Saha and Maiti (2012)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 2, No 4, 2012
© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
Buckling of simply supported FGM plates under uniaxial load

Rohit Saha1, Maiti. P.R2
1- Machine Integration Engineer at Cummins Inc. Columbus, Indiana, USA-47201
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
rohit.saha@cummins.com
doi:10.6088/ijcser.00202040003
ABSTRACT
Buckling behaviour of simply supported functionally graded material (FGM) plates under
constant and linearly varying in-plane compressive loads is investigated. The effect of shear
deformation is studied using higher order shear deformation theories (TSDT and FSDT) for
the case of uniform compression loading. For linearly varying load only the classical plate
theory (CPT) is employed. The Poisson’s ratio of the FGM plate is assumed to be constant,
but the Young’s modulus varies continuously throughout the thickness direction according to
the volume fraction of constituents defined by the power-law, the sigmoid, or the exponential
function. It is observed that the behaviour of FGM plates is quite similar to that of the
corresponding isotopic plate. The ratio of the buckling load of FGM plates to that of isotropic
plates is found to be more or less is independent of the loading parameter, the aspect ratio and
the width thickness ratio of the plate and is a function of only the material gradient index.
Relationships are developed to calculate the ratio of buckling loads for aluminium-alumina
FGM plates.
Keywords: Functionally graded material, buckling, plate THEORY, Shear deformation. Jam
1. Introduction
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous composite

materials, in which the mechanical properties vary smoothly and continuously from one
surface to the other. This is achieved by a continuous change in composition of the FGMs.
Very few investigators have studied the buckling behaviour of FGM plates. Javaheri and
Eslami studied mechanical and thermal buckling of rectangular FGM plates based on the
classical plate theory. They used energy method and derived closed-form solutions. They
have also investigated thermal buckling of FGMs based on the higher order displacement
field. Lanhe studied thermal buckling of moderately thick rectangular FGMs based on the
first order shear deformation theory. Najafizadeh and Eslami studied the thermo-elastic
stability of circular functionally graded plates.
To the best of author’s knowledge, there are no references available in literature which deals
with buckling characteristics of different kinds of FGM plates under linearly varying in-plane
loads. The present investigation deals on this topic itself. Three types of FGM plates are
considered. The effect of shear deformation on moderately thick to thin plates is studied
using the CPT, FSDT and the TSDT for the case of a uniformly compressed simply supported
plate. Exact buckling loads are obtained using the Ritz method. Relationships are developed
for the ratio of buckling loads of FGM plates and the corresponding isotropic plates as a
function of the material gradient index for aluminium-alumina FGM plate.
2. Material gradient of FGM plate
Received on March, 2012 Published on May 2012 1035

Rohit Saha, Maiti. P.R
Consider an elastic rectangular plate with coordinate system as shown in Figure 1. The
material properties, the Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio, of the plate vary
continuously only in the thickness direction (z-axis) i.e., E = E (z), ν = ν (z) and hence the
plate is termed as functionally graded material plate. Delale and Erdogan[7] indicated that the
effect of Poisson’s ratio on the deformation is much less than that of Young’s modulus. Thus,
the Poisson’s ratio of the plate is assumed to be constant. However, the Young’s modulus in
the thickness direction of the FGM plate varies in accordance with the power-law function
(P-FGM), the exponential function (E-FGM), or with the sigmoid function (S-FGM).
x
b
y
z
Figure 1: The geometry of FGM plate
2.1. Power functionally graded plate (P-FGM)
The volume fraction g ( z ) of the P-FGM is assumed to obey the following power law
function ;
n
 z 1
g ( z) =  +  (1)
h 2
where n is the material gradient index and h is the plate thickness. Once the local volume
fraction g(z) has been defined, the material properties of a P-FGM can be determined by the
rule of mixture
E ( z ) = Ec g ( z ) + Em [1 − g ( z ) ] (2)
where Em and Ec are respectively, the Young’s moduli of the lowest (z = -h/2) and top
surfaces (z = h/2) of the FGM plate. The subscripts m and c represent the metallic and
ceramic constituents, respectively. The variation of Young’s modulus in the thickness
direction of the P-FGM plate is depicted in figure 2, which shows that the Young’s modulus
changes rapidly near the lowest surface for n > 1, and increases quickly near the top surface
for n < 1.
2.2 Sigmoid functionally graded plate (S-FGMs)
In the case of adding an FGM of a single power-law function to a multi-layered composite,

