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Gbollie and Keamu (2017) explore the motivational beliefs and learning strategy
use by Liberian junior and senior high school students in connection with their academic
took part in the study from 2 counties. Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire
(MSLQ) was adapted and 12 potential learning hindrances were identified and used as
instruments. Data analyses were conducted using SPSS 17.0. The results showed the
motivational belief component of extrinsic goal orientation as the most preferred belief
and test anxiety was the least possessed belief. Rehearsal strategies were found to be the
most frequently used, while help seeking was reported to be the least strategy considered.
The result also showed significant relationships between the two constructs. In addition,
the study found some learning hindrances. A number of conclusions as well as some
school performance and achievement. High and low achievement motivated students
Mclutcheon (1986) reported that a survey indicated students believed that out of
51 possible choice, the main reason missed a class was their negative perception of the
agent who works capable of stimulating students motivation to learn. One of the major
finding by (Small, 1996) was that instruction were perceived by students as having the
Kapoor, R. (1987) found that better adjustment, study habits high intelligence and
socio-economic status were related with high achievement at Junior high school level.
These studies suggest that not only the mental abilities, but the other motivational factors
analyze their relationship with academic performance of students. The study was
descriptive survey in nature and simple random sampling technique was used for
selection of the sample. The participants in the study included 300 senior secondary
school girls (150 girls from each type of school i.e. co-education schools and girls’
schools, out of each school 30 girls). For analysis of data, parametric statistical
techniques were used. The study revealed that senior secondary school girls studying in
co- education schools and girls’ school had similar academic performance. Senior
secondary school girls studying in girls schools had higher parental encouragement as
studying in girls’ school, while those in girls’ school had higher control as compared to
factors and the academic performance of randomly selected intermediate pupils in three
(3) selected public schools in Porac East District school year 2013-2014. Three hundred
twelve (312) pupil respondents; hence, thirty six (36) teacher respondents were asked to
answer the questionnaires. The major findings indicated the following conclusions;
Respondents belonged to small sized families along with their parents who are living
together. In relation to parents’ profile, they achieved low educational level. In relation to
the other related factors, teachers are assuring quality education even though
opportunities on trainings are limited to few. Also, instructional materials were rated as
always. Concerning to the pupil-teacher ratio, majority belonged in bigger classes at the
same time their assessment for school facilities is adequate. Pertaining to the academic
relationship in the academic performance. Generally, the study concluded that there is no
significant relationship exist between pupil, teacher and school related factors and pupils’
academic performance.
Singh et. al (2016) conducted a study to investigate the factors influencing
students’ academic performance. The study revealed that there is a positive and
high school students and their respective learning and study strategies. Two hundred
thirty-six high school students were recruited to participate in this study by completing a
Chinese version of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory - LASSI, to probe into
the relationship. Results found that (1) there were clear differences to the learning and
study strategies used by high school students with high academic performance, and those
with low academic performance; (2) all the three components (Will; Self-regulation and
Skill) were equally important to differentiate high academic achieving high school
students from low academic achieving high school students within the strategic model of
learning; and (3) a numbers of learning and study strategies were effectively predicting
the academic performance of the high school students. All of these result patterns confirm
that learning and study strategies used by high academic achievers and low academic
the high school setting are quite different from the patterns revealed in the tertiary
education sector.
