Assessment of WASH Facilities in MCGM Schools - WASH in Schools by CACR-UNICEF

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM
schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra

Survey Analysis Report
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

UNICEF Mumbai in association with CACR
December 2017
Content
1. Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 4

2. Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya ........................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 6
3. WASH Assessment in MCGM Schools ...................................................................... 8
3.1 Background on MCGM schools ............................................................................................... 8
3.2 Purpose of the Assessment ..................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Objective of the Assessment ................................................................................................. 10
3.4 Plan Flow of the Study ......................................................................................................... 11
4. Findings of WASH assessment component wise .................................................... 13
4.1 Water Supply in the School .................................................................................................... 13
4.2 Toilet Sanitation and Use ....................................................................................................... 15
4.3 Hand Washing with Soap ...................................................................................................... 21
4.4 Operation and Maintenance .................................................................................................... 25
4.5 Behaviour Change and Capacity............................................................................................. 26
5. Qualitative Observations of WASH Assessment ............................................................. 32

6. Challenges and Recommendations .......................................................................... 33
7. Glossary of Terms ..................................................................................................... 35
8. Photographic evidence .............................................................................................. 36
Annexure ............................................................................................................................ 37
Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 1

List of tables
Table 1: Weightages assigned to Swachh Vidyalaya Sub categories ………………………. 6

Table 2: Norms for performance …………………………………………………………….7
Table 3: Compliance criteria for Toilets and handwashing points…………………………...7
Table 4: Administrative wards by zones …………………………………………………….8
Table 5: Key Indicators for WASH under Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar ……………….….. 10
Table 6: Timeline for WASH assessment ….…………………............................................. 11
Table 7: No. of children sharing a toilet ……………………………………………………. 17
Table 8: Adequacy norms ………………………………………………………………… 35
List of graphs
Graph 1: Zonal contribution…………………………………………………………………..9

Graph 2: Student data ………………………………………………………………………. 10
Graph 3: Source of drinking water in schools ……………………………………………… 11
Graph 4: Testing of drinking water in schools ………………………………………………14
Graph 5: Availability of separate toilets for boys and girls …………………………………17
Graph 6: Accessible toilet for CWSN ……………………………………………………… 18
Graph 7: Availability of separate toilet for teachers and staff……………………………… 19
Graph 8: Availability of dustbins for disposal of sanitary waste…………………………… 20
Graph 9: Responsibility of O&M treatment…………………………………………………20
Graph 10: Presence of excreta disposal system…………………………………………….. 21
Graph 11: Presence of water for washing hands after use of toilet………………………….23
Graph 12: Hand washing facility…………………………………………………………… 23
Graph 13: Do children wash hands before midday meals …………………………………. 25
Graph 14: Is facility to wash hands available………………………………………………. 25
Graph 15: Soaps availability……………………………………………………………… 26
Graph 16: Dustbins availability…………………………………………………………… 26
Graph 17: Orientation of children to WASH ………………………………………………. 28
Graph 18: Supervision of WASH facilities………………………………………………….29
Graph 19: Supervision of cleaning of toilets……………………………………………….. 29
Graph 20: Availability of cleaning material…………………………………………………30
Graph 21: Adequate availability of cleaning material ………………………………………30
Graph 22: Is menstrual health discussed with girls………………………………………….31
Graph 23: Availability of safe disposal of sanitary waste………………………………… 31
Graph 24: Is height of incinerator suitable…………………………………………………..32
List of Annexures
Annexure 1: Swachh Bharat WASH Package ………………………………………………37

Annexure 2: Questionnaire used for WASH survey ……………………….………………38
Annexure 3: List of 103 schools surveyed zone wise ………………………………………41

ABBREVIATIONS
CACR: Citizens Association for Child Rights
HM: Headmaster/Headmistress
HWWS: Handwashing with soap
MHM: Menstrual Hygiene Management
NGO: Non-governmental organisation
RTE: Right to Education Act
SBM: Swachh Bharat Mission
SBSV: Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya
SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals
SMCs: School Management Committees
SIC: School Infrastructure Cell
UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund
WASH: Water supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
MDM: Midday meal
DMC: Deputy Municipal Commissioner
SVP: Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar
MCGM: Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
BMC: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

1. Executive Summary
Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya is an initiative by the Government of India, to promote

safe hygiene practices and behavior among children. Here, the objective is to start making
municipal schools WASH complaint.
As a first step, it is imperative to determine where we currently stand- what is the current
level of sanitation and hygiene maintained in schools. UNICEF and CACR have partnered to
undertake this school infrastructure survey and pave the path forward to achieve WASH
compliance.
To start with, 103 schools in Mumbai have been surveyed to check compliance on WASH-
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.
Many gaps have been found that have a direct impact on children, and need to be addressed
immediately.
- While majority of the schools have sufficient drinking water, only 27% use a filter or
RO to ensure that the water is free of germs. The rest of the schools drink the treated
water that the BMC provides. 43% of the schools do not even clean the overhead
tanks that store this water.
- All schools are seen to have functional toilets for boys and girls. However:
o Many of these toilets do not have functioning taps and mugs, making the toilet
unusable
o The average number of boys and girls using a completely functioning toilet is
59 and 60 respectively.
o Girl’s toilets do not have bins with lid to dispose of menstrual waste.
o Toilets for the physically handicapped do not have handrails and ramp to
access the same.
o In 15% of the schools, hand washing facility is not available right next to the
toilet.

- Most schools have hand washing facility before midday meals. However, soaps are
not readily provided to children in 70% of the schools.
- In 80% of the schools, dustbins are provided in all key locations. However, most of
the dustbins do not have lids, exposing the waste till the dustbin is cleared.
- Education on menstrual hygiene is not provided to girls. There is no mechanism to
dispose of waste in a proper way
- When we look at how the schools are performing vis-à-vis the adequacy norms, we
observed the following:
- Most (100 out of 103) schools have water in sufficient quantity- both for drinking
purposes as well as toilet and hand washing.
- However, most schools do not meet the norm for availability of fully functional toilets
and urinals, with the number of children sharing a toilet/ urinal being very high.
This report details these results and clearly highlights the gaps, along with clear action points.

