Construction and Building Materials 137 (2017) 153–159

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Early-age strength and long-term performance of asphalt emulsion cold

recycled mixes with various cement contents
Jinhai Yan a, Zhen Leng b, ⇑, Feng Li a, Haoran Zhu a , Shihui Bao a
a
National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Road Materials, Jiangsu Transportation Institute Group, 2200 Chenxin Street, Nanjing 211112, China
b
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

h i g h l i g h t s

 Early-age strength and long-term performance of the asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes were investigated.
 Correlation models between early-age strength and long-term performance were developed.
 Adding cement plays positive effects on both earl-age strength and long-term performance.
 Strong correlation exists between early-age strength and long-term performance of asphalt emulsion recycled mixes.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Cold recycling with asphalt emulsion is an economical and environment-friendly technology for asphalt
Received 19 September 2016 pavement maintenance and rehabilitation. This study aims to investigate the early-age strength and
Received in revised form 27 December 2016 long-term performance of the asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes with various cement contents, as
Accepted 26 January 2017
well as the correlation between the early-strength and long-term performance. To achieve this objective,
Available online 5 February 2017
three research tasks were conducted, including: 1) quantifying the early-age strength of four types of
asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes by measuring their cohesive forces and raveling loss rates through
Keywords:
the Hveem cohesion test and raveling test, respectively; 2) characterizing their long-term performance
Reclaimed asphalt pavement
properties, including moisture stability, high-temperature stability, and low-temperature cracking resis-
Cold recycling
Asphalt emulsion tance; and 3) developing the correlation models between the early-age strength and long-term perfor-
Cohesive force mance of asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes through regression analysis. It was concluded that
Raveling loss rate adding cement in cold recycled mixes played positive effects on both its early-age strength and long-
Failure strain term performance. In addition, strong linear correlation was found between the early-age strength and
long-term performance of asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction sion show different performance characteristics, especially at the

Cold recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a cost-
effective and environment-friendly technology, which has been
widely applied for asphalt pavement maintenance, rehabilitation
and reinforcement [1]. Asphalt emulsion, and foamed asphalt have
been commonly added to RAP to produce cold recycled mixes,
while cement has been often added to enhance the mechanical
properties of the asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes due to the
accelerated emulsion coalescence after compaction, cement hydra-
tion, and improvement of binder viscosity [2–6]. Due to the curing
effects of asphalt emulsion, cold recycled mixes with asphalt emul-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: jason.yan1@gmail.com (J. Yan), zhen.leng@polyu.edu.hk
(Z. Leng), lf78@jsti.com (F. Li), zhr75@jsti.com (H. Zhu), bsh359@jsti.com (S. Bao).
early stage, compared with hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Correspond-
ingly, various research studies have been conducted on the mix
design, long-term performance, performance evaluation and pre-
diction, and economic and environmental analysis of cold recycling
[7–16]. In general, asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes have been
reported to provide satisfactory performance in terms of moisture
damage resistance, rutting resistance, and low-temperature crack-
ing resistance compared with HMA [17–20]. However, very few
studies have systematically looked into the early-age strength,
long-term performance, and their correlation of asphalt emulsion
cold recycled mixes with and without cement. As a result, this
study aims to investigate the early-age strength and long-term
performance of asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes with differ-
ent cement contents, as well as their correlation. The early-age
strength of the cold mixes was evaluated through the Hveem

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.114
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
154 J. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 137 (2017) 153–159