stress concentrations appear on one of the interfaces where the material is continuous but
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International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 4 2012
changes rapidly . Therefore, Chung and Chi defined the volume fraction using two power-
law functions to ensure smooth distribution of stresses among all the interfaces. The two
power law functions are defined by:
n
1  2z 
g1 ( z ) = 1 − 1 −  , 0 ≤ z ≤ h/2 (3a)
2 h 
n
1  2z 
g 2 ( z ) = 1 +  , −h / 2 ≤ z ≤ 0 (3b)
2 h 
Ec4
n=0.1
n=0.2
Young's Modulus
n=0.5
n=1
n=2
n=5
n=10
n=100
Em
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
z/h
Figure 2: Variation of Young’s modulus in a P-FGM plate
By the rule of mixture, the Young’s modulus of S-FGMs can be calculated as
E ( z ) = g1 ( z ) Ec + [1 − g1 ( z ) ] Em , 0 ≤ z ≤ h/2 (4a)
E ( z ) = g 2 ( z ) Ec + [1 − g 2 ( z )] Em , −h / 2 ≤ z ≤ 0 (4b)
Figure 3 shows that the variation of Young’s modulus is given by Eqs. (4a) and (4b) which
represents the sigmoid distribution.
2.3 Exponential functionally graded plates (E- FGMs)
Many researchers used the exponential function to describe variation in Young’s modulus
[7];
E ( z ) = Ae B ( z + h / 2) (5)
1  Ec 
ln with A = Em
 B=
h  Em 
The variation in E(z) in the thickness direction is shown in figure 4.
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Ec n=1
n=2
n=3
n=5
n=6
Young's Modulus
n=8
n=10
Em
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
z/h
Figure 3: Variation of Young’s modulus in an S-FGM plate.
Ec
Young's Modulus
Em
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
z/h
Figure 4: Variation of Young’s modulus in an E-FGM plate.
3. Plates under uniform in-plane uni-axial compression
A rectangular plate under uniform in-plane compressive load N0 (per unit length) is
considered (Figure 5). Although results are obtained using CPT,FSDT and TSDT, the
1038
formulation is presented in brief for CPT only. The governing relations for all the three
theories are based on the formulation given in Reddy.
Figure 5: Plate under uniform compression
3.1 Mathematical formulation
The CPT is based on the following displacement field :
u ( x, y, z ) = u0 ( x, y ) − zw0, x (6a)
v( x, y, z ) = v0 ( x, y ) − zw0, y (6b)
w( x, y, z ) = w0 ( x, y ) (6c)
where u , v and w are the displacement components of a point on the plate along the x , y,
and z, directions respectively while u0 , v0 and w0 are the corresponding displacements of a
point on the mid-plane of the plate. A comma signifies differentiation with respect to the
suffix that follows.
The strain displacement relationships for non-zero strains are
{ε } = {ε 0 } + z {ε 1} (7)
 uo , x   − w0, xx 
  1  
where {ε } =  vo , y  , {ε } =  − w0, yy 
0
v + u   −2 w 
 o, y o, y   0, xy 
The constitutive relationships are given by
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{σ } = [Q]{ε } (8)
1 ν 0 

where Q = Q 11 ν 1 0  , Q 11 = E ( z ) (1 −ν 2 )
 0 0 (1 −ν ) 2 
The governing differential equations of equilibrium are

