B{z bVkJh dk ekoD dZf';nk ik ;edk fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ fjzd[;skB
ns/ fJzrfb;skB ftu b'eK d/ fdbK ftu fJ; Y'Jh ik ojh bVkJh dk
f]nkb g?dk eoB s/ T[BQK B{z fJ; ;zpzXh ]po ;[DB bJh fsnko eoB
tk;s/ gqkg'rzvk th F[o{ eo fdZsk ;h . ;o ukob; B/ghno B/ EkJhI EkJhI
SkUDhnK ftu b?euo d/D/ F[o{ eo fdZs/ fe @ f;Zy nk oj/ B/.@1
e;N fbydk j? fe pj[s ;ko/ b'e po"vc[N B{z jh fJ; bVkJh dh S/V
S/VB tkbk pbfe fJ; bVkJh dk w{b ekoD ;wMd/ ;B . e[M th j't/
fJ; rZb s'I fJBeko BjhI ehsk ik ;edk fe Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dhnK
fsnkohnK s/ T[e;kjNK B/ ;zB 1845-46 dh bVkJh g??dk eo fdZsh .
ekowkJheb ;fwZE fbydk j? fe @ gzikp dh bVkJh ;zpzXh Bk sK w/oh
fJj okJ/ j? fe f;ZyK B/ fpBK S/V/ jwbk ehsk j? s/ Bk jh fJj fe n;hI
T[BQK Bkb e'Jh pVh Xhoh Bkb tos/ jK i/ f;ZyK B{z fpbe[b nk}kd je{ws
;wMDk ukjhdk ;h sK ;kB{z T[BQK B{z S/VBk BjhI ;h ukjhdk @ i/ 1809
dk nfwdBkwk d'BK j{ewsK ftueko ekfJw ;h sK f;ZXk ;tkb fJj j? fe
d';sh d/ ekB{zBK B{z gfjbK fe; B/ s'fVnk < w/oh gZeh okJ/ fJj j? fe
gfjbK n;hI d';sh d/ ekB{zB s'V/ jB . @2
40
n;hI i' okw-oiwD d/ f;gkjh ns/ S'N/ tZv/ j[zd/dko ;D/ eoB?b i'X
f;zx, e[w/dkB r[bkp f;zx, ;w/s ioB?b p[X f;zx wkB jK fJ; t/b/
fbys eo e/ fdzd/ jK ns/ gqD eod/ jK fe u{zfe ;ops ]kb;k ih B{z
ftuko eo e/ ns/ fJe-;bkj/ j' e/ pkdFkj dbhg f;zx t}ho wkJh (fizd
e"o) ;kfJpk wB}{o s/ gqtkD jB fJ; bJh ;kv/ ftu'I e'Jh th fJ; ftuko
ns/ ;bkj s'I pkjok BjhI j't/rk . fJj e[M Fpd gqwkD-gZsq d/ s"o s/ fby/
rJ/ jB .
d{ih rZb-gfjb/ B"oks/ ]kb;k ih dhnK c"aiK fcao'}g[o tZb e{u
eoBrhnK . fJeoko gZek j? fe ]kb;k ih gfjb/ B"oks/ fco"}g[o tZb B{z
e{u eoBr/ ns/ Xow-B/w nB;ko ;ops ]kb;k fco"}g[o ftu caozrh d/
Nkeo/ j't/rk . d[;fjo/ tkb/ fdB ;sb[i dfonk d/ ezY/ j't/rk . d[;fjo/
dk fdB fcao'}g[o tZb B{z gko eoB dk fdB w[eZoo j'fJnk J? . mhe j't/rk
.
12 nZ;{ ;zws 1902 B{z ;ops ]kb;k ihU d/ bkw d/ v/o/ fJZSo/ fJj
fbys j'Jh .
;jh
r[bkp f;zx e[w/dkB, i'X f;zx eoB?b, ioB?b p[X f;zx wkB,nFoca
nbhw/io, cafsj f;zx ,ekBQ f;zx fo;kbk Bz a1, okw f;zx fo;kbk Bz
a2,;ktD f;zx fo;kbk Bz a 3, ihT[D f;zx fo;kbk Bz a4,- fo;kbk Bz a5,
fXnkB f;zx fo;kbk Bz a6 .
Btzpo d/ sh;o/ jcas/ ]kb;k ca"iK wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh ;wkX s/
jk}o j'JhnK s/ e;wK ykXhnK fe T[j jo soQK dopko d/ tcakdko
ofjDr/ ns/ ;sb[i'I gko caozrh d/ Nkeo/ s/ bVB ikDr/ . go fJj ;G
e{M ;[nko eh ;edk ;h id fe gzikp ;oeko d/ f;ftb s/ ca"ih d'B' tZv/
nca;o (i' H?o-f;Zy s/ H?o-gzikph ;B) ezgBh Bkb ob/ j'J/ ;B .
]kb;k caa"iK dk fJbkB nzrq/}K T[Zs/ bVkJh dk jZbk eoB dk BjhI ;h
pbfe bVkJH bJh fsnko j' e/ nkJ/ j'J/ nzr/q}K d/ Nkeo/ s/ nkgD/
fJbke/ ftu nkgD/ jZeK d/ pukU bJh bVBk ;h, fit/I fe bkj"o dopko
tZb'I nukBe izrh fsnkohnK bJh fdZs/ ekoDK s'I ;kca f;ZX j? .
gfjbK ekoD fJj ;h fe ;oeko nzr/q}h B/ gzikp ;oeko tZb'I
bVkJh fSVB tkb/ fe;/ ekoD d/ g?dk j'D s'I fpBK jh gzikp dh jZd T[s/
bVkJh bJh jo soQK fsnko nzr}q/ h cai" dh fJe pVh Gkoh frDsh fbnk
iwk ehsh j/? ns/ ][d rtoBo iBob th gzikp dh jZd tZb B{z tfXnk
ufbnk nk fojk j? . d{;ok fJj fe Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ nc;o
;sb[i'I gko bkj"o dopko d/ nkgD/ fJbke/ ftu bkj"o d/ f;ftb s/ ca"ih
nkdwhnK B{z ikD'I o'ed/ jB . sh;ok fJj fe nzr/q}K B/ okik ;[u/s f;zx d/
fcao'}g[o d/ ]ikB/ ftu iwk gJ/ o[gJhJ/ ;zpzXh gzikp ;oeko dh wzr g{oh
BjhI ehsh, ns/ u"Ek fJj fe w'o' fgzv ;zpzXh wjkokik BkGk Bkb MrV/
ftu nzrq/}K B/ gzikp ;oeko d/ fto[ZX d]b fdZsk j? .
Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh tZb'I ca"ih fsnkohnK ns/ T[BQK d/ fcao'}g[o ftu p?m/
g'bhNheb J/izN po"vca[N tZb'I j' ojh S'V ykBh dk e[M e[ f}eo T[go
ehsk ik u[Zek j? s/ dZf;nk frnk j? fe fJ; dk nzdo{Bh wo;d eh ;h s/
fet/I v/Y d' ;kb gfjbK jh rtoBo-iBob B{z bkj"o dopko Bkb
bVkJh bZrD dh mhe skoh] se dk gsk ;h . fJ; s'I fJj rZb ;kca f;ZX
j? fe bVkJh dk fi; t/b/ b'V j't/ bk b[nk b?Dk ezgBh d/ nca;oK d/
nkgD/ jZE ftu ;h ns/ T[BQK nkgD/ Bkb ob/ j'J/ iK obD tkb/ bkj"o
;oeko d/ tZv/ nca;oK T[s/ fJsBk gZek Go';k ;h fe rtBo-iBob m'e
pik e/ fJe ;kb d; wjhB/ gfjbK jh efj ;edk ;h fe ««fJ; rZb s/
Go';k oZy' fe w?I p/b'V/ iK ibdh ftu bVkJh BjhI S/VKrk ns/ i/ w?B{z
bVkJh bkT[Dh jh gJh sK w?I ]k; jZd se ekwk:kph gfjbK jh jk;b
eo b?D bJh g{ok :sB eoKrk .ª fJBQK jkbsk ftu bVkJh S/VB dk d'F
;oeko gzikp d/ f;o wVQBk tkfenks d/ fto[ZX j? .
;sb[i dfonk d/ dZyD B{z ;oeko bkj"o dk ekcah fJbkek ;h . fJ; bJh
fi; t/b/ ;oeko bkj"o dk ekch fJbkek ;h . fJ; bJh fi; t/b/ ;oeko
bkj"o dhnK ca'iK bVkJh bJh iwk j'Jh s/ j' ojh nzrq/}h ca"i d/ Nkeo/
bJh (nzrq/}K s/ jZbk eoB bJh BjhI) ;sb[i'I gko j'JhnK sK T[j nkgD/
fJbke/ ftu jh ik e/ T[sZohn ;B nzrq/}h fJbke/ ftu BjhI .1 fJj mhe
j? fe 25 ngq?b 1809 d/ nfjdBkw/ ftu fJj rZb fbyh j'Jh ;h fe
nzdo{Bh gqpzX bJh b'V s'I f}nkdk ca"i T[; fJbke/ ftu BjhI oyh ikt/rh
fijVk fe ;sb[i d/ dZyD B{z ;oeko bkj"o dk j? go j[D id fe g{oh
soK bVkJh bJh fsnko fJe pVh ca"i nzrqiK B/ ;oeko bkj"o d/ fJbke/
dh ;ojZd T[s/ fbnk yVh ehsj ;h ns/ fJbke/ B{z ]sok ;kca fd; fojk
;h sK ;oeko bkj"o B{z T[; d/ w[skpe jh gqpzX eoB bJh ca"i th f}nkdk
frDsh ftu oyDh g?Dh ;h . ca"ih fsnkohnK ns/ ;ojZd T[s/ ca"i b?