Section 2. Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya and Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar
2.1 Introduction
The Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India launched ‘Swachh

Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya’ (SBSV) initiative in 2014 to ensure that all schools in India have
access to separate functional toilets for boys and girls. The initiative also has its emphasis on
promoting safe and appropriate hygiene practices in schools and behaviour among children.
The Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar was instituted by the Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Government of India in 2016 to recognize, inspire and celebrate excellence in
sanitation and hygiene practice in schools. The explicit purpose of the awards is to honour
schools that have undertaken significant steps towards fulfilling the mandate of the Swachh
Vidyalaya Campaign.
Eligibility:
The awards will be open to (a) Government Schools (b) Government Aided Schools (b) Private
Schools, in both rural and urban areas.
Criteria of Evaluation:
The performance of the schools will be evaluated under the following categories
1 Water
2 Toilets
3 Handwashing with Soap
4 Operations and Maintenance
5 Behaviour Change and Capacity Building
Table 1: Weightage assigned to Swachh Vidyalaya Sub categories:

The performance of the schools against the categories will be scored and schools would be
given a rating as below:
Table 2: Norms for Performance
Category of awards:
The awards are categorised at the District Level, State/UT Level and National Level
Table 3: Compliance criteria for Toilets and handwashing points
WASH Facility Requirement/Standard Remark

Hand washing points 1 wash point per 20  Average time taken per student is
students 30 seconds
 Classes to be given a break at 10-
minute intervals
Water for handwashing 3 litres per student  For 400 students, the storage
and drinking purposes capacity should be 1500 litres
 An additional capacity of up to 2
days is required. i.e. 3000 litres
Separate toilet facility 1 seat per 40-80 students  Assuming that at most 5-10%
for boys students use toilets in schools
Separate toilet facility 1 seat per 40-80 students  Out of 200 students, assume 10-20
for girls would need to use the toilet
Separate urinal for 1 seat per 40 students facilities during the break
boys  Assuming 5 minutes per usage,
Separate urinal for 1 seat per 40 students one toilet can cater to 4 students in
girls a 20-minute break.
 2-4 toilet seats required to cater to
10-20 students

Section 3. WASH Assessment in MCGM Schools
3.1 Background on MCGM and Schools data
The city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, is divided into administrative divisions-zones and
wards. Greater Mumbai is the urban agglomeration of millions of people (the largest in India
and one of the six largest in the world) which comes under the Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai (MCGM), which employs more than 14 Billion.
Table 4: Administrative wards by Zones
ZONES ADMISTRATIVE WARDS
1 A,B,C,D,E
2 F/N, F/S, G/N, G/S
3 H/E, H/W, K/E
4 K/W, P/N, P/S
5 L, M/E, M/W
6 N, S, T
7 R/N, R/C, R/S
7 zones divided into 24 municipal wards as seen in the table above. For administrative
purposes, Greater Mumbai is divided into 7 zones, each consisting of 3 to 5 wards which overall
Graph 1: Zonal contribution

consist of 1231 MCGM schools, out of which 1087 are primary and Upper Primary schools
(i.e. grade first to seventh) and 144 are Secondary school (i.e. grade eighth to tenth).
Field Visits for WASH Benchmarking
Benchmarking for the survey and a pilot run for questionnaire was performed in 6 schools by
CACR, UNICEF, MCGM Education department, and SIC officials combined. Subsequently,
103 schools were surveyed by CACR during the entire survey in three weeks duration.
Respondents for the survey were majority Headmaster/ Head Mistress and School In charge.
Primary, Upper Primary section is found leading in terms of school coverage i.e. 73% whereas
nearly 11% were only primary section schools which have schools running in shifts as morning,
general and afternoon.
Graph 2: Student Data

Total CWSN
CWSN 62 CWSN 96
CWSN 50
9799 CWSN 25 9870
9091
8825
Boys Girls Boys Girls

Morning Afternoon
Findings:
Thereby, achieving Student Teacher ratio as 3161:100 i.e. 31:1
On an average, each school has about 180-190 children at any given point.
3.2 Purpose of the Assessment:
 Explore the areas of improvement where UNICEF through its’ partner can support the
MCGM schools in improving their WASH compliance
 Orient the staff and students on WASH in Schools and SBSV guidelines
 Assess the eligibility of the school for applying for the SVP

3.3 Objective:
To understand the Water, Sanitation and hygiene (WASH) status of selected schools under the
Education Department of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai and provide
recommendations for making the municipal schools WASH compliant
Table 5: Key Indicators for WASH under Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar
3.4 Plan Flow and Timeline:
CACR initiated discussions with MCGM Education Department and school infrastructure cell
(SIC) jointly with team UNICEF in August, 2017, followed by another meeting with Education
Officer, Deputy Education Officer, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan and other important stakeholders
for sharing of the government resolution and guidelines on Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar (SVP)
2017-18.
CACR in discussion with UNICEF and the Education Department of MCGM decided to
undertake WASH infrastructure assessment of 100 municipal schools spread across all zones
and wards in Mumbai to minimize errors due to sample variation.

