SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN PUNJAB

ministries/departmental reports, I became able to highlight the

issues like environmental degradation, solid waste management,
land degradation and effect of pollution on natural resources. My
Ph.D thesis helped me to highlight the solid waste management
issues in the major cities of Punjab state.
My sincere thanks to Professor Janak Raj Gupta 'UGC
EMERITUS' fellow (retd.) for his valuable guidance. I also
thankful to Surinder Singh, Director NGO kheti Virasat for his
co,operation and sponsorship. SOLID WASTE
This book would be found highly useful for town
planners, municipal administrators, NGOs working in the field of MANAGEMENT AND
urban development, solid waste management and environment. It
will be equally valuable for policy makers as well as students,
researchers and teachers of urban economics and environment
ENVIRONMENTAL
economics.
DEGRADATION
Dr. Naresh Kumar Batish IN PUNJAB

Dr. Naresh Kumar Batish

IV I
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
IN PUNJAB PREFACE

This Book reviews the challenges, barriers and

opportunities associated with solid waste management in India
By
with a case study of Punjab. Therefore, the major objective of the
Dr. Naresh Kumar Batish study was to examine the status of municipal solid waste
management and environmental degradation in Punjab. It was
ISBN 978-93-5279-149-1 (Print Edition) also studied that how increasing pollution was affecting the
ISBN 978-93-5291-814-0 (Online Edition) natural resources of Punjab.
2017 Primarily part of this book has taken from my Ph.D thesis
under tittle "Finances and Services of Municipal Corporations in
Punjab-with Particular reference to the provision for solid waste
management." For Chapter 'Solid Waste management In India', I
relied on different publications of Central Pollution Control
Board of India. Chapter "Land Degradation" is primarily based
on the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
and Global Environment Facility data. For the Chapter
Price: 100
'Increasing Pollution: A Challenge for Natural resources", I relied
on Centre for Environment Education, Sponsored by Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
and data Published by Punjab model Municipal Solid waste
management Plan-2014 and Punjab Pollution Control Board at
different level.
To know Management and Disposal of Municipal Solid
wastes system in different European countries, I relied on a report
__________________________________________________ published in 2013 by European Environment Agency on
This book was Published under sponsorship of Managing municipal solid waste in 32 countries. With the help of
NGO Kheti Virasat different national and International organizations/agencies/

II III
 CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Municipal solid wastes in I ndia 7

3. Municipal solid waste management 38

in Punjab

4. Land Degradation 59

5. Increasing pollution: A challenge for 72

natural resources

6. Management and disposal of municipal 104

solid waste

7. Summary and conclusion 139

8. Appendix: Solid Waste Management Act 2016 146

V
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Naresh Kumar Batish is teaching in Punjabi

University Constituent College Miranpur. His specializes in
Economics and Environmental issues. Number of his articles
published in Journals, newspapers and magazines. He also have
delivered many video lecturers at 'Educational Multi Media
Research Center' under Consortium for educational
communication, UGC. Presently he is working with NGO Social
Economic Welfare Association (SEWA) for social cause and
environmental awareness. This is his first book.

VI
 Commercial Stores, hotels, Paper, cardboard, plastics,
restaurants, markets, wood, food wastes, glass,
office buildings, etc. metals, Hazardous wastes.
Institutional Schools, hospitals, Paper, cardboard, plastics,
prisons, government wood, food wastes, glass,
centers metals, hazardous wastes.
Construction New construction sites, Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc. CHAPTER-I
and demolition road repair, renovation
sites, demolition of
buildings INTRODUCTION
Municipal Street cleaning, Street sweepings; landscape
services landscaping, parks, and tree trimmings; general There are many environmental issues in India. Air
beaches, other wastes fr om parks, beaches, pollution, garbage, water pollution , soil pollution and pollution
recreational areas, and other recreational areas;
water and wastewater sludge.
of the natural environment.
treatment plants. main causes of diseases, health issues and long-term livelihood
Process Heavy and light Industrial process wastes, scrap impact for India.
(manufacturing, manufacturing, materials, off-specification Civilization began and developed around riverbanks.
etc.) refineries, chemical products, slay tailings.
Things were manageable at those times as people lived in
plants, power plants,
mineral extraction and harmony with nature. Industrialization changed everything. At
processing. the end of the 19th century, the industrial revolution saw the rise
Agriculture Crops, orchards, Spoiled food wastes, of the world of consumers. Concentrated population packets
vineyards, dairies, agricultural wastes, hazardous
feedlots, farms. wastes (e.g., pesticides).
developed at and around industrial area. Rapid Urbanization
process posed many challenges before planning authorities.
So after understand solid waste, we have to understand Government, local administration tried their level best to provide
why it has become an unavoidable problem for the residents of all basic amenities to this population. While doing so, one
India, what are its causes and effects and how would we difficult challenge before administration is to manage solid waste
overcome to this problem. There has been a significant increase generated by this large population.
in MSW (municipal solid waste) generation in India in the last With the increase in population, solid waste also
few decades. This is largely because of rapid population growth increasing day by day. Solid waste generation is a continually
and economic development in the country. Due to rapid growth of growing problem at global, regional and local levels. Municipal
urban population, as well as constraint in resources, the solid waste management has become big problem for
management of solid waste poses a difficult and complex government and citizens of the cities. The composition of
problem for the society and its improper management gravely municipal waste varies greatly from country to country and
affects the public health and degrades environment. some of its changes significantly with time. Management of solid waste
toxic and harmful constituents may pose a danger if not handled becoming more challenging in poor Asian countries like India
properly. Source reduction, recycling and composting, waste-to- due to lack of awareness and expensive technology.
energy conversion facilities and land filling are the four basic
approaches to waste management.
4 1
Solid Waste Waste, and is a waste type that includes predominantly household
Solid wastes are those organic and inor ganic waste waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of
materials produced by various activities of the society, which commercial wastes, construction and demolition debris,
have lost their value to the first user. Improper disposal of solid sanitation residue, and waste from streets collected by a
wastes pollutes all the vital components of the living environment municipality within a given area. They are in either solid or
(i.e., air, land and water) at local and global levels. The problem is semisolid form and generally exclude industrial hazardous
more acute in developing nations than in developed nations, as wastes. MSW can be broadly categorized into five broad
their economic growth as well as urbanization is more rapid. categories as below.
The definition of municipal waste used in different (i) Food and kitchen waste, green waste (vegetables,
countries varies, reflecting diverse waste management practices. flowers, leaves, fruits).
According to The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD (ii) Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals,
2011): “Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is certain plastics, etc.
products produced for the market) for which the generator has no (iii) Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt,
further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, rocks, debris.
transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to (iv) Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste
dispose”. plastics such as toys.
The Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2006/12/EC) (v) Domestic hazardous waste (also called "household
(European Union, 2006), define waste as: “Any substance or hazardous waste") & toxic waste: medication, e-waste,
object which the holder discards or intends or is required to paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray
discard. Organisation of Economic Cooperation and cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe
Development (OECD 2003) define waste as: “Materials that are polish.
not prime products (that is, products produced for the market) for There are number of sources of solid waste generation. To
which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own understand solid waste we may classify solid waste in a below
purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of mention categories.
which he/she wants to dispose”. Source Typical waste Solid waste contents
generators
Solid waste is a broad term, which encompasses all kind Residential Single and multifamily Food wastes, paper, cardboard,
of wastes such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Industrial dwellings plastics, textiles, leather, yard
Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Bio-Medical Waste wastes, wood, glass, metals,
ashes, special wastes (e.g.,
(BMW) and Electronic waste (E-waste) depending on their bulky items, consumer
source & composition. It consists of organic and inor ganic electronics, batteries, oil, tires),
and household hazardous
constituents which may or may not be biodegradable. On one wastes.
hand, the recyclable components of solid waste could be useful as Industrial Light and heavy Housekeeping wastes,
secondary resource for production processes. manufacturing, packaging, food wastes,
fabrication, construction and demolition
construction sites, materials, hazardous wastes,
Generation of Municipal SolidWaste power and chemical ashes, special wastes.
Municipal solid waste (MSW), also called Urban Solid plants.