cohesion test and raveling test, while the long-term performance
was characterized through tests on their moisture stability, high-
temperature stability, and low-temperature cracking resistance
2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials
The RAP samples used to produce the cold recycled mixes in
this study were collected from the surface and binder courses of
the Ning-Xuan highway in Nanjing, China. The binder extraction
and recovery tests indicated that the asphalt content of RAP was
4.3%. The 25 °C penetration, softening point, and 15 °C ductility
of the extracted RAP binder were 24 (0.1 mm), 65 °C, and 14 cm,
respectively. Virgin coarse limestone aggregates (16 mm–
31.5 mm) were added to the cold recycled mixes to improve inter-
face friction between aggregate. The asphalt emulsion used in this
study is a cationic slow-setting asphalt emulsion (CSS-1 h), and
ordinary Portland cement with a 28-day compressive strength of
42.5 MPa (labelled as PO 42.5 according to the Chinese specifica-
tion standards, JTJ 034-2000) was used. Pre-mix water was added
to cold recycled mixes to improve the coating of the RAP and virgin
aggregates, lubricate the mix during compaction, and accelerate
the cement hydration reaction.
In total, four cold recycled mixes as shown in Table 1 were pre-
pared and evaluated. Among the four mixes, Mix III was the design
mix for cold recycling adopted in Ning-Xuan highway, and the
other three mixes, which have various percentages of cement, were
selected to evaluate the effect of cement content. The gradation of
the combined RAP and virgin aggregate was designed to meet the
requirement of the Chinese specification for cold recycling (JTG
F41-2008), as shown in Fig. 1.
2.2. Early-age strength characterization
The early-age strength of the cold recycled mixes was quanti-
fied by the Hveem cohesive test and raveling test. The test speci-
mens for these two tests were 150 mm in dimeter and
80 ± 3.0 mm in height, and 150 mm in diameter and 70 ± 5.0 mm
in height, respectively. 20 gyrations of compaction were applied
to each specimen using a Superpave gyratory compactor. The ver-
tical pressure and the angle of the Superpave gyratory compactor
were 600 ± 18 kPa and 1.25 ± 0.02°, respectively. Three replicates
were prepared for each mix, and all specimens were cured at a
temperature of 25 °C and a humidity of 70% for 4 h. All samples
were demolded right after compaction.
2.2.1. Cohesion test
The cohesion test was performed in accordance with ASTM
D1560-81. Fig. 2 shows the Hveem cohesiometer used in this study
and a failed specimen after testing. During this test, steel balls keep
falling into the bucket at the end of the cantilever beam at a con-
stant speed. The test will stop when the specimen cracks or the
vertical deformation is more than 13 mm. The cohesion force
value, C (g/cm2 ), is calculated based on the weight of steel balls
in the bucket using the following equation
L
C¼ ð1Þ
W  ð0:031H þ 0:00269H2 Þ
where L, W, and H represent the ball weight (g), the specimen diam-
eter (cm), and the specimen height (cm), respectively.
2.2.2. Raveling test
The raveling test was performed in accordance with ASTM
D7196-06. Fig. 3 shows the raveling tester used in this study and
the specimen before and after testing. This test measures the rav-
eling resistance of asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes by simu-
lating the abrasion caused by early-age traffic. The test is
continued for 15 min or until a major part of the specimen is bro-
ken. When the test is completed, the specimen will be carefully
removed from the base and its surface will be gently brushed with
a paint brush to remove any loose material. Then, its weight will be
measured and the raveling loss rate, L (%), can be calculated using
the following equation:

Table 1
Material compositions of cold recycled mixes.

Mix RAP (%) Virgin Coarse Aggregate (%) Asphalt Emulsion (%) Portland Cement (%) Pre-mix Water (%)

I 85 15 4.3 0 2.6
II 85 15 4.3 1.0 2.6
III 85 15 4.3 1.5 2.6
IV 85 15 4.3 2.0 2.6

100
Upper limit
90
Lower limit
80
Passing Percentage , %

Composite gradation
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.075 0.3 0.6 1.18 2.36 4.75 9.5 13.2 16.0 26.5 31.5
Sieve Size, mm

Fig. 1. Cold recycled mix gradation.