To make the survey process time efficient and more uniform, UNICEF sought technical support
from WaterAid to customize its Mwater application for capturing the WASH survey data from
the Urban MCGM schools.
After 3-4 iterations, the survey questions were finalized and, 103 municipal schools were
surveyed using the App across Mumbai over a week by 8 CACR members followed by an
analysis of the findings for presentation to MCGM Education Department during the
orientation workshop on 7th October, 2017.
Table 6 : Timeline for WASH assessment & survey in MCGM schools

Month Activity
Prelimnary meeting with CACR, UNICEF and
July 2017 officials of Education Department on SBSV
guidelines
Detailed discussion with DMC Education on
making MCGM schools WASH compliant
August 2017 including behaviour change communication
modules on handwashing with soap (HWWS)
and Menstrual Hygiene management (MHM)
UNICEF Partner, NGO partner WaterAid
provided customised MWater App for survey of
100+ Urban MCGM Schools in Mumbai
Field visit for benchmarking of WASH

indicators in 6 schools
September 2017 Permission letter issued for 3rd party survey by

CACR on WASH benchmarking indicators and
UNICEF
Orientation done on SVP by UNICEF and CACR

through Virtual Studio to 1500+ headmasters in
MCGM schools.
103 MCGM schools surveyed using MWater

App conducted by Team CACR
October 2017
Orientation workshop for MCGM department by
UNICEF -CACR to share survey findings.

Dy. Municipal Commissioner Education Mr Milind Savant discusses the survey results

Section 4. Findings of WASH Assessment Component wise
4.1 Water Supply
First category of questions in survey questionnaire is related to Water.
a. Access to Safe Drinking Water

Here we are determining the availability of improved water supply in the school premises.
During the survey, we found that 95% of the schools have access to safe drinking water. Couple
of schools were undergoing construction work and hence had tankers supplying water.
When it comes to drinking water it is important to know whether proper sanitation is

maintained around drinking water or not? We found that 86% of the surveyed schools have
proper sanitation maintained around drinking water point.
The next step was to identify the main source of drinking water in the school.
73.8% of the schools have treated running water with storage tank within the school premises.
This refers to the BMC treated water that is reaching the school.
Only 26.2% schools have RO Filtered water provided within the school premises.
This is a clear cause of concern
Graph 3: Source of drinking water in schools
26.20%
73.80%
Filtered/ packaged/ RO/UV water provided by school

Treated Running water with water storage tank within school premises
b. Access to Reliable Drinking water

Drinking water is available and in most schools is via taps. These taps have water coming from
storage tanks which are built in school premises as a crucial infrastructure part. A school

building has two major tanks- one as underground storage in which water is filled when it
comes from main municipal water lines and other Running as overhead storage tank in which
water is pumped in through underground tank. The overhead water storage tank stores water in
two tanks- one used for drinking water and other for toilet and other purposes. This overhead
storage tank further supplies this water in drinking water premises through water lines
connected to taps.
Since drinking water is not stored separately in most schools, it becomes critical to see if the
tanks are clean, sealed and not leaking.
We found that all the schools have proper sealed and not leaking Storage tanks.
Reliability of this stored drinking water was examined with a primary understanding by
knowing whether these storage tanks are cleaned or not? And if yes were cleaned then at what
interval. We found that only 57% of surveyed schools tanks were cleaned, out of which 60%
are cleaned biannually and 40% annually during summer vacation period.
The next question that arises is if the Drinking water tested or not? And if yes tested then at
what interval
For verification of the same water testing reports were asked as proof for which results are
displayed below:
As seen below, in 76% of the schools, the drinking water is not tested at all.
Graph 4: Testing of Quality of drinking water in schools
2
22
No Testing is done
Testing twice in year
76 Tested once in year
The next step is to understand whether this storage tank is adequate for the school students and
staff or not. Hence, we looked at the size of the tank as well as the total number of students and
staff in the school. We found that in 95% of the schools, there was more than 1.5 liters of water
per person per day throughout the year.

c. Zonal Differences:
Zone 1- In 5 schools, water supply is not available at all times. In 4 of these 5 schools, less
than 1.5l of water is available per student.
In 4 schools, proper sanitation is not maintained at drinking water points.
Zone 2- out of 25 schools, only 8 use RO/ filter to get clean drinking water. Further, the water
quality is not checked before releasing fo0r drinking. All schools have more than 1.5l water
per student.
Zone 3- 5 out of 30 schools use filter to get drinking water
Zone 4 Out of 9 schools, 3 use filter to get drinking water, while the others rely on BMC
water to be treated. There is adequate water for all kids.
Zone 5 and 6 have 8 and 9 schools respectively, with water supply more than 1.5l per child
Zone 7- There is one school with inadequate water supply, namely, Ganesh Nagar Municipal
Urdu School.
4.2 Toilet
Second category of questions in survey questionnaire is related to Water.
Key finding area under this component are –

- Availability of Separate Functional Toilets for boys and girls
- Availability of Separate Functional Urinals for boys and girls
- Functional Toilet Facilities for Children with Special Needs, Teachers and Staff
a. Availability of Separate Functional Toilets for boys and girls

It is most important whether all boys and girls have different toilet units? If yes, then are they
functional or not? When observed in these schools all the boys and girls have Availability of
Separate Functional Toilets therefore, 100% Schools have separate toilet units for boys and
girls
Graph 5: Does the school have separate toilet units (1 toilet seat and 3 urinals) in working
condition for boys and girls?