nkT[D dh gfjb ezgBh tZb'I j'Jh ;h, ;oeko bkj"o tZb'I BjhI . fJ; s'I
fJbktk w/io ekowkJheb ;fwZE fbydk j? fe fJj 1809dk nfjdBkwk
gfjbK jh nzrq/}K tZb'I s'fVnk ik u[Zek j'fJNk ;h id fe T[BQK B/ fcao'}g[o
ns/ gzikp d/ ftueko ;sb[i ftu f;ZyK d/ fJe i}ho/ T[As/ e[p}k eo
fbnk .2 fJ; bJh BK sK nwbh tkfenks dh fpBK s'I ns/ BK jh
nfjdBkw/ B{z nZr/ eo e/ fJj nkfynk ik ;edk j? fe bkj"o dopko B/
nzrq/}h fJbke/ T[s/ e'Jh jwbk ehsk j? . u{zfe bVkJh dhnK fsnkohnK th
gfjbK nzrq/}K B/ ehshnK, bkj"o d/ fJbke/ dh jZd T[s/ ca"i th gfjbK
T[BQK jh fbnk iwk ehsh, ;oeko bkj"o d/ nkdwhnK B{z T{BQK d/ nkgD/ jh
fJbke/ ftu dk]b j'D' th ezgBh d/ nca;oK B/ jh o'fenk ns/ T[BQK T[s/
r'bh ubkT[D dh gfjb th T[BQK jh ehsh , f;ZyK d/ i}ho/ T[s/ ep}k
eoB eoe/ nfjdBkwk th T[BQk tZb'I jh N[ZNk, ;oeko bkj"o dhnK ikfJ}
wzrK B{z g{ok eoB ftu e'skjh th T[[BQK jh ehsh , nkgD/ nkdwh G/ie/
bkj"o dopko ftu c[ZN g[nkTD ns/ nzrq/}K d/ gzikp s/ ep{}k eoB bJh
;k}F dh e'fFF th T[BQK B/ jh ehsh, bkj"o dopko d/ t}ho ns/ ewKvo-
fJB-uhca B{z nkgD/ Bkb rzYD ns/ bVkJh ftu rZdkoh eoB dh
T[e;kjN d/ e/ d';sh dh fto'Xsk th ezgBh d/ g'bhNheb J/izNk B/ jh
ehsh, ns/ ;oeko bkj"o d/ g{oph B"eoK B{z nkgD/ Bkb obkT[D bJh
n?bkB th ezgBh B/ jh eZY/, fJ; bJh f;ZX/ iK N/Y/ YzrK Bkb bkj"o ezgBh
d/ f;o jh nkTI[dh j? . ns/ u{zfe bVkJh bZrD s' gfjbK jh 13 d;zpo
1845 B{z rtBo-iBob B/ ;oeko bkj"o ns/ eg{oEbk s/ ;sb[i'I dZyD
d/ fJbke/ B{z }ps eo b?D dk n?bkB eo fdZsk1 ns/ ;oeko bkj"o d/
fJbke/ ftu jh bVkJh brh, fJ; bJh ;oeko bkj"o d/ fJbke/ T[s/
jwbk eoB dk d'F ezgBh d/ f;o nkT[Idk j? ns/ u{zfe bVhnK rJhnK
41
c/o{ Ffjo dh bVkJh
21 d;zpo d/ b"Y/ t/b/ c/o{ Ffjo d/ bkr/ f;Zy ezg{ s'I uko e[ whb dh
ftZE T[s/ ;o i"B fbNbo dh ca"i ;o jhT{ r"c dh w[Zy ca"i dk w/b j'
frnk .
fJE/ th ewKvo okik bkb f;zx jh ;h s/ s/i f;zx ;jkfJe-;?Bk dh
ewkB eo fojk ;h . FkfJd fJ;/ f]nkb Bkb fe w[ekpb/ T[s/ nkgD/ jh
nkdwh jB . r"ca B/ fsokekbK d/ t/b/, fi; t/b/ fe ;{oi fSgD ftu xzNk
e[ jh ofjzdk ;h, jZbk p'b fdZsk s/ nkgD/ wFj{o s'g]kB/ Bkb nZr
toQkTDh F[o{ eo fdZsh . go nZfrUI, efBzxw fbydk j? fe,ªªf;Zy s'gK p/Vh
s/}h s/ wro yV/ ;B . fJ; soK ;kwQfDUI Nkeok nzrq/}K dh nk; d/ ftoZ[X
;h s/ T[j ;G j?okB ;B . f;Zy s'gK e/ fBFkfBnK B/ nzr/q}h s'gK B{z
uoyhnK s'I bkj e/ G'IfJ wkfonk s/ pko{d c{e e/ nksF-pk}h tKC{ jtk
ftu T[vk fdZsk . eJh ;[enkvoB nZX ftu'I wo'V e/ fgZS/ B{z XZe fdZs/, eJh
gbNDK B{z SkBDh eo e/ Gik fdZsk ns/ w[Feb Bkb nBQ/ok j'D s/ nzrq/}h
ca"iK f;ZyK d/ w'ofunK d/ e[M e[ fjZ;/ dpk ;ehnK . oks d/ nB/Qo/ ns/
jmhb/ Nkeo/ B/ nzrq/}K dh j'F G[bk fdZsh . ;kohnK gbNDK ns/ ;kohnk
fe;wK d/ f;gkjh nkg; ftu ob rJ/ . ioB?b bVkJh ftu nkgDhnK
fiZsK ;zpzXh FZe ftu ;B ns/ eoB?bK B{z fJj BjhI ;h gsk fe T[BQK dhnK
gbNDK ns/ fi; cai" Bkb T[j ;B T[BQK dk eh pfDnk j? ,,,,,nzrq/}K dh
g'ihFB fJe ;u-wZu d/ ]so/ s/ xpokjN tkbh ;h . fJ; :kdrkoh oks
B{z T[j w[Feb Bkb jh T[; irQk d/ wkbe ;B fiZE/ fe T[j yV's/ ;B .
T[BQK gk; e'Jh ;jkfJe ca"i BjhI ;h id fe d[FwB (f;Zy) fJe j'o d{;oh
ca"i d/ ;jko/ s/ j' rJ/ ;B ns/ f}nkdk frDsh Bkb eo ;ed/ ;B .««1
e;N fbydk j? fe ª;koh oks s'g s/ s'g ubdh ojh . n;hI ikDd/ ;K
fe ;kv/ pukU dk e'Jh Yp BjhI fojk, ns/ fisBh d/o se n;hI bVkJh
Bk fiZs bJhJ/ ;kv/ ftu'I fJe th fgZS/ (pu e/) BjhI ik ;e/rk pbfe ;ko/
d/ ;ko/ jh wko w[ekJ/ ikDr/ .«« fJ; t/b/ wkb{w j[zdk j? fe FkfJd T[BQK B{z
bkb f;zzx ns/ s/i f;zx dh rZdkoh T[s/ g{ok g{ok :ehB BjhI ;h pZMdk .
Gkt/I n;b rZb ;kca fJj fd;dh j? fe fJj nzdo'I sK gZeh soQK d/Dk
ukj[zd/ . f;Zy f;gkjh u{zfe fJwkBdkoh Bkb tsB dh nk}kdh bJh
nkgDhnK fizdK x'b x[wk oj/ ;B fi; G/d dk fe FkfJd nzrq/}K B{z gsk
BjhI ;h ns/ T[j xpok oj/ ;B, ns/ nzs ftu f;Zy wko/ fJ; eoe/ rJ/
fe T[j fJBQK nca;oK B{z fJwkBdko ;wM e/ fJBQK j[ewK dh gkbDk eod/
oj/ .
fJ; xpokjN dh jkbs ftu 21-22 dh oks B{z nzrq/} c/o{ Ffjo
ftu mfjo/ ofjD ftu nkgDh jko :ehBh d/y oj/ ;B, fJ; bJh
fco'}g[o tZb B{z fgZS/ jN ikD dhnK ;bkjK ;'uD br/ pfbe/ ekfJw-
w[ekw n?vi{NzN-iBob e?gNB bwbh B/ e[M fo;kb/ B{z j[ew th d/ fdZsk
;h fe T[j f;ZXk fcao'}g[o B{z e{u eo ikJ/ .2
fJj jh BjhI pbfe jfEnko SZv e/ fpBK-Fos nkgD/ nkg B{z f;ZyK d/
jtkb/ eo d/D d/ T[gkU th ;'u/ ikD br gJ/ ns/ ;oekoh ekr}K B{z
nZr bk e/ c{e d/D dhnK ftT[IsK th pD rJhnK ;B3 ns/ jkbks fJ;
jZd se fto[ZX iKd/ fd; oj/ ;B fe rtoBo-iBob B/ nkgD/ g[Zso s/
gqkJht/N ;?feqNoh B{z e[M ;oekoh ekr}, nkgDk ;Nko n"ca dh pkE, ns/
nkgDh B?g'bhnB tkbh sbtko i' vhT{e n"ca t?fbzrNB tZb'I s'jck fwbh
j'Jh ;h. d/e/ nzpkb/ tZb B{z ub/ ikD dk j[ew d/ fdZsk ;h ns/ efj fdZsk
;h fe i/ jko j' ikt/ sK T[j ;oekoh ekr}K B{z nZr bk e/ c{e d/t/ s/
nkg f;ZXk fdZbh B{z ubk ikt/ .4
ykBdkB
j'o d{;o/ f;ZX{ ik f;ZX-{ pokV iZNK1 tKC nNkohtkb/ ;odko Gh nkgDk
fgZSk i?;bw/o d/ w'Yh i?;b GZNh-okig{s Bkb ik w/bd/ jB . ir wZb dk
g[sZ q Xok fJ; ]kBdkB dk gfjbk pzdk ;h i' okig{skfBUI T[mA e/ gzikp B{z
nkfJnk ns/ ;zB 1580 Jh;th d/ eohp wkbt/ ftZu c{b wfjoki nk e/
nkpkd j'fJnk . fJj nkgD/ ;w/I dk fJe uzrk okrh ;h ns/ okr-ftZfdnk
d/ ikd{ jkb sZe Gh T[; B{z pV/ ;fseko Bkb :kd eod/ jB .2
;zB 1735 d/ eohp fJ; ykBdkB ftZu fJe tkoh fjZb i[b j'Jh s/
fJBQK ftZu'I e[M c{b wfjoki fgzv s'I T[m e/ b[fXnkD/ d/ f}b/ nbkek
irokUI ftZu fJzdrVQ (ekUIe)/ nk t;/ . fJ; ]kBdkb d/ fJ; t/b/ d/
fJfsjk; ;pzXh e[m gsk BjhI ubdk . f;oca fJsbk jh gsk bZrdk j? fe
ekUIe/ d/ u"Xoh ekBQ uzd d/ d' g[sZ q r"jo s/ e"o uzr/ okm fBeb/ s/ nkgDh
fe;ws niwkT[D bJh gzMh e[ ;tko b?e/ wkM/ tZb nkJ/ . fJZE/ fJBQK B/
nNkoh s'I uVQd/ tZb nZX e[ whb dh ftZX s/ nk w'VhQ rZvh s/ Bt/I fgzv dk
BkUI nkgD/ fgSb/ fgzv d/ BkUI T[sA / ekUIe/ oZfynk . fJj fgzv jkb sZe T[E/
nkpkd j? .3
1. "Sidhu, with its branch the Barar, or Sidhu-Barar, is the largest and
most important of the Jat tribes of the Punjab, for from it have sprung
the great Phulkian families of Patiala, Nabha and Jind and the Brar
family of FAridkot. the Sidhu trace their origin to Jaisal, a Bhatti Rajput
and founder of Jaisalmer... The pure Bhatti Rajputs of Bhattiana still
admit their relationship with the Sidhu and Barar." Rose, H.A. - A
Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and N.W.F.P., iii 421
2. ;:Zd jkd j;B s/ ;:Zd oip nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp, 60-1l b?gb frqfcB,
gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd 1, 238
3. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 61l gzikp uhca;, (1890), 238 .