Ampofo and Owusu (2015) examined the academic performance of SHS students
in the Ashanti Mampong Municipality of Ghana is influenced and mediated by some key
variables. The findings of the study established father’s education, mother’s education,
the child’s academic ambition and the child’s effort as the associates of academic
performance. The findings revealed that mother’s education, sex of the child, the child’s
academic ambition and the child’s effort as the main determinants of academic
should inculcate high academic ambition in students and also parents should ensure that a
chunk of their wards’ time is spent on their books and they should be ready to support
(measured by their grade in the introductory economics course in the University of the
and various factors associated with the high school of graduation. The study affirms that
individual student ability is the main building block of academic performance in the
university. Talent distribution in the country is widely distributed across the country and
those who get admitted into the university are filtered through a stringent entrance
examination score that has major components in science, mathematics, reading and
language comprehension come from the small group of bright outliers from this
population of high school graduates. The results indicate that the average performance of
high schools from the Metro Manila regions is better than those from other regions of the
country. And high schools from well-funded first class cities perform very well compared
to those from less financially endowed cities. The results also shows the quality of
funding and the level of development of the community in which the high school is
located are contributory factors to the student’s performance when they seek admission
basic education (k-12) curriculum specifically the senior high school (SHS) of the
Philippines, Japan, and the US. Results of the review show that the SHS curriculum is
be an entrepreneur. The SHS program is the last level in all basic education programs of
the countries reviewed. The Philippines has a clearer model with at least four tracks
(academics, tech-voc, sports, arts & design) and at least ten strands. Japan has two tracks
in academics and tech-voc. The US basic education system varies from state to state,
similar to its SHS curriculum. There is no definite track as this is left to individual state
and their school districts to decide. There are purely academic, tech-voc and other types
of schools. The majority of those who choose academic track are students who plans to
proceed to college. There are still a stigma in selecting tech-voc and other courses as this
are seen by many as the course for poor performing/problematic students. The enrolment
in tech-voc schools in the US is declining despite the surge of demand for skilled
workers. In the three countries, the availability of qualified teachers is still an issue. This
situation is very real in the Philippines as it started the SHS program in June 2016. Other
problems includes the need to construct a huge number of classrooms and facilities. All
Nielsen, et. al (2017) conducted a study to explore the influence of transition from
compare 11–12 (prior to transition in Australia), 13–14 (during transition) and 15 year-
transition and beyond in Australia, and a stronger focus on mental health and school
associated factors among the high school students in Grades 10 through 12 in Nonthaburi
enrol 479 adolescents from six schools in December 2012. The research questionnaires
relationships, self- esteem, parenting style, negative life events and depression status. The
alondside knowledge sharing of depression and its associated factors among the parents,
teachers and adolescents. School activities should include a program for adolescents’
stress management and conflict resolution skills. Strengthening peer family relationships,
enhancing self-esteem, and counseling the parents to improve their parenting styles are
Wang (2013) conducted a study to explore the coping style of high school
students and its relationship to mental health in Chongqing, China. The results show that
high school students often resort to problem solving and appeal to coping factors. No
distinct gender difference is found in coping style. There are different degrees of
correlation between coping style and mental health. Remarkable grade difference is
shown in the factor of appealing in coping style and the three factors of compulsion,
anxiety and mental imbalance in mental health. Therefore he concluded that relatively
mature coping style has come into existence among high school students, but more
guidance and assistance are in need in cultivating the coping style and improving the
mental health.
adolescents in Greece. The samples were five thousand six hundred fourteen adolescents
aged 16–18 years old and attending 25 senior high schools were screened and a stratified
random sample of 2,427 were selected for a detailed interview. Psychiatric morbidity was
assessed with a fully structured psychiatric interview, the revised Clinical Interview
Schedule (CIS-R). The use of substances, such as alcohol, nicotine and cannabis, and
several socio-demographic and socioeconomic variables have been also assessed. The
results revealed that the prevalence rates were 5.67 % for the depressive episode
according to ICD-10 and 17.43 % for a broader definition of depressive symptoms. 49.38
% of the adolescents with depressive episode had at least one comorbid anxiety disorder
[OR: 7.76 (5.52-10.92)]. Only 17.08 % of the adolescents with depression have visited a
doctor due to a psychological problem during the previous year. Anxiety disorders,
substance use, female gender, older age, having one sibling, and divorce or separation of
the parents were all associated with depression. In addition, the presence of financial
difficulties in the family was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of
both depression and depressive symptoms. Therefore, they concluded that prevalence and
comorbidity rates of depression among Greek adolescents are substantial. Only a small
of Andhra Pradesh, India among eleven selected secondary schools (5 residential, 5 non-
residential schools and one private school) for students of classes 8, 9 and 10(574
students). Four point Likert scale was used to assess the status of mental health of the
school adolescents. It was found that students coming from disadvantaged sections of the
society suffered from psycho- somatic disorders, inability to cope up with situation and
impulsiveness in behavior. Apart from that it was found that students suffered from
depression as well, and also the study reveals that type of school management has
significant influence on the mental health status of school adolescents because of the
rigidity in timetable and lack of recreation. The researchers suggest that mental health
interventions such as counseling and moral support are the panacea to this issue.
