Fractured Basement: New Exploratory Target in La Concepcion Field,

Western Venezuela 1 1 2 2
JESUS S. PORRAS , CARLOS E. FERRO , CARLA CASTILLO , VANESSA MACHADO ,
2 2 2
LUIS OCHOA , NELSON CHIRINOS & FERNAN PEREZ
1 2
Petrobras Energía Venezuela, Petrowayuu Filial de PDVSA

Abstract 1 2 Introduction Oil Migration,

Sourcing and Seal 5 Production 8 Evidence of oil and gas has been observed in several wells that penetrated basement:
increase of gas during drilling, and some petroleum production once wells were
Key Factors for
Basement Production
10 Analogy with other
Fields 11
In Western Venezuela, production from naturally fractured La Concepcion field is located approximately 20 km west of First well with commercial production was C310 completed completed.
basement has been known for decades. Since El Totumo, Limon Vertical migration due to rock dilatancy, as well as lateral up-dip migration through faults, are the suggested mechanisms responsible
the city of Maracaibo, in the northwestern Maracaibo Basin, to charge reservoirs. JO
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Qroducing at a rate La Concepcion basement reservoir does not differ from most basement reservoirs of the world. Reservoir characteristics The basement reservoir of La Concepcion
and giant Mara-La Paz oilfields discoveries in the early twentieth of 4600 bopd. Originally drilled to Cretaceous objectives, the The most obvious case could be observed in well C302, which according to a PLT
century, new commercial oil production from basement had not Venezuela. initially taken, 1250 bopd came from basement (33% of the produced petroleum by as referred by several authors are found in La Concepcion basement. has the same constraints and
Short vertical migration from source rock Lateral migration from longer well was decided to explore for hydrocarbon accumulations
been reported in years. In the 1960-decade, unsatisfying results into basement because of the low displayed potential.
the well). On the other hand, the cumulative production of 17 and 29 MMbbl of oil characteristics of nearby fields of Western
(La (Luna formation), passing the naturally fractured distances is attributed to horizontal from wells C148 and C227, respectively, neighbors of the area, only can be explained
were obtained searching for oil from basement in El Mojan, Discovered in 1924, the field produces from two main Statistical analyses have established that for producing Maracaibo Basin: Mara, La Paz, El Totumo,
limestone of Cogollo Group into basement, may be movement through faults and fracture with production coming from either basement or Cretaceous reservoir located in the
Sibucara, Los Lanudos, and La Concepcion fields. In La Concepcion reservoirs: a siliciclastic reservoir currently depleted (Eocene) hanging wall of the fault. An identical situation is believed to take place in well C285 Limon and Sibucara.
field, evidence in some wells suggested the existence of basement and a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir (Cretaceous). At explained by dilatancy phenomena. This hypothesis conduits. Lateral migration took place in zones Development of basement from basement, the following factors must
in the South structure.
as a producing reservoir. was proved -and well documented-in Mara–La where source rock and fractured reservoir continued with drilling simultaneously occur:
present, combined cumulative production is over 170 MMbbl
Paz fields through pressure limestones are directly in contact with the wells C313 and C314, t


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of light oil. completed in July and November
However, a combination of factors including: operational problems measurements done in both basement. A restricted zone with these 1 La Luna/Cogollo Group in fault contact with basement. t
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Urend, tectonic setting
that impeded production testing, the experience of having dry characteristics has been identified in the 2004 and initially producing 3915 and geologic history
reservoirs. bopd (C313) and 3714 bopd
basement in some former wells and the insignificant production An interesting volume of oil has been produced from basement field. Producing wells of basement are
obtained in the only well where basement was proved -when in the last three years. Near five million barrels of produced oil Particular observations about secondary located within this zone. Faults and (C314), rising basement 2 Reservoir below a regional unconformity. t
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compared to its Cretaceous production- prevented further pursuit are accredited to basement reservoir. sealing have been made in La Concepcion production to a peak of 7500 and timing.
fractures are the main pathways for hydrocarbon bopd. 3 Presence of faults & fractures.
of basement as a commercial target. field. t
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migration.
Just as many of the basement reservoirs of the gneisses
Nevertheless, it was not until 2004 when commercial production 4 Cap-rock or Seal (calcite-filled fractures, Cretaceous basal t
'BVMUGSBDUVres relationships
All producer wells show calcite-filled fractures world an unconformity is identified above the sandstones).
from basement was obtained through well C310, initially acting as a cap-rock, above the productive section basement in La Concepcion.
producing at 4600 bopd. Further drilling continued basement of basement. In producing wells, calcite-filled
development; well C313 was completed in July 2004, producing 5 Dip & structural position. t