Graph 5: availability of separate toilets for boys and girls
7.80%
90.30%
Yes, separate toilet available

If co-education, there is atleast one toilet unit each for boys and girls
On mapping their functionality results are on an average two out of four toilet units are
functional when it comes to boys and four out of 5 are functional for girls.
 There are total 374 toilets for boys, out of which 360 are functional, making an average
of 26 boys using one toilet.
 Out of these 335 have taps, but 275 are working, taking the average no, of kids using a
toilet with tap to 35
 Out of these, 166 have mugs making it easy for the kids to use, taking the avg. no of
kids using a toilet with water available and a mug to 59.
 The average no. of boys using one urinal is 20. However, with more than 15% of them
not functioning, it takes the average to 24.
 There are total 397 toilets for girls, out of which 364 are functional, making an average
of 22 girls using one toilet
 Out of these 380 have taps, but 334 are working, taking the average no, of kids using a
toilet with tap to 27
 Out of these, 152 have mugs making it easy for the kids to use, taking the avg. no of
kids using a toilet with water available and a mug to 60.
Table 7: No. of children sharing a toilet
Toilets – Urinals –
One toilet One urinal
Zones Students for 18 for 15
students students
each each
Boys 3 6
Zone 1 (16)
Girls 4

Boys 6 9
Zone 2 (25)
Girls 3
Boys 7 7
Zone 3 (30)
Girls 4
Boys 1 1
Zone 4 (9)
Girls 1
Boys 0 2
Zone 5 (9)
Girls 1
Boys 1 3
Zone 6 (8)
Girls 1
Boys 0 1
Zone 7 (6)
Girls 0
Boys 18 33
Total (103)
Girls 14
For arriving at average no of boys and girls per functional toilet, either the morning shift or
the evening shift has been taken and not the summation as the toilet will be in use at different
times.
Functional Toilet Facilities for Children with Special Needs, Teachers and Staff
Most of the surveyed schools have toilets for Children with Special Needs, however, in more
than 90% of the schools, these toilets are not accessible by the physically challenged. Unless
handrails and ramp is made in these schools, these toilets do not serve their purpose.
Graph 6: Accessible toilets for Children with Special Needs

2.90%
5.80%
91.30%
Toilets are not accessible by CWSN

There is atleast one toilet accessible by CWSN
There is atleast one separate toilet for CSWN

b. Does the school have toilets for Teachers and staff?
More than 50% schools has separate toilets for male and female teachers whereas, 33%
schools have one separate toilet for teachers and staff i.e. both males and females
Graph 7: Availability of separate toilets for teachers and staff
8.70%
No Toilets
33.00%
There is atleast one separate toilet
for use by teachers and staff
There are separate toilets for male
and femails teachers/ staff
Teachers and staff use the toilets
meant for students
55.30%
When toilets are available and functional for students, teachers and staff next step is to identify
are they safe for use in terms of privacy therefore, the next check was to find out do all the
toilets in the school have secure door with latch and cloth hanging hooks? As per observations
and data captured more than 90% toilets do not have secure doors with latch.
c. Does the school have separate dustbins with lid for disposal of sanitary waste?
Most of the schools do not have dustbins with lid to dispose of sanitary waste.

Graph 8: Availability of dustbins for disposal of sanitary waste
11.70%
73.80%
Yes No
Graph 9: Responsibility of O&M treatment
18.20%
27.30%
54.50%
No provision of O&M
Users are maintaining on their own
Special provision done by school management
Is Excreta disposal system (Pipes/chambers/septic tanks) functional?

In 7% of the schools, the disposal system is not functional, making the use of toilets clearly
inviolable.

Graph 10: Presence of excreta disposal system
6.80%
93.20%
Yes No
d. Zonal Differences
Zone 1: In one school, there is no water available in the toilets, namely, Gilder Path
Matimand School. Aagreepada Municipal English Primary School does not have a separate
toilet for teachers and staff.
The average no. of boys using a functional toilet with functional tap with a mug, ranges from
65 to 125. In terms of no. of urinals, only 2 schools are meeting the adequacy norms, namely,
Municipal Colaba Primary School Hindi No.2 and Colaba Marathi School No-1
The average no. of girls using a functional toilet with a functional tap and mug is upwards of
40, barring one school- Colaba Mun Marathi School No-1
Zone 2: There isn’t a separate toilet for teachers in Dharavi TC Municipal English Upper
Primary School No – 2.
Two schools have only one toilet each that are fully functional with tap and mug, with 400+
boys using the same toilet- Dharavi TC Municipal English School No 1 and New Sion MNP
Secondary School. The schools have enough no. of urinals for the boys.
In 2 schools, more than 100 girls have to share one fully functional toilet with water and mug,
namely, Dharavi TC Municipal English Upper primary School No – 2 and Dharavi TC
Municipal English School No 1.
Zone 3: Only one school has a toilet for CWSN children, with handrail and ramp, none of the
other schools have this basic infrastructure.
Most schools are not meeting adequacy norms on no of children using a fully functional
toilet, with few schools having as high as 450 boys, namely, 23 and 18
Five schools do not have functioning urinals for the boys.

Zone 4: in 2 schools. Over 100 boys and using a fully functional toilet.
Zone 5: 2 schools do not have a system to dispose of excreta, namely, Collector colony Hindi
Medium and Anand Nagar Mandbuddi BMC.
Varsha Nagar Mumbai Public School has 196 boys and not a single functional toilet with tap
and mug.
Zone 6: Open defecation is found in Limboni Baug Marathi School no-1.

Mithagar Mun MPS school Mulund East has over 200 boys sharing one functional toilet with
water and mug. In Ramabai Sahakar Nagar Municipal Urdu Upper Primary School and
Ramabai Sahakar Municipal School Marathi No.2, the average no, of boys sharing a toilet is
100.
Zone 7: There is no fully functional toilet in Ganesh Nagar Hindi School which has over 200
boys.
4.3 Hand washing with Soap
To begin with the basic understanding of hand washing with soap and associated habits it was
most important to find out whether the facilities built in are suitable for usage by all age groups
students or not. Therefore, the first question in the survey for this section was about the height
of hand washing facilities suitable for children of all age groups in the school? More than 92%
of the schools surveyed have height of hand washing facilities suitable for children of all age
groups in the school.
a. Functional Hand washing Facilities for Use after Toilet
What is the main source of water for hand-washing after using toilets?
95% of the schools have running water for washing hands.