 J. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 137 (2017) 153–159
Cantilever beam
Specimen
Basket for
falling balls
Fig. 2. Hveem cohesiometer (left) and specimen after failure (right).
Fig. 3. Raveling tester and raveling specimen.
Wa  W b
L¼  100
Wa
where Wa, and W b represent the weight of the specimen before rav-
eling test (g), and the weight of the specimen after raveling test (g),
respectively.
2.3. Long-term performance characterization
The long-term performance characteristics of the cold recycled
mixtures evaluated in this study include moisture susceptibility,
high-temperature stability, and low-temperature cracking
resistance.
Three tests, including the immersion Marshall test, immersion
indirect tensile strength (IDT) tests, and freeze-thaw IDT test, were
conducted to assess the moisture susceptibility of the cured
asphalt emulsion mixes. The high-temperature stability and the
low-temperature cracking resistance of the fully cured asphalt
emulsion mixes were evaluated through wheel track rutting test,
and three-point bending test, respectively.
2.3.1. Moisture susceptibility
2.3.1.1. Immersion Marshall test. Two groups of specimens with
each group three replicates were prepared for the immersion Mar-
shall test. The specimens in group 1 were soaked in a water bath at
40 ± 1 °C for 1 h before the Marshall test, while the specimens in
group 2 were soaked in a water bath at 25 °C for 23 h, and then
placed in a water bath at 40 ± 1 °C for 1 h before the Marshall test.
155
The percentage of residual stability, RS (%), was calculated accord-
ð2Þ
ing to the following equation:
RS ¼ MS 2=MS1  100% ð3Þ
where MS 2 and MS1 represent the Marshall stability of specimen in
group 2 (kN) and Marshall stability of specimen in group 1 (kN),
respectively.
2.3.1.2. Immersion IDT test. Two groups of specimens with each
group three replicates were prepared for the immersion IDT test.
The specimens in group 1 and group 2 were conditioned with
the same methods before testing as those for the immersion Mar-
shall test. The IDT samples were subjected to a load at a vertical
displacement rate of 50 mm/min at 15 °C until the specimen failed.
The percentage of the IDT strength ratio, TSRdw (%), was calcu-
lated according to the following equation:
TSRdw ¼ IDT 2=IDT 1  100% ð4Þ
where IDT 2, and IDT1 represent the IDT strength of the specimen in
group 2 (MPa), and the IDT strength of the specimen in group 1
(MPa), respectively.
2.3.1.3. Freeze-thaw IDT test. Two groups of specimens with each
group three replicates were prepared for the freeze-thaw IDT tests.
The specimens in both groups were soaked in a 25 °C water bath
for at least 2 h before testing at 25 °C. But in addition, the speci-
mens in group 2 were first vacuum saturated to 55%–75%, sealed
156 J. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 137 (2017) 153–159

2
in plastic bags at  18 °C for 16 h, and placed in a water bath at e ¼ 6hd=l ð8Þ
60 °C for 24 h after removal from the plastic bags. The percentage
of the IDT strength ratio, TSR (%), was calculated according to the S ¼ R= e ð9Þ
following equation:
where R, P, b, h, l, d, e, and S represent tensile strength (MPa), peak
TSR ¼ RT 2 =RT 1  100% ð5Þ load (kN), width of specimen (cm), thickness of specimen (cm),
length of specimen (cm), deformation at failure (cm), strain at fail-
where RT 1, and RT 2 represent the IDT strength of the specimen in ure, and stiffness (MPa), respectively.
group 2 (MPa), and the IDT strength of the specimen in group 1
(MPa), respectively. 3. Results and discussion