adolescents’ mental status and related factors. A descriptive and cross-sectional survey
conducted among 558 ninth-grade Turkish adolescents aged between 13 and 17. Socio-
demographic data form, Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was applied. The
25 self-report SDQ items are divided between 5 scales (hyperactivity scale, emotional
symptoms scale, conduct problems scale, peer problems scale and pro-social scale) of 5
items each. In order to analyze the data; descriptive statistics, student’s t test, One-way
Anova tests were used. 15.1 % of the students had 16-19 score (limit point), 9.1% had 20
and above score (abnormal) for SDQ and at risk. It was found that the SDQ scores are
high in the students whom are older, in those who lives with relatives, in those who have
divorced or separated family type, whose parents are irrevelant, whose family income is
bad, in those whose relations are bad with the family or the people, in those who has
problems in the continuation of human relations, in those who has a health problem,
whose monthly income is not enough and in those who works somewhere else (p< 0.05).
the status of QOL, mental health, educational stress, well-being and determine factors
associated with QOL among high school students in the Northeast of Thailand.
Multistage random sampling was used to select high schools in 5 provinces. A self-
depression and well-being. The association between the covariates was observed by using
Generalized Linear Mixed (logistic regression) Model (GLMM). The result indicates that
the prevalence of high level of QOL was 36% (95%CI: 32.30 to 41.69); whereas, 26.18%
(95% CI: 16.72 to 35.63) had high level of educational stress and 16.41% (95% CI: 2.20
to 30.71) had severe anxiety. Prevalence of depression was 18.55% (95%CI: 9.86 to
27.23) and low level of well-being was 13.41% (95% CI: 0.18 to 27.14). The factors
significantly associated with high QOL were; not having depression (Adj. OR= 3.07;
95%CI: (2.23 to 4.22); p<0.001), had high level of general well-being (Adj. OR=3.19;
95% CI: 1.99 to 5.09; p<0.001) and had low to moderate level of anxiety (OR=1.60;
95%CI:1.01 to 2.67). Therefore they concluded that most of the high school students had
low to moderate levels of QOL, educational stress and anxiety. Depression, anxiety and
mental health diagnoses and their related academic impact with a special focus on
classification year in college. Responses from 66,159 U.S. undergraduate students about
mental health and academics from the American College Health Association-National
College Health Assessment II were examined using regression analyses. The result
indicates that the differences in mental health diagnoses were found by classification with
first-year students reporting higher rates of self-injury and seriously considering suicide.
Upperclassmen reported higher rates of academic impact from mental health factors.
Findings indicate one’s first-year of college as the prime time to promote awareness of
and strategies to prevent mental health issues or negative academic effects; implications
Gupta and Kumar (2010) studied the relationship of mental health with emotional
and self-efficacy among 200 (100 male and 100 female) college students from
Kurukshetra University. The result indicates that emotional intelligence and self-efficacy
are positively related with mental health. It also revealed that male students were better
than female students in term of mental health, emotional intelligence and self -efficacy.
Jafar and Siti (2010) study examined whether, spiritual intelligence (SI) and
emotional intelligence (EI) can be considered as predictor for mental health. The
participants in the study were 247 High school students (124 male and 123 female) in the
age range of 14-17 years old, at the Gorgan City, north of Iran. The result indicates that
addition, the moderated effect of age on the relationship of spiritual intelligence and
Lie and Liou (20120 conducted a study to understand the prevalence of suicide
ideation among junior high school students in Indonesia and Philippines and the social
factors influencing it. The Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) 2007 in
Indonesia and Philippines were used in conducting this study. This study used two-stage
cluster sampling design with a total of 5,369 junior high school students participate in a
socio-environmental and psychosocial were fitted to model the binary logistic regression
analysis. The results revealed that female students are more likely to have suicide
However, Indonesian students with suicidal ideation were more likely to express their
Psychosocial factors, gender and school grade are important factors in students’ suicide
prevent suicide.
help-seeking behavior (Baello & Mori, 2007; Gong et al., 2003), which contradicts
studies suggesting that men are more reluctant to seek help than women (Addis &
Mahalik, 2003). Findings were similar for Filipinos, i.e., there were no significant gender
difference between attitudes towards professional help seeking and intent to seek
professional help (Bunagan et al., 2011). It is important to emphasize though that both
genders were equally reluctant to seek professional help for psychological difficulties.