Graph 11: Presence of water for washing hands after use of toilet
4.90%
95.10%
No water Running water with taps at all hand washing points
The next questions that arise are:

- Is soap provided for washing hands?
- How many taps are there?
- Are these taps close to the toilets?
In 66% of the schools, there is soap provided for washing hands, and in 23% schools, soap is
given only on demand.
Graph 12: Hand washing facility
22.30% 14.60%
63.10%
No hand washing facility near toilet units

Wash basin or hand washing point close to toilet units
Wash basin for hand washing either inside or attached to every toilet unit

Nearly 15% of the schools do not have hand washing facility close to the toilet units. That
means children have to make an effort to walk to a tap to wash their hands.
Are the toilets cleaned regularly?

Toilets are seen to be cleaned everyday across schools. In over 90% of the schools they are
cleaned with soap and disinfectant.
b. Functional Hand washing Facilities for Use before Meals

All Schools have functional hand washing facilities for Use before Meals but before
recognising the usage of soap it is importance to understand Do Students Wash Hands before
Mid-Day Meal while, as few as 32% students do wash hands and other i.e. more than 60% do
not wash their hands with soap before meals. It was found that these students who wash hands
regularly with soap were oriented on HANDWASH program by UNICEF and understand the
importance of hand washing with soap and have inculcated this as a daily routine in their life
and related activities. Even few students were found to carry paper soap, hand wash sachets,
small soaps or hand sanitizers along with them every day to school in the school bags.
In order to get detailed information on Soap Provision before Mid-Day Meal for hand washing
survey team found out only in 14% of schools Soaps are available at all the hand washing
points at all the times though in 30% of schools soaps are placed under supervision and are
available on demand but nearly in 56% schools No soaps available for hand wash before
Midday meal.
Does the school have facility for handwashing before Mid-Day Meal (MDM)/lunch where a
group of children can practice handwashing at the same time?
It is observed that majority of the schools have facility to wash hands with water. However,
over 70% do not use soap to wash hands.

Graph 13: Do children wash hands before midday meals
27.70%
72.30%
No, not at all Yes, all children wash their hands with soap
Graph 14: Is facility to wash hands available
1.90%
98.10%
No hand wash facility Yes, with water from taps

Graph 15: Soaps availability
10.90%
23.80%
65.30%
No soaps
Soaps are placed on supervisiona nd available on demand
Soaps are available at all handwashing points at all times
In more than 60% of the schools. Soap is not available for children to wash their hand with.
4.4 Operation and Maintenance
Considering operation and maintenance as key factor for school the survey initiated with
unravelling the disposal techniques used in the schools
a. Does the school provide dustbins in each class room, kitchen area, toilets and at other
appropriate locations for collection of waste?
In 80% of the schools, dustbins are provided in all key locations. However, most of the dustbins
do not have lids, exposing the waste till the dustbin is cleared.
Graph 16: Availability of dustbins

Safe Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste
In all MCGM schools solid waste is disposed in community bins which are further collected
and disposed by the city authorities and liquid waste in all schools are directly piped to drains
which are further connected to city draining and sewage system. These drain were well covered
within the school premises which prevents any accidental fall
Cleaning and Maintenance of School Environment

In most of the schools cleaning and maintenance staff is available and daily cleaning is done.
MCGM have employed hamal /hamala and peons for the same even few agencies are given
contract for the same namely Krystal, Brisk and BVG.
Frequency of cleaning toilets is 93% of schools get their toilets cleaned daily which has two
cases as cleaned with water or cleaned with soap and disinfectant. It was observed that there is
acute shortage of the cleaning agents supplied in schools and a wide communication gap is
observed for the same.
Water Logging an important aspect was even verified more than 90% school premises are clean
and free of water logging Few Instances of water logging were found near hand washing
facilities which are generally observed due to choke up as students wash their tiffin/lunchboxes
and throw remaining food in those facilities as no bins were notices for the same near the mid-
day meal are.
4.5 Behaviour Change and Capacity Building
Last attribute which Behaviour Change and Capacity Building is very important as Behaviour
Change Communication is a process that involves working with communities to promote and
sustain positive behaviours. Communicating for such change needs to take into account
various factors such as role of community participation, social and cultural systems and gender
and environmental factors, all of which impact the implementation of a behaviour change
programme.

a. Have the students been oriented to WASH?
Graph 17: Orientation of children to WASH
In close to 70% of the schools, children have not been oriented to WASH. Only 18.4% of the
schools have children promoting sanitation and hygiene practices.
Only 8/103 Teachers are trained in sanitation and hygiene education. In Schools that are
oriented on WASH, students were found to inculcate good hygiene practices such as hand
washing regularly and active monitoring systems; with the Bal Sansad taking an active role in
promoting sanitation and hygiene practices; thereby observing more than 85% students perform
personal hygiene practices such as hair cutting, nail cutting regularly.
Hygiene Practices by students and cooks of Mid-Day Meal / lunch

Awareness on hand washing i.e. 56% school takes up safe hygiene and sanitation education
including awareness on hand-washing during morning assembly& in school clubs
Who supervises the practice of daily hand washing with soap by students and cooks before
Mid-Day Meal (MDM)?

Teacher/ staff member
15.50% No one in particular
41.70%
19.40% Dedicated team of teachers/staff
members and child cabinet
members
Dedicated team of teachers/ staff
23.30% members
Graph 18: Supervision of WASH facilities
In most schools, there are peons and other staff members dedicated the same.
Graph 19: Who supervises cleaning of toilets

2.90%
7.80%
88.30%
No one in particular
Team of teachers, staff and child cabinet member
Dedicated team of peons
Is enough material /cleaning material available and used?
Close to 50% of the schools see a shortage of cleaning material.

Graph 20: Availability of cleaning material
46.20%
53.80%
Yes No
Does the O and M staff has enough safety materials like gloves, masks, apron, shoes, good
quality cleaning materials/equipment
While 18% of the schools not have cleaning material and equipment, 63% only have partially,
Graph 21: Do schools have sufficient cleaning material
17.60% 18.70%
63.70%
Yes, Fully Yes, partially No
Is menstrual health management discussed with girl students?