gzE gqekF ftZu fbfynk j? fe r'o/ B/ ;zws 1794 B{z Xb/FNk d/ bkr/ fJe fgzv
t;kfJnk s/ T[; dk Bkw r'og[ok ofynk . gzE gqekF, d{ih n?vhFB, 835.
fJj fdB ]kb;/ bJh pV/ fpyV/ ;B . ;?c[Zd"bk Btkp npd[b
;wZd Bk fdb/fo-izr dk g[Zsq }eohnk ykB i' fJfsjk; ftZu ª]kB
pjkdo« eoe/ gqf;ZX j? bkj"o dk ;{pd / ko ;h . f;zxK dh esb-nkw sK
fJ; d/ fgT[ d/ }wkB/ s'I jh fJe Fkjh caowkB Bkb ikoh j' u[eZ h j'Jh ;h
id fJj j[ew j' frnk ;h fe fiZE/ feXo/ Gh e'Jh f;Zy fwb/ fpBk g[SZ
gqshs d/ esb eo fdZsk ikt/ .1 fJ; wsbp bJh bkj"o s'I ]kB pjkdo
dhnK rFsh c"iK fBebdhnK s/ f;ZyK B{z N'b Gkb ftZu fgzv' fgzv
fcodhnK . fiZE/ feXo/ f;zxK B{z gsk brdk T[E/ ik Skgk wkodhnK s/
T[BKQ B{z cV e/ bkj"o gj[uz k fdzdhnK . fJBQK rFsh d;fsnK B/ wkM/ s/
fonkVeh dk ;kok fJbkek rkj wkfonk . eJh tkoh dPkp/ s/ BZe/ d/
T[gob/ fjZf;nK sZe Gh fJj ik g[iZ d/ . fJ; soQK j}koK dh frDsh ftZu
f;zx geVh: geVh: e/ bkj"o g[iZ d/ ofjzd/ . fiZE/ T[jfdZbh dotki/ d/
uVQdh tZb pk}ko Byk; ftZu bzv/ pk}ko dh EK s/ Fjhd eo fdZs/ iKd/
. eJhnK B{z sbtko Bkb esb ehsk, eJhnk B{z uoyVhnK s/ ukVQe/
T[BKQ dhnK jZvhnK eVek fdZshnK, eJhnK B{z w{r z bhnK Bkb e[Ntk e/
wotk fdZsk ns/ eJhnK B{z j'o eJh gqeko d/ s;hj/ d/ e/ wko w[ekfJnk
. T[BKQ d/ f;o d/ w[Bko/ u[D/ iKd/ ;B s/ p/-f;o XV esb-rkj ftZu
dptk fdZs/ ikd/ . fJ;/ n;EkB s/ jh fJBQK FjhdK dh :kd ftZu bkj"o
dk Fjhd-rzi j? .2 fJj i[bw e/tb f;zxK T[s/ jh BjhI ;B j[d z / . who
wzB{ d/ t/b/ sK f;zxDhnK B{z gh n;fj s/ nefj eFN fdZs/ rJ/ id fe
T[BKQ d/ d[XZ u[x
z d/ pZfunK d/ N'N/ N'N/ eo e/ T[BKQ dhnK M'bhnK ftZu gkJ/
rJ/, T[BKQ B{z G[yZ / GkD/ jo o'} ;tk ;tk wD dkD/ ghjD B{z fdZs/ iKd/ ;B
ns/ T[BKQ B{z yzBh yzBh o'Nh s/ r[}kok eoBk g?dI k ;h, go FkpkF T[BkQ r[o{
d/ bkbK s/ r[o{ dhnK pZuhnK d/, fiBQK B/ fJj ;ko/ eFN fyV/ wZE/ ;jko
bJ/ s/ j}koK ftZuI' fe;/ fJe B/ Gh nkgDh fizd pukT[D bJh Xow B{z
fsnkrDk gqtkD Bk ehsk .3 fJBQK w[;hpsK d/ ekoB f;zxK B{z xo xkN
4. w[BFh dkfBFto fbydk j? fe pzdk f;zx pjkd[o d/ esb d/ pkd j[ew j' frnk fe
fiE/ feXo/ Gh fJ; fcoe/ d/ b'e fwbD, MN esb eo fdZs/ ikD . fwcaskj-T[-
stkohy, ;ck 396 .
5. rD/Fdk; pv'jok, fo;kbk fJ-;kfjp B[wk, 198-9l eBQJhnk bkb, skohfy-bkj"o
219 nbh-T[-dhB, fJpqs Bkwkl bshc, fj;Noh n"c dh gzikp, 193 .
6. frnkB f;zx, gzE gqekF . fJj ;]shnK fJ; jZd se ehshnK iKdhnK ;B s/ f;zxK B/
fJBQK B{z fJ; soQK fyV/ wZE/ ;jkfonk fe jkb se fJj ]kb;/ dh nodk; dk fjZ;k pDhnK
ubhnK nk ojhnK jB .
SZv e/ izrbK ns/ gjkVK tZb B{z fBeb ikDk g? frnk . go fJj ;G e[M
Gh T[BKQ dh ;fgfoN B{z Bk e[ub ;fenk, pbfe T[j d{D ;tkJ/ j[d z / rJ/
. fJj r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx dh f;zxK ftZu c{eh j'Jh BthI o{j ;h fi; B/ T[BKQ
B{z ;Zu-w[uZ fuVhnK s'I pk} ns/ frZdVK s'I F/o pDk fdZsk ;h . fJ; t/b/
]kb;/ ftZu jT[w? s/ ngDZs BjhI ;h . T[j r[o{ gzE dh ;/tk bJh ihT[d I /
ns/ r[o{ gzE B{z uVQdhnK ebK ftZu oZy tykT[D bJh e[opkB j' iKd/ ;B
. eJh fBZi dk bkG T[BKQ B{z Gowk e/ GoktK Bkb'I s'V BjhI ;h ;edk ns/
fe;/ fBZih B[e;kB iK ikB dk vo T[BKQ B{z nkgD/ gzE dh ;/tk s'I fgZS/ BjhI
;h jNk ;edk . gzE dh ;/tk T[BKQ dk we;d ;h Gkt/I T[j fe;/ Gh jkbs
s/ g'}hFB ftZu ;B . Gkt/I e'Jh f;zx ;odko ;p/r f;zx dh g[}hFB ftZu
bkj"o dk e[stkb ;h s/ Gkt/ ;odko Fkw f;zx s/ eg{o f;zx tKC je{ws
dk eZNV fto'Xh . fdb ftZu fJZSk ;kfonK d/ fJe' ;h s/ T[j ;h fe ªijK
ijK ]kb;k ;kfjp, sjK sjK foZfXnk fonkfJs, d/H s/H casfj, fpod
eh g?i oj/, gzE eh ihs, ;qh ;kfjp ih ;jkfJ, ]kb;/ ih d/ p'b pkb/ .« fJj'
jh ;t/o/ ns/ Fkw r[o{ d/ j}{o T[BKQ dh nodk; ;h s/ fJ; B/ jh T[BKQ B{z fJe
ikB s/ fJe w[mZ eo oZfynk ;h . fJ;/ e[opkBh dh ;fgfoN s/ gzE bJh ikBK
x'b x[wkT[D dh feos B/ j}koK pzfdnK d/ wo fwN ikD go Gh e"w B{z fBZs
BtK fBo'nk, ihT[dI k ikrdk s/ uVQdhnK ebK ftZu ofynk . frDsh ftZu
]kb;k Gkt/I nkN/ ftZu b{D Gh BjhI ;h go r[o{ Go';/ T[BKQ T[j e[M eo
ftykfJnk i' eo'VK dh frDsh tkb/ j}koK d/ Nkeo/ s/ Bk eo ;e/ .
f;zxK dhnk nkgk-tko{ e[opkBhnK s/ gzE bJh xkbK s'I T[s;kjs j' e/
ekT[fI enK d/ r"jo s/ e"o Gh nzfwqs;o g[iZ / s/ gzv/ dh gkj[b SZe e/ f;zx ;Zi
rJ/ s/ fJBQK d/ Bkw r"jo f;zx s/ e"o f;zx j' rJ/ .1
fiZE/ j[D fgzv nNkoh nkpkd j? T[E/ T[; t/b/ fJe g[okDh E/j j[dz h ;h
fi; B{z fNZpk :k y/Vk2 nkyd/ ;B s/ fJ; d/ T[go p?okrh ;kX{nK dk v/ok ;h
1 oJh;kfB gzikp, 61l gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd gfjbh, 238 .
2. b?gb frqfcB B/ ?gzikp uhca;" ftZu fJ; n;EkB B{z, fiE/ fe pokrhnK dk v/ok j[zdk
;h s/ pktk w{b dk; B/ r'o f;zx B{z nk p;D bJh fejk, fNpbhnK ik eotk (Biblia
or Karewa) fbfynk j? . ;:Zd jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh B/ fNZpk T[oca yo/tk
(oJh;kfB-gzikp, gzikp, gzL 61) . mhe fNZpk :k y/Vk, j'Dk ukjhdk j? . pj[s ;kohnK
g[okDhnK E'jK ni/ sZe fNZp/ iK y/V/ jh nytkT[IdhnK jB .