2 3
 Environment and Forests number S.O. 783(E), dated, the
th
27 September, 1999 in the Gazette of India, Part II, Section 3,
Sub-section (ii) of the same date inviting objections and
suggestions from the persons likely to be affected there by, before
the expiry of the period of sixty days from the date on which the
copies of the Gazette containing the said notification are made
available to the public; And whereas copies of the said Gazette
were made available to the public on the 5thOctober, 1999; And
whereas the objections and suggestions received from the public
in respect of the said draft rules have been duly considered by the
Central Government; Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers
conferred by section 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government hereby makes
the rules called the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2000.
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is one of
the prime responsibilities of Urban Local Bodies. With rapid pace
of urbanization, waste management has emerged as one of the
biggest challenges to urban managers. At the central government
level Ministry of Urban Affairs (Central Public Health and
Environment Engineering Organization (CPHEECO), National
Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), Housing and Urban
Development Corporation (HUDCO), Ministry of Environment
and Forest (Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Ministry of
Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Ministry of Agriculture
are associated with the solid wastes. At states level, department of
Urban and Municipal Affairs, State Department of Environment
and State Pollution Control Board, Urban/ Metropolitan
Development Authorities and Municipal Corporation/
Municipalities also deal with the disposal of solid wastes.
Over the past decades, uncontrolled population growth
and rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in
environmental problems in India. As the limits of urbanization
are extending rapidly the problem of solid waste management is
causing a great concern to environment with the rapid
8 5
Increasing population has become a big reason for
increasing solid wastes in India. As per the census of 201 1
estimates population of India touched 1.21 billion which is 17.66
percent of the world population. India's urban population rose to
377 million in 2011 as compared to 285 million in 2001.
Population growth and rapid urbanization leads to denser cities
and increase in solid wastes. As per data collected by National
solid Waste Association India, 366 cities in India were generating
31.6 million tons of waste in 2001 and are currently generating
47.3 million tons, a 50% increase in one decade. It is estimated
that these 366 cities will generate 161 million tons of Municipal
Solid Wastes in 2041, a five-fold increase in four decades. At this
rate the total urban MSW generated in 2041 would be 230 million
TPY (630,000 TPD).
The Solid waste policy in India specifies the duties and
responsibilities for hygienic waste management for cities and
citizens of India. The policy was framed in the year 2000. Today it
is one of the world's most disposed areas. In India many
dangerous material including plastic and e-wastes are observed in
most Indian landfills. According to the Associated Chambers of
Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM) predicts, “India will
generate 130 million tones of e-waste by 2018 from current 93.5
million tones in 2016 and by 2020, India is expected to generate
260 million tone of e-waste”.
Thus solid waste management (SWM) is a major problem
for many urban local bodies (ULBs) in India, where urbanization,
industrialization and economic growth have resulted in increased
municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per person. Effective
SWM is a major challenge in cities with high population density.
Achieving sustainable development within a country
experiencing rapid population growth and improvements in
living standards is made more difficult in India because it is a
diverse country with many different religious groups, cultures
and traditions. Despite significant development in social,
economic and environmental areas, SWM systems in India have
remained relatively unchanged. The informal sector has a key
role in extracting value from waste, with approximately 90% of
residual waste currently dumped rather than properly land filled.
There is an urgent need to move more sustainable SWM, and this
requires new management systems and waste management
facilities. Current SWM systems are inefficient, with waste
having a negative impact on public health, the environment and
the economy. The municipal solid waste Management and
Handling Rules 2000 in India were introduced by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF), Thic act has been expanded as
solid waste management act 2016.
This Book reviews the challenges, barriers and
opportunities associated with improving solid waste
management and Environment in India with a case study of
Punjab.
6 7
CHAPTER-II
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIA
Introduction
India is rapidly shifting from agricultural-based nation to
industrial and services-oriented country. About 31.2 percent
population is now living in urban areas. Over 377 million urban
people are living in 7,935 towns/cities. India is a vast country
divided into 29 States and 7 Union Territories (UTs). There are
three mega citiesGreater Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkatahaving
population of more than 10 million, 53 cities have more than 1
million population, and 415 cities having population 100,000 or
more (Census, 2011). The cities having population more than 10
million are basically State capitals, Union Territories, and other
business/industrial-oriented centers.
Due to rapid growth in Population, Municipal solid waste
management (MSWM) has become one of the major
environmental problems of Indian cities. Improper management
of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants.
Various studies reveal that about 90% of MSW is disposed of
unscientifically in open dumps and landfills, creating problems to
public health and the environment. In this study, an attempt has
been made to provide a comprehensive review of the
characteristics, generation, collection and transportation,
disposal and treatment technologies of MSW practiced in India.
Solid Waste Management in India
Whereas the draft of the Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1999 were published under
the notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of
sites for locating landfills. For implementation of schedule-IV,
APPCB has constituted site clearance committees at district and
state level to obtain views of relevant agencies like development
authorities, town and country planning department ground water
department and airport authorities before issuing authorizations to
urban local bodies for setting up of waste processing and disposal
facilities. As per recommendation of these committees, necessary
standards are being stipulated in the authorization in conformity
with schedule-IV of the rules.
Arunachal Pradesh:
There are 2 Municipal Councils (Itanagar and Pasighat) and
16 District Urban Development Agencies (DUDA) responsible for
MSW Management in the state. The implementation of Rules could
not be met as per time schedule. However, continuous efforts are on
for implementation of the parameters. One application received for
authorization (Tawang). No monitoring conducted. House-to-
house collection initiated in 2 Divisons (Tawang & Aalong), in other
towns, waste collected through RCC bins. No separate provision for
collecting dairy waste, slaughter house and malba, etc. Slum areas
are identified in 8 towns. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) has
conducted workshop for creating awareness in 5 towns regarding
collection segregation, etc. One waste processing and disposal
facility for the MSW of Capital complex is operational at Chimpu in
Itanagar (50 TPD). One landfill site under construction at Bomdila.
Other towns dispose waste by dumping. The Itanagar Municipal
Council and Pasighat Municipal Council have taken over the subject
of sanitation from the Department of Urban Development &
Housing (UD&H) of Itanagar. No information is provided to Central
Pollution Control Board regarding authorization granted.
Assam:
There are 94 ULBs (Corporation-1, Municipal Board- 33 &
Town Committee -60) are responsible for implementation of MSW
rules in the state; out of which 31 ULBs submitted Annual Report.
MSW rules could not be implemented in the state as per schedule-I,
However, Guwahati municipal corporation has developed a waste
12
industrialization and population growth and status of
environment is degrading day by day. In most of the cases, the
toxic and hazardous waste is mixed with domestic solid waste and
is disposed off in unsafe dumps without treatment. Municipal
Solid Wastes in India are generating from different sources i.e.
residential, Industrial, Institutions, commercial, construction and
demolition, municipal services, process manufacturing and
Agriculture etc.
As per Central Pollution Control Board reports (shown in
Table 1.1), that 1,41, 064 Metric Tonnes (M.T) of Municipal
Solid Wastes are generated daily in India. Out of this 1,27,531
TPD (90 percent) of MSW was collected and 34,752 TPD (27 per
cent) was treated in 2014-15. So this data reveals that solid waste
management in India is very poor.
$ VSHU&HQWUDO 3ROOXWLRQ &RQWURO %RDUG UHSRUWV
DOP RVWLQDOO WKH VWDWHV GLVSRVDORI ZDVWH ZDVFRQWLQXH WKURXJK
RSHQ GXPSLQJ In many cities and towns, garbage is littered on
roads and foot-paths. Citizens are also not accustomed to use the
available storage facilities (dust bins) set up by the authorities. At
large, lack of organized system of house-to-house collection of
waste has created the littering habits. Although as shown in Table-
1.1 and Table 1.2 shows state wise, that management about solid
waste is very poor yet there are some efforts going on to improve
management about solid waste.
Andaman Nicobar:
As shown in Table 1.1, The Andaman & Nicobar Island has
only one ULB (i.e. Port Blair Municipal Council) is generated 70
Tonne Per day solid waste. A landfill site has been identified at
Brookshabad for setting up waste processing and disposal facility.
Action Plan has been prepared and submitted to NGT. House-to-
house collection is done by PBMC in 107 pockets of 18 wards.
Segregation is practiced in two wards (4 & 5). To avoid mixing of
Bio-medical Waste with other waste separate containers are placed
in the vicinity of Hospital exclusive for the storage of Bio-Medical
waste. Collection of horticultural waste is not initiated. Action plan
has been prepared by Municipal Authority for implementation of
9
 Table 1.1
MSW Rules, 2000. Processing and disposal of waste is yet to be
Status of Municipal Solid Wastes in India (2016)
initiated by PBMC. The Application for authorization is yet to be
S.No. States Generated Collected Treated Land received by CPCB.
(TPD) (TPD) (TPD) filled
Andhra Pradesh:
(TPD)
1 Andaman & Nicobar 70 70 05 After partition of Telengana State, Andhra Pradesh has 111
2 Andhra Pradesh 4760 4287 N.A ULBs (98 Municipalities and 13 Corporations). Authorization
3 Arunachal Pradesh 116 70.5 0 status is not informed to Central Pollution Control Board. Andhra
4 Assam 650 350 0
Pradesh generated 4760 tonne per day solid waste. In respect of
5 Bihar 1670 - -
6 Chandigarh 370 360 250 implementing schedule I, 19 Municipalities have set up vermin
7 Chhattisgarh* 1896 1704 168 composting plants- Out this19 Municipalities have set up vermi
8 Daman Diu & Dadra 85 85 Nil composting plants- Palasa, Kashibugga, Vizianagaram, Bobbili,
9 Delhi 8370 8300 3240 Salur, Kakinada, Eluru, Vijayawada, Guntur, Tenali, Piduguralla,
10 Goa 450 400 182
11 Gujarat 9988 9882 2644 Ongole, Chirala, Guntakal, Kurnool, Kadapa, Proddature, Tirupathi
12 Haryana 3103 3103 188 and Palamanueru. 71 municipalities have proposed to establish
13 Himachal Pradesh 276 207 125 150 vermi compost/windrow compost plants with a capacity of 1 to 5
14 Jammu & Kashmir 1792 1322 320 375 MT per day capacity by end of 2015 in a phased manner. The APPCB
15 Jharkhand* 3570 3570 65
16 Karnataka 8697 7288 3000
is monitoring the waste processing facilities. The closure and
17 Kerala 1339 655 390 containment of municipal solid waste dump site at Kadapa
18 Laksha dweep* 21 - - Municipal Corporation is being taken up under World Bank
19 Madhya Pradesh 6678 4351 - Programme. The Kadapa Municipal Corporation has identified a
20 Maharashtra 22570 22,570 5927
new site of area 92 acres for developing, processing and disposal
21 Manipur* 176 125 -
22 Meghalaya 208 175 55 122 facilities.
23 Mizoram* 552 276 Nil For implementation of the schedule-II, house-to-house
24 Nagaland 344 193 - collection MSW has been started in all the local bodies in the state.
25 Orissa 2374 2167 30 As per the information furnished by the commissioner & Director of
26 Puducherry 495 485 Nil
27 Punjab* 4105 3853 350 Municipal Administration, 92 % of households covered under door
28 Rajasthan* 5037 2491 490 to door collection. About 8% of households in the states were
29 Sikkim* 49 49 0.3 covered under source segregation.
30 Tamil Nadu 14500 14234 1607 None of the ULBs has adopted 2-bins system for storage of
31 Tripura 415 368 250
32 Telengana 5740 6369 3016 3353
waste. Manual handling of the waste is still carried out in most of the
33 Uttar Pradesh 19180 19180 5197 municipalities. For implementation of Schedule-III, APPCB has
34 Uttrakhand 918 918 Nil instructed all municipalities and corporations located in the state to
35 West Bengal 9500 8075 851 515 identify sites for landfills by taking environmental issues into
Total 1,41,064 1,27,531 28,350 4,515
consideration and construct well designed engineered sanitary
(90%)
landfill facilities. Urban local bodies are in the process of identifying
Source: Central Pollution Control Board
10 11
 Table 1.2
processing and disposal facility at Boragaon. Another MSW
SETTING UP WASTE-TO-ENERGY RELEATED PLANTS
management facility (100 TPD) is coming up for Dibrugarh town at
Mancotta, Ghoramara. The project is under process. Necessary
directions have been issued by the Board to all ULBs to ensure
implementation of the MSW Rules. Application for authorization
received from 6 ULBs and authorization issued to 2 ULBs (Jorhat &
Nagaon). Door to door collection of MSW has been taken up in
Guwahati and other towns like Dibrugarh, Halflong, Sivsagar,
Simalguri. In Guwahati 31 NGOs have been entrusted to collect
door steps of household within Municipal area. In other parts, old
practice is being continued for collection of MSW from road side
bins provided at different locations by Truck, Tractor and push carts
for taking to the dumping ground. Segregation of waste is not
practiced in Assam. Age old practices are followed by most of the
local bodies for storage of waste. Segregation of waste not followed
in the state except in few pockets of Guwahati. For storage facility, a
dry waste collection centre has been established at Ganeshguri
(Guwahati). Transportation of waste is done by using tractor-
trailor, tipper truck, hand cart, etc. Waste processing plant is under
process of establishment at Guwahati, Dibrugarh, Jorhat, Nagaon,
Amguri and Simalguri. Except Guwahati, all other ULBs are
disposing waste in low lying areas.
Bihar :
In Bihar, 140 ULBs (11 Corporations, 41 Nagar Parishad