2.3.2. High-temperature stability test 3.1. Early-age strength

To determine the rutting resistance of the cold recycled mixes,
the wheel track test was conducted at 60 ± 1 °C in accordance with Fig. 4 shows the results of the Hveem cohesion test and raveling
JTG E20-2011. Three replicates were prepared for each mix, and test. It can be seen that among the four mixes, Mix I, which did not
the dimensions of each specimen were contain cement, had the lowest cohesion force and highest raveling
300 mm  300 mm  50 mm. The dynamic stability (DS), which loss rate. In general, a higher cement content leads to a higher
is defined as the number of wheel passes that causes 1 mm rut cohesion force and a lower raveling loss rate, indicating that add-
from 45 min to 60 min, was calculated by the following equation: ing cement provides positive effect on the early-age strength of
asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes.
DS ¼ ðt 2  t 1Þ  N =ðd2  d1 Þ ð6Þ
where t1 and t2 are 45 min and 60 min, respectively; d1 and d 2 rep- 3.2. Long-term performance
resent the vertical deformations at 45 min and 60 min, respectively;
and N represents the rolling speed of rubber wheel, which was 3.2.1. Moisture susceptibility
42 cycles/min. Table 2, Figs. 5 and 6 show the results of the moisture suscep-
tibility tests. From Fig. 5, it can be seen that Mix I, which contained
2.3.3. Low-temperature cracking resistance test no cement, had the lowest Marshall stability and IDT strength. A
To evaluate the low temperature cracking resistance of cold higher cement contents leads to higher MS, IDT and RT values.
recycled mixes, the three-point bending test was conducted at From Fig. 6, it can be observed that RS, TSRdw and TSR values
10 °C with a loading rate of 50 mm/min in accordance with JTG increase with the increase of cement content, while the results of
E20-2011. The dimensions of the specimens were Mixes II and III are close to each other. The results indicated that
250 mm  30 mm  35 mm. The tensile strength and tensile strain adding cement improved the long-term strength and moisture sta-
at failure were calculated by Eqs. (7) and (8), respectively. The ratio bility of asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes.
of the tensile strength and strain at failure was denoted as stiffness,
as shown in Eq. (9). The failure strain was calculated to evaluate 3.2.2. Wheel track rutting resistance
the low-temperature cracking resistance of the asphalt mix. Fig. 7 shows the results for the wheel track rutting tests. It can
2 be seen that Mix I containing no cement had the lowest DS value.
R ¼ 3Pl=2bh ð7Þ
With the increase of cement content, DS values increase. In other

Cohesion Raveling loss rate

200.0 20.0

14.3 146.5
Raveling loss rate , %
Cohesion force , g/cm 2

150.0 131.2 15.0

105.3
100.0 10.0
95.1
50.0 4.0 5.0
4.5 2.6

0.0 0.0
0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0
Cement content , %

Fig. 4. Results of cohesion and raveling tests.

Table 2
The results of moisture susceptibility test.

Mix MS1 MS2 RS IDT1 IDT2 TSRdw RT1 RT2 TSR

(kN) (kN) (kN) (MPa) (MPa) (%) (MPa) (MPa) (kN)
I 7.64 5.76 75.4 0.7842 0.6521 83.2 0.4977 0.3528 70.9
II 7.88 6.14 77.9 0.7953 0.6704 84.3 0.5787 0.4105 79.2
III 8.23 6.47 78.6 0.8117 0.6916 85.2 0.5921 0.4592 79.4
IV 8.55 7.03 82.2 0.9354 0.8214 87.8 0.6182 0.4818 81.4
 J. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 137 (2017) 153–159 157

MS1 MS2 IDT1

IDT2 RT1 RT2
10.0 1.0

Mashall stability, kN
8.0 0.8

IDT strength, MPa

6.0 0.6

4.0 0.4

2.0 0.2

0.0 0.0
0. 0 1. 0 1. 5 2.0
Cement content , %

Fig. 5. The strength results of Marshall test and IDT test.

RS TSRd-w TSR 2000

100 1904.1 1642.7
Moisture stability ratio, %

1548.9
1500

Failure strain, με
90

80 960.1
1000

70
500
60
0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 0
Cement content, % 0 1 1.5 2
Cement content, %
Fig. 6. Results of the moisture susceptibility test.
Fig. 8. Results of low-temperature cracking resistance test.

5000
4500 3.3. Correlation analysis between early-age strength and long-term
Dynamic stability, times/mm

3938 performance
4000
Based on the results of raveling test and cohesion test, the linear
3000 2657 correlation between raveling loss rate and cohesion force was
developed as shown in Fig. 9. In consideration of the relatively
2000 good correlation between cohesion force and raveling loss, as evi-
1033 denced by a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.613, only one of these
1000 two variables, the cohesion force, was selected to develop the cor-
relation models between the early-age strength and long-term per-
0 formance of cold recycled mixes.
0 1 1.5 2
Figs. 10–12, present the linear correlation models between the
Cement content , % early-age strength and the long-term performances of asphalt
emulsion cold recycled mixes. The correlation coefficients between
Fig. 7. Results of wheel track rutting test.
cohesion force and Marshall stability, IDT strength, TSRdw, RS, TSR,
dynamic stability, and failure strain are 0.990, 0.734, 0.904, 0.871,
words, adding cement improved the high-temperature stability of 0.904, 0.904 and 0.871, respectively. The high correlation
asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes.
16.0
Raveling loss rate, %