Furthermore, the study by Bunagan et al. (2011) was a bivariate correlational analysis.
Hence, multivariate studies are needed to fully clarify the role of gender.
among Filipinos living in the Philippines and other countries (e.g., US, Canada, and
Australia) suggest that mental health services in the Philippines are inaccessible and
monetarily prohibitive, and beliefs about the etiology and nature of mental illness are
inconsistent with the medical model. Other cultural variables such as shame, stigma, and
collectivist beliefs also discourage Filipinos from seeking help from mental health
professionals. Furthermore, these variables could account for the preference for folk
healers and lay networks in treating mental illnesses. As such, cultural and economic
demographic factors associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms among 2,436
measures on lethargy, cognition-emotion, and academic motivation, was used. Six of the
frequency of drinking, not living with biological parents, dissatisfaction with one’s
financial condition, level of closeness with parents, and level of closeness with peers.
Sex, age category, course category, year level and religion were not significantly related.
In identifying students with greater risk for depression, characteristics related to lifestyle,
college students in Metro Manila and the treatments being implemented by psychiatrists
and relevant specialists in the field. The study attempts to provide a baseline for future
papers to expand upon the matter by compiling data from medical professionals. Most
college students do not actively seek aid for mental issuess and that most feel that the
treatments are inadequate varying on where they were treated. The study gathered data
from doctors, and listed psychiatrists. The results show that schizophrenia, bipolarism
and intellectual disability are the most common. Students do not seek aid due to stigma
and that the current treatments are in fact adequate for the problems they treat. This
implies that the root of the lack of help-seeking in the Philippines stems from social
stigma not from inadequate methods and that that is the problem that must be focused
Bostani, et.al (2014) studied the Relation between Mental health and Academic
Performance in athletic and non-athletic Students of the Islamic Azad University Ahvaz
branch, Iran. The sample consisted of randomly selected 200 students includes 100
athletic and 100 non-athletic. The results showed that general health and some of its
components, such as depression and anxiety, had a significant relation with educational
and other components such as physical symptoms and social performance disorders. It
was concluded that the higher the mental health of the students, the better their
Liu (2017) conducted a study to identify the relationship between academic stress
and depression and anxiety symptoms among adolescents in Shenzhen, China. The result
shows that academic stress, studying in higher-grade levels, having poorer academic
achievement, and less amount of pocket money were found to be the risk factors for
academic stress. For depression symptoms, being female, fewer years living in Shenzhen,
poor academic performance, high levels of academic stress, higher grade levels, not
living in own accommodation and coming from disrupted families were found to be the
risk factors. In regards to anxiety symptoms, being female, high levels of academic stress
and being in higher grade levels were the risk factors. This finding emphasizes the
Chinese adolescents. These could be used to guide professionals, such as teachers and
psychologists, to implement specific plans for adolescents. In addition, future studies are
stress and its relationship with mental health among high school students. 200 high
school students from Government and Private schools in and around Salem city, Tamil
Nadu, India were selected through stratified random sampling and the data was collected
with Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents and Positive Mental Health Scale. The
results revealed that students from private school experienced higher academic stress than
that of government school students, and private school students have higher mental health
status than their counterpart. It was also found that academic stress had a significant
depressive symptoms among senior high school students preparing national university
entrance examination (ÖSS) in Turkey. The survey was conducted in the second term of
students’ senior year at high school, a time when they were exposed to a stressful
Turkey, was used to assess self-reported depressive symptoms among 984 students. The
relationship between the presence of depressive symptoms and student gender, family
size, living circumstances, academic grade, number of times national exams were taken,
monthly family income, daily study time, number of friends of opposite sex and
involvement in social activities were examined. Gender, academic success and monthly
family income had statistically significant differences on BDI scores. The high rate of
university placement and personal, familial and demographic factors. The greater
prevalence of depressive symptoms among females (49.5%) compared to males (40.6%)
Essel and Owusu (2017) conducted a study to examine the impact of stress on
University of Applied Sciences. The result revealed that the different factors that cause
stress among students. The factors were grouped into four, namely Relationship factors,
Relationship factors, working with new people was the main cause of stress for students
in both groups. In the case of Environmental factors, worries about the future was the
main factor causing stress among students, whereas class workload was the main element
of stress with regard to the Academic factors. In the category of Personal factors,
financial problems caused most stress to students. Stress can, however, be managed
activities.