and 88 Nagar Panchayats) are responsible for MSW management.
None of the Municipalities are complying with the provisions of the
MSW Rules. Hence, no monitoring carried out. Patna Nagar Nigam
has identified landfill site at Bairia (Patna) and in the process of
setting up waste processing and disposal facility (1000 TPD).
Authorization has been granted for the same during December,
2013. The Urban Department, Govt. of Bihar has prepared Action
Plan for MSW Management in the state. Total 23 landfill sites have
been identified on cluster basis. Out of which, 10 Clusters including
Patna will have Waste to-Energy Plant. Only Patna Nagar Nigam has
INR : Information Not Received
submitted Annual report during 2014-15.
Source: Central Pollution Control Board
16 13
Chandigarh :
The Municipal Corporation of Chandigarh is solely
responsible for waste management in the UT of Chandigarh. About
370 TPD of MSW is generated in Chandigarh UT including
horticulture waste. Out of which, 360 TPD of waste is collected.The
Garbage containing mandi wastes, hotel waste, drainage silt etc. is
sent to garbage processing plant and rest of the waste is dumped
directly into dumping ground daily. The garbage processing plant
started receiving entire quantity of city MSW from April 2009
onward. One heavy chain bulldozer is used for compacting, pushing
and leveling the garbage in low lying areas at landfill site. One JCB
has been engaged for digging of fresh soil and two tippers for
transportation of the soil for spreading its layer over garbage on day
to day basis. Pipelines have been laid and leachate collection tank
has been constructed to collect leachate. Gas welds/vents has been
provided in closure landfills and sanitary landfill area and dumping
ground. Awareness including door-to-door collection and
segregation of waste is created.
Chhattisgarh :
Chattisgarh has 169 Municipalities (13 Municial
Corporations, 33 Municipal Councils and 123 Nagar Panchayats)
responsible for Implementation of MSW Rules. Application for
authorization received from 02 Municipalities and authorization
valid for 01 Municipality. Good initiatives observed to improve
MSW management in 03 Municipalities Korba, Dhamtari &
Jagdalpur. All municipalities partially complies collection an
transportation of MSW; but needs ef fectively planed and
management for complying the rules. No municipal has followed
segregation of waste. Three municipalities (Nagar Nigam of
Dhamtari, Korba & Jagdalpur) have established and started
composting/vermin-composting plants. Out of 169 Municipalities
only 73 have identified landfill sites. and 03 have applied for
obtaining environmental clearance from State level Environment
Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). Two Municipalities
(Raipur and Korba) have taken initiatives to identify new dump site
14
and prepared detail project report. SPCB has not taken up
monitoring scheme in the state as no suitable site has been
developed. 16 Municipalities have prepared management plan and
other issues.
Delhi :
There are five municipal authorities in Delhi responsible for
implementation of the MSW Rules viz. (i) North Delhi Municipal
Corporation, (ii) South Delhi Municipal Corporation, (iii) East
Delhi Municipal Corporation, (iv) New Delhi Municipal Council
and (v) Delhi Cantonment Board. Total Municipal Solid Waste
generated in five municipal areas is 8370 tons /day. Sanitary landfill
sites 4 (Bhalswa, Ghazipur, Okhla & Narela Bawana), Composting
plants - Okhla 150MTD & Compost pits of NDMC in Lodhi Garden,
Nehru Park & Talkotra Garden), Waste-to-energy plants -3 (Okhla-
16MW, Ghaziur- 12MW & Bawana-24MW). DPCC has granted
consent to establsish to to these WTE plants; monitoring also
carried out for compliance by these plants. House-to-house
collection practiced in all ULBs. The committee constituted by
Hon'ble Court has identified 31 landfill sites for future use.
Goa :
In Goa, around 450 TPD of MSW is generated from 14 Lakh
population plus tourists. The Government of Goa has taken
initiatives for MSW management strengthening Institutional set up,
constituting Monitoring cum Working Committee for
implementation of MSW rules upto village Panchayat level. The
Government notified mandatory segregation of wet and dry waste
with penalty provisions. Awareness campaign conducted for door-
to-door collection and segregation of waste. The policy of material
recovery and co-processing of waste are also stressed by the state
Government for implementation. A flow chart for collection of non-
biodegradable waste from village panchayat/Municipal Councils
has been prepared for the same. Total 14 Municipalities in the state
are responsible for implementation of the MSW Rules, 2000. Out of
which, application for authorization received from 02
municipalities and authorization granted to 01 municipalities
15
Jammu & Kashmir:
Total 83 Municipalities (02 Corporations, 06- Councils &
75- Municipal Committees) are responsible for implementation of
MSW Rules in the state. Out of 83 Municipalities, 03 municipal
authorities have set up waste processing facilities (vermi-
composting facilities) in Jammu region and one landfill at Srinagar.
These facilities are monitored regularly. A few landfill sites have
been identified, but none of them are finalized. The Achan landfill is
being modernized. MSW Rules are not implemented in the state- No
door-to-door collectection, No segregation of waste and no covered
transportation of MSW. MSW is simply collected and dumped
unscientifically. However, 375 MT/day of mixed garbage is being
disposed at Achan landfill site of Srinagar; where compaction with
earth covering is put partially. Leachate treatment plant is
operational for 60 KLD; which is monitored by J&K Board.
Jharkhand:
37 Municipal authorities reported in the state as responsible
for implementation of MSW Rules. Directions have ben issued all
these Municipalities for compliance of the MSW Rules. Application
for authorization received CPCB from one Municipality and none
was granted authorization. MSW generation and collection in the
state is estimated to be 3570 TPD and 65 TPD is treated. Remaining
3505 is landfilled unscientifically. Good practices are observed in
JSR (JUSCO area) only with house-to-house collection and
treatment. Landfill site identified in 03 municipalities (Ranchi, JSR
& Bokaro Steel City) and landfill constructed.
Karnataka:
In Karnataka, 219 Urban Local Bodies (1 Maha nagar
Palike, 10 city Corporations, 41 City Municipal Councils, 68 Town
councils, 94 Panchayats and 5 Notified Area Committees) are
responsible for implementation of the MSW Rules. The “State Level
Municipal Solid Waste Authorization Committee” has been
constituted by the State Board for issuing authorizations. The
Regional Offices of are empowered to verify site selection criteria,
scrutinize technical details and issue authorization to local bodies.
20
received by CPCB. Total 12 towns have taken initiatives for MSW
management and complied partially. Good initiatives observed in 8
ULBs Panaji, Pernem, Bicholim, Valpoi, Ponda, Mapusa, Quepem
& Cuncolim. Two (02) towns not compiled at all. Waste processing
plants are operational at 08 Municipalities (Bicholim, Shankhali,
Margao, Quepem, Cuncolim, Canacona & Ponda). Three (03) waste
processing plants proposed at Panaji, Valpoi & Mapusa). There are
open dumping sites under 04 municipalities viz. Marmugoa,
Margao, Sanguem & Curchorem-Canacona. Sanitary landfills
operational under 05 Municipalities (Bicholim, Sanquelim,
Quepem, Cuncolim & Canacona) and another landfill is being
constructed in the state. Landfill site identified by 04 municipalities
(Panaji, Ponda, Margao& Mapusa).
Gujarat:
Total 167 ULBs are responsible for MSW management in
the state. The status of Authorization to ULBs is not informed.
Total 56 composting facilities (18 compost plants + 38 Vermi-
compost) have been set up and 16 compost plants and 21 vermi-
compost plants are under construction in the state. 67 ULBs are
treating 6224 TPD of MSW. Besides, 01 RDF plant (250 TPD) and
pelletization plant (400TPD) are operational at Ahmedabad.
Another RDF plant is installed at Surat and Waste-to Energy plant is
under planning at Jamnagar and Surat (1000 TPD).
Regional/individual landfill sites have been identified for all
municipalities, 64 sites have been provided facilities with fencing,
lighting, weighbridge, etc. 11 landfills are under construction and 42
ULBs proposed to develop landfills.
Haryana:
In Haryana, 78 ULBs ( 74 towns) are responsible for
implementation of the MSW Rules, 2000. The 78 ULBs comprise of
17 class-I cities/towns, 20 class II towns, 41 class-III &IV towns.
Applications for authorization neither received nor granted during
2014-15by CPCB. 46 ULBs have identified landfill sites and 03
landfills are under construction. There are 60 existing dumpsites in
the state, one dumpsite reclaimed/capped. Imporvement of existing
17
landfill sites done by Faridabad; and facility provided at Hali Mandi,
Pataudi and Faruk Nagar of Guragon. Waste processing and
disposal facility provided by 10 ULBs - Faridabad MC, Sirsa,
Gurgaon, Panchkula, Ambala (non-operationa l), Naraingarh,
Yamunanagar and Jagadhari, Karnal, Indri and Nissing (common
facility for Karnal, Nissing & Indri at Sekhpur). Performance
monitoring carried out in waste processing facilities of Faridabad
and Gurgaon. The common facility at sekhpur is under trial.
Monitoring of GW and Ambient air carried out at waste
processing/disposal facilities of Faridabad and Guragaon MC.
Collection of MSW reported by 76 Municipalities except Panipat
and Samalkha MC. Segregation of waste practiced by only
Gurgaon MC. Proper storage facility provided by 09 ULBs
(Faridabad, Halley Mandi, Gurgaon, Jind, Bhiwani, Kaithal, Sirsa,
and Yamuna nagar). Proper transport facility provided by 08 ULBs
(Faridaba, Gurgaon, Panchkula, Ambala, Thanessar, Shahbad,
Pehowa & Ladwa. Waste pr ocessing (composting) facility
operational at 04 ULBs (Faridabad, Gurgaon, Sirsa and Nissing) and
installed 04 RDF/pelletization units. Waste processing facilities
under construction composting 06 Nos., vermin-composting-01 and
06 RDF. Disposal of MSW follow by 66 ULBs; most of them are
landfilling in low lying areas. Waste-to-Energy project is yet to take
up in the state. Estimated MSW generation and collection is 3103
TPD; out of which 188 TPD is treated and the rest of 2163 TPD
landfilled without treatment.
Himachal Pradesh:
Total 56 ULB's are responsible in the state for
implementation of MSW rules. There are one Municipal
Corporation, 25 Municipal Councils, 23 Nagar Panchayat and 7
Cantonment Boards. Total 16 ULBs have applied for authorization
and authorization granted to all 16 ULBs. Total MSW generation
estimated as 276 TPD in 40 ULBs, collected 207 TPD, treated 125
TPD and 150 TPD landfilled. For implementation of Schedule-I,
scientifically developed landfill site is not available in the state.
There are 56 dumpsites in 56 ULBs. Landfill site
18
identified/approved for 38 ULBs but yet to be developed by 36
ULBs. However, landfill under construction at 02 ULBs (Nalgarh &
Baddi). Waste processing facilities have been constructed by 09
ULBs and using by 11 ULBs viz. shimla (compost) shared by Solan.
Nahan (Pit), Ghumairwin, Una (pit), Santokharh (pit), Hamirpur
(compost), Dharamshala (stac), Kangra (pit), Palampur (pit) and
Kullu (pit) shared by Bhuntar. Waste processing plant under
construction/plan at 07 ULBs (Theog, Talai, Mehatpur, Nadaun,
Sujanpur, Mandi & Dalhousie). Improvement of existing landfill
sites are undertaken by 2 ULBs (Naina Devi & Kullu)'. Landfill is
under construction in 02 ULBs (Nalagarh & Baddi). Out 40 ULBs,
none has complied with the MSW Rules. Presently, 11 ULBs are
processing MSW , through pit composting, vessel composting &
Stac technology. For implementation of Schedule II, All ULBs are
collecting waste wholly/partially; out of which 05 ULBs (Shimla,
Rohroo and Cantt. Board of Jatoh, Bakloh & Subathu) covered
whole area for collection. House-to-house collection started in few
pockts of 03 ULBs (Shimla, Una & Hamirpur). Segregation is done
partially by 39 ULBs and Shimla is segregating 100%. Storage
facility is provided partially in all ULBs. Transport facilities comply
partially. Presently, out of 56 ULBs, 10 ULBs are processing MSW -
Shimla (vessel technology), Solan (Aerobic composting), Una (pit
composting), Chamba (pit composting), Kullu (Bio-conversion),
Manali-Bhuntar (pit), Kangra/Nagrota (pit), Dharmashala (Aeobic
composting), Nahan (pit) & Hairpur (pit). For execution of schedule
III, 40 ULBs have identified/approved landfill sites; out of which 15
ULBs have fenced the the landfill site and few of them have installed
weigh-bridge(3), lighting facilities (8), etc. Waste processing plants
installed at Shimla (100 TPD vessel composting), Solan (20 TPD
Composting), Nahan (9 TPD not woking), Naina Devi (4 battery
cell), Una (6 TPD pit), Hamirpur (6-pit Battery Compost),
Dharmasala (6 TPD Pit- not working), Kangra (9 TPD Pit), Kullu
shared by Bhuntar (240 Bioconversion) & Manali/Bhuntar (240
Pits). There is no waste-to- Energy plant in Himachal Pradesh.
19
treated 5,926.55 TPD. Littering is prohibited in all ULBs. House-
to-house waste collection is done by all ULBs using Ghanta gaddis,
and in collection bins. Other wastes are collected separately.
Segregation is done at source or by rag pickers at landfill sites. 13
ULBs having processing and disposal facilities. Presently, 6
Municipalities have operational processing plants and 4 ULBs have
partial processing plants. 45 municipalities have partially
processing and disposal facilities. Identification of landfill site for
future use has been done by 165 ULBs [24 Municipal Corporations
and 141 Municipal Councils]. In Maharashtra, compost plants (69
Nos.), Vermi-compost plants (38 Nos.), Bio-methanation plants (35
Nos.), RDF (3 Nos.) and 03 Waste to Energy Plants.
Manipur:
Ten Municipalities (Imphal, Thoubal, Bishnupur, Nambol,
Mayang-Imphal, Kakching, Jiribam, Ningthoukhong, Moirang &
Yairipok) are responsible for implementation of MSW Rules in the
state. Imphal City has set upcomposting and disposal facility at
Lamdeng in a cluster approach to cover narby urban local bodies.
State Board is monitoring the performance of the facility. 9 other
municipalities also have engineered landfill facilities. The present
facilities will last for a decade.
House to-house collectionis outsourced to NGOs and notified by
Municipalities. Fine provisions imposed for littering in public
places and river fronts. Segregation is practiced for the facility of
Lamdeng, Imphal West. Storage facilities provided as some
locations Covered transportation is used. Composting is done for
Imphal city. Landfilling is carried out at Lamdeng site. Waste-to
Energy process is under consideration.
Meghalaya:
In Meghalaya, out of 16 towns, 7 ULBs are responsible in
the state for implementation of MSW Rules namely- Municipal
Board of Shillong, Tura, Williamnagar, Jowai, Shillong Cannt.,
Baghmara and Resubelpur). Out of these 07 Municipalities, only 5
ULBs have applied for authorization Shillong, Jowai, Tura,
Resubelpara & William Nagar. Authorization granted to 3 ULBs
24
Out of 219 ULBs, 207 have possessed landfill sites, 04 ULBs are yet
to procure landfill sites (Devendranahali, Bijayapura, Dandeli &
Kolar) and 02 ULBs are having common landfill site (Ullala TMC in
Mangalore CC & Saligrama TP in Udupi CMC). Wheres, 191 ULBs
have establsished infrastructure at landfill sites. However, 13 ULBs
have developed sanitary landfill site viz. Mangalore, Belgaum,
