Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Team advisiors:
Ph.D. Assistant Professor Oana Elena COLȚ
Ph.D. Assistant Professor Cerasela-Panseluţa OLARIU
oanacolt@gmail.com
olariucerasela@tuiasi.ro
motauandrei1994@gmail.com
dmitrievigor@yahoo.com
lia.chercheja@mail.ru
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1. Introducere
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portante datorata cresterii frecarii ca urmare a cresterii ariei laterale , dar si cresterea
capacitaii portante din compresiune .
Aceasta lucrare prezinta rezulatele teoretice obtinute in urma calcului comaparativ ,
executat cu ajutorul unui program de modelare ,in cele doua situatii : piloti cu
diametrul constant si piloti cu diametrul variabil . Rezultatele analizei ne permit sa
evidentiem avantajele utilizarii pilotilor cu diametru variabil in cazul fundatiilor de
adancime . De asemenea , este prezentata o solutie tehnologica de executie.
2. Terminologie, definitii
Pilotii ,reprezinta elemente structural de fundare in adancime ,
cacarcterizate printr-un raport mare –de obicei de 15 , intre lungime si latura
sectiunii transversal sau diametru.
Astfel de elemete sunt utilizate current :
• Cu scopul de a transfera incarcarile vertical si orizontale ale suprastructurii ,
straturilor de pamant ce constituie terenul cu care vin in contact;
• Pentru a prelua forte de subpresiune sau rasturnare in cazul radierelor de
subsol situate sub nivelul apei sau picioarelor de rezemare a constructiilor inalte-
turnuri de televiziune , cosuri de racier , castele de apa ;
• Compactarea depozitelor afanate , slab coezive si necoezive , prin efectul
combinat al deplasarii pamantului din zona ocupata d epilot si al vibrarii pe
durata activitatii de lucru;
• Asigurarea stabilitatii masivelor de pamant aflate in process de alunecare, ,
intrind in alactuirea unor solutii de consolidare.
Pilotii pot fi executati din lemn , metal , beton simplu, beton armat sau
precomprimat si piloti compusi
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The construction of variable diameter piles needs a particular innovative technology. The
devices used for building the variable diameter piles are more complex than the ones that are
used for constant diameter piles.
In order to build variable diameters along the pile length and at its base, it is needed to
improve the usual boring devices with some particular extensions as to laterally expand at certain
depths in the borehole. Therefore based on these classic techniques, an innovative technique for
building variable cross section piles was developed. The main steps in building either constant or
variable diameter piles are drilling, reinforcing and concrete pouring.
Drilling is a mechanical process performed with special boring devices. One of the main
steps in creating a borehole is to establish the precise location of the longitudinal axis of the
future pile. The position of each pile is represented in the design project. In the construction site
the precise position of each pile will be identified and marked by steel or wood poles, placed in
the centroid of the cross section of the future pile (Figure 3).
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Apart from establishing the future position of the piles, one needs also to pay a special
attention in positioning of drilling machine in accordance to the precise angle described in the
design process (Figure 4).
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In the step of drilling and soil extraction, for the constant cross section areas of the piles
the technological process is the same as for regular pile construction (Figure 5). For preventing
the walls collapse while the soil extraction is performed, bentonite mud is poured in the
borehole as to generate hydrostatic pressure. Care should be taken when using the bentonite mud
in the borehole, as it is necessary to have special equipment to collect this material after its use in
the concrete pouring stage.
For drilling and soil extraction in the variable cross section areas, to the classic drilling
device is attached a special device for laterally expanding at the required depth of the position of
the joint. The device is made of two parallel blades which are extended on a certain angle at its
sides and through a circular rotation the excavation of the joint is created. Figure 6 is presenting
the above described device.
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Acest studiu a avut ca scop principal determinarea capacitantii portante maxime a pilotilor
cu diametru variabil in comparatie cu pilotii cu diametru constant. In cadrul analizei au fost
considerate 4 cazuri, in care au fost determinate rezistentele maxime ale pilotilor. Astfel in
primul caz sa folosit un pilot cu diamtetru constant cu o lungime de 20 m, diametrul fiind de 1
m, fundat intr-un strat de pamant de 40 m adancime , iar in celelalte 3 cazuri analiza sa facut pe
un pilot cu diametru variabil avand de la un nod , cazul 1 , pana la 3 noduri , cazul 3,
considerand aceelasi dimensiuni 20 m lungimea pilotului, respectiv 40 m adancimea stratului
de pamant.Pilotii cu diametru variabil au acelasi diametru de 1 m ca pilotii cu diametru
constant diferent fiind in dreptul nodurilor unde diametrul ajunge la 2m. In toate cele 4 cazuri
pilotul a fost considerat ca fiind din beton C20/25 iar solul este considerat in 3 tipuri diferite
cu caracteristicile prezentate in tabelul 4.1.Analiaza bazanduse pe modelul de calcul Mohr-
Coulomb.
.
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Toate analizele numerice au fost facute cu programul cu elemente finite Plaxis 2D vs 8.2. O
analiza nonliniara cu elemente finite cu setarile standard pentru procedura iterative a fost aplicata ,
considerand o crestere a incarcarii de la 0 KN la 800 KN. Datorita simetriei pilotilor modelul
analizat a fost creat considerant doar o jumatate din el. Calculul fiind oprit atunci cand apareau
primele zone plastice de cedare.In figurile 10 – 13 este prezentat modelul pilotilor in cele 4 cazuri
cu stratul de pamant asociat.