. fJ; v/o/ d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ e[M eZu/ e'm/ ;B . fJ; fBZe/ fij/ fgzv s/ T[;
d/ fJod frod dh G"I d/ wkbe Gh p?okrh jh ;B . w[be ftZu npsoh
d/ ekoD u'ohnK s/ vke/ nkw ;B fiBQK s'I eJh tkoh ;kXK d/ e'm/ s/ v/ok
Gh ;[eZ / BjhI ;B pud/ . ;kX{ ftuko/ pV/ szr ;B s/ j?okB ;B fe eh eoB .
p?okHhnK ftZuI' fJe pktk w{b dk; ;B fiBK Bkb fgzv t;kT[D d/ fdBk s'I jh
r"jo/ dk pVk gqw/ j' frnk j'fJnk ;h . id r"jo f;zx nzfwqs Se e/ f;zx ;i
frnk s/ T[j d/ Bkb j'o eJh ;zpXz h ns/ ;zrh ;kEh f;zx ;i rJ/ sK pktk
w{b dk; B{z fynkb nkfJnk fe i/ e'Jh T[BKQ dh fJ; npsoh d/ t/b/ ;jkfJsk
eo ;edk j? sK fJj r[o{ e/ f;zx jh jB . f;zx T[; t/b/ dhB d[yhnK d/ oky/
s/ rohpK d/ ;jkJh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B i' b'eK dh w[;hps nkgD/ rZb gk e/ Gh
T[BKQ d/ eFN fBtkoB B{z fsnko j' g?dI / ;B . fJj ;'u e/ pktk w{b dk; B/ r"o
f;zx B{z nkfynk fe s[;hI ;kv/ gk; jh ub p;' s/ nkgD/ ofjD bJh ;kv/ y/V/ s/
fJe T[uZ h nNkoh pDk bU, s/ fJod frod dh G"I dh wkbeh Gh s[;hI jh ;KG'I
. n;hI sK ;kX{ jK, nkokw Bkb f}zdrh r[}koBk ukj[dz / jK, d' wX{eVhnK
o[yZ hnK fwZ;hnK i' fwb ikD, ;kB{z T[j jh pj[s jB .
r"jo f;zx B/ pktk w{b dk; dh fJj rZb gqtkD eo bJh s/ E/j B{z nk
nkpkd ehsk s/ T[BKQ d/ nkyD w{ip fJE/ fJe T[uA h nNkoh nk pDkJh . r"jo
f;zx dh nNkoh T[uA / fNZp/ s/ j'D eoe/ d{oI' fd;dh ;h . fJ; d/ Bkw s/ j"bh
j"bh fgzv dk Bkw Gh nNkoh tZiD bZr fgnk .
id f;zx ;odko S'N/ S'N/ iZE/ pDk e/ wZbK wkoD bJh d/F ftZu fcoB
bZr/ sK r"jo f;zx nkgD/ ;zpXz hnK ;w/s ;odko r[op]F f;zx o'VKtkb/ d/
iZE/ ftZu Fkwb j' frnk . ;odko r[op]F f;zx ;odko Gzwk f;zx Gzrh s/
;zrhnK ftu'I fJe f;o-eZY ;odko ;h . T[; d/ d' j'o ;kEh ;odko ;B, fJe
T[; dk Gshik r[iZ o f;zx s/ d{;ok ;odko bfjDk f;zx ekjb'I . ;odko
r[op]F f;zx d/ ubkDk eo ikD fgZSI' T[; dh eK s/ r[iZ o f;zx ;odko
pfDnk . r[iZ o f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx d'BI' ;odko joh f;zx Gzrh d/ fw;bdko
;B .
fJ; t/b/ r"jo f;zx B/ j"bh j"bh nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK s/
ep}k eo fbnk fiBQK dh ;bkBk nkwdBh ;Zs j}ko o[gJ/ ;h .1
1. ;:Zd jkdh j;B (oJh;kfB-gzikp gzL 61, ns/ b?gb frqfcB (gzikp uhca;, gzBk
238) B/ r"jo f;zx d/ nNkoh d/ fJod frod d/ fgzvK s/ ep}k eoB dk ;zB 1737
Jh;th fdZsk j?, fi; t/b/ ykB pjkdo }eohnk ]kB bkj"o dk ;{p/dko ;h ns/ Bkdo
Fkj ni/ fjzd[;skB T[s/ jZbk, eoB BjhI ;h nkfJnk . fJ; t/b/ jkb sZe f;zx B/
nkw ep}/ eoB/ BjhI ;B nkozG/, fJ; bJh fJ; skohy T[s/ }ok FZe g?dk j?, go u{zfe
j'o e'Jh rtkjh fJ; d/ fto[ZX th BjhI, fJ; bJh fJ; B{z rbs Gh BjhI nkfynk ik
;edk.
;odko r[op]F f;zx o'VKtkb/ d/ ubkDk eo ikD fgZS'I r"jo
f;zx ;odko r[iZ o f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx GzrhnK d/ Bkb jh fojk . T[;
dh pjkdoh s'I gq;Bz j' e/ ;odko r[iZ o f;zx B/ T[; B{z nmkoK j}ko S/
;' o[gJ/ wkwb/ dk fJbkek ikrho ftZu d/ fdZsk .1
~~~
1. oJh;kfB-gzikp ftZu nmkoK j}ko d" ;' o[gJ/ ikrho fbyh j'Jh j? i', f}nkdk
gqwkDhe j? . frqfcB, gzikp uhca;, fibd gfjbh, 238 .
42
;odko Fkw f;zx B[{z ;Zdk
fi; t/b/ c/oP Ffjo d/ w?dkB'I bkb f;zx s/ s/i f;zx d/ GZiI fBebD dh ]po bkj'o
wjkokDh fizd e"o B{z g[iZ h sK T[BKQ B/ 25 dz;po 1845 B{z d; ;tko ;odko f;zx
tZb T[BKQ d/ fgzv nkNoh G/i/ ns/ T[BKQ B{z izr ftu Fkwb j'D bJh ;[Bj/ k G/fink .
fit/I T[go dZf;nk ik u[Zek j?, ;odko Fkw f;zx BkbkfJe ns/ p/JhwkB g{ophJ/
nc;o dh ewkB j/mK f;Zy c"} B{z spkj eoB dh pdBh:s Bkb bVh ik ojh
bVkJh d/ fto[XZ ;h go id wjkokDh tZb' T[go' Ebh skehdh ;[Bj/ / g[iZ D/ F[o{ j' rJ/
ns/ fJj fynkb g?d Z k fdf;nk fe T[j FkfJd ew fdbh d/ ekoD w"s s'I vo e/ fgZS/
jfNnk j'fJnk j? sK T[; B/ izr ftu Fkwb j'D dk c?;bk eo fbnk ns/ Bkb jh
;"j yk bJh fe bVkJh jkoh ikD dh jkbs ftu T[j ihT[d I k BjhI w[Vr
/ k.
fJ; t/b/ bkb f;zx s/ s/i f;zx nkgDhnK c"iK B{z Gik e/ dfonkT[I gko j' u[eZ /
j'J/ ;B ns/ ;GoktK fgzv d/ B}dhe fJeZm/ j' rJ/ ;B . ;odko Fkw f;zx 28
d;zpo B{z bFeo ftu Fkwb j' frnk . f;Zy c"iK }'o d/ ojhnK ;B fe w[V dfnkT[i
gko j' e/ MZN nzr}q/ K T[sZ / Xktk p'fbnk ikt/ . f;oc d' ;odkoK s'I fpBK ;ko/ jh fJ;
rZb d/ jZe ftu ;B ns/ ;GoktK d/ B}dhe g[b pzBDk F[o{ ehsk frnk . fJj d'
;odko ;B fwZ;o s/i f;zx ewKvo fJB uhc ns/ ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk.
go d'jK dk B[esk fBrkj tZyok tZyok ikgdk j? . s/i f;zx u{fz e nzr}/q K Bkb ofbnk
j'fJnk ;h fJ; bJh T[j T[BQK dh p' p;h t/b/ jZbk BjhI ;h Bh:s T[s/ FZe ;h fJ;
bJh T[j fJj BjhI ;h ukj[dz k fe fJj rZdko b'e f;Zy c'i B{z fe;/ e[EK c;k e/ nikJhI
wotk d/D .
T[Xo s'gK s/ pko{d d/ xkN/ ns/ w[deh ns/ c/o{ Ffjo ftu j'J/ B[e;kB d/
wkbt/ d/ ;odkoK s/ okfinK ftu'I bkvt/ dk ;odko okik nihs f;zx jh fJe
T[x Z k ;odko ;h fi; B/ fJ; izr ftu ;oeko bkj"o dk gZy fbnk ;h . T[j bkj"o
;oeko dk ikrhodko ;h s/ b[fXnkD/ d/ B}dhe pZd'tkb ftu T[; dk febk ;h .
fi; t/b/ nzr/q}K dh b[fXnkDk c'o; fpqr/vhnk thbo dh ewkB j/mK p;hnK d/
w[ekw s/ w[y c"i Bkb w/b bJh rJh ;h sK T[BKQ B/ okj ftu ;odko nihs f;zx d/
pZd'tkb d/ feb/ s/ ep}k eo fbnk . fi; t/b/ w[deh s/ c/o{ Ffjo B/ nzrq/}K B{z
b[fXnkD/ tZbI' nt/;bk eo fdZsk sK ;odko nihs f;zx B/ nk e/ w[V pZdt' kb T[sZ /
nkgDk ep}k eo fbnk .