Udupi, Shimogha, Karwar, Puttur, Kundapur, Gulbarga, Bellary,
Bagalkot, Mudhol, Chitradurga and Mysore. The state of Karnataka
generated 8697 TPD of MSW, out of which, 7288 TPD is collected.
Source segregation is not followed in the state except in some part of
BBMP. Local bodies have not establsished storage point due to the
potential nuisance. Transportation is done using different vehicles
by out-sourcing, spillage is common as the vehicles are uncovered.
Most of the identified landfills are fenced and provided basic
infrastructure like roads, weigh-bridge, bore-wells. The waste are
not processed as per capacity and dumped in the said landfill site.
Total 155 ULBs have composting facilities (windrow/vermin-
composting). 205 ULBs have conducted door-to-door collection
and 106 ULBs started partially segregated collection.
Karnataka State Board is monitoring the water quality, leachate and
ambient air quality as per MSW rules.
Under Bruhat Bengaluru Mahaabagar Palike (BBMP),
generates around 3500 TPD of MSW and 3000 TPD is processed. To
encourage segregation, 188 dry waste collection centres are placed
in different wards. 07 sites have been identified for disposal of C&D
waste. In BBMP has 13 Nos. decentralized Bio methanation
plants, out of which 4 are operational. Six new facilities (2300
TPD) are being set up under BBMP - Kanahalli (500 TPD),
Seegihali (200 TPD), Doddabidarakallu (200 TPD),
Lingaderenahalli (200 TPD), Subranpalya (200 TPD) and
Chikkanagamangala (500 TPD) including KCDC (500 TPD).
Again, 06 new plants have started functioning and will be made fully
functional within next tow months. Landfills exist at 6 ULBs-
M a v a l l i p u r a , M a n d u r, Te r r a f i r m a , C h e e m s a n d r a ,
Rajarajeshwaringar (Subramanyapalya) and at Doddabidarakallu.
21
Karnataka SPCB has evolved guidelines for Buffer Zones around
MSW sites, C&D wastes, slaughter house sites & Large
campuses/Educational Institutions. The mix waste is processing at
10 sites, Mix waste processing with landfill at 7 sites, Bio-
methanation plants at 15 sites.
Kerala:
In Kerala, 65 Municipal Authorities (60 Municipalities and
05 Corporations) are responsible for MSW management. Total 1339
TPD of MSW estimated to be generated in the state, out of which,
655 TPD of MSW is being collected in the state and 390 TPD is
processed/treated. Total 26 ULBs have treatment facilities
(compost/ vermin-compost, Biogas plants & pipe composting)
centralized or decentralized manner. The compost plant at
Vilappilsala in Thiruananthpuram municipality has been shut down
due to public protest and adopted decentralized system- 70,000 pipe
composting, and 600 Biogas. There is no scientific landfill site in the
state for disposal of MSW. Some municipalities have landfill sites
but not constructed disposal facilities. During the reporting year, 06
ULBs have applied for authorization and authorization issued to 06
ULBs. 53 authorizations issued so far during 2001-2014. In Kerala,
no scientific landfill site is available for disposal of MSW . identified land and 224 ULBs have been allotted land and 157 have
However, 04 landfill sites are available but not constructed. The
ULBs are adopting decentralized facilities for treatment of MSW
and disposing in the existing dump sites. The limited quantity of
MSW collected by ULBs are either taken to common facilities or
dumped covering with earth after segregating the plastics or non -
biodegradable wastes. As a result, the quantity of waste is reduced
considerably. The plastics generated are collected and disposed
through recycling units. Total 33 ULBs using treatment facilities in
combination of compost/ vermin-compost, pipe compost and
Biogas plants. Composting facility practiced by 33 Municipalities,
vermi-composting by 09 municipalities and Bio-gas facilities in
pockets of 24 ULBs. Chavakkad Municipality has decentralized
facilities for Bio-gas. Good initiatives observed for MSW
management (collection, segregation, storage & transportation) in
22
27 municipalities. Monitoring of MSW facilities has not been
reported by Kerala Board.
Madhya Pradesh:
The Urban Population of Madhya Pradesh is 20 Million
(Census: 2011) across 376 ULBs. The 381 municipal authorities
(Nagar Nigam- 15, Nagar Palika Parishad- 98, Nagar Parishad- 263
and Cantonment Board- 5) are responsible for MSW management in
the state. However, the 05 Cantonment Boards are out of UADD.
Out of these ULBs, 344 ULBs have identified land and 224 ULBs
have been allotted the site for MSW management. However, 157
ULBs have obtained possession of the land. Total MSW generation
is assessed as 6678 TPD; of which 4351 TPD generates 15
Corporations. MPCB has filed prosecution agains 09 Corporations.
Only 131 ULBs have submitted Annual reports. Processing and
disposal facilities have been established by 05 ULB's Total 10 ULBs
have set up compost Plants viz. Khandwa, Satna, Singrauli, Rewa,
Badnwar, Sailana, Gautampura, Maheswar, Chittarpur and Sagar
cantt. Board. These sites are not being monitores as these are not
properly operational. No substantial improvement of the existing
landfill sites have been done in the state. Out of 381 ULBs, 344 have
taken possession of the land for ladfill development. Only Singrauli
has identified land for future development.
Out of 381 ULBs, 29 have complied collection criteria, 4 ULBs
complied segregation, 3 ULBs comply processing MSW and 4
complied disposal criteria. The remaining complied partially or not
at all. The state Govt. has prepared a plan to have cluster approach
and whole state is divided into 26 clusters to address solid waste
management. A good number of awareness, workshop, inter-action
meet, etc. have been conducted in the state; but ULBs are unable to
cop up with the MSW management.
Maharashtra:
The state has 258 ULBs which includes 239
Corporations/councils, 06 Cantonments & 07 Nagar Panchayats.
Total generation of MSW in the state is estimated as 22,570 TPD and
23
covered condition. No waste processing and disposal facility.
Monotoring conducted in dump sites of Kurumbapet for ambeient
air and groundwater quality. It is proposed to set up waste processing
facility at Kurumbapet.
Action Plan has been prepared and submitted by
PUDA/Puducherry Administration for MSW management in the
UT.
Punjab:
Total 161 ULBs are responsible for implementation of the
MSW Rules in the state. Application received for authorization
from 9 ULBs clusters, authorization granted to 6 ULBs. All 161
ULBs have taken initiative and 100% complied by 8 ULBs; 100
ULBs partially complied and 53 not complied. Good initiatives
observed in 09 ULBs (Adampur, Alawalpur, Phaguwara, Nakodar,
in Jalandhar district, 2 in SAS Nagar district, 2 ULBs in Amritsar
and 1 in district Sangrur). Punjab Government prepared Action
Plan considering 8 Clusters for the entire state and Wasteto- Energy
plant proposed to set up for these 8 clusters. The developing sites are
monitored for their progress every month. 03 Waste processing
facilities have been set up at Ludhiana, Jalandhar and
Samchaurassi), out of which Samchaurassi vermin-compost plant is
operational. Other 02 waste processing (Ludhiana and Bathinda)
plants have been set up and waiting for operation. 06 waste
processing plant proposed at cluster of GMADA, Patiala, Jalandhar,
Amritsar, Pathankot and ferozpur. All 161 ULBs have landfiilsite
and identified landfill sites. There is no w-to-E plan in the state
which is under plan. For implementation of schedule-I, 2 facilities
set up in jalandhar, and hoshiarpur district out of which 1 facility at
hoshiarpur is operational. The developing sites are visited monthly
to check the progress status. As on 31.03.2015, 12 ULBs, 12 ULBs
are complying with provision of rules, 88 ULBs are partially
complying and remaining 61 ULBs are yet not complying. As on
31.03.2015 all 161 ULBs have identified land for 22 temporary or
permanent dumping of their waste. In addition to above, out of 8
clusters, 7 have identified land for setting up integrated MSW
28
(Shillong, Jowai and Williamnagar). Total MSW generation in the
state estimated to be 208.3 TPD; out of which 175.3 TPD is
collected a nd 55 TPD is treated. The remaining 122.3 TPD
landfilled without treatment.
Good practices of MSW management observed in Shillong
Municipal Board. House to house collection and storage facility
reported in Shillong MB, Shillong Cantonment Board, Jowai, Tura,
William nagar and Resubelpara. Segregation is practised in
Shillong and Tura Municipal Board. Covered transportation
practiced in 4 Municipalities-Shillong, Shillong Cantt., Jowai and
Resubelpara. Shillong Municipal Board is composting 35 TPD and
Tura Municipality is vermin-composting 18 TPD. Jowai MB has
identified landfill facility and one landfill under construction at
Shillong. There are 6 dumpsites identified in the state in Shillong,
Shillong Cantt.; Jowai, Tura, Williamnagar and Resubelpara. The
dumpsite of Shillong is converted to landfill. Monitoring is done at
Shillong dumpsite for ambient air, Groundwater and leachate
quality. Action plan prepared and submitted by 4 municipalities
(Shillong, Shillong Cantt., Williamnagar and Tura). Shillong
Municipal Board has set up an aerobic compost plant (100 TPD) at
Mawiong. The waste from Shillong Cantt. Board is also brought to
this plant for processing. Meghalaya SPCB monitors the compost
plant. There is no sanitary landfill in the entire state for disposal of
MSW. No improvement has been done to the existing disposal sites.
Shillong MB has identified a new landfill site and land acquisition is
under progress. Tura Municipal Board is having one vermin-
composting plant for processing biodegradable waste. Segregation
is followed for the same. A DPR is prepared and Meghalaya
Government has commenced construction activities at the dumping
ground of Ronkon Songgittal. Tura Municipal Board has no
proposal for selection of new landfill site. Jowai municipality has
constructed landfill at Sabah Muswang.
Mizoram:
Mizoram has 22 census towns; but Municipal body
constituted only 02 in Aizwal town. Authorization received from 02
25
ULBs and and ganted. Aizwal Municipality generates 161.5 TPD of
MSW. Covered transportation reported. Waste processing facility
does not exists in the state. Landfill site is under construction at
Tuirial. Existing dumpsite located at Tuirial. No monitoring is
conducted at the disposal site.
Nagaland:
In Nagaland, 09 ULBs are responsible for implementation
of MSW rules in the state [Dimapur, Kohima, Kiphire, Zunhebolo,
Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha,Mon & Tuensang]. Total 344 TPD
MSW generates in the state and collected 193 TPD. Collection and
dumping practice is done in all municipalities. Door-to-door
collection is under trial in some wards of Kohima. MSW is
separately collected and disposed of by separate vehicles.
Segregation of waste does not arise as all kinds of waste ended at the
same place. However, recyclables are collected through outsourcing
and rag-pickers from community bins. Transportation vehicles are
not covered. All MSW are disposed off at open dumping sites. There
is no waste processing and disposal facility in the state. However,
Kohima municipal council has set up a vermi-compost plant under
demonstration project. The landfill site along with BMW disposal
facility for Kohima has been identified at Lerie. Authorization
granted to Kohima Municipal Council for waste processing and
disposal. Presently, all municipalities are following the practice of
open dumping. Monitoring will be carried out after establishing the
waste processing/disposal facilities.
Orissa:
Total 111 ULBs are responsible for implementation of the
MSW Rules in the state. The estimated waste generation in the state
is 2374 TPD; out of which 2167 TPD is collected and 30 TPD is
treated. The rest 2137 TPD goes to landfill/dumpsite without
treatment. Majority of ULBs have failed to implement schedule-I of
the said rules except identification of landfill sites by 86 ULBs. Few
other ULBs have proposed to set up the waste processing facilities.
However, the Puri had set up compost plant earlier. Out of 1 11
ULBs, 101 ULBs have reported. The remaining 10 ULBs under
26
NACs have not reported. There is no sanitary landfill in the state, all
ULBs are dumping waste in the name of disposal. 79 ULBs applied
for authorization/renewal, out of which 63 ULBs were granted
authorization in the reporting year 2014-15. For implementation of
schedule-II, The Government took initiative for compliance of the
MSW Rules and preparation of action plan based on ULBs, local
requirements, size of of the ULBs. House-to-house collection
initiated in 56 ULBs. Segregation practiced in 04 ULBs
(Bhubaneswar, Cuttak, Rourkela and Bargarh MC). 41 ULBs has
proposed for improving the existing MSW management facilities.
As per schedule-III, 86 ULBs identified landfill sites for
establishing waste processing /disposal facilities; but action yet to
be initiated. Presently, dumping activities are going on at the landfill
sites. For setting up well designed landfill facilities and
improvement of the existing landfill sites are under process. The
status of implementation of MSW rules in the state is very poor. As
per schedule-IV, Govt. of Odisha, has taken five Municipal
Corporations in the process of implementing SWM on PPP mode.
State Govt. has drawn up action plan in a time bound manner and
proposed to prepare DPR. All ULBs have been directed to educate
people regarding collection and transportation. ULBs are also
directed to charge user fee from household/ commercial units on
“Polluter pay Principle”. All ULBs have been directed to renew their
authorization from Odisha Board.
Puducherry:
In Puducherry UT, 15 ULBs including 05 municipalities
and 10 Commune Panchayats are responsible for implementing
MSW Rules. Authorization was issued to 03 municipalities
[Pondicherry, Oulgaret and Yanam municipality] and 10 Commune
Panchayats for disposal of solid waste in their dump sites. All of
them have to renew their authorization. Door-to-door collection is
being carried out through private contractor. Total waste generation
by Puducherry is 430 TPD, out of which 420 is collected.
Segregation is not followed. Storage facility provided with 200 lit to
1100 lit bins. Total 110 vehicles provided for transporting waste in
27
newly established 04 ULBs, Urban Department is preparing
proposal for releasing funds for effective management of MSW of
those areas. Action plan is not submitted by any Municipality.
Telangana:
The newly constituted Telengana State has 68 ULBs (62
Municipalities and 06 Coprorations) responsible for
implementation of MSW Rules. It is estimated that 6740 TPD of
MSW is generated in the state; out of which, 6369 TPD collected,
3016 treated and 3353 TPD disposed. For waste processing- 10
ULBs have compost/vermin-compost plants, one Integrated SWM
plant at Hyderabad and M/s Shalivahana Green Energy Ltd. At
Karim nagar is operating WTE (12 MW) collecting waste from 31
ULBs. The waste processing facilities are proposed at Warangle
(BG -2 TPD) to generate 24 KW and M/s Hema Sri Power project
has constructed 12.6 MW power plant with 345 TPD RDF plant,
which is likely to commission by December, 2015. Jawahar Nagar
and Shameerpet have set up Waste processing/ disposal facilities
and a RDF plant of 3600 TPD in Rangareddy district. Greater
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) has constructed the
sanitary landfill and it is operational. GHMC also proposed an
Integrated MSW management plant for greater Hyderabad.