N xx , x + N xy , y = 0 (9a)
N xy , x + N yy , y = 0 (9b)
M xx , xx + 2 M xy , xy + M yy , yy + N xx wxx , xx = 0 (9c)
 N  [ A] [ B]  ε 0  h/2
where   =   1, ( A, B, D ) = ∫ Q (1, z , z 2 ) dz
 M  [ B ] [ D]  ε  −h / 2
Since the plate is considered simply supported along all edges, the boundary conditions are
w = 0
 at x = 0 and x = a (10a)
M x = 0
w = 0
 at y = 0 and y = b (10b)
M y = 0
The above boundary conditions are satisfied by the following displacement field:.
u = U mn cos α x sin β y (11a)
v = Vmn sin α x cos β y (11b)
w = Wmn sin α x sin β y (11c)
where α = mπ / a and β = nπ / b , m and n being integers, and Umn , Vmn and Wmn are the
undetermined coefficients. On substitution of above expressions in equilibrium equations
(9a-c) one obtains three algebraic relations in Umn , Vmn and Wmn. For a non-trivial solution
(i.e. to obtain the buckling load), the determinant formed by the coefficients of Umn , Vmn ,
Wmn is set to zero, this leads to a characteristics equation the solution of which yields the
critical load N0.
3.2 Results and discussions
Buckling loads are calculated for a metallic-ceramic FGM plate comprising alumina and
aluminium mixture with following material properties:
Em= 70 GPa, Ec=380 GPa, ν=0.3.
First, results are compared with available ones for a plate of aspect ratio 0.5 and for the
material gradient index n=1. This is given in Table.1. As can be seen, results obtained are
exact.
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Table 1: Comparison of buckling load for P-FGM plate (n=1,a/b=0.5)

b/h Buckling Load(MN)
Present(CPT) Ref [1]
10 267.4817 267.48
20 33.4352 33.435
40 4.1794 4.1794
60 1.2383 1.2383
80 0.5224 0.5224
100 0.2675 0.2675
Tables 2 -4 give the comparison of critical buckling load for P-FGM, S-FGM and E-FGM
plates respectively based on three theories. A broad conclusion that can be derived based on
these results is that the effect of shear deformation is not significant even in the moderately
thick plates. For a/h=10 in case of P-FGMs, the difference based on CPT and FSDT results is
5.2% ,4.53% and 3.6% for n=0.1,1,10 respectively. The values for S-FGMs are also very
much the same. The higher is the value of material gradient index n, lesser is the effect of
transverse shear. For an E-FGM, the difference in the buckling load is 4.68% for a/h=10.
Table 2: Non- dimensionalized buckling loads ( N = N xxb2 / Em h3 ) for a square P-FGM plate
b/h N
n=0.1 n=1 n=10
CPT FSDT TSDT CPT FSDT TSDT CPT FSDT TSDT
10 17.6883 16.7678 16.7231 9.7822 9.3388 9.2123 5.8798 5.6681 5.531
20 17.6883 17.4489 17.3971 9.7822 9.6674 9.4563 5.8798 5.7852 5.653
40 17.6883 17.6279 17.5012 9.7822 9.7532 9.7212 5.8798 5.8558 5.849
50 17.6883 17.6496 17.5954 9.7822 9.7636 9.7432 5.8798 5.8644 5.856
100 17.6883 17.6786 17.6687 9.7822 9.7775 9.7653 5.8798 5.8759 5.875
Table 3: Non- dimensionalized buckling loads ( N = N xxb2 / Em h3 ) for a square S-FGM plate
b/h N
n=0.1 n=1 n=10
CPT FSDT TSDT CPT FSDT TSDT CPT FSDT TSDT
10 11.5459 10.9333 10.7421 9.7822 9.3388 9.3123 7.6088 7.3378 7.297
20 11.5459 11.3864 11.3124 9.7822 9.6674 9.5932 7.6088 7.5392 7.512
40 11.5459 11.5056 11.4786 9.7822 9.7532 9.7213 7.6088 7.5913 7.583
50 11.5459 11.5201 11.5174 9.7822 9.7636 9.7312 7.6088 7.5976 7.593
100 11.5459 11.5395 11.5352 9.7822 9.7775 9.7761 7.6088 7.6060 7.605
Table 4: Non- dimensionalized buckling loads( N = N xxb2 / Em h3 ) for a square E-FGM plate
b/h N
CPT FSDT TSDT
10 8.2497 7.8631 7.3123
20 8.2497 8.1495 8.0975
40 8.2497 8.2244 8.2134
50 8.2497 8.2335 8.2319
100 8.2497 8.2456 8.2439
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Figure 6-8 illustrate the variation of non-dimensionalized buckling load with aspect ratio for
all types of FGM plates under uniaxial load. Results are based on the classical plate theory
(CPT) only. The ratio of b/h of the plate is kept 20. The range of material gradient index n
(Eq. 1 and 3) is 0.1 to 500. For n→0, P-FGM plate will be ceramic rich; the plate behavior
tends towards that of corresponding homogenous ceramic plate. For large values of n (n>100),
the plate will be metallic rich; the P-FGM plate behavior is identical to that of the
corresponding metallic plate (which is an isotropic plate). Hereafter, the buckling load
corresponding to n=500 is termed as Niso for P-FGM plates. Since this Niso is for the metallic
plate, the same is used for the comparison of S-FGM and E-FGM plates. In figure 6-8, a kink
in the curve indicates the changes in buckling mode. For all cases, as it is true for an isotropic
plate, the lowest buckling load corresponds to one half wave in the transverse direction and
an increasing values of m (number of half wave along the longitudinal direction) as the aspect
ratio a/b increases. There is a rapid decrease in the critical load as the aspect ratio change
from 0.5 to 2.0; beyond that there is no appreciable variation in the buckling load.
30
n=0.1
n=1
n=10
25
n=100
n=500
20
15
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
Figure 6: Non-dimensionalized buckling load N = N xxb2 / Em h3 vs aspect ratio for different n of
P-FGM plate, b/h=20
19
n=0.1
18
n=1
17
n=10
16 n=100
15 n=500
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
Figurer 7: Non-dimensionalized buckling load N = N xxb2 / Em h3 vs aspect ratio for different n of
S-FGM plate ,b/h=20
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40
35
30
25
N 20
15
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
a/b
Figure 8: Non-dimensional zed buckling load N = N xxb2 / Em h3 vs aspect ratio of E-FGM plate,
b/h=20
4. Linearly varying in-plane compressive load
Now consider the case when a rectangular plate is subjected to linearly varying edge loading,
as shown in Figure 9. The applied load along x=0, a is given by
 y
N xx = − N 0 1 − k  (12)
 b
where N0 is the intensity of compressive force and k is the numerical loading parameter.
It is assumed that the stress distribution applied at the ends of the plate (x = 0,x = a) remains
the same within its interior, and satisfies the plane elasticity equations exactly. By changing
k, we can obtain various particular cases. For example, by taking k = 0 we have the case of
uniformly distributed compressive force. When k = 1, the compressive force varies linearly
from -N0 at y = 0 to zero at y = b. For k = 2 we obtain the case of pure in-plane bending. With
other k in the range 0 < k < 2, we have a combination of bending and compression. Examples
of these cases are shown in Figure 10.
The Ritz method is employed in the present formulation. The total potential energy of the
plate is given by
V = U − We (13)
in which the strain energy functional U of FGM plate can be written as
Figure 9: Plate under linearly varying edge load