17 iBtoh 1846 B{z id ;odko oDi'X f;zx wihmhnk b[fXnkD/ d/ B}dhe'I
;sb[i gko j'fJnk sK ;odko nihs f;zx th T[; d/ Bkb fwb frnk . fJBQK B/
b[fXnkD/ dh SkT[Dh d/ e[M fjZ;/ c{e fdZs/ . fi; t/b/ fJj ]po rtoBo iBob
bkov jkofvzr ns/ ewKvo fJB uhc ;o jhT{ r'c B{z bZrh sK T[BKQ ;o j?oh ;fwZE
B{,z i' 17 iBtoh B{z Xowe'N ns/ cfsjrVQ d/ fefbnK s/ ep}k eoB bJh G/fink
frnk ;h , j[ew G/fink fe T[j b[fXnkD/ ik e/ eoBb r"vph dh ;jkfJsk eo/ . ;o
j?oh ;fwZE b[fXnkD/ tZb B{z tXdk j'fJnk 21 iBtoh B{z pZdt' kb e'b gj[fz unk jh
;h fe ;odko oDi'X f;zx s/ ;odko nihs f;zx B/ nukBe Xktk p'b fdZsk . ;o
j?oh ;fwZE dh c"i fsZso fpZso j' rJh ns/ T[; dk ;kok wkb n;pkp s/ j;gskbh
;N'o f;zxK d/ jZE nkfJnk . fJ; t/b/ i/ feXo/ fpqrv/ hnk feT[oNB dk Xowe'N tZbI'
nk fojk fo;kbk n?B t/b/ f;o e[M ;jkfJsk Bk nk eodk sK FkfJd fJ; MVg ftu
nzr/q}K dk j'o th f}nkdk B[e;kB j[zdk .
1. Gough and Innes, The Sikhs and the Sikh Wars,111-2., Latif, History
of the Punjab, 544-45, Autobigrophy of Sir Harry Smith, 523-35, Edwards,
Reminiscence of a Bengal Civiliam (1866), p. 98, Cust, O. S L. Essays, V. 7-157.
2. go okik bkb f;zx s/ s/i f;zx dh soQK ;odko oDi'X f;zx dh Bh:s T[s/ e'Jh
FZe BjhI ehsk ik ;edk . frqfcB fbydk j? L-
Ranjodh Singh was, if any thing, superior to the other leaders of the
Sikh Army, if leaders they can be called but he was no triator. He had no
confidential agents in the British camp as Raja Lal Singh had, nor did he, like
the Raja, pray for and labour for the triumph of the English , Punjab Chiefs
(1890), i, 272-73.
3 History of the Punjab (1846),ii. 349.
w"i{d ;h . T[; B/ w?B{z :ehB fdbkfJnk ns/ T[; dh rZb dh j'o eJh d{;fonK B/
Fkjdh Goh j? fe fi; t/b/ (fJ; bVkJh pkps) ;oekoh fpnkB fbfynk ik fojk
;h sK fJe pVh ekw;kp wBzebgDk ezw eo ojh ;h . T[; d/ bc} ;B fe Ònbhtkb
fJe fbys ftu jh nkJh bVkJh ;h feT[fI e ;kv/ ftu'I T[; t/b/ se fe;/ B{z th gsk
BjhI ;h fe n;hI e'Jh bVkJh bV/ jK id se fe fJ; d/ jkbks fJe gZso ftu
gqekFs BjhI ;B j' rJ/ fi; B/ ;kv/ ftu'I jo fJe Bkb fJB;kc s'I th tX uzrk
;b{e ehsk. Ó
¿go T[j fJ; B{z fpBk veko gh rJ/ ns/ ;kvhnK pj[s ;kohnK fjzd;[ dskBh
bVkJhnK ns/ fjzd;[ skBh HbshnK dh soQK bVkJh d/ n]oh Bshi/ B/ fJ; pkps
B[esk uhBh pzd eok fdZsh .
¿fJe nkfJoF ej/rk fe c'i dk ;kwkB t?oh d/ jZE nk ikD eo/ e/ Ò;kB{z
pZdt' kb ftu xkNk fgnkÓ ns/ e'Jh th w[pkbrk fJ; B{z fiZs ftu BjhI pdb ;e/rk.
go E'V/ fuo fgZS' fgZS' B{z jN oj/ f;ZyK d/ fJe d;s/ s/ e[M r'bhnK d/ uZbD ns/
fJe iK d' d;fsnK d/ jZb/ B{z tXk uVQk e/ fJe pVh tZvh bVkJh dZf;nk frnk ns/
fJ; soQK nbhtkb d/ w?dkB B{z fjd[;z skB d/ fJe w?oE/ B dk oDy/so eoe/ fby
frnk . @
1Adams, A.L- Wanderings of a Naturalist in India, the Western
Himalayas and Kashmere; Edmonston and DoUglas, Edinburgh, 1867, p.
60-1 :-
Much has been said of Aliwal, but can did witnesses give a far different
account from that written at the time.
I wandered over the field with one who had been present at the enagement
he assured me, and his testimony has been corroborated by many others, that
a fruitful imagination was at work when the official account was drawn up. His
words were:--
"Aliwal was the battle of the despatch, for none of us knew we had
fought a battle until the particulars appeared in a document which did more
than justice of everyone concerned."
But they gulped it down, and like many of our Indian battles and
Indian blunders, the final issue of the struggle disarmed criticism.
An Irishman would say, "We gained a disadvantage at Budiwal." by the
baggage of the Army falling into the hands of the enemy; that no exaggera-
tion could well turn it into a victory but shortly afterwards, a few shots and the
charge of a squadron or two in persuit of a host of retreating Sikhs were
magnified into a grand combat and thus the plain of Aliwal has been recorded
as the scene of one of India's Marathons.
also see Cunningham, History of the Sikhs (1849), p. 613
44
;GoktK dh bVkJh
c/o{ Ffjo ftu jko d/ fgZSI' bkj"o dopko B/ okik r[bkp f;zx B{z izw{ s'I
bkj"o p[bkfJnk . wjkokDh fizd e"o B{z FkfJd fJj f]nkb j't/ fe r[bkp f;zx izr
ftu dopko dh ;jkfJsk eo/rk . i/ T[j ukj[d z k sK bVkJh B{z bwek ;edk ;h . go
T[j nkgDk T[b{ f;ZXk eoBk ukj[zdk ;h , fJ; bJh T[; B/ }kjok s"o s/ e'Jh rZb
nzrq/}K d/ fto[ZX Bk ehsh pbfe jko yk u[Ze/ j'J/ f;ZyK B{z jh T[; B/ e';Bk F[o{ eo
fdZsk ns/ nzr}/q K Bkb rZb pks nkozG eo fdZsh.
rtoBo iBob th fJ; rZb'I ][F ;h fe bkj"o dopko JhB b?D B{z fsnko j?
feT[Ife T[j ;Zu/ fdb'I wfj;{; eo fojk ;h fe ;ko/ gzikp B{z ;o ehs/ fpBk fJ;
bVkJh B{z ekw:kph Bkb ]sw BjhI ehsk ik ;e/rk ns/ ]kb;k c"i dh w"}d{ rh ftu
gzikp B{z ;o eoB bJh g?o g?o T[sZ / ]sok j' ikD dh jkbs ftu gzikp B{z ;o eoB
bJh g?o g?o T[Zs/ bVkJh bzph j' ikD dh jkbs ftu rowh d/ w";w ftu r'fonK
tk;s pVh Fkws j'tr / h ns/ fe;/ nkw phwkoh d/ g? ikD Bkb nc;oK ns/ f;gkjhnK
dk pj[s f}nkdk B[e;kB j'tr / k . fJj th wfj;{; ehsk ik fojk ;h fe ;ko/ fjd[;z skB
ftu b'eK d/ wB v'b/ j'J/ jB ns/ bVkJh bzph g? ikD dh jkbs ftu T[BKQ dk nzr/q
}K dh c"i d/ nfiZs j'D ;zpXz h :ehB j'o th fjZb ikJ/rk ns/ w[be ftu F'o Fokpk
g? ikJ/rk . dfonk f;zX se nkgDh cfsj d/ Mzv/ M[bkT[D ns/ gzikp B{z nzr/q}h
je{ws j/mK b? nkT[D dk f]nkb rtoBo iBob d/ wB B{z j[bkok fdzdk ;h . go
;G s'I gfjbK rZb ]kb;k c"iK B{z sbtko d/ }'o Bkb iK bkj"o dopko d/ fpBk
Fos JhB wzBD s/ ;sb[iI' ;wM e/ fjzd;[ skB dk jo S'Nk w'Nk ;odko w"ek fwbD
s/ nkgDh nk}kdh bJh fsnko j' e/ jZE g?o wkoB d/ :sB eoB br gJ/rk. go i/
feXo/ w[be d/ ;ko/ ;odko f;o bZE j? e/ fe;/ fJe :'r ns/ nkgk tko{ nkr{ d/
j[ew j/mK nkfd eZm/ j'J/ sK bkj"o dopko dh fsnko po fsnko pjkd[o ]kb;k
c"i B{z fJe nZXh j'o jko Bkb g{oh soQK w[ekfJnk BjhI ik ;e/rk.
fJBQK rZbK B{z ;kwQD/ oZy e/ rtoBo iBob B/ r[bkp f;zx B{z efj G/fink fe
]kb;k c"i B{z s'V fdZs/ ikD fgZSI' ;oeko ftu f;Zy pkdFjs B{z gqtkD eo b?D bJh
fsnko j'tr / h . go r[bkp f;zx B/ itkp fdZsk fe c"i B{z s'V d/D dk fJeoko eoBk
T[; d/ n]fsnko s'I pkjo j? . efBzxw fbydk j? fe nkgD/ wsbp B{z g{ok eoB
bJh r[bkp f;zx f;Zy j'J/ j'D go T[j T[BKQ B{z j'o vok s/ :oek e/ nkgDh ;/tk d/
pdb/ T[BKQ gk;'I nkgDhnK fBi dhnK rZbK wBtkT[Dk ukj[d z k ;h fi; ftu fe nzs
T[j g{oh soQK ekw:kp j' frnk . UXo u{fz e f;ZyK dh okiXkBh ftu ik e/ T[BKQ gk;'I
JhB wBtkT[Dk nzr}q/ h je{ws d/ o'jp B{z ekfJw oZyD bJh }o{oh j' fojk ;h , fJ;
bJh r[bkp f;zx ns/ nzr}/q K ftu e'Jh fJj' fijk ;bjk ;wM'sk j' frnk fe nzr/
}q f;Zy c"i T[sZ / jZbk eoB ns/ jko j' ikD s/ ;oeko bkj"o (fi; d/ w[yhJ/ fJ; t/
b/ okik r[bkp f;zx v'rok, fwZ;o bkb f;zx t}ho s/ fwZ;o s/i f;zx ewKvo JhB
uhc ;B) T[; B{z y[bQ/ s"o s/ fsnkr d/t,/ ns/ ;sb[i dfonk dk okj ns/ bkj"o sZe
;Ve nzrq/}k tk;s/ ]kbh SZv fdZs/ ikD . fJ; w{oysk Goh gkfb;h ns/ p/FowK
tkbh rZdkoh d/ jkbks ftu ;GoktK dh izr j'Jh. fJj ;koh rZb pks cotoh
1846 d/ gfjb/ jcs/ dh j? id fe rtoBo iBob ;o j?Boh jkofvzr dk e?gI
fco'}g[o ;h .