Composting and vermi composting facilities set up by 10 ULBs-
Miryaguda, Nalgonda, Bhongir, Suryapet, Tandur, Siddipet,
Jagitayal, Siricilla, Parkal, Adilabad municipalities. The Telengana
Board is monitoring these waste processing plants
Uttar Pradesh: Most populated State of India, Uttar Pradesh did
not submit Annual Report on Solid waste management to Central
Pollution Control Board in 2014-15. Which indicate that many state
governments are not serious about solid waste management.
Uttarakhand:
Total 87 ULBs (Nagar Nigam- 6, Nagar Palika Parishad- 32,
Nagar Panchayat- 40 & Cantt. Board-09) are responsible in the state
for implementation of MSW Rules. None of the Local bodies has set
up waste processing and disposal facility. Nagar Palika Dehradun &
Pauri has identified site for MSW disposal and the matter is under
32
processing plants. For implementation of schedule-II, collection is
being done on daily basis from all secondary points. 2 ULBs are
property segregating their waste into bio-degradable waste and 28
ULBs ae segregating the waste partially. Open landfill sites are used
for storage. 131 ULBs are transporting their waste using covered
vehicles and 30 ULBs are not using covered vehicles. 3 ULBs have
waste processing system. One each in jalandhar and Ludhiana are
not working and one at shamchaurassi is based on vermin-compost
technology and is in operation. One processing plant at bathinda will
be made operational soon. 2 ULBs have MSW disposal facility. For
implementation of schedule-III, out of 161 ULBs, 2 ULBs in
Amritsar district have developed the site as per the schedule-III of
the municipal solid waste rules, 2000. 12 are partially complying
complying with said rules, remaining ULBs have started complying
with the rules and have developed the site partially as specified in the
rules. All the 161 ULBs have provided municipal solid waste
dumping sites for disposal of waste and out of which 23 ULBs have
got their sites approved from the district level committee. Out of 161
ULBs, 12 ULBs are complying with all ten points of common action
plan, 88 ULBs are partially complying and remaining 61 ULBs are
yet not complying. The committee constituted for the ef fective
implementation of the provisions in sub rules (2) of rules 6 of MSW
rules, 2000 held under the chairmanship of the chairman, Punjab
pollution control board, during its meeting on 16.04.2015 has
decided that all the ULBs in the state shall provide piezometer to
monitor the quality of ground water. The committee constituted a
team of following member who shall conduct the regular monitoring
of groundwater quality and will submit 3 monthly report to the
committee. For implementation of schedule-IV, 02 composting
plants are operating in the state of Punjab (i) M/s Punjab grow more
fertilizers, wariana this facility if used for the composting of the total
waste gereated from the city of jalandhar, however same is not
working now; and (ii) Common facility at sham chaurassi this
facility is used for the composting of the waste generated from three
towns namely alawalpur, adampur and shamchaurasi.
29
Rajasthan:
One of the big state Rajasthan did not submit annual report
in 2014-15 to Central Pollution Control Board.
Tamil Nadu:
The state of Tamil Nadu has 664 ULBs viz. Corporations-
12, Municipalities-124 and Town Panchayats- 528. The total
generation of MSW from the urban local bodies is 14,500 TPD,
which accounts for waste generation by Corporation-9,000 TPD,
Municipalities-3,700 TPD and Town Panchayat- 1,900 TPD. Total
126 Nos. Authorization issued for waste processing/disposal
facilities to 5 Corporations, 48 Municipalities and 73 Town
Panchayats during 2014-15. The ULBs at several places have
organized house-to-house collection, by using collection bins,
compactor, lorries and dustbins, etc. All ULBs have partly started
segregation and partly composting the biodegradable waste. ULBs
use transport facilities such as dumper placer, tipper trucks, tractor
trailor, push cart, etc. In some cases, vehicles are closed or
pneumatic compactors are used for transporting the waste. Most of
ULBs composting biodegradable waste partly, segregated plastic
waste is used for road laying and the remaining waste is disposed in
dump yards. In Tamil Nadu, Compost plants exist in 158 ULBs and
vermin-compost plants in 24 ULBs. Landfill site identified in 113
ULBs. TNPCB regularly monitors groundwater in the vicinity of
dumpyards; and also monitors the leachate, ambient air quality,
groundwater quality around landfill sites. Recently, the state has
initiated Waste-to-Energy plant at Koyambedu (Chennai),
Vengadamangalam (Kancheepuram) and Biomethanation plant at
Coimbatore. The Koyambedu Biomethanation plant (30 TPD) is
proposed to treat on the organic waste received from vegetable
market. The Vengadamangalam power porjcet at Kancheepuram
will cover Pallavaram and Tambaram municipalities to generate 2.9
MW, RDF- 3.5 TPH and compost 1.5 TPH. The Coimbator
Corporation has installed biogas plant to generate energy from
kitchen waste and market waste at Amma Unavagam and
Saravanampally for using gas in crematorium and school kitchen.
30
Another 5 MT bio-methanation plant at Goundampalayam is under
construction for street lighting. Tamilnaidu state has prepared
Regional facility in 5 identified clusters- Tituchirapally, Tiruppur,
Thoothukudi, Vellore and Nagercoil covering 4 corporations and 25
municipalities at a total cost of Rs. 631.39 Cr. There are two model
plants for MSW management in village panchayats-
Kurudampalayam (Coimbator Dist.) and Panapakkam (Vellore
Dist). They have adopted solid waste and liquid resource
management system (SLRM) to collect waste from household and
markets daily, segregation by trained staffs to 148 waste streams and
sold to recyclers, generating income out of waste. Dry egg cells are
crushed to make manure for rose plant, vegetable peels for cattle
feed, dry leaves for composting manure, cow dung and food waste
for bio methanation and gas is used for cooking food for the
segregation staffs. The scheme is self-sustainable.
Tripura:
Total 20 ULBs responsible for implementation of the MSW
Rules in the state. (Municipal Corporation -1, Municipal Council-10
& Nagar Panchayat- 09). No Application received by CPCB for
authorization. Total MSW generation in above towns is 414.8
TPD; of which 368.2 TPD is collected and 250.40 TPD is
treated.Good practices observed in 03 towns - Agartala, Belonia
and Khowai. House-to- house collection done in 10 Wards of
Udaipur, 15 wards of Kailsahar and 17 wards of Agartala. Covered
transportation of waste done in 7 nagar Panchayats (Amarpur,
Ranibazar, Kamalpur, Sonamura, Santibazar , Kumar ghat &
Sabroom) and 10 municipal councils of Ambasa, Bishalgarh,
Belonia, Dharmanagar, Kailashahr, Khowai, Teliamura, Udaipur,
Melaghar and Agartala. Waste processing by 02 ULBs- Agartala
(250 TPD composting) and Khowai(0.40 TPD vermin-composting).
Landfill identified by 17 ULBs and landfill constructed by only
Agartala MC. Another new landfill is under construction at
Agartala. The Urban Development Department of Govt. of Tripura
has sanctioned Rs. 14.92 Crores for 15 ULBs in connection with
improvement of their solid waste management in 2013-14. For
31
Economically sustainable:
It must operate at a cost acceptable to community. Clearly
it is difficult to minimize the two variables, cost and
environmental impact, simultaneously. There will always be a
trade off. The balance that needs to be struck is to reduce the
overall environmental impacts of the waste management system
as far as possible, within an acceptable level of cost. An
economically and environmentally sustainable solid waste
management system is effective if it follows an integrated
approach i.e. it deals with all types of solid waste materials and all
sources of solid waste.
An effective waste management system includes one or more of
the following options:
(a) Waste collection and transportation.
(b) Resource recovery through sorting and recycling i.e.
recovery of materials (such as paper, glass, metals) etc.
through separation.
(c) Resource recovery through waste processing i.e.
recovery of materials (such as compost) or recovery of
energy through biological, thermal or other processes.
(d) Waste transformation (without recovery of resources) i.e.
reduction of volume, toxicity or other physical/chemical
properties of waste to make it suitable for final disposal.
(e) Disposal on land i.e. environmentally safe and
sustainable disposal in landfills.
36
process. The local bodies are collecting MSW without segregation
and disposed through open dumping. Waste processing and sanitary
landfill facility does not exist. However, 3 ULBs are composting in
unplanned pits. Total waste generation and collection reported to be
917.89 TPD. Partial house to house collection is practiced in
Dehradun and Nainital city.
West Bengal:
Total 127 ULBs exist in 127 towns/cities of West Bengal
responsible for implementation of the MSW Rules; which include
58 class-I towns, 28 class II towns, 32 class III towns , 8 class IV
towns and 01 class V town. Application received for authorization
from 04 ULBs (North Barrackpore, Uttarpara Kortung, Serampore
& Bhadreswar MC) and none-of them were issued authorization.
Total MSW generation is assessed 9500 TPD, out of which 8075 is
collected, 851 TPD is treated and 515 TPD landfilled. For
implementation of schedule-II, good practices observed in all
towns/citis; but none of them has achieved 100% compliance.
House to house collection attempted in all municipalities with
insignificant results. Segregation practiced in all municipalities but
none has achived full compliance. Covered transport followed in all
ULBs, full compliance not achieved.
Waste processing facilities have been installed in 23 ULBs
of West Bengal. Vermi-compost plants are operational at 14 ULBs
(Bhadreswar, Chandermegore, Bally, Kolkata, Garulia, North
Barrackpore, Kamarhati, Haldia, N. Dum Dum, New barrackpore,
Panihati, Maheshtala, Baidyabati and Uttarpara Kotrang MC).
Compost plants setup and waiting for operation in 09 ULBs
(Barrackpore, Budge Budge, Mansberia, Hoogly-Chinsurah,
Konnagar, Rishra, Serampore & Champdani). Compost plants
under construction at 28 ULBs.For implementation of schedule
III, landfill facilities have been established by 03 ULBs (Budge,
Bansberia & Hoogly-Chinsurah MC). Landfill facility is
operational at 12 ULBs. Landfill facility is under planned at 29
ULBs Monitoring reports submitted neither by municipality not
by the State Board. None of the 127 municipalities has the Action
33
Plan for implementation of MSW rules. Thus, Implementation of
waste disposal facilities in the country is found to be far away
from satisfaction as per the central pollution control board
reports. Most of cities/towns are facing problem in identification
of landfill sites for construction of sanitary landfills. This is due to
public resistance, rapid growth of urban areas, escalating land
prices and not having proper master plan.
There has been a positive movement in setting up of waste
processing facilities as compared to the efforts made in the
previous years. In many States, several towns have responded
that there is partial composting/ vermi composting facilities. Few
States have taken steps to set up waste to energy plants. In some
States, State level policies have been formulated. Although,
vermi-composting and Biogas plants are having small treatment
capacity for treating organic wastes, these plants are effective in
smaller towns and found useful as supplementary to the
mechanized treatment facilities.
Environmental Impact of SolidWaste Disposal on Land
When solid wastes are disposed off on land in open dumps
or in improperly Designed landfills (e.g. in low lying areas), it
causes the following impact on the environment.
(a) Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by
the waste dump
(b) Surface water contamination by the run-off from the
waste dump
(c) Bad smell, pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and
around the waste dump
(d) Generation of inflammable gas (e.g. methane) within the
waste dump
(e) Bird menace above the waste dump which affects flight of
aircraft
(f) Fires within the waste dump
34
(g) Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the
waste dump
(h) Epidemics through stray animals
(i) Acidity to surrounding soil
(j) Release of green house gas
Objective of Solid Waste Management
The objective of solid waste management is to reduce the
quantity of solid waste disposed off on land by recovery of
materials and energy from solid waste. This in turn results in
lesser requirement of raw material and energy as inputs for
technological processes. Techniques and management programs
have to be applied to each and every solid waste generating
activity in a society to achieve overall minimization of solid
waste.
Waste Reduction
It is now well recognized that sustainable development
can only be achieved if society in general, and industry in
particular, produces 'more with less' i.e. more goods and services
with less use of the world's resources (raw materials and energy)
and less pollution and waste. Production as well as product
changes have been introduced in many countries, using internal
recycling of materials or on-site energy recovery, as part of solid
waste minimization schemes.
Effective Management of SolidWaste
Effective solid management systems are needed to ensure
better human health and safety. They must be safe for workers and
safeguard public health by preventing the spread of disease. In
addition to these prerequisites, an effective system of solid waste
management must be both environmentally and economically
sustainable. Environmentally sustainable: It must reduce, as
much as possible, the environmental impacts of waste
management.
35
 Table 2.1
References
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN PUNJAB 1. Ministry of Urban Development (2000), Manual on
Municipal Hazardous Bio-Medical
Municipal Solid Waste Management. Central Public
District Collected Treated Collected Storage Collected Treated Health & Environment Engineering Organization:
MT MT MT MT MT MT Government of India. New Delhi.
Gurdaspur 19310 Nil 93.8 93.8 Nil Nil 2. Reports of Central Pollution Control Board on “Status of
Pathankot 24455 Nil 88.54 88.54 Nil Nil Compliance by CPCB with Municipal Solid Wastes
Amritsar 244550 Nil 293.81 293.81 106.07 106.07
Tarn -Taran 6442.25 Nil 98.12 98.12 Nil Nil (Management and Handling Rules,2000).
Kapurthala 37940 Nil 68.98 68.98 118.39 118.39
Jalandhar 212800 1314 330.68 330.68 5078.13 5078.13
3. Joshi & Ahmed : Status and challenges of municipal solid
S.B.S 8942. 5 Nil 78.76 78.76 3309.61 3309.61 waste management in India : A review, Cogent
Nagar Environmental Science (2016), vol. 2
Hoshiarpur 42011.5 547.5 88.09 88.09 687.44 687.44
Rupnagar 15549 Nil 65.17 65.17 85.47 85.47
S.A.S 81917 Nil 161.96 161.96 4012.85 4012.85
nagar
Ludhiana 447130.9 Nil 1464.78 1464.78 6671.65 6671.65
Firozpur 37802 Nil 192.02 192.02 Nil Nil
Fazilka 33419 Nil 117.95 117.95 Nil Nil
Faridkot 34208 Nil 239 239 Nil Nil
Mukatsar 20292 Nil 34.45 34.45 45.4 45.4
Sahib
Moga 31320 Nil 191.3 191.3 37.74 37.74
Bathinda 74168 Nil 181.5 181.5 10.82 10.82
Mansa 21900 Nil 55.13 55.13 Nil Nil
Sangrur 51100 Nil 158.94 158.94 325.85 325.85
Barnala 19892 Nil 63.1 63.1 30.33 30.33
Patiala 82125 Nil 256.29 256.29 859 859
Fatehgarh 23230 Nil 45.94 45.94 742.43 742.43
Sahib
Total 1570504 1861.5 4368.31 4368.31 22121.25 22121.18
Source: Punjab pollution control board.