Graph 22: Is menstrual health discussed with Girls
9.70%
9.70%
78.60%
No, it is not discussed

Yes, atleast once in 3 months
Yes, atleast once every month
Yes, atleast once in 2 months
No girl students in upper primary and high school
In close to 80% of the schools, menstrual health management is not discussed with the girls at
all. Considering the household these girls are coming from, their mothers and relatives cannot
be expected to introduce clean practices to them. It becomes even more essential for the school
to take up this role and ensure that these young girls are introduced to more hygiene practices
and be the agents of change at home too.
Does the school have safe treatment/ disposal options in working condition for disposal of
sanitary waste?
87.4%
12.6%
Yes No
Graph 23: Availability of safe disposal of sanitary waste
Second important aspect covered is the height and size of the incinerator machine suitable for
all adolescent girls in the school?

85.40%
14.60%
No Yes
Graph 24: is height of incinerator suitable
Third most important is safe disposal and practices therefore; does the school have separate
dustbins with lid for disposal of sanitary waste? Which turned out as around 80% school out
of surveyed does not have separate dustbins with lid for disposal of sanitary waste
A very important observation is in more than 60% schools menstrual health management is not
discussed with girl students

Section 5. Qualitative Observations of WASH assessment
- Water is available in sufficient quantity for all purposes- drinking, washing hands, use
in toilet.
- However, the quality of drinking water is a source of concern. Most schools rely on
water that the BMC provides, and many do not even clean the overhead tanks that
store this water.
- In toilets while water is available, however, often mugs are not available making the
availability of water inconsequential.
- Toilets are present in all schools. However, many of these toilets do not have
functioning taps and mugs, making the toilet unusable. This leads to too many
children sharing one fully functional toilet.
- Water is available for washing hands after use of toilet and before midday meals.
However, soap is not freely available making hand washing a mere formality. Further,
the hand washing facility in many schools (15%) is not next to the toilet.
- Girl’s toilets do not have bins with lid to dispose of menstrual waste.
- In most schools dustbins are provided in all key locations. However, most of the
dustbins do not have lids, exposing the waste till the dustbin is cleared.
- Education on menstrual hygiene is not provided to girls. There is no mechanism to
dispose of waste in a proper way
- When we look at how the schools are performing vis-à-vis the adequacy norms, we
observed the following:
- Most (100 out of 103) schools have water in sufficient quantity- both for drinking
purposes as well as toilet and hand washing.
- However, most schools do not meet the norm for availability of fully functional toilets
and urinals, with the no. of children sharing a toilet/ urinal being very high.

Section 6. Challenges and Recommendations
Key Challenges:
- Quality of drinking water to be maintained and monitored

- Fully functional toilets with taps and mugs
- Availability of soaps at all times for washing hands
- Maintenance of dustbins
- Lack of adequate number of O&M staff for each school building
- Majority of the students and staff not oriented to WASH
- Education on menstrual hygiene and disposal of napkins
Recommendations:
 Water
 Installing water purifiers in all schools

 Cleaning of Water Tanks regularly
 Testing of Drinking water
 Rain Water Harvesting
 Toilet
 Infrastructural repair work of Nonfunctional Toilets and Taps
 Install taps for washing hands right next to the toilets
 Repair of leakages and chocked pipelines
 Hand washing with Soap

 Availability of Soap at all times and not only in request
 Orientation on WASH for students as well as for teachers and staff
 Operation and Maintenance

 Solid and liquid waste management
 Availability of buckets in toilets
 Increase staff responsible for O&M
 Sufficient availability of soap and disinfectant for cleaning of toilets

 Behavioral change and Capacity Building:
 Teachers and non-teaching staff to be trained on Hand washing with soap and
Menstrual hygiene management
 Sanitary waste disposal machines functionality and proper height installation
 Sanitary disposal Bin with lids in washrooms

Section 7. Glossary of Terms
WASH:
The word WASH stands for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in the development sector which
is a globally accepted term. This includes drinking water, facilities for sanitation such as toilets,
urinals, hand-washing station, facility for disposal of solid as well as liquid waste, personal
hygiene practices and behaviours.
Access:
Access to WASH facilities or infrastructure indicates that a person; male or female, child or
adult, abled or different abled has a facility to perform sanitation activity including hand-
washing and personal hygiene at any point of time and at a convenient location. In the current
context of this report ‘Access’ is defined to availability of WASH infrastructure in school
building.
Adequacy:
Adequacy indicates sufficient availability of hardware and software facilities at a convenient

location and time. In the current context of this report; we have defined adequacy for WASH
facilities as-
Table 8: Adequacy norms

15 lpcd (4 lpcd for drinking purpose and 11 lpcd for sanitation
Water
usage)
Toilets One toilet for 40 students each
Urinals One urinal for 15-20 students each
Hand –washing
One tap for 10 students each
Station (Tap)
Hygiene:
This includes personal hygiene including genital hygiene and environmental sanitation in
schools and is strongly linked to behaviours of individuals. Hygiene is broadly looked at
hand-washing habits in critical periods, personal hygiene issues and menstrual hygiene
management.