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reservoir and
fractures are found once the top of basement has production properties
3915 bopd, and well C314 was completed in November 2004, Thickness of calcite-filled fractures interval can vary
been reached.
producing 3714 bopd. Recently, in 2006, well C325 confirmed
Oil in basement has been produced in the same
from 50 to more than 200 feet. Origin of calcite has not A B C 6 Fault off set. Relative location of basement producer t
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basement production too. been determined yet, even though it is supposed to
oilfields in the Maracaibo Basin (center and right). t
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area known as producer in overlying sediments come from dissolution and precipitation of
(Cogollo Group) and has the same composition. La calcium-carbonate rich waters of Cogollo Group.
Production of the three wells completed in the basement
stayed with a progressive increase on the water cut. Later, well
7 Nearness to a source rock or production zone. Schematic cross sections of nearby oilfields to La water production
This poster aims to describe the main characteristics of fractured
basement in La Concepcion field. Also, it is intended to evaluate Luna formation is believed to be the source rock C313 showed a rapid production decline of the production Concepcion, showing similar structural t
1roductivity, recovery and decline
the reservoir under a new perspective, in order to determine for both reservoirs. due to an obstruction in the borehole. La Luna/Cogollo Group in Cap-rock or seal (calcite-filled fractures, configuration (left). t
1ressure conditions
its potential, after exploration, and further studies and analyses. LA CONCEPCION FIELD / LOCATION MAP
fault contact with basement. Cretaceous basal sandstones.

As a result, additional opportunities could be obtained,
and as a consequence, hydrocarbons reserves would
6
Productive wells are located within the up-lifted Width of zones with calcite–filled fractures is variable across the field.
Production of Cretaceous reservoirs is attributed to
Reservoir structures and are related to secondary minor faults
linked to the major bordering faults. Fractures develop
Presence of massive limestones within basement have been detected

be increased. massive fracturing and fissuring that increase close to faults.
Basement producing wells are located in
structural highs (pop-up structures), on
central and southern areas of the field and
are related to secondary minor faults linked
12
in various wells.They may be interpreted as part of faulted blocks.
Characterisation around the faults. The fractures provide both storage Conclusions
Cuttings Petrographically, is a
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Banded–gneissic-structures due to
A holocrystalline igneous
plutonic rock, with granular
Cores In December 2006, well C325 was drilled on North Cretaceous structure.
This well is located in the northern tip of the reservoir and it is structurally
basement reservoir.
moderate metamorphism have Three old wells, all located in the Production rate of wells 1 Although basement reservoir from La Concepcion field has most of the
been recognized in sample hypidiomorphic texture.Is lower than the rest of wells of the area. It penetrated approximately 630 is dependent on the characteristics of other basement reservoirs of the world, including neighbor
Oil

to major bordering faults. cuttings. composed by policrystalline southern structure, have been cored feet into basement, produced gas and oil, and showed an important