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Figure 10: Examples of in-plane loading along x=0,a
  ∂u 2  ∂v 
2
 ∂u   ∂v 
2 2
∂v ∂u  ∂u ∂v 
 A11   + A22   + A66   +   + 2  − 2 A12

  ∂x   ∂y   ∂y   ∂x  ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 
 
1 
b a
∂u ∂ 2 w ∂v ∂ 2 w ∂ 2 w  ∂v ∂u   ∂u ∂ 2 w ∂v ∂ 2 w  
U = ∫ ∫  −2 B11 − 2 B22 − 4 B66  +  − 2 B12  +  dxdy
200 ∂x ∂x 2 ∂y ∂y 2 ∂x∂y  ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y
2
∂y ∂x 2  
  2 2  2

2 2 2
 2

2 
 D11  ∂ w ∂ w ∂ w ∂ w ∂ w 
 + D22  2  + 2 D12 2 + 4 D66  
  ∂x 2   ∂y  ∂x ∂y 2  ∂x∂y  
 
(14)
and the work done We, by the external in-plane uniaxial load is
1   ∂w  
b a 2
2 ∫0 ∫0 
We =  xx 
N   dxdy (15)
 ∂x  
As all the edges of the plate are simply supported, the displacements are expressed as in Eq.
(11a-c) which satisfy the boundary conditions exactly. Next step is to minimize the potential
energy V in Eq. 13 with respect to unknown coefficients in the displacement field. This
yields Ritz equations; the number of equation depends upon the number of terms used in the
displacement field. By setting the determinant of the matrix formed of unknown coefficients
equal to zero, one can obtain the lowest value of N0.
5. Results and discussions
In order to verify the formulation for obtaining buckling loads of linearly varying cases
results are first compared with those of Kang and Leissa for a square isotropic plate. This is
shown in Table. 5. The agreement is very good between two sets of results.
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Table 5: Comparison of non-dimensional buckling load N*for isotropic plate