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F F F Fi
i i i g
g g g ur
u u u 1
r r r 3.
a a C
1 a
1 1 2 z
0 1 . ul
. . 4
C M
C C a od
a a z el
z z u cu
u u l 3
l no
1 3 du
M 2 M ri
o M o
d o d
e d e
l e l
l
c c
c u u
u
u 2
d n
i n
a n o
o d
m
d u
e r
t i
r
u
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
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Reteau modelului a fost definita cu un pas relativ mediu in partea stratului de pamant si cu
un pas mult mai fin in zona de contact dintre terenul de fundare si pilot cat si in zona nodurilor
datorita faptului ca in aceste zone sunt asteptate tensiunile cele mai mari
In Figura 14 este prezentata un model de retea .
Bazat pe aceasta analiza , Capacitatea maxima portanta a fost determinate pentru fiecare caz in
parte. In tabelul 2 sunt prezentate rezultatele obtinute
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Loads increasing
Case 1 vs. Case 2 Case 2 vs. Case3 Case 3 vs. Case 4 Case 1 vs. Case 4
Uniform Silty Sand Layer
In figura 15 este prezentata o comparatie grafica a capacitatii portante pentru fiecare 4 cazuri
studiate in terenuri diferite de fundare.
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Comparative analysis regarding the load transmitted to the pile
800
750
700
642 654
600
500 498
484
438
400 Silty Sand
Sandy Clay
300 303
275 Gravelly Clay
251
229
200
100
0
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
Pile models
From figure 15 it is noticed that apart from the differences in results influenced by the
variable cross section also the foundation soil has a great impact in all analyses cases.
Variable diameter piles can be a solution of improving the constant diameter piles. The
analysis results from computer environment Plaxis 8.2 shows an increasing of the bearing
capacity
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of 10 % for a pile with one joint, 20% for a pile with 2 joints and 30% for the 3 joints pile
compared to the constant cross section. Due to these results the economic efficiency is
considerable. This foundation solution reduce the numbers of piles, their length, and the material
cost, without interfering with the strength of the structure. The multiple diameter-expanded parts
are expected to reduce the risk of building settlement.
Because of the variable diameters piles is increasing both the friction resistance, by
enhanced pile lateral area, and resistance in compression and pull, due to the joints, they can be
used for bridge’s pile and wind turbines.
5. Concluzii
Concluzii :
Domeniul ingineriei civile reprezinta unul dintre cel mai mari poluant al mediului
, incepind de la industria prepararii materialelor si terminind cu executia propriu-zisa
a lucrarii.De aceea este necesara o dezvolatre in domeniul sustenabilitatii.Este
necesar sa intelegem ca resursele natural sunt limitate , la fel e si terenul de fundare
si inginerii constructori trebuie sa dezvolte noi solutii tehnologice si ideologice.Piloti
cu diametru variabil , vin ca o solutie referitor la reducerea cantitatii de beton
datorita capacitatii portante crescute , lucru care conduce la reducerea numarului de
piloti.
In aceasta lucrare este studiata eficienta utilizarii pilotilor cu diametru variabil.
Rezultatele analizei cu elemente finite indica o crestere de 10 % a capacitatii
portante pentru fiecare nod creat.Din acest punct de vedere putem spune ca inovatia
tehnologica adusa pilotilor traditionali aduce o eficienta atit din punct de vedere
economic , dar si ecologic si tehnologic.
Din punct de vedere economic utilizarea acestei solutii duce la reducerea
numarului de piloti , care implica mai putin beton si armature.
Din punct de vedere ecologic are loc o reducere a emisiilor de carbon datorate
proceselor de crearea a materialelor , respectiv de punere in opera.Un alt factor
important este stoparea extinderii zonelor urbane pe teren datorita extinderii
structurilor in inaltime.
Din punct de vedere tehnologic sunt reduse numarul forajelor .
Luand in considerare toate aceste aspecte rezulta ca pilotii cu diametru variabil
sunt o imbunatatire a pilotilor cu sectiune constanta , avand o comportare mai buna.
References:
1. André Ryltenius - Fem modelling of piled raft foundations in two and three dimensions,
dissertation thesis ,Lund University, 2011
2. Andrew Bond, Andrew Harris - Geotehnical and Foundation - Decoding Eurocode 7, Taylor
and Francis, 2008
3. http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7351/2381/1600/Piling%20Markers.1
4. http://www.indopora.com/services/pondasi
5. http://www.japanpile.co.jp/english/
6. http://www.sunlyengineering.com/images/bp4
7. http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html
8. Michael Valley - Foundation Analysis and Design, S.E. MEHRP, 2009
9. NP 112-2004. Design code for structures with direct foundation. Construction Bulletin (B.C.)
nr. 14/2005.
10. SR EN 1992-1:2004 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1: General rules and
rules for building, 2006
11. SR EN 1997-1:2004 Eurocode 8: Geotechnical design — Part 1: General rules, 2006