3 in basement. number of intersected oilfields of Mara-La Paz, it is not well known the production and trapping
B quartz- less monocrystalline, entrance of water that defined a possible oil-water contact. The rest of wells,
with strong wavy extinction, fractures. Coloured mechanism.
Regional Geology crystals of moderate to a) Cored & recovered intervals
According to the production Although production
structurally higher, presented a low water cut. areas indicate where
intense altered plagioclase basement is in 2 Basement production strictly depends on fractures (Secondary porosity/
history of the wells, evidence mechanism has not been fair f a u l t - a n d
A) Structure LA CONCEPCION
BASEMENT FACTS
and potassic feldspars,
moderately kaolinized with
of interference between
them has not been
determined, by analogy with
North Cretaceous reservoir,
Formation Cumulative Oil
Production (MMBls)
# Wells Average Production/well
(MMBls) direct-contact with
Type 1 reservoir). HydrPDBSCPOT
EP
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UIrough another porosity type
like cavities or vugs. Neither intergranular or vesicular porosity have been
The wells have encountered oil in
t
5Iree main en echelon transpresional wavy extinction, represented observed. GOR values have basement production Basement 4,73 3 1,58 Cretaceous section. observed.
Among 40 deep wells drilled in the by orthose, and scarce basement at different depths. All of
step-overs, striking NE-SW, constitute field, 29 wells reached basement. stayed stable from their mechanisms could be solution them show in their top a zone,
microcline. beginnings, between 500 HBT
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rock 3 A productive well from basement is obtained when most of the key
the field. All the structures are Policrystalline Quartz (Q) and plagioclase (P). To December 2006, production from basement was 2856 bfpd, 2226 bopd, acting as a seal composed by
affected by reverse, strike-slip and
Scale 0.74 mm, crossed nicols. A.- Scale: 1.48 mm. Parallel Nicols. and 1200 scf/bbl. All wells expansion. 620 scf/bbl, and 16% water cut. All completed wells are located in the factors simultaneously occur in the reservoir.
Penetration of wells into basement B.- Scale: 0.37 mm. Crossed Nicols. calcite-filled fractures.
minor extensional faulting as a result varies between 50 and 1440 ft. MD. are actually producing by According to the behavior of Northern Cretaceous structure.
of transpresional tectonics. The basement igneous metamorphic (granite, granodiorite) has been described as mottled white The total cored length is 69 feet with artificial gas lifting system. production and pressure, a 4 In La Concepcion field, basement reservoir is basically conformed by
and black, light gray and pink, coarsely crystalline, with clear and milky quartz, white and pink-or water-driven mechanism has Crude oil from basement average 36° API (light oil) and seems to be the igneous-metamorphic-rocks of acid composition.
22 wells drilled more than 100 ft in orange- feldspar, biotite and dark minerals (hornblend). only 24% of recovery (16’8”), not been observed. Water
basement. demonstrating the high grade of same type that is in overlying Cretaceous reservoir. Fingerprint analyses Hydrocarbon shows Nearness to a source rock or production zone
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production in completed wells from both reservoirs show similar characteristics between crude oil. These
fracturing. 5 Pressure levels at initial conditions differ significantly from Cogollo Group
structures and pop ups. in basement is relatively low. results support both the hypothesis that oil found in basement comes from to basement reservoir. Nevertheless, current conditions indicate similar
Production Testing
t
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Depth of basement reservoir is in the
range of 11000 to 13250 ft. Outcrops b) Recovery (%) (Dec 2006) Cretaceous reservoir through fractures, and also, the fact of have been pressure levels for both reservoirs, which could be interpreted as a possible
generated by the same source rock (La Luna formation). communication between these hydrocarbon accumulations.
faults. Outcrops of basement occur north of La
Average temperature: 250°F. Concepcion Field in the Isla de Toas area. In Cretaceous South
Cretaceous C0152

this area, basement is very sheared and Both Cretaceous and Basement 6 Improvements in geological, seismic and reservoir characterization, have Cretaceous North

Initial pressure averaged 4550 psi fractured and is intruded by basalt and reservoirs can be characterized by allowed identify basement as a new target in this mature field.
B) Stratigraphy (@ -11500 ft. TVDSS).
rhyolite dikes and sills. high decline rates in short periods of
time. Production levels become
BASEMENT STRUCTURAL MAP Fracturing is the result stabilized in values, which in some of
The stratigraphic column encompasses of intense Isla de Toas
Cores shows frequent steeply dipping fractures in
passive margin carbonate sediments (Cretaceous) and a thick foredeep mixed
outcrop

various directions, partly filled with calcite and

the cases, are below economic limit.
deformational forces
siliciclastic-carbonate sequence (Paleocene-Eocene) overlying the nearly horizontal cracks. Close jointing locally gives appearance of schistosity.