N*=N0b2/D
K
Present Reference :12
0 39.38 39.48
0.5 53.21 52.49
1.0 77.91 77.08
1.5 135.73 132
2.0 239.27 235.7
For FGM plates all five cases of linearly varying loads are considered for obtaining buckling
loads. Three types of FGM (P-FGM, S-FGM and E-FGM) are considered. In each of the case
the aspect ratio a/b of the plate varies from 0.5 to 5. Results of buckling loads for different
aspect ratios are given in Figure 11-13 (for n=0.1, 1, 100 respectively), in figure 14-15 for S-
FGM (for n=0.1 and 10) and in Figure 16 for E-FGM. In all cases, the buckled mode is such
that there is only one half wave in the transverse direction but the number of half waves in the
longitudinal direction depends upon the aspect ratio. The critical load is the lowest for k=0
(uniform load) and is the highest for k=2 (case of pure flexure). For all FGMs and for all
types of load cases considered, the buckling load remains lowest for a square plate. There is a
substantial decrease in the buckling loads in the range a/b=0.5 to 1, and there is some
variations in loads upto a/b=2.0. But beyond a/b=3.5, the buckling loads are constant
irrespective of the load parameter, k. Like in the case of uniform compression, for linearly
varying loads too, buckling characteristics are quite similar to those of the corresponding
isotropic plate.
k=0
k=0.5
180 k=1
k=1.5
160 k=2
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
Figure 11: Non-dimensionalized buckling load N = N xxb2 / Em h3 vs aspect ratio for different k
of P-FGM plate, n=0.1.
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95 k=0
90 k=0.5
85 k=1
80 k=1.5
75 k=2
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
of P-FGM plate, n=1.
Its is interesting to observe that buckling loads of FGM plate bear a constant ratio with the
buckling load of corresponding isotropic plate irrespective of the aspect ratio, width to
thickness ratio and the nature of linearly varying load, i.e. the value of k. While this load ratio
depends on the ratio of respective Young’s modulus for E-FGMs. For P-FGMs and S-FGMs,
it is a function of the material gradient index, n. This also mentioned in section 3 for the case
of uniform compression.
k=0
k=0.5
k=1
60
k=1.5
k=2
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
of P-FGM plate, n=100.
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k=0
120 k=0.5
k=1
110 k=1.5
k=2
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
of S-FGM plate, n=0.1.
k=0
85 k=0.5
80 k=1
k=1.5
75
k=2
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
of S-FGM plate, n=10.
k=0
85 k=0.5
80
k=1
k=1.5
75
k=2
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
of E-FGM plate.
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In view of the above observation, an attempt is made to obtain an analytical relation between
κ (ratio of buckling load of FGM plate to buckling load of isotropic plate) and n using the
best fit curve through actual points. For the case of P-FGMs, the curve is the third order
exponential decay given by Eq. 16. The coefficient of correlation obtained is 0.9999 i.e.
almost tending to one, which signifies exact correspondence between the actual data points
and the curve fitted (figure 17). For S-FGMs, it is convenient to express the relation between
κ and log10n,
κ = 1.02 + 2.7e − n / 0.8

+ 0.7e − n /14.7 + 0.3e − n / 95.5 (16)
3.0
Actual Data Points
2.8 R2=0.9999 Proposed Curve
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
κ
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0 200 400 600 800 1000
n
Figure 17: κ vs n for P-FGM
The best fitted curve in this case is the fourth order polynomial equation given by Eq. 17. As
seen from Figure 18, the maximum variation in κ is for 0<n<10; beyond that , κ is almost
constant.
κ = 2.7 −1.3log 10
2
n + 0.91( log10 n ) − 0.3( log10 n ) + 0.03( log10 n )
3 4
(17)
2.8 Actual Data Points

2
R =0.9991 Proposed Curve
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
κ
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
10 100 1000
log10n
Figure 18: κ vs log10n for S-FGM