no other district made any effort for municipal solid waste

treatment. As compared to municipal solid waste, provision for
Bio medical waste and Hazaradous waste found better. In Punjab,
Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) is a nodal agency to
implement the provision for municipal solid waste management
(MSW) act. Local body department of Punjab have started efforts
to sort out this issue. But these efforts are still far away from good
results.
40 37

CHAPTER-III
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN PUNJAB
Whereas the 'THE MUNICIPAL SOLID Waste
(MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING RULES, 2000)' were
notified by Ministry of Environment & Forest in the year of 2000.
In 2016, Government of India expanded this act with some
changes and named it Solid Waste Management Act 2016. But
local bodies of Punjab are not performing as per requirements.
Due to low pace of implementation of this act, citizens of Punjab
are facing number of social and health problems.
In most of the cities of Punjab Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) is dumped without treating, which is affecting
environment and health of the citizens. Municipal Solid Waste
Management (MSWM) is one of the prime responsibilities of
Urban Local Bodies. With rapid pace of urbanization, waste
management has emerged as one of the biggest challenges to
urban managers of Punjab. It is necessary to bring a change in the
attitude of the people towards waste management by creating
awareness. To discharge this responsibility , the municipal
authorities in different parts of the state have set up conservancy
wings comprising a contingent of work force at various levels for
scavenging, collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste
in designated landfills. However, as evident in several places, the
services provided for municipal solid waste management are far
from adequate, which are attributable to various reasons. Several
organizations of the Central and State Government are mandated
to provide support through policy and regulatory measures,
38
financial assistance, technology development and capacity
building of local authorities.
Over the past decades, uncontrolled population growth
and rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in
environmental problems in Punjab. One of the most important
problems is solid waste due to inadequate management practices.
In case of Punjab in urban area, the household, shopping
center, offices, street waste, etc is generally dumped outside
houses or at some collection site, and is left for municipal
authorities for taking it to a common dumping ground. It is
common to find solid waste dumps near towns and cities. These
dumps are mostly in depression or in open grounds. Wide spread
land, air and water pollution is caused from these dumps. The
dumping sites are not properly managed nor have been planted
with suitable plant species to help in quick degradation of solid
waste by way of creating conducive for the growth of micro-
organism besides providing greenery. Appropriate post dumping
practices are also seldom performed causing perpetual problem
of air and water pollution.
The increasing amount of solid waste generated in most
of the cities are being recognized as a major health problem. In
most of the cases, the toxic and hazardous waste is mixed with
domestic solid waste and is disposed off on unsafe dumps without
treatment. In Punjab the position of hazardous and bio medical
waste treatment is little satisfactory but the municipal solid waste
management is very poor as per data collected by Punjab
Pollution Control Board in 2014-15 as shown in Table 2.1.
Punjab is generated approximately 4300 tonne per day
and 15,70,504 tonne annually municipal solid waste under 161
urban local bodies, Most of the solid waste is presently disposed
of on land and remains uncovered.
As shown in table, 2.1, Jalandhar district treated 1314
tonne waste out of 212800 tonne.,which was less than one
percent. Hoshiarpur district treated only 547.5 tonne waste out of
42011.5, which was only 1.30 percent. Except these two districts
39
sudhar committees were supervising some part of the city. There As shown in Table-2.2, Per capita municipal solid waste
were 747 sweepers and sanitary worker were providing services. generation is vary district to district. In per capita waste
Out of this 526 were working on regular basis and 221 on daily generation Ludhiana district is on top with 121 kg annual.
wages and on contract. In Patiala against per 1000 population Ludhiana district is generating per day per capita highest solid
1.91 Sweeper/Sanitary workers were providing their services on waste. Per capita per day solid waste generation in Ludhiana is
basis of 2008-09 population, which indicated Patiala was better 331 gram. Jalandhar district is second most highest per capita
than Amritsar. Transportation of garbage is also not very good in solid waste generator. Jalanadhar district generating annually
Patiala. MCP had total 20 vehicles. Availability of these vehicles 93.3 kg per capita solid waste and per day 255 gram solid waste.
against per thousand kg solid waste was only 0.11, which is worst Per capita solid waste generation in Amritar is 92.4 kg. and per
than all studied corporations. day per capita is 253 gram and in Patiala annually per capita waste
As shown in Table 2.4 for the transportation and generation is 40.2 kg and per day per capita waste generation is
collection of garbage Municipal Corporation Ludhiana had total 110 gram. Bathinda district generating annually 49.9 kg, S.A.S
66 vehicles for this service. MCL had 8 tractor trolley, 25 dumper nagar 73.6 kg, Kapurthala 44.9 kg, Moga 30.2 kg, Hoshiarpur
placer big/twin, 8 jcb/loader and 25 tippers. Although municipal 25.8 kg and Gurdaspur with lowest annual per capita waste is 18.3
corporation Ludhiana generating highest municipal solid wastes
yet availability of vehicles is not satisfactory. Table 2.2
Municipal Corporation Amritsar (MCA) had total 73 PER CAPITA MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN MUNICIPAL
vehicles for collection and transportation of solid waste. CORPORATIONS/ DISTRICTS IN PUNJAB
Corporation had 7 minni trucks, 56 tippers, 3 JCB loader and 7 (2015)
Front loader. Although MCL is second largest municipal solid Municipal Estimated MSW Percent Annual Per Per Day
Corporations Populatio in age MSW in capita in Per
Districts n in TPD Share MC 2015 Capita
Table 2.4 (lacs) MSW msw (kg)
TRANSPORTATION FOR COLLECTION OF SOLID (KG)
Ludhiana 3,697,155 1225 34.9 447130 121 0.331
WASTES IN SELECTED MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS Jalandhar 2,279,146 583 16.6 212800 93.3 0.255
Amritsar 2,645,126 670 19.1 244550 92.4 0.253
IN PUNJAB Patiala 2,039,123 225 6.4 82125 40.2 0.110
Transportation Ludhiana Amritsar Jalandhar Patiala Gurdaspur 2,384,549 119 3.39 43765 18.3 0.050
Minni Truc ks - 7 - - Bathinda 1,484,690 203 5.8 74168 49.9 0.136
Tractors+ Trolleys 8 56 12 16 S.A.S Nagar 1,112,373 224 6.4 81917 73.6 0.201
Kapurthala 844,978 104 2.9 37940 44.9 0.123
Dumper Placer/big/twin 25 - 14 -
Moga 1,035,552 86 2.4 31320 30.2 0.082
JCB/Loaders 8 3 12 1 Hoshiarpur 1,626,161 115 3.2 42011 25.8 0.070
Tippers/minni tipper. 25 - 20 - Total 1,9148853 3502 1278416
Front End Loader - 7 - 1
Three wheelers - - 33 - Source: Punjab pollution control board/ census of Punjab
Refuse Collector - - 1 - *To work out the per capita figures, population figures for different years
Road Cleaner - - 1 - covered in the study wer e interpolated using the gr owth rates
Carrier - - - 2 pertaining 2001-2011 of districts Phagwara municipal corporation is
Total Ve hicles 66 73 93 20 included in Kapurthala district. Pathankot corporation is included in
Source: Municipal Corporations in Punjab (2009-10) Gurdaspur district.