12.0
3.2.3. Low-temperature cracking resistance
Fig. 8 shows the results of the low-temperature cracking resis- 8.0 R² = 0.6131
tance tests. It was found that Mix I containing no cement showed
the lowest failure strain value. With the increase of cement con-
4.0
tent, the failure strain values first increases, and then decreases.
Among the four mixes, Mix III, which contained 1.5% of cement,
showed the best low-temperature cracking resistance. The results 0.0
0 50 100 150 200
indicated that adding cement could increase the low temperature Cohesion force, g/cm2
cracking resistance of cold recycled mix without cement, but there
might exist an optimum cement content. Fig. 9. Correlation between cohesion force and raveling loss rate.
158 J. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 137 (2017) 153–159

Indirect tensile strength Marshall stability

1.0 8.6

Indirect tensile strength, MPa

R² = 0.9901 8.4
0.8

Marshall stability, kN
8.2
0.6
8.0
0.4 R² = 0.7343
7.8
0.2 7.6

0.0 7.4
0 50 100 150 200
Cohesion force, g/cm 2

Fig. 10. Linear correlation between cohesion force and long-term strength.

TSRd-w RS TSR 4. Conclusions

90
Moisture stability ratio, %

R² = 0.9045 This study investigated the early-age strength and long-term

85
performance of asphalt emulsion cold recycled mixes with various
80 cement contents, as well as their correlation. The following sum-
R² = 0.8718
marizes the major findings of this study:
75 R² = 0.6461

70
65
60
80 100
Cohesion force , g/cm2
Fig. 11. Linear correlation between cohesion force and moisture stability.
coefficients indicate that the cohesion force has strong linear rela-
tion with various long-term performance characteristics of asphalt
emulsion cold recycled mixes. The highest correlation coefficients
were achieved between the cohesive force and IDT strength,
TSRdw , and DS, which were all above 0.9. It is worth noting that
the correlation between cohesive force and failure strain is differ-
ent from others, since the relation between failure strain and
cement content is not linear. But in general, strong linear correla-
tions between the early-age strength property and various long-
term performance properties of asphalt emulsion cold recycled
mixes could be developed based on the linear correlation analysis.
1. The results of the Hveem cohesion test and raveling test indi-
cated that a higher cement content results in a higher cohesive
force and a lower raveling loss of the asphalt emulsion cold
recycled mixes. However, it is worth noting that the Hveem
120 140 160 cohesion test can be a good test for mix design of cold recycled
mixes with emulsion but the amount of cement should be lim-
ited to avoid flexibility decrease of the mixes.
2. In general, adding cement in asphalt emulsion cold recycled
mix improved its early-age strength, moisture stability, high-
temperature stability and low-temperature cracking resistance.
3. With the increase of cement content, the moisture stability,
high-temperature stability and strength of cold recycled mixes
increase, while the low-temperature cracking resistance
increases first and then decreases.
4. A strong linear correlation between the early-age strength and
long-term performance of cold recycled mixes with full curing
exists based on the linear correlation analysis, and the correla-
tion coefficients between IDT strength, TSR dw, DS and the
cohesive force exceed 0.9.

Dynamic stability Failure strain

5000 2000
Dynamic stability, times/mm

4000 1600
R² = 0.5594
Failure strain, με

3000 1200
R² = 0.9204

2000 800

1000 400

0 0
80 100 120 140 160
Cohesion force, g/cm 2

Fig. 12. Linear correlation between cohesion force and DS and failure strain.
 J. Yan et al. / Construction and Building Materials 137 (2017) 153–159
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the Jiangsu Natural Science Foun-
dation – China under Grant No. BK20140111 and BK20140112. In
addition, we’d like to thank Mr. Licheng Wang and Mr. Peng Han
for their help with the laboratory tests.
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