13 14
30 miles
due to right lateral
igneous-metamorphic basement, object of this study. strike-slip motion of Fairly general staining of fracture faces with brown oil or asphaltic material.
Acknowledgements References
the Oca fault

9
La Concepcion
Field
and-or-transpression
La Concepcion Basement is composed by igneous (granitic) to metamorphic rocks Drilling
7
faulting. The authors wish to thank Petrobras Energía
(gneiss) and is mainly composed by crystalline or milky quartz, pink or orange
feldspar, biotite and secondary mafic minerals. Oil is stored in fractures. The granite of Isla de Rhyolite
Granite
Basalt
Formation Water The basement is drilled near-
Venezuela and Petrowayuu Filial de PDVSA
for the approval and permission to publish 1. FEO-CODECIDO, G., SMITH, F. D., ABOUD, N. & DI GIACOMO, ESTELA. 1984, Basement and
To a s is Analysis balance trough deviated wells
Key factors occurrence for Basement production this paper. Paleozoic rocks of the Venezuelan Llanos basins. In: Bonini, W.E. et al. (eds), The
t
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DBO
WBSZ
Grom a clastic continental environment (Rio Negro f.), to a stratigra-phically and with directional trajectories Caribbean-South American plate boundary and regional tectonics: Geological Society of
shallow carbonate platform, in the bottom of the Cogollo Group, to deep marine chronologically perpendicular to the strike of America, Memoir 162, 175-187.
at the top (La Luna and Colon /Mito Juan f.). correlateable with Chemical analyses have been done to four fault planes in order to intercept 2. GARCÍA, J., GONZALEZ, G., LEANDRI, P., LORIN, T. & REYMOND, A. 2000, La Paz Field Study:
outcrops of the Perijá producer wells in order to characterize

15
the higher number of fractures. multidisciplinary approach in fractured reservoir characterization and applications to field
t Paleocene: Shallow marine to near-shore sediments of Guasare f., composed Range and subsurface samples of deep wells
of the basin, including La Concepcion wells.
basement formation water. There are three
In Northern area, production depends on the completed zone. Average inclination of wells is e-mail & addresses development”, Memorias VII Simposio Bolivariano Exploración Petrolera en las Cuencas
by a mixed sequence of sandstones, shales and limestones. main components that help to determine the 22°, and can reach more than 45 Subandinas, Caracas, Venezuela, 662-688.
formation water origin. Wells completed in basement show a better productivity index 3. GEOSCIENCE LIMITED, 2002, Hydrocarbon Production from Fractured Basement Formations,
than Cretaceous wells. This is directly related to the levels of degrees. Considering most of
t
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XBT
øVWJBM
UP
UJEBMTIFMG
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EFMUBJD
represented by the This granite consists of two textural varieties: the wells had initial cretaceous
Version 7, 32 p, (www.geoscience.co.uk, accessed December 2006)
one is rose colored, very fine-grained with pressure of the reservoir, and the intensity of the existing t
1033"4
+&464
4
4. GUARIGUATA, R. C. & RICHARDSON, J.A., 1959, El Basamento en el Oeste del Lago de Maracaibo,
sandstones of the Misoa f. 1) Basement formation water is enriched in fractures (Nelson´s Type 1 fractured reservoir). objectives, wells were completed Petrobras Energía Venezuela, Maracaibo.
LA CONCEPCION STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN orthoclase feldspar, perthite, quartz and Ca2+, ranging from 12000 to 14000 ppm; III Congreso Geológico Venezolano, Caracas, Venezuela, 28 p.
phenocrysts of hematite and magnetite. The Typical Stiff Diagrams for basement wells
open hole. Fr= fractured, CFF= calcite-filled fractures, Lm= Limestone, HC= hydrocarbons, HCWD= hydrocarbons shows while drilling, FC: fault contact beetwen basement and Cogollo or La Luna Fm., jesus.porras@petrobras.com 5. GUARIGUATA, R. C., 1956, Campos Petrolíferos del Basamento en el Oeste de Venezuela, VI
t
0MJHPDFOF.JPDFOF
BOE
1MFJTUPDFOF
Bre a thick siliciclastic section composed by even higher Ca2+ content can be found as in PLT= production determined by a production log, Np: accumulated oil production
other type of granite, gray in color, is Congreso Venezolano de Ingeniería, Valencia, Venezuela, 27 p.
interbedded shales, sands and clays. well C313 (>30000 ppm), comparable to C-310 C-314