44 41
kg annually. In per day per capita solid waste generation population 1.84 sweeper/sanitary workers were providing their
Ludhiana is on top with 0.331 kg followed by Jalandhar 0.255 kg, services on basis of 2008-09 population, which indicated the poor
Amritsar 0.253 kg, S.A.S nagar 0.201 kg, Bathinda 0.136 kg, system for sweeping and garbage collection in city .
Kapurthala 0.123 kg, Patiala 0.110 kg, Moga 0.082 kg, Transportation of garbage is also not very good. MCA had total
Hoshiarpur 0.070 kg and Gurdaspur 0.050 kg. 73 vehicles. Availability of these vehicles against per thousand kg
solid waste was only 0.16, which was little better than Ludhiana.
Solid Waste Collection Infrastructure in Selected Municipal Coming to Municipal Corporation Jalandhar, solid waste
Corporations in Punjab (2009-10) collection and disposal infrastructure was better than Ludhiana
Municipal Corporations in Punjab are facing the problem and Amritsar. (As shown in Table 2.3) to maintain solid waste
of inadequate infrastructure of human resources and vehicles for disposal in city 2264 sweeper/sanitary workers were providing
garbage collection. (As shown in Table 2.3) to maintain solid services and all were working on regular basis. In Jalandhar
waste disposal in Ludhiana city 315 mohalla sudhar committees against Per 1000 population 2.47 Sweeper/Sanitary worker were
were supervising some part of the city. There were 4533 providing their services on basis of 2008-09 population, which
sweepers/sanitary workers were providing services. Out of these indicated better human resource service as compared to
3000 sweepers were working on contract/daily wages and 1533 Municipal Corporation Amritsar, and very close to Municipal
sweepers and sanitary workers were providing their services on Corporation Ludhiana. Transportation and collection of garbage
regular basis. In some outer parts of the city private sweepers of MCJ was better than other studied corporations. MCJ had total
were providing services of collection of solid waste system from 93 vehicles Availability of these vehicles against per thousand kg
houses. Solid Waste was 0.26, which was better than Ludhiana, Amritsar
In Ludhiana per 1000 population 2.50 sweeper/sanitary and Patiala.
workers were providing their services on basis of 2008-09 In Municipal Corporation Patiala (MCP) as shown in
expected population (18.11 lacs). Although MCL generated the Table 2.3 to maintain solid waste disposal in city 90 mohalla
highest municipal solid waste in Punjab yet transportation of Table-2.3
garbage is not satisfactory. The reason is that here is a shortage of (SOLID WASTE COLLECTION INFRASTRUCTURE
vehicles in the corporation and mostly vehicles are used for IN SELECTED MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS
garbage collection seems inefficient. MCL had total 66 vehicles. IN PUNJAB)
Against per thousand kg solid waste availability of vehicles was Resource Ludhiana Amri tsar Jalandhar Patiala
only 0.07. Sweeper/sanitary worker 1533 1443 2264 526
Municipal Corporation Amritsar was second biggest Mohalla Sudhar Committees 315 280 0 90
Sweeper contract/ daily wage 3000 967 0 221
municipal solid waste generating corporation. As shown in Table Total Sweepers 4533 2410 2264 747
2.3, MCA had 280 mohalla sudhar committees and total 2410 Availability of Sweepers per 1000
2.50 1.84 2.47 1.91
population
sweepers and sanitary workers were providing their services on Total Vehicles 66 73 93 20
basis of 2008-09 population (13.05 lacs). Out of these 1443 Availability of Vehicle per thousand KG.
0.07 0.16 0.26 0.11
workers were working on regular basis and 967 were working MSW
under contract or daily basis. In Amritsar against per 1000 Source: different municipal corporations in 2009-10
Note: As latest data is not available, So last available data is used for study

42 43
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 1.57 lacs at
constant prices.
In the year 2008-09 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana
spent Rs. 9950 lacs on health services, which were Rs. 5.49 lacs
per thousand populations at current prices and Rs. 3.22 lacs at
constant prices. MCA spent Rs. 5693.59 lacs, which was Rs. 4.36
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.55 lacs at
constant prices. MCJ spent Rs. 3693.14 lacs, which was Rs. 4.03
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.36 lacs at
constant prices. MCP spent Rs. 1277.80 lacs which was Rs. 3.27
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 1.92 lacs at
constant prices.
In the year 2009-10 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana
spent Rs. 13996.01 lacs on health services, which were Rs. 7.44
lacs per thousand populations at current prices and Rs. 3.83 lacs at
constant prices. MCA spent Rs. 4829.74 lacs, which was Rs. 3.55
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 1.83 lacs at
constant prices. MCJ spent Rs. 5396.26 lacs, which was Rs. 5.67
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.92 lacs at
constant prices. MCP spent Rs. 1333.59 lacs which was Rs. 3.32
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 1.70 lacs at
constant prices.
Thus per thousand population maximum expenditure on
health services was incurred by Municipal Corporation Amritsar.
In 2002-03 expenditure per thousand people was Rs. 3.47 lacs at
current prices. Most of the year's expenditure of the corporation
remained higher than other studied corporation.
But in 2008-09 Ludhiana and in 2009-10 Municipal
Corporation Jalandhar surpassed Amritsar. In 2009-10
expenditure on health services at constant prices by Municipal
Corporation Amritsar was Rs.1.83 lacs per thousand population.
Municipal Corporation Ludhiana spent Rs.2.56 lacs per thousand
population in 2002-03 at current and constant prices which
increased to Rs. 7.44 lacs at current prices and Rs. 3.83 lacs at
constant prices.
48
waste generation corporation yet availability of vehicles is lesser
than Jalandhar. Transportation and collection of garbage of
Municipal Corporation Jalandhar was better than other studied
corporations. MCJ had total 93 vehicles with 12 tractor-trolleys,
14 dumper big/small and twin, 12 JCB/ loaders, 20 minni and big
tippers, 33 three wheelers, one refuse collector and one road
cleaner. Availability of these vehicles was better than other
studied municipal corporations. For transportation and collection
of garbage of Municipal Corporation Patiala had total 20 vehicles
in working order i.e. 16 tractor-trolleys, 1 JCB, 1 loader and two
carrier.
Expenditure on Health Services in Municipal Corporations
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling
Rules, 2000)' was notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest
in the year of 2000. But Municipal Corporations of Punjab did not
make any provision in their budgets for expenditure on MSW till
2007.
The result is that even after more than decade none of the
Municipal Corporation implemented the provision for the
Municipal Solid Waste Management. Although Municipal
Corporation's expenditure for health services i.e. sewerage and
sanitation, eradication of communicable diseases, slum
development, solid waste provision, etc increased every year yet
the expenditure on these services increased in a small way.
As shown in Table 2.5 in case of Municipal Corporation
Ludhiana (MCL) in 2002-03 expenditure was worth Rs. 3703.23
lacs for health services and to keep city clean. As per against one
thousand population, the expenditure was Rs. 2.56 lacs at current
and constant prices. In the same period Municipal Corporation
Amritsar (MCA) spent Rs. 3526.23 lacs and expenditure on per
thousand populations was Rs. 3.47 lacs. Municipal Corporation
Jalandhar (MCJ) spent Rs. 1730.58 lacs and against per thousand
population Rs. 2.38 lacs and Municipal corporation Patiala
(MCP) spent Rs. 711.32 lacs and the expenditure against per
45
 Table 2.5 constant prices. MCA spent Rs. 4348.78 lacs, which was Rs. 3.94
EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH SERVICES IN SELECTED lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 3.54 lacs at
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS IN PUNJAB
(Rs. Lacs) constant prices. MCJ spent Rs. 2092.89 lacs, which was Rs. 2.66
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.39 lacs at
Years MCL Per MCA Per MCJ Per MCP Per
Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand
constant prices. MCP spent Rs. 762.42 lacs with Rs. 2.18 lacs per
Population Population Population Population thousand population at current prices and Rs. 1.96 lacs at constant
2002- 2.56 3.47 2.38 2.14
2003
3703.23
(2.56)
3526.23
(3.47)
1730.58
(2.38)
711.32
(2.14) prices.
2003-
3895.23
2.59
4023.40
3.80
2302.29
3.04
690.58
2.02 In 2005-06 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana spent
2004 (2.50) (3.67) (2.93) (1.95)
2004- 2.70 3.94 2.66 2.18
Rs. 4643.22 lacs on health services, which were Rs. 2.87 lacs per
4214.61 4348.78 2092.89 762.42
2005 (2.42) (3.54) (2.39) (1.96) thousand populations at current prices and Rs. 2.43 lacs at
2005- 2.87 4.29 3.23 2.68
2006
4643.22
(2.43)
4939.30
(3.63)
2634.95
(2.73)
964.28
(2.27)
constant prices. MCA spent Rs. 4939.30 lacs, which was Rs. 4.29
2006-
5610.59
3.34
5001.12
4.16
2943.83
3.47
1076.49
2.91 lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 3.63 lacs at
2007 (2.41) (3.01) (2.50) (2.09)
2007- 3.44 4.31 3.77 2.42
constant prices. MCJ spent Rs. 2634.95 lacs, which was Rs. 3.23
6000.00 5394.31 3329.03 921.58
2008 (2.24) (2.80) (2.45) (1.57) lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.73 lacs at
2008- 5.49 4.36 4.03 3.27
2009
9950.00
(3.22)
5693.59
(2.55)
3693.14
(2.36)
1277.80
(1.92)
constant prices. MCP spent Rs. 964.28 lacs which was Rs. 2.68
2009-
13996.01
7.44
4829.74
3.55
5396.26
5.67
1333.59
3.32 lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.27 lacs at
2010 (3.83) (1.83) (2.92) (1.70)
constant prices.
Sources : Various budgets of Municipal Corporations in Punjab In 2006-07 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana spent Rs.
*Figures in brackets show expenditure per thousand population in real terms (To
convert the data from current prices to constant prices we have used the wholesale
5610.59 lacs on health services, which were Rs. 3.34 lacs per
prices of 50 Commodities (Agricultural and Industrial) in Punjab thousand populations at current prices and Rs. 2.41 lacs at
constant prices. MCA spent Rs. 5001.12 lacs, which was Rs. 4.16
thousand population, it was Rs. 2.14 lacs at current and constant
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 3.01 lacs at
prices.
In the year of 2003-04 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana constant prices. MCJ spent Rs. 2943.83 lacs, which was Rs. 3.47
spent Rs. 3895.23 lacs on these services, which were Rs. 2.59 lacs lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.50 lacs at
per thousand populations at current prices and Rs. 2.50 lacs at constant prices. MCP spent Rs. 1076.49 lacs which was Rs. 2.91
constant prices. MCA spent Rs. 4023.40 lacs, which was Rs. 3.80 lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.09 lacs at
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 3.67 lacs at constant prices.
In the year 2007-08 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana
constant prices. MCJ spent Rs. 2302.29 lacs, which was Rs. 3.04
spent Rs. 6000.00 lacs on health services, which were Rs. 3.44
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.93 lacs at
lacs per thousand populations at current prices and Rs. 2.24 lacs at
constant prices. Similarly MCP spent Rs. 690.58 lacs with Rs.
constant prices. MCA spent Rs. 5394.31 lacs, which was Rs. 4.31
2.02 lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 1.95
lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.80 lacs at
lacs at constant prices.
In the year of 2004-05 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana constant prices. MCJ spent Rs. 3329.03 lacs, which was Rs. 3.77
spent Rs. 4214.61 lacs on health services, which were Rs. 2.70 lacs per thousand population at current prices and Rs. 2.45 lacs at
lacs per thousand populations at current prices and Rs. 2.42 lacs at constant prices. MCP spent Rs. 921.58 lacs which was Rs. 2.42