rtoBo iBob dk e?Ig ni/ fco'}g[o jh ;h fe 7 cotoh B{z nzr/q}K dhnK
tZvhnK s'g, fiBQK dh jcfsnK s'I T[vhe bZrh j'Jh ;h, g[ZiDhnK F[o{ j' rJhnK s/
d{;o/ fdB se ;kok s'gykBk g[Zi frnk .fJ;/ fdB 7 cotoh B{z fwZ;o bkb f;zx
t}ho B/ nkgD/ nkdwh fco'}g[o rtoBo iBob gk; G/i/ ns/ nkgDhnK bkj"o
dopko dhnK c"iK dh go/pQ d z h s/ j'D tkbh bVkJh dk BeFk T[; B{z G/i fdZsk. fi;
1. efBzxw, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;Zy; (1849); 219-21L wo/, fpqfNF fJzvhnk 713-
15
c"i d/ nc;o jh dFwB Bkb ob/ j'D s/ nkgDh bVkJh dk BeFk gfjbK jh t?oh
B{z d/ d/D, T[; d/ jkoB ftu fe;/ B{z eh FZe j'Dk j'fJnk <
fJe gk;/ nc;oK dh p/JhwkBh dh fJ; soQK jZd j'Jh ;h, d{;o/ fe fJe nzr/q}
nc;o B{z SZNhnK ;GoktK d/ ;kwQD/ e[M f;Zy ;tko B}o gJ/ . fJBQK ftu'I fJe B{z T[;
B/ p[bkfJnk .fJj f;Zy x'V uVQk pVh ]Fh Bkb T[; e'b ubk frnk ns/ T; d/ Bkb
jh nzr}q/ h e?gI B{z so fgnk fiE/ fe fJ; dh w[bkeks nzr}/q h ewKvo fJB uhc bkov
jhT{ r"c Bkb eokJh rJh. rZb pks eod/ j'J/ f;zx ih B/ fejk fe fJ; ftu e'Jh
FZe BjhI fe ]kbf;nK B{z eJH tko jko j' u[eZ h j?, go T[j bVB bJh fco fsnko
po fsnko vN/ j'J/ jB ns/ fJj rZb fdb ftu'I T[Zeh jh eZY fdZsh ikJ/ fe f;zx
nkgDh ;oeko Bkb b{D jokwh eoBr/ iK SZv e/ GZi fBebDr/ .
9 cotoh B{z rtoBo iBob fco'}g[oI' ewKvo fJB uhc d/ e?gI ftu nk frnk
ns/ d{;o/ fdB 10 cotoh B{z ;t/o/ jh f;zxK T[Zs/ jZbk eoB dk c?;bk j'fJnk .
wkb{w j[zdk j? fe s/i f;zx B{z nzr/q}K tZb'I j'D tkb/ jZb/ d/ tes dk gsk ;h . nzrq/
}K Bkb u{fz e fJ; rZb dk nzdo'I nzdo c?;bk j' u[eZ k j'fJnk ;h fe f;Zy c"i B{z T[BKQ
d/ nc;o SZv ikDr/,fJ; bJh s/i f;zx ukj[zdk ;h fe fe;/ gkf;UI th nzr/q}K dk
vNtK Nkeok Bk j't/ . bkb f;zx sK T[; dh i[zvh dk :ko ;h ns/ T[j ][d th nzr/
}q K Bkb ofbnk j'fJnk ;h fJ; bJh T[; T[sz / s/i f;zx B{z g{ok Go';k ;h . s/i f;zx
B{z i/ eo vo ;h sK ;odko Fkw f;zx dk,fi; B/ fe ;"jI yk bJh j'Jh ;h fe T[j fJ;
izr ftu ikB se e[opkB eo d/tr / k ns/ i/ f;zxK B{z jko j' rJh sK w?dkB ftu'I
ihT{d I k BjhI w[Vr
/ k . frqfcB fbydk j? fe nkfynk iKdk j? fe ;GoktK dh bVkJh s'I
gfjbh oks(9 cotoh 1846) B{z s/i f;zx B/ ;odko Fkw f;zx B{z th nkgDh
rZdokBk ;k}F ftu Fkwb eoB dk fBFcb :sB ehsk s/ T[BKQ B{z nkfynk fe T[j
1.E'oBNB, fj;Noh n"ca dh gzikp, 315; tkJhekT{IN jkofvzr (o{bo} n"ca fJzvhnk)
113, n?vtov}, p?Irkb f;ftbhnB, 99; efBzxw (1918), 192
2. w?rq?ro, fj;Noh n"ca dh f;y;, fibd d{;oh, gzBk 146
"He said that Khalsa had no doubt been beaten several times;
but they were determined to fight against; and it must not be sup-
posed they would prove unfaithful to their employers and desert
their cause."
j'o t/y' ;fwZE, o/fBzr ca?fwbh, 180-81
th nzr/q}K d/ gfjb/ jZb/ t/b/ T[; d/ Bkb jh fNeb ubD, go ;odko Fkw f;zx
fJe tZyoh fwZNh dk pfDnk j'fJnk ;h . T[j fJBQK Nek gzEh GkV/ d/ NN{ Bwe
jokwhnK ftu'I BjhI ;h . T[j T[; nkgk tko{ ;odko fBjkb f;zx dk nDyhbk g[sZ o
;h fi; B/ fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ Fohoe eFN B{z fBtkoD bJh j;{z j;z{ eod/
nkgDh ikB tko fdZsh ;h . T[; B{z f;zxK dh jko ftu nkgD/ tsB dh nk}kdh y[;Z dh
B}o nk ojh ;h . T[j fJ; d/ fgZSI' ihT{Dk nkgDh nDy B{z tZNk bZrDk ;wM e/ fJ;
d/ Bkb jh s[o ikD B{z fsnko j'Jh p?mk ;h . T[; B/ s/i f;zx dh fJ; fBzdBh: ekbh
eos{s T[sz / fxoDk gqrN eod/ j'J/ T[; d/ Bkb Fkwb j'D' fJBeko eo fdZsk . fJ;
go s/i f;zx B/ r[;Z / Bkb nkfynk @ i/ s{z n?vk jh pjkd[o j?I sK fJe tkoh yk sK ;[rXz
feT[fI e w?IA ;wMdk jK fe nzs w/o/ / Bkb jh nk ikDk j? . ;odko Fkw f;zx T[; t/b/
;qh r[o{ rqEz ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftZu jk}o j'J/ ns/ r[o{ B{z jk}o Bk}o eoe/ e/ puB
ehsk fe i/ f;zxk B{z jko j' rJh sK w?I w?dkB ftZuI' fiT{dI k BjhI fBebK rK .
10 cotoh B{z ;t/o/ jh nzro/}K B/ jZbk eo fdZsk ns/ f;zx th nZfrU
fsnko j' gJ/ . ;t/o/ jh Fkw f;zx B/ fuZNk pkDk ;ik fbnk ns/ nkgDh yk; ;tkoh
dh uhBh x'V/ s/ ;tko j' fBeb gJ/ . ;odko Fkw f;zx dh uVQsb dk f}eo j'fJnk
wNe fbydk j? .
gfjo oks ;w/I fJFBkB Fkw f;zx ftZu Bdh d/ tfVnk .
i[gih gfVnk .
g[B dkB pj[s eho/ wod[ B/, fXnkB r[oK ek Xfonk
G"ib[ s[fonk .
fBw;eko ;;so/ gfjo/, s'Vk pzde{ h ifVnk
iok Bk vfonk .
efjs wNe np i[X Xow ek f;nkw f;zx oD ufVQnk
yzvk cfVnk ..28..
d'jhI fXohI szpo{ yVed/, i[XZ dh GJh fsnkoh
bFeo Gkoh .
tZiB sw[o}k n"o w[obhnK, ;[Eoh ofD e/ ;koh
nfXe fgnkoh .
1. gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd 1, gzBk 243l u'gVk, dh gzikp n?} J/ ;"toB ;N/N, 164
uVQ/ o;kb/ n"o gVsbK r'ok p/ F[wkoh
rod r[pkoh .
efjs wNe np gzE e/ T[go, M[e ojh Bzdo ;koh
bFeo Gkoh .
d'jhI pzde{ K szpo{ yVed/, bVd/ Bdh feBko/
w[byK tko/ .
ubB pzde{ K n"o ofjeb/, s/r/ uwefD Gko/
pD/ d[Xko/ .
rZifD ;{ow/ ;Bw[yZ j' e/, ofjD d/ ftZu g[eko/
b?fD j[bko/
efjs wNe r'bk fgnk to;/, trd/ o[dq gqBko/
b?fD j[bko/ ..30..
e[vbhnK Szd
Fkw f;zx ;odko B/ ehnk shoE fJFBkB
rT{nK jkEh wD; e/ ;Bw[y ubk i[nkB .