characterized by a porphyritic texture, which

in local areas is pegmatitic. On weathering, the
The main ionic components that differentiate this
water type from others are: Cl-, ranging from 900 to neighbor fields, Mara and La Paz. 2) Cl-
Drilling within the basement has been a
common practice from several years. A C-291 C-151 C-162st B t
'&330
$"3-04
&
6. KONING, T., 2003, Oil and gas production from basement reservoirs: examples from Indonesia,
Among forty deep wells drilled in the NW SE NW SE
Socuy Member
Petrobras Energía Venezuela, Caracas. USA and Venezuela. In: Petford, N. & McCaffrey, K.J.W. (eds). Hydrocarbons in Crystalline Rocks.
granite changes from pink to gray and the 1000 mequiv/l, Na-, ranging from 300 to 400 content is higher in basement than field with cretaceous objectives, elmer.ferro@petrobras.com Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 214, 83-92.
Data & Methods biotite becomes golden brown. The rock
becomes soft and crumbly and is easily
mequiv/l, and Ca2+, averaging 600 mequiv/l.
Particularly, Ca2+ value for C-313 well exceeded 1700
Cretaceous formation water, ranging from
32000 to 38000 ppm. 3) Lower Na+ content
twenty-nine reached basement. Only four
of these have proved production from
Socuy
Member
1
7. LANDES, K. K., AMORUSO, J. J., CHARLESWORTH JR., L. J., HEANY, F. & LESPERANCE P. J. 1960.
mequiv/l. t
$"45*--0
$"3-"
Petroleum resources in basement rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
eroded. Both granites have been identified in is common in basement formation water the basement reservoir. Two more wells Socuy Cogollo Group