Section 8. Photographic Evidence
Taps for drinking water and handwashing Clean toilet seats with mugs/tumblers in few schools
Washbasins inside the washrooms Functional urinals for boys

for handwashing
Few schools where drinking water stored in

containers with lids

ANNEXURES
Annexure 1: Swachh Vidyalaya Package

Annexure 2: Questionnaire used for WASH survey using Mwater app by WaterAid
Sr. No Questions
1 Number of students enrolled- morning shift : a) Boys - Enrolled Students
2 Number of students enrolled- morning shift : a) Boys - Enrolled student with special need
3 Number of students enrolled- morning shift : b) Girls - Enrolled Students
4 Number of students enrolled- morning shift : b) Girls - Enrolled student with special need
5 Number of students enrolled- afternoon shift: a) Boys - Enrolled student with special need
6 Number of students enrolled- afternoon shift : b) Girls - Enrolled Students
7 Number of students enrolled- afternoon shift : b) Girls - Enrolled student with special need
8 What is the main source of drinking water in the school?
9 Does the pipeline pass through un-hygienic or poor sanitary condition?
10 What is the quantity of water available in the school for drinking?
11 How is drinking water stored in the school?
12 Is water quality tested IN SCHOOL?
13 What is the main source of water for hand-washing after using toilets?
What is the main source of water for hand washing before Mid-Day Meal (MDM) / lunch by
14 students and cooks?
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for BOYS?: Toilet Seats –
15 Total
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for BOYS?: Toilet Seats –
16 Functional
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for BOYS?: Toilet Seats with
17 Taps – Total
18 Taps – Functional
19 Mug – Total
20 Mug – Functional
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for BOYS?: Urinal Units –
21 Total
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for BOYS?: Urinal Units –
22 Functional
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for GIRLS?: Toilet Seats –
23 Total
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for GIRLS?: Toilet Seats –
24 Functional
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for GIRLS?: Toilet Seats
25 with Taps – Total
26 with Taps – Functional

27 with Mug – Total
28 with Mug – Functional
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for GIRLS?: Urinal Units –
29 Total
How many toilets seats in working condition does the school have for GIRLS?: Urinal Units –
30 Functional
Does the school have separate toilet units (1 toilet seat and 3 urinals) in working condition for
31 boys and girls?
32 Does school have toilets for CWSN who are physically challenged?
33 Excreta disposal system (Pipes/chambers/septic tanks) functional.
34 Is Open Defecation found within premises OR just outside school?
35 Do all the toilets in the school have secure door with latch and cloth hanging hooks?
36 Do all the toilets have roof and proper ventilation for natural light and air?
37 Does the school have separate dustbins with lid for disposal of sanitary waste?
38 sanitary waste?
39 Is the height and size of the incinerator machine suitable for all adolescent girls in the school?
40 Proper hygiene practices maintained by students in the schools (hair cutting, nail cutting, etc.)
41 Does the school have facility for hand washing after use of toilet?
42 Does the school provide soaps for hand washing after use of toilets?
Does the school have facility for hand washing before Mid-Day Meal (MDM)/lunch where a
43 group of children can practice hand washing at the same time?
44 Does the school provide soaps for hand washing before Mid-Day Meal (MDM) / lunch?
45 Do all children wash their hands with soap before mid-day meal (MDM)/ Lunch?
46 How does the school dispose its solid waste?
47 How does the school dispose its liquid waste?
48 Are the school premises clean and free of water logging?
49 Are toilets cleaned with appropriate cleaning material?
50 Cleaning and maintenance staff available and daily cleaning is done.
51 Does the school have at least 2 teachers trained in sanitation and hygiene education?
52 Students oriented on WASH

Does the O and M staff has enough safety materials like gloves, masks, apron, shoes, good
53 quality cleaning materials/equipment
Does the school take up safe hygiene and sanitation education including awareness on hand-
54 washing during morning assembly& in school clubs?
55 Is a sanitary pad vending machine present/installed in the school

56 Is the machine in working condition/functional?
57 sanitary waste?
Does the school display and use Water, Sanitation and Hygiene related posters and materials for
58 promoting hygiene education?

Annexure 3: List of 103 Schools surveyed Zone wise
Zone Name of School

1 Durgadevi Jyeshtharam Premji Municipal Up Gujarati School
1 Aagreepada Municipal English Primary School
1 Colaba Municipal Secondary School.
1 Aagreepada Mnp Marathi School
Janabai And Madhavrao Rokade Municipal Marathi Vocational Upper Primary
1 School
1 Bhindibazar Upper Primary Tamil School
1 Municipal Colaba Primary School Hindi No.2
1 Wadgadi Lower Primary Telugu
1 Janabai And Madhavrao Rokade Municipal School English 2nd Floor
1 Durgadevi Upper Primary Municipal Marathi School
1 Gilderlane MPS School
1 Girdle Path Mun LP Hindi School
1 Colaba Muncipal Secondary English School
1 Colaba Mun Marathi School No-1
1 Gilder Path Matimand School
1 Colaba English Upper Primary English School
2 New Sion Municipal Hindi School 1
2 City Of Los Angeles Municipal Upper Primary English School
2 Dharavi T C Municipal Urdu School No 1
2 Parel Bhoiwada Municipal Upper Primary Gujarati School
2 Parel Bhoiwada Upper Primary Kannad School
2 City Of Los Angelis Vocational Upper Primary Municipal Marathi School.
2 Dharavi TC Municipal English School No 1
2 Neu Sion MNP Secondary School.
2 Parel Bhoiwada Marathi Shala No 2
2 Dharavi Tc Municipal English Upper Primary School No - 2
2 Paral Bhoiwada U. Municipal Primary School No -1
2 Neu Sion Gujarati School
2 Neu Sion MNP Up Hindi School No 2
2 Dharavi T C Marathi.
2 New Sion Municipal Urdu School
2 New Sion MNP Marathi School
2 Dharavi T C Tamil School
2 Sahakarnagar MNP UP English School
2 Sahakarnagar MNP UP Hindi School
2 Adarsh Nagar Upper Primary Marathi School-3
2 Adarsh Nagar Mun UP Primary Hindi School
2 Adarsh Nagar Mun English School
2 Adarsh Nagar Mun UP Primary Marathi-2