;Bw[y ubk i[nkB i[XZ dh GJh fsnkoh .
nzro/} ;kE ;{owk nkg dhdkoh .
wNek r'o/ wod B/ wko' phu w?dkB .
cfV yzvk jZE rofink Fkw f;zx pbtkB ..31..
bVkJh s/ ikD s'I gfjbK ;odko Fkw f;zx B/ f;gkjhnK B{z ftnkfynkB
fdZsk ns/ ;wMkfJnk fe nZi s[jkvh e"wh nD] dh goy dk ;wK nk frnk j?, i/
s[;hI ykb;/ d/ ;Zu/ ;g[sZ o j' sK nkgD/ f;zx Bkw s/ dkVhnK B{z bki Bk bZrD fdU,
g[oik g[oik j' e/ eZN woBk ns/ d/F dh nk}kdh bJh nkgDhnK fizdK e[opkB eo
d/Dk go izr ftZu t?oh B{z fgZm Bk fdykT[Dk .1
f;Zy c"i ih ewkB dh soshp fJ; soK ;h fw;o s/i f;zx fJ; izr dk
ewKvo-fJzB-uhc ;h, fi; B/ yk; eoe/ nkgD/ puk bJh fJe p[oi pDkfJnk j'fJnk
;h . sK eh yso/ t/b/ T[; ftZu b[e ;e/ . ;Zi/ gk;/ ;odko nso f;zx ekfbnktkbk
;h i' y[b
Z / x[V ufVnk dh ewkB eo fojk ;h . yZp/ gk;/ ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk
ns/ ioB?b w/tk f;zx wihmhJ/ dk fpqrv/ ;h ftueko ;odko ekBQ f;zx wkB ns/
1. jkdh j;B s/ oZip nbh, oJh;kfB gzikp, 66l gzE gqekF, d{ih tko, 837
ioB?b nftskphb/ d/ fpqrv/ ns/ ioB?b wfjskp f;zx wihmhJ/ ns/ ioB?b r[bkp
f;zx gj{ftzfvnk ;h . fJE/ jh fwFo s/i f;zx dk fpqrv/ ns/ p[oi ;h okik bkb f;zx
;jkfJe c"i dh ewkB s/ fJe gk;/ tZyok yVk ;h .
nzro/}k nkgDk tZvk s'gykBk vkfjnk ns/ s'g T[s/ s'g uZbD bZrh . okik bkb
f;zx B/ nzro/}K B{z fJsbkj fdZsh j'Jh ;h fe f;zxK dk ;Zik gk;k, fiZE/ ;odko nso
f;zx ekfbnKtkb/ d/ ybQ/ x'V ;B ew}'o j? fJ; bJh ioB?b fve dk vth}B
;[ykbk nZr/ tZXdk ubk frnk . fJ; t/b/ eoBb w's' B/ s/i f;zx B{z ;bkj fdZsh fe
j[D o;kfbnK B{z nZr/ eoB dk t/bk j?, feT[fI e fgZS/ B{z jNd/ ik u[e/ nzro/ih vth}B
B{z fo;kb dh ;jkfJsk Bkb GKi fdZsh ik ;edh j? . go s/i f;zx sK fJj eoBk jh
BjhI ukj[dz k ;h . fJ; bJh T[; B/ fJj rZb gqtkB Bk ehsh ns/ w{sI' nkgD/ fo;kfbnK
gk; B{z w[V frnk . go fi; t/b/ f;zxK B{z fve d/ tX/ ub/ nkT[D dk gsk bZrk sK
T[BKQ B/ eoBb w{sI' ns/ j'o nc;oK dh ewKB j/mK jZbk eoe/ fJ; B{z fgZS/ B{z XZe
fdsk ns/ y[d iBob fve B{z fJe wko{ i]w nk frnk . fJ; dh wZdd bJh iBob
frbpoN G/fink frnk, go T[j th e[M Bk pDk ;fenk ns/ f;zxK B/ fgZS/ jNk fdsk
ns/ fJj' jkb ;o j?oh ;fwE d/ vth}B dk j'fJnk ns/ ;ys B[e;kB T[mk e/ fJ;
B{z th fgZS/ w[VBk fgnk . fJ; t/b/ bVkJh d/ nkozG ftZu ;odko Fkw f;zx jo EK
gj[uz e/ f;zxK B{z vZN e/ ;{othoK tKr bVQB bJh jZbk-F/ok ns/ j";bk d/ fojk ;h .
nzro/}h s'gK d/ jZb/ dk f;zxK y{p vN e/ w[ekpbk ehsk ns/ fJbkjh p]F s/ wky/ yK
B/ nZfrU T[j nZr tokJh fe nzro/}h s'gK fJBQK B{z s'gK u[Zg Bk eok ;fenK ns/
nzro/}K B{z fJj gqshs j[dz k ;h fe fJ; soK to ojh nZr ftZu T[BKQ B{z ekw:kph j'
;eDh n;zGt j? .
fJ; t/b/ dh f;zxK dh bVkJh dk f}eo eodk j'fJnk Fkj w[jwz d fbydk
j? L
nkJhnK gVskbK phV e/ s'gykB/ .
1. w{s'I, og"os, gz 9
2. Although, assailed on either side by squardon of horse and battalions of
foot, no Sikh offered to submit, and no disciple ofGovind asked for quarter. They
everywhere showed a front to the victors, and stalked slowly and sullenly away,
while many rushed singly forth to meet assured death by contending with a multi-
tude. The victors looked with stolid wonderment upon the indomitable courage of
the vanquished and forebore to strike when the helpless and dying frowned unavail-
ing hatred-Cunningham, History of the Sikhs. (1849), p. 328
tkJhekT{IN jkofvzr dh fbys nB[;ko FkfJd edh th feXo/ nzs sZe
fJsBk vN e/ w[ekpbk Bk j'fJnk ns/ Bk jh nZr/ edh ykb;k c"i d/ f;gkjhnK B/
nkg; ftZu fJsBk r{VQk iwkU dZf;nk j? . fgZS/ w[VB T[s/ wip{o j'J/ j'J/ th fJj
fJ; gq;Fz Bh: sohe/ Bkb jN/ fe r'o/ f;gkjh th tkj tkj eo T[mA / .
jhT{ wo/ efjzdk j? fe fJ; s'I gfjbK edh th fe;/ B/ fJ; soQK dh vNthI
pjkd[oh ns/ :'rsk Bkb nzro/}h c"i dk Nkeok BjhI ;h ehsk fit/I fe fJ; (;GoktK
d/) y{Bh w?dkB ftZu T[BQK Bkb j'fJnk . ncrkfB;skB d/ dZfonk ftZu fi; wko{
bVkJh d/ ekoB e[M fuo bJh nzro/{}h MzfvnK d/ j/mh j' rJh ;h, T[; d/ G? dk
ekoB jmhbh go p/-soshp c"iK dh pjkd[oh BjhI pbfe w[be dh e[dosh pBktN
;h . go fJE/ T[BKQ (nzro/}h c"iK) dk w[ekpbk y[b Z /Q w?dkB ftZu fJe n?;/ t?oh (f;zxK)
B/ ehsk i' T[BQK dhnK s'gK dh roi ;[D e/ G?-Ghs BjhI ;h j[zdk ns/ i' jwb/ bJh
uVQkJhnK j'JhnK T[BKQ dhnK ;zrhBK dhnK uwedhnK B'eK d/ ;kjwD/ nv'b yV'sk
ofjzdk ;h ns/ id ;zrhBk d/ }'o Bkb f;zxK d/ w'ofunK d/ e[M fjZf;nK T[s/ ep}k
j' iKdK sK T[j sbtkoK jZE ftZu b? e/ T[BKQ B{z w[V b? b?D bJh pVk fGnkBe ;zrkq w
nk wukT[d I / ;B.2
jko j' ikD fgZSI' fi; t/b/ f;zx dfonk tZb B[z w[V/ sK fJe pVk fGnkBe
s/ dodBke B}kok ;h . rZdko s/i f;zx s/ bkb f;zx B/, fit/I T[go dZf;nk ik u[eZ k
j?, dfonk dk g[b s[Vtk fdZsk j'fJnk ;h .fJe gk;/ nzro/}K dhnK s'gK nZr toQk
1. The Sikhs did not run, but fought to the last with their swords until,
pressed by the victors on every side, slowly and with heavy loss they were
driven back to the river and precipitated in massess over the bank and over the
bridge where many were drowned in the waters of the Sutlej which a sudden
rise of seven inches had rendered scarcely fordable. -- Col. Burton, The First and
the Second Sikh Wars, p. 41
2. Uohn?INb n?Iv fbzr[fJ;fNe n?A;/], fjZ;k 6, gzBk 59
45
;odko Fkw f;zx dk ;;eko
bVkJh d/ Ew ikD fgZS'I T[;/ fdB b"Y/ t/b/ ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ B"eo
dfonk so e/ w[V oD G{wh ftZu gj[zu/ ns/ ;odko dh b'E dh Gkb eoB bJh
nkfrnk wzrh . nzro/}h ewKvo-fJB-uhc bkov jhT{ r"c B/ ;odko Fkw f;zx ns/
d{;o/ T[x/ ;odkoK dhnK b'EK b? ikD dh nkfrnk d/ fdZsh . u'yh Yz{v s'I pknd
;odko dh b'E fJe n?;h EK s'I bZGh fiE/ fe f;zxK dhnK b'EK dk dzdk bZrk j'fJnk
;h . ;odko d/ B"eoK B/ fJe s[bk pDk e/ T[BKQ d/ ;oho B{z T[; T[go gk fbnk no
e/ dfonkT[I gko j'J/ .
sh;o/ fdB 12 caotoh 1846 B{z ;odko dk fwqse ;oho T[BKQ d/ fgzv
nNkoh gj[zuk . fJ; t/b/ T[BQK dh f;zxDh wkJh dk;h ;sh j' u[Zeh ;h . ;odko dh
Fjhdh dh ]po T[BkQ d/ fwqse ;oho s'I gfjbK jh nNkoh gj[uz u[eh j'Jh ;h . T[BKQ
B/ f;zxDh B{z ;odko ih d/ ;qh r[o{ rqEz ;kfjp dh j}{oh ftZu bJ/ gqD dk gsk jh ;h
fe i/ f;zx izr ftZu jko rJ/ sK ;odko ih ihT[dI / fgZS/ BjhI w[VBr/, fJ; bJh T[BKQ
dh f;zxDh ;odko d/ ftnkj tkb/ fdB gfjBh g[Fke/ Bkb ;sh j' rJh . fJj gzikp
ftZu nk]oh ;sh ;h ns/ j[D sZe T[; n;EkB T[s/ nNkoh fgzv s'I pkje fJe
:kdrkoh ;wkX yVh j? .1 fJ; d/ bkr/ jh ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ ;oho dk ;;eko
ehsk frnk . fJ; ;;eko-n;EkB s/ T[BKQ dh ;wkX pDh j'Jh j? fiZE/ fe ;qh r[o{ rqEz
pkfjp dk gqekF j[zdk j? .