t
Complete history of 40 deep wells, including production data. are supposed to have produced a not
Member
3 Cogollo Petrowayuu Filial de PDVSA, Maracaibo. Bulletin, 44, 10, 1682-1691.
All data presented in this study was obtained from the La Concepcion subsurface. (<9000 ppm). 1
Group
2
castillocew@petrowayuu.pdvsa.com 8. LCV S.R.L., GEOLOGIA INTEGRADA, 2000, Cuttings Study, Internal Report for Perez Companc.
quantified amount of oil from it, Cogollo 6 3
1
Water chemistry from 22 cretaceous wells and 4 basement wells. files that contain drilling, mudlogging and operations
Pressure according to production logs. 9. MARCHAL, D., GONZALEZ I., BENITO, J. & BALSEIRO, P., 2005, Technologies and Exploitation
Group
t
7
2 2
information from wells. Sample cuttings as well as Basement exposure can be used as an On average, in La Concepcion field, total dissolved
Basement
Basement C-310
Basement
t
."$)"%0
VANESSA Strategies Applied to the Development of a Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoir: The
t
Oil analysis and fingerprint from 22 wells. fragments of cores were used for petrographical and visual description excellent analog for reservoir description
and fracturing modeling. solids and salinities are very similar for both Basement Two pressure measurements (wells C310 and C313) were taken 4
C-314
Petrowayuu Filial de PDVSA, Maracaibo. Cretaceous Cogollo Group in La Concepcion Field, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela, 2005 SPE
5
of rocks. Standard analyses were performed to these samples. A visit and Cretaceous waters, there is not a defined pattern; once the reservoir was discovered. These values are considered machadovs@petrowayuu.pdvsa.com Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20
t
376 Km2 of processed 3D seismic to the Isla de Toas outcrop was done for a better understanding of the hence to characterize formation water all chemical representative of basement initial conditions. A third and last Drilling results show that 75% of GOOD POOR GOOD POOR GOOD POOR –23 June 2005, SPE Paper # 97384.
(pre and post stacked time migrated). parameters must be considered.
fracturing mechanisms. Literature from nearby- and around the world- pressure measurement was done in July 2005 in well C314. deep wells reached more than
• High structural dips
•Faulting Both
• Fault contact
between Cogollo
Group and Basement
• Reached > 1400 ft
• Fault contact
• Low dips
• No calcite-filled
• High structural dips
• Faulting both secondary &
primary • Not evident
t
0$)0"
-6*4
10. NELSON, R. A., MOLDOVANYI, E. P., MATCEK, C. C., AZPIRITXAGA, I. & BUENO, E. 2000, Production
t
16’8” of cores from 3 wells. oilfields was used in order to have a wide picture of reservoirs in one hundred feet into basement.
secondary & primary
• Oil shows (residual) • Fault off-set
• No calcite-filled
between Cogollo
Group and Basement
fractures
• No faulting
• Oil & gas shows
• Reached > 1000 ft Petrowayuu Filial de PDVSA, Maracaibo. Characteristics of the Fractured Reservoirs of the La Paz Field, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela”,
• Reached > 500 ft • Fault off-set
fractured basement rocks. When comparing initial pressure of basement as to the Ten wells have penetrated 500 to
fractures
• No HC shows • Fault contact between
Cogollo Group and Basement
ochoaln@petrowayuu.pdvsa.com American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 84, 11, 1791-1809.
t
Mudlogging data from 40 wells, including masterlog, obtained on the producing Cretaceous reservoir, there is a fall NON- GOOD • Fault off-set
• C alcite-filled fractures
11. P’AN, CH.-H. 1982, Petroleum in Basement Rocks”, American Association of Petroleum
1000 feet. Maximum thickness PRODUCER PRODUCER
sample descriptions and gas record. For each well, the acquired data was incorporated and displayed in a of 250 psi (Original pressure of Cretaceous= 4800 psi). This can t
$)*3*/04
/&-40/
Geologists Bulletin, 66, 10, 1597-1643.
Stiff Diagrams for Cretaceous
be indicative of some type of communication with either reached by a well is 1440 feet.
composite chart that contents: depth of basement, thickness, footage, and Basement wells. WELLS WELLS Petrowayuu Filial de PDVSA, Maracaibo. 12. SIRCAR, A. 2004, Hydrocarbon Production from Fractured Basement Formations, Current
t
Drilling and UBD information from 22 wells. overlying Cretaceous reservoir of Cogollo Group, or drainage The productive section of
drilling parameters, hydrocarbon shows, underbalanced drilling A) In depth seismic sections showing non producing wells from basement:1) B) Seismic section showing producing wells that chirinosnp@petrowayuu.pdvsa.com Science, Vol. 87, No. 2, 25 July 2004, 147-151.
information, testing and production data, geological information, Basement diagram represents typical Basement of some of the wells completed in the Cretaceous that basement has not been fairly 13. SMITH, J.E. 1956, Basement reservoir of La Paz-Mara oilfields, Western Venezuela, American
t
Logs from 22 wells, including PLT data from 18 wells. The Isla de Toas outcrop, Oil–filled fractures have formation water pattern. North Cretaceous (both penetrated some producer intervals in basement, such as well well defined because the Two wells located at both sides of the South Cretaceous structure, close to reached basement. The wells are located in the
visual fracturing and fracture mineralization, and structural position. master reverse faults and is cut by a secondary one. 2) A well that reached more Northern Cretaceous structure. All wells present t
1&3&;
'&3/"/
Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 40,2, 380-385.
due to the brittle nature of not been observed in cases) and South Cretaceous diagrams represent C302 where a PLT indicates a significant contribution from difficulty of run image and/or
The chart was used to select and identify the most significant variables basement shows intense the outcrop. mixed Basement-Cretaceous formation waters. than 1400 ft into basement. The well is located in the middle of the South favorable conditions for oil production from basement. Petrowayuu Filial de PDVSA, Maracaibo.
t
Petrographical description & outcrop studies. basement. production logs.
for basement reservoir characterisation and for defining the key factors fracturing and fissuring. Cretaceous C-0152 diagram represents typical perezfg@petrowayuu.pdvsa.com
for oil production. Cretaceous structure and do not cross any fault.
Cretaceous formation water pattern.