2 Sahakar Nagar UP Marathi School
2 Mumbai Public School Sion Koliwada
3 Chakala Municipal Hindi School
3 Dixit Road Mun. Marathi LP School
3 Vile Parle East Up Hindi School
3 Vile Parle East Municipal Secondary School
3 Chakala Municipal Secondary Hindi School
3 Nityanand Marg Hindi School
3 Dixit Road Municipal English School
3 Vile Parle East MPS English
3 Nityanang Marg Municipal Upper Primary Kanada School
3 Chakala Municipal Urdu Secondary School
3 N Ityanand Marg Mumbai Public School
3 Nityanang Marg Gujrati School
3 Bandra Petit Municipal Urdu Secondary School
3 Bandra Petit Municipal English Upper Primary School
3 Bandra Petit Municipal Upper Primary Urdu School
3 Khernagar Upper Primary English School No.2
3 Bandra Petit Municipal Upper Primary Gujarati School
3 Bazar Road Upper Primary Marathi Municipal School
3 Bandra Petit Upper Primary Marathi Municipal School
3 Kherwadi Primary Upper Primary And Secondary School English Medium MPS
3 Khernagar Upper Primary Municipal English School No.1
3 Khernagar Municipal Lower Primary Hindi School
3 Khernagar Municipal Upper Primary Urdu School No. 1
3 Khernagar Nagar Lower Primary Municipal Urdu School No.2
3 Khernagar Upper Primary Tamil School
3 Khernagar Marathi Municipal Upper Primary Marathi School
3 Chakala Municipal Urdu Upper Primary School
3 Hari Nagar MNP Urdu School Jogeshwari East
3 Harinagar Secondry School
3 Kherwadi Municipal Upper Primary Hindi School No.2
4 Unnat Nagar Municipal Hindi School
4 D.N. Nagar Marathi School No. 1
4 Liberty Garden Municipal Tamil School
4 Govind Nagar Municipal Hindi School
4 Govind Nagar Mumbai Public English School
4 Govind Nagar Municipal Marathi School
4 Liberty Garden Municipal English School
4 Liberty Garden Municipal Hindi School
4 Unnat Nagar Marathi Municipal School
5 Varsha Nagar Mumbai Public School

5 Collector Colony Mun Urdu School
5 Collector Colony Mun Hindi Medium
5 Limboni MNP Marathi School No 2
5 HPK School No-2 Semi English
5 Collector Colony Marathi
5 Anand Nagar Mandbuddi BMC
5 HP Keluskar MNP Semi English School No-1
5 Shivajinagar Urdu School No 8 Govandi
6 Ramabai Sahakar Nagar Municipal Urdu Upper Primary School
6 Ramabai Sahakar Nagar Municipal Upper Primary Hindi School
6 Ramabai Sahakar Bahar Municipal Marathi School No.1
6 Ramabai Sahakar Municipal School Marathi No.2
6 Ramabai Sahakar Nagar Municipal Marathi School No.3
6 Limboni Baug Marathi School No-1
6 Mithagar Mun Mps School Mulund East
6 Gavhanpada Marathi School
7 Dharkhadi Anand Nagar Kannad Municipal School
7 Anand Nagar Municipal English School
7 Ganesh Nagar MPS School
7 Charkop gaon Marathi Mun School
7 Ganesh Nagar Mun Urdu School
7 Ganesh Nagar Hindi School

For further information contact:
MCGM: eomcgm@gmail.com
CACR: connect.cacr@gmail.com
UNICEF: UNICEF Office for Maharashtra, B-Wing, R2, Technopolis Building, Ground
Floor, Mahakali Caves Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India- 400 093.
Tel: 022 - 2687 5171 / 2687 5172/ 6574 0098

Assessment of WASH Facilities in MCGM Schools - WASH in Schools by CACR-UNICEF

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Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM

schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra

Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

1. Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 4

5. Qualitative Observations of WASH Assessment ............................................................. 32

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 1

Table 1: Weightages assigned to Swachh Vidyalaya Sub categories ………………………. 6

Graph 1: Zonal contribution…………………………………………………………………..9

Annexure 1: Swachh Bharat WASH Package ………………………………………………37

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 2

CACR: Citizens Association for Child Rights

HWWS: Handwashing with soap

MHM: Menstrual Hygiene Management

NGO: Non-governmental organisation

RTE: Right to Education Act

SBM: Swachh Bharat Mission

SBSV: Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya

SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals

SMCs: School Management Committees

SIC: School Infrastructure Cell

UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund

WASH: Water supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

MDM: Midday meal

DMC: Deputy Municipal Commissioner

SVP: Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar

MCGM: Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

BMC: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 3

Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya is an initiative by the Government of India, to promote

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 4

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 5

The Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India launched ‘Swachh

Table 1: Weightage assigned to Swachh Vidyalaya Sub categories:

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 6

Table 2: Norms for Performance

Table 3: Compliance criteria for Toilets and handwashing points

WASH Facility Requirement/Standard Remark

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 7

3.1 Background on MCGM and Schools data

Table 4: Administrative wards by Zones

ZONES ADMISTRATIVE WARDS

2 F/N, F/S, G/N, G/S

3 H/E, H/W, K/E

4 K/W, P/N, P/S

7 R/N, R/C, R/S

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 8

Field Visits for WASH Benchmarking

Graph 2: Student Data

Boys Girls Boys Girls

Thereby, achieving Student Teacher ratio as 3161:100 i.e. 31:1

3.2 Purpose of the Assessment:

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 9

Table 5: Key Indicators for WASH under Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar

3.4 Plan Flow and Timeline:

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 10

Table 6 : Timeline for WASH assessment & survey in MCGM schools

Field visit for benchmarking of WASH

September 2017 Permission letter issued for 3rd party survey by

Orientation done on SVP by UNICEF and CACR

103 MCGM schools surveyed using MWater

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 11

Third party assessment of WASH facilities in MCGM schools of Mumbai, Maharashtra 12

4.1 Water Supply