frqfcB fbZydk j? fe ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk iZN pz; d/ ;G s'I uzr/
gqfsfBEK ftZuI' fJe ;h, i' wodT{gD [ ,/ JhwkBdkoh, fjzws s/ db/oh ftZu d[BhnK ftZu
fe;/ Bkb'I xN BjhI jB . T[BKQ dh w"s Bkb fJe pVk Gkoh xkNk fgnk feT[fI e e'Jh
th nkdwh n?;k BjhI ;h i' T[BKQ dh EK g{oh eo ;edk . fJj mhe j? fe r[ioKtkbk,
1. frqfcB, gzikp uhca; (1890), fibd d{;oh, gzBk 243, w?ro?ro, fj;Noh n"c
dh f;Zy; (1846), d{ih fibd, gzBk 177
bkj"o ns/ nzfwqs;o d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ fgzvK ftZu xN doi/ d/ f;zx ftZuI' pj[s n?;/
;B i' db/oh, ;kdrh ns/ d/F d/ bkG bJh brB ftZu T[BQK d/ pokpo ;B go
dopko bkj"o d/ ;k}Fh ;odkoK ftu'I fJe th ;odko Fkw f;zx d/ s[b Z dk BjhI ;h
. i' e[M j'o ;odko th fJBQK tor/ j[zd/ sK ;sb[i dh bVkJh edh Bk brdh ns/
f;Zy e"w nkgDh nk}kdh B{z pukJh oZydh .1
fJj rZb mhe j? fe F[oP{ ftZu ;odko Fkw f;zx nzro/}K Bkb bVB d/
fto[ZX ;h feT[Ife T[; B{z fJ; d/ Bshi/ uzr/ BjhI ;B fd; oj/ . fi; c"i d/ tZv/
nc;o s/ jkew jh t?oh Bkb ob/ j'J/ j'D T[; d/ fiZsD dh eh nk; j'Dh j'Jh s/ T[;
dh spkjh ftZu eh FZe< ;odko Fkw f;zx B{z fd; fojk ;h fe tZvk t}ho fw;o bkb
f;zx s/ tZvk c"ih nc;o ewKvo-fJzB-uhc fwZ;o s/i f;zx Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/
g"bhNheb nc;oK Bkb ;k} pk} eo e/ ykb;k c"i B{z spkj s/ popkd eoB T[s/
s[b/ j'J/ jB, go e'Jh pZ; Bk uZbD eoe/ wip{o ;h ns/ nkgDh fgzv nNkoh p?mk
;h, go nzs c/o{ Ffjo dh jko fgZSI' id wjkokDh fizd e"o B/ T[; B{z jb{Dk fdZsk sK
T[j ;Zu/ f;zx ;{ofwnK tKr{ w?dkB ftZu nk fBZsfonk . ;G ;'uK ftukoK w?dkB ftZu
T[soD s'I gfjbK j[d z hnK jB go id ;{owK w?dkB ftZu nk T[sodk j? sK T[j
dbhbK s/ frDshnK ftZu BjhI g?Idk pbfe nkgDh fizd jE/bh T[s/ bJh e[opkB
eoB B{z fsnko ofjzdk j? . fJ;/ ;{owrsh dk fJe Bw{Bk ;odko Fkw f;zx nNkohtkbk
;h s/ nfij/ ;{ofwnK ;pzXh jh Fkj w[jzwd B/ fejk j? fe L
Fkj w[jzwdk f;oK dh bk pk}h
BjhI w'Vd/ ;{ow/ nzr whnK .
1. jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 67lfrqfcB, gzikp uhca; (1890),
gzBk 244
Sardar Sham Singh was one of the best representatives of the Jat race,
which, for manliness, honesty, strength and courage, is second to non in the
world. His death was a great loss, for there was none to take his place. There
were, it is true, many of humble rank in the villages round Gujranwala, Lahore
and Amritsar, of equal courage, simplicity and devotion to the interest of
country, but none among the intriguing Sardars at the court. Had there been
more chiefs like him, the Satlaj Campaign would never have been undertake,
and the Sikh national would have preserved the independence. Punjab Chiefs
(1890), Vol. ii, 244
j'o d/y' jkdh j;B s/ oiZp nbh, oJh;kfB-gzikp, 67
46
;odko Fkw f;zx dk pz;
;odko Fkw f;zx d/ d' g[Zso ;B, ;odko mkeo f;zx s/ ;odko ekBQk
f;zx. ;odko mkeo f;zx sK nkgD/ fgsk dh f}zdrh ftZu jh ;zB 1842 ftZu r[}o
frnk ;h . ;odko ekBQk f;zx 1873 sZe ihT{d I k fojk go T[; d/ e'Jh n"bkd BjhI
;h . fJ; bJh ;odko Fkw f;zx dk pz; tZv/ g[so ;odko mkeo f;zx s'I ubdk j?
fi; d/ fszB g[so ;B, ;odko ihtB f;zx, ;odko joh f;zx s/ ;odko nihs f;zx
. ;odko ekBQ f;zx d/ fgZS'I ;odko nihs f;zx ]kBdkB d/ w[yh wzB/ rJ/ ;B s/
1888 ftZu ;[orpk; j'J/ . fJBQK d/ gzi g[so ;B, ;odko pbtzs f;zzx, jopz;
f;zx, i;tzs f;zx, e[btzs f;zx ns/ p;zs f;zx . fJjBK ftZu'I ykBdkB d/ w[yh
;odko pbtzs f;zx j'J,/ go gzEe ezwK ftZu fjZ;k b?D d/ ekoB ;G s'I T[x/ ;odko
jopz; f;zx ih ;B . ;odko jopz; f;zx f;Zyh Gkt, nDy s/ fBoG?sk nkfd F[G
r[DK ftZu nkgD/ gVdkdk ;odko Fkw f;zx dh jh Mbe B}o nkT[d I / ;B . nkg B{z
f;Zyh-gquko Bkb nrkX gq/w ;h ns/ fJ;/ fwFB T[s/ rJ/ j'J/ g[DS ftZu 24 wJh
1936 B{z r[o{ noiB ;kfjp d/ i'sh i's ;wkT[D tkb/ r[og[op d/ fdB n?stko i/
m ;[dh 4 ;zws 1893 fpeqwh B{z uVQkJh eo rJ/ . fJ; t/b/ nkg d/ g[so ;odko
i;pho f;zx jB . pkeh ]kBdkb dk t/otk e[;oh-Bkw/ ftZu fdZsk frnk j? .
e[o;h-Bkwk
ekjB uzd
r"o f;zx e"o f;zx
;{os f;zx
pbtzs f;zx , jopz; f;zx, i;tzs f;zx, e[btzs f;zx p;zs f;zx
Fwd{o f;zx
47
nkXko ;{uh
nzro/}h
Barr, Lt. Wm. Journal of a March from Delhi to Peshawar and
from thence to Cabul with the Mission of Lt.-Col. Sir C.M.
Wade. James Madden and Co , London, 1844.
Broadfoot, W. The Career of Major George Broadfoot in
Afghanistan and the Punjab. John Murray London, 1888.
Burnes, Ale ‘. Travels into Bukhara...also Narrative of a
Voyage on the Indus from Sea to Lahore, etc. John Murray
London, 1834. Vol. III.
Burton, R G. The First and the Second Sikh Wars, compiled
for the General Staff. India. Simla, 1911.
GoIchester, Lord. History of the Indian Administration ot’Lord
Ellenborough. Richard Bentley, London, 1874.
Cunningham, Joseph Davy. A History of the Sikhs from the
Origin of the Nation of the Battles of the Sutlej. John
Murray, London, 1849.
Cust, Robert Needham. Oriental and Linguistic Essays. Part
V and VI, 1898.
Edwards, William. Reminiscences of a Bengal Civilian. Smith,
Elder and Co., London, 1866.
Fane H. E. Five Years in India. London, 1842.
Fraser, J. Baillie. Military Memoir of Lieut.-Col. James Skinner,
C.B. Smith, Elder and Co., London. 1851. 2 vols.
Ganda Singh, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Khalsa College, Amritsar,
1939. - Bibliography of Sikh History. -Maharani Jind Kaur
of Lahore. The Illustrated Weekly of India. Bombay, January,
22, 1939.
Some New Light on the Treaty of Bharowal, December, 1846.
Proceed, of T. H. R. Comm. 1940. Vol. VII. Griffin, LepeI. Punjab
Chiefs. Lahore, 1890,2 vols. Honighberger, John Martin.
Thirty-five Years in the East. London, 1852.
Jacquemont; Victor. Letters from India, describing a Journey
in the British Dominions of. India, Tibet Lahore and
Kashmere during the years 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831.
Edward Churton, London, 1834, 2 vols. .
Kaye, J.W. Selections from the Papers of Lord Metcalf. Smith,
Elder and Co., London, 1855. Latif, Syed Muhammad. History
of the Punjab. Calcutta, 1891. Ludlow, J.M. British Tndia:
Its Races and Its History Macmillan & Co., Cambridge,
1858.
Masson, Charles. Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan,
Afghanistan, and the Punjab. Richard Bentley, London,
1842. V 01. III.
M’Gregor, W.L. The History of the Sikhs, containing an
Account of the War between the Sikhs and the British
in 1846. James Madden, London, 1846, 2 vols.
Mohan Lal. Travels in the Punjab, Afghanistan and Turkistan,
etc. Allen and Co., London, 1846.
Pearse, Major High. Memoirs of Alexander Gardner, Colonel
in the Artillery of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Blackwood and
Sons, London, 1898.
Prinsep, H.T. Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab and
Political Life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh. Calcutta,
1834.
Schonberg, The Baron Erich Von. Travels in India and Kashmir.
Hurst and Blacket, London, 1858.
Shahamat Ali. The Sikhs and Afghans... ...immediately before
and after the death of Ranjit Singh. John Murray, London.
1847.
Smith G.C. The Autohiography of Lt-General Sir Harry Smith,
Baronet of Aliwal on the SutIej, G.C.B. John Murry,
London, 1903.
Smyth, G.C. A History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, etc.
Thacker and Co., Calcutta, 1847.
Steinbach, Lt.-Co!. The Punjab: being a brief Account of the
Country of the Sikhs. Smith, Elder and Co., London, 1846.
(Thornton.) History of the Punjab and of the Rise, Progress,
and Present Condition of the Sect and Nation of the
Sikhs. Allen & Co., London, 1846,2 vots.