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In this case the correlation is very good between the curve fit and the actual data points
(R2=0.9999). Equations 16 and 17 make the estimation of the buckling load very simple.
Once the plate geometry is fixed, only thing the designer has to decide only the value of n as
the per design requirements.
5.1 Concluding Remarks
The following observation can be made based on the present study
1. The influence of transverse shear on buckling loads is almost similar for all types of
FGMs. The effect of shear deformation is found to decrease with increasing value of n,
the material gradient index.
2. The characteristics behaviour of FGM plate lie in between the characteristics
behaviour of the homogenous metallic and ceramic plates. As n→0, the behaviour of
the P-FGM plate tends to be that of ceramic plate, while for n tending to a large value
say 100.
3. P-FGMs can be tailored to achieve highest value of buckling as n→0 as compared to
S-FGMs and E-FGMs.
4. The ratio of buckling load of FGM plate to that isotropic plate of metallic constituents
is constant regardless to loading parameter, aspect ratio and width thickness ratio.
5. The approximate relationships for ratio of FGM plate to isotropic plate and material
gradient index, n suggested has very high degree of accuracy for aluminium-alumina
FGM plate.
6. References
1. Javaheri R, Eslami MR., (2002), Buckling of functionally graded plates under in-
plane compressive loading, ZAMM, 82(4), pp 277–83.
2. Javaheri R, Eslami MR., (2002), Thermal buckling of functionally graded plates,

AIAA Journal, 40(1), pp 162–9.
3. Javaheri R, Eslami MR., (2002), Thermal buckling of functionally graded plates

based on higher order theory, Journal of Thermal Stresses, 25, pp 603–25.
4. Lanhe W., (2004), Thermal buckling of a simply supported moderately thick

rectangular FGM plate, Composite structures, 64, pp 211–8.
5. Najafizadeh MM, Eslami MR., (2002), Buckling analysis of circular plates of

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Buckling of simply supported FGM plates under uniaxial load

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous composite

2. Material gradient of FGM plate

Received on March, 2012 Published on May 2012 1035

Figure 1: The geometry of FGM plate

2.1. Power functionally graded plate (P-FGM)

2.2 Sigmoid functionally graded plate (S-FGMs)

In the case of adding an FGM of a single power-law function to a multi-layered composite,

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Figure 2: Variation of Young’s modulus in a P-FGM plate

By the rule of mixture, the Young’s modulus of S-FGMs can be calculated as

2.3 Exponential functionally graded plates (E- FGMs)

Figure 3: Variation of Young’s modulus in an S-FGM plate.

Figure 4: Variation of Young’s modulus in an E-FGM plate.

3. Plates under uniform in-plane uni-axial compression

Figure 5: Plate under uniform compression

3.1 Mathematical formulation

The CPT is based on the following displacement field :

The strain displacement relationships for non-zero strains are

The constitutive relationships are given by

The governing differential equations of equilibrium are

u = U mn cos α x sin β y (11a)

v = Vmn sin α x cos β y (11b)

w = Wmn sin α x sin β y (11c)

3.2 Results and discussions

Em= 70 GPa, Ec=380 GPa, ν=0.3.

Table 1: Comparison of buckling load for P-FGM plate (n=1,a/b=0.5)

4. Linearly varying in-plane compressive load

in which the strain energy functional U of FGM plate can be written as

Figure 9: Plate under linearly varying edge load

Figure 10: Examples of in-plane loading along x=0,a

5. Results and discussions

Table 5: Comparison of non-dimensional buckling load N*for isotropic plate

κ = 1.02 + 2.7e − n / 0.8

Figure 17: κ vs n for P-FGM

2.8 Actual Data Points

Figure 18: κ vs log10n for S-FGM

5.1 Concluding Remarks

The following observation can be made based on the present study

2. Javaheri R, Eslami MR., (2002), Thermal buckling of functionally graded plates,

3. Javaheri R, Eslami MR., (2002), Thermal buckling of functionally graded plates

4. Lanhe W., (2004), Thermal buckling of a simply supported moderately thick

5. Najafizadeh MM, Eslami MR., (2002), Buckling analysis of circular plates of

6. Najafizadeh MM, Eslami MR., (2002), Thermoelastic stability of circular plates

8. Bao G, Wang L., (1995), Multiple cracking in functionally graded ceramic/metal

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