Verma and Singh (1990) studied cognitive ability, academic achievement and
study habits of socially advantaged and dis advantaged adolescent student of 12th grade in
Uttar Pradesh and found that the significant ’positive values for cognitive ability,
academic achievement and study habits indicated that all the three factors were definitely
the period of transition from adolescence to an adult is more difficult, many may be
victims of mental ill health. Development of mind, body and mental health depends on
certaininterdependent factors like intelligence, sex gonads, nutrition, fresh and sunlight,
that (1) girls scored higher in intelligence test and in the socioeconomic questionnaire
than boys; (2) girls appeared to possess better mental health, were capable of facing the
realities around them and in a position to tide over the mental health disequilibrium; (3)
the mental health of boys and girls appeared to the considerably influenced by the two
factors, namely, intelligence and physical health and (4) the mental life of boys was
dominated by the feeling of depression and neurotic behaviour. On the other hand, girls
Kaur (1982) found that intelligence neither correlates positively with mental
health total nor with sub areas of mental health. But intelligence in combination with
some of the personality factors best determined the mental health of adolescent girls.
Raveendranath (1983) found that the mental health status of science students with
English medium was higher than those of Malayalam medium. The sub sample equated
on the basis of intelligence, interest and mental health status of English medium was
higher than those of Malyalam medium. The sub sample equated on the basis of high
socio-economic status and high mental health status did not show significant difference
on mental health and mental health of adolescents" and reported significant differences in
morbidity.
discriminated between high and low mental health status groups (unselected groups) and
18 psycho-social variables discriminated between high and low mental health status
group equaled for intelligence, age and sex. The high mental health status group and low
Howe et al. (1993) studied the association between IQ and mental health in
children with chronic illnesses. The result showing that the higher risk of behavioural
problems in children with neurological disorders compared to children with other chronic
Ciarrochi and Anderson (2000) studied that emotional intelligence moderate the
relationship between stress and mental health. The result indicates that emotional
Gunnell (2002) found that the risk of suicide was two to three times higher in
those with lowest intelligence compared with the highest intelligence test scores. This
may be due to the importance of cognitive ability in either the etiology of serious mental
disorder or an individual‘s capacity to solve problems while going through an acute life
Stanley and Peter‘s (2004) studied the association between premorbid IQ score
and risk of developing schizophrenia, other non affective psychoses, bipolar disorder, and
severe depression. The results indicate lower IQ score was associated with increased risk
for schizophrenia, severe depression, and other non affective psychoses, but not bipolar
disorder.
Schembri et al. (2006) results revealed that high intelligence to be associated with
positive well being; and deficits in intelligence with poor mental health. While Kumar et
al. (2007) studied that high intelligence is associated with better mental health and less
fatigue.
Shabani and Hassan (2010) investigated the link of intelligence with mental
health in 247Iranian of high school students of 8 schools (124 Boy and 123 Girl). The
results indicate that there is significant relationship of intelligence with mental health.
For seeking help from lay networks, women are more likely to seek help from lay
net- works compared to men (Bunagan et al., 2011), consistent with the results of Gong
and colleagues (2003). Although gender norms dictate that men should be strong and not
seem to only influence help seeking from lay networks. It is plausible to posit that other
variables are more influential in predicting help seeking from professional mental health