46 47
 Table-2.7 MCJ expenditure at constant prices increased from Rs.
EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH SERVICES IN 2.38 lacs in 2002-03 to Rs. 2.92 lacs per thousand population in
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION AMRITSAR 2009-10. At current prices the expenditure increased from 2.38
(Rs. Lacs)
lacs in 2002-03 to Rs 5.67 lacs in 2009-10. In case of Patiala
Head of 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009-
Account 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 expenditure on real term decreased from 2002-03 Rs. 2.14 lacs to
Development
32.11 66.70 96.52 84.25 177.95 183.90 127.71 2009-10 Rs. 1.70 lacs. At current prices municipal corporation
of Slum 0.00
Colony
(0.91) (1.66) (2.22) (1.68) (3.30) (3.23) (2.64) spent Rs. 2.14 lacs in 2002-03 which increased to Rs. 3.32 lacs in
Solid waste
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2009-10. To sum up MCL and MCJ expenditure in real term
Management
Health
increased marginally but expenditure of MCA and MCP has
including decreased in real terms on health services.
removal and
1570.97 1882.77 1913.00 2386.59 2400.15 2392.24 2417.44 1435.05
disposal of
drain and
(44.55) (46.80) (43.99) (48.32) (47.99) (44.35) (42.46) (29.71) Item-wise Expenditure on Health Services by Selected
prevention of Municipal Corporations
Maleria Municipal Solid Waste Provision is the responsibility of
22.28 51.81 48.55 168.27 66.13 21.49 15.60 18.48
Machinery
(0.63) (1.29) (1.12) (3.41) (1.32) (0.40) (0.27) (0.38) the Municipal Corporations to spend enough for the betterment of
Establishment
1900.87 2022.12 2290.71 2384.44 2450.59 2799.63 3076.65 3248.50 sweeping and garbage collection. But due to inadequate financial
(53.91) (50.26) (52.67) (48.27) (49.00) (51.90) (54.04) (67.26)
3526.23 4023.40 4348.78 4939.30 5001.12 5394.31 5693.59 4829.74
resources corporations could not implement the Municipal solid
Total
(100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) waste management act. MCL did not make any financial
* Figures in brackets are percentages provision for municipal solid waste management act till 2007-08.
More than 50 per cent share of health wing is spent only on
In 2003-04, MCA spent Rs. 4023.40 lacs on health salaries or on other benefits of the employees.
services. In this year MCA spent Rs. 1882.77 lacs (46.80 Per cent) As shown in Table 2.6 in 2002-03 MCL spent Rs. 3703.23
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention lacs on health services. In this year MCL spent Rs. 924.29 lacs
of malaria, Rs. 66.70 lacs (1.66 Per cent) on development of (24.96 per cent) on health including removal and disposal of drain
slum colonies, Rs. 51.81 lacs (1.29 Per cent) on purchase of and prevention of malaria, Rs. 218.82 lacs (5.91 per cent) on
machinery. MCA spent Rs. 2022.12 lacs (50.26 Per cent) on development of slum colonies, Rs. 60.12 lacs (1.62 per cent) on
establishment. purchase of machinery. MCL spent Rs. 2500 lacs (67.51 per cent)
In 2004-05 MCA spent Rs. 4348.78 lacs on health on establishment to provide health services. But no amount spent
services. In this year MCA spent Rs. 1,913 lacs (43.99 Per cent)
for solid waste provision.
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention In 2003-04 MCL spent Rs. 3895.43 lacs on health
of malaria, Rs. 96.52 lacs (2.22 Per cent) on development of services. In this year MCL spent Rs. 972.49 lacs (24.96 Per cent)
slum colonies, Rs. 48.55 lacs (1.12 Per cent) on purchase of on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
machinery. MCA spent Rs. 2290.71 lacs (52.67 Per cent) on of malaria, Rs. 148.26 lacs (3.81 Per cent) on development of
establishment. Nothing was spent for solid waste management. slum colonies, Rs. 74.68 lacs (1.92 Per cent) on purchase of
In 2005-06 MCA spent Rs. 4939.30 lacs on health
machinery. MCL spent Rs. 2700 lacs (69.31 Per cent) on
services. In this year MCA spent Rs. 2386.59 lacs (48.32 Per cent)
establishment.
52 49
 Table 2.6 of malaria. MCL spent Rs. 551.12 lacs (9.82 Per cent) on
EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH SERVICES IN development of slum colonies, Rs. 99.67 lacs (1.78 Per cent) on
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION LUDHIANA purchase of machinery. MCL spent Rs. 3700 lacs (65.95 Per cent)
(Rs. Lacs)
on establishment.
Head of 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2008 - 2009 -
Account 03 04 05 06 07
200 7 -08
09 10 In 2007-08 MCL spent Rs. 6000 lacs on health services.
Slum
Colony 218.82 148.26 84.67 308.68 551.12 250.00
2750.0
0
5500.00 In this year MCL spent Rs. 1350 lacs (22.50 Per cent) on health
Developme (5.91) (3.81) (2.01) (6.65) (9.82) (4.17) (39.30)
nt
(27.64)
including removal and disposal of drain and prevention of
Solid waste
Managemen 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
500.00
(5.03)
500.00
(3.57)
malaria. MCL spent Rs. 250 lacs (4.17 Per cent) on development
t
Health of slum colonies, Rs. 200 lacs (3.33 Per cent) on purchase of
including
removal and
924.29 972.49
1,110.4 1 ,129.9 1,259.8 1,350.0
1,600 1,596.01
machinery. MCL spent Rs. 4200 lacs (70.00 Per cent) on
disposal of 2 7 0 0
drain and
(24.96) (24.96)
(26.35) (24.34) (22.45) (22.50)
(16.08) (11.40) establishment.
prevention
of Maleria
In 2008-09 MCL spent Rs. 9950 lacs on health services.
Machinery
60.12
(1.62)
74.68
(1.92)
19.52
(0.46)
4.57
(0.10)
99.67
(1.78)
200.00
(3.33)
500.00
(5.03)
1000.00
(7.14)
In this year MCL spent Rs. 1600 lacs (16.08 Per cent) on health
Establishme
2500.0
0
2700.0
0
3000.0
0
3200.0
0
3700.0
0
4200.00
4600.0
0
5400.00 including removal and disposal of drain and prevention of
nt (70.00) (38.58)
(67.51)
3703.2
(69.31)
3895.4
(7 1.18)
4214.6
(68.91)
4643.2
(65.95)
5610.5
(46.23)
9950.0 13996.0
malaria. MCL spent Rs. 2750 lacs (27.64 Per cent) on
6000.00
Total 3
(100)
3
(100)
1
(100)
2
(100)
9
(100)
(100)
0
(100)
1
(100)
development of slum colonies, Rs. 500 lacs (5.03 Per cent) on
purchase of machinery. MCL spent Rs. 4600 lacs (46.23 Per cent)
*figures in brackets are percentages
on establishment. MCL spent Rs. 500 lacs (5.03 Per cent) on solid
In 2004-05 MCL spent Rs. 4214.61 lacs on health waste management.
services. In this year MCL spent Rs. 1,110.42 lacs (26.35 Per In 2009-10 MCL spent Rs. 13996.01 lacs on health
cent) on health including removal and disposal of drain and services. In this year MCL spent Rs. 1596.01 lacs (11.40 Per cent)
prevention of malaria, Rs. 84.67 lacs (2.01 Per cent) on on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
development of slum colonies, Rs. 19.52 lacs (0.46 Per cent) on of malaria. MCL spent Rs. 5500 lacs (39.30 Per cent) on
purchase of machinery. MCL spent Rs. 3000 lacs (71.18 Per cent) development of slum colonies, Rs. 1000 lacs (7.14 Per cent) on
on establishment. Nothing was spent for solid waste purchase of machinery. MCL spent Rs. 5400 lacs (38.58 Per cent)
management. on establishment and Rs. 500 lacs (3.57 Per cent) on solid waste
In 2005-06 MCL spent Rs. 4643.22 lacs on health management.
services. In this year MCL spent Rs. 1129.97 lacs (24.34 Per cent) As shown in Table 2.7 in 2002-03 Municipal Corporation
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention Amritsar (MCA) spent Rs. 3526.23 lacs on health services. MCA
of malaria. MCL spent Rs. 308.68 lacs (6.65 Per cent) on spent Rs. 1570.97 lacs (44.55 Per cent) on health including
development of slum colonies, Rs. 4.57 lacs (0.10 Per cent) on removal and disposal of drain and prevention of malaria, Rs.
purchase of machinery. MCL spent Rs. 3200 lacs (68.91 Per cent) 32.11 lacs (0.91 Per cent) on development of slum colonies,
on establishment. Rs. 22.28 lacs (0.63 Per cent) on purchase of machinery. MCA
In 2006-07 06 MCL spent Rs. 5610.59 lacs on health spent Rs. 1900.87 lacs (53.91 Per cent) on establishment to
services. In this year MCL spent Rs. 1259.80 lacs (22.45 Per cent) provide health services. But no expenditure provision was made
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention for solid waste management.
50 51
 Table-2.9 on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH SERVICES IN of malaria, Rs. 168.27 lacs (3.41 Per cent) on purchase of
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION PATIALA machinery. MCA spent Rs. 2384.44 lacs (48.27 Per cent) on
(Rs. Lacs)
establishment.
Head of 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009-
Account 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 In 2006-07 MCA spent Rs. 5001.12 lacs on health
Development services. In this year MCA spent Rs. 2400.15 lacs (47.99 Per cent)
9.31 5.00 4.32 2.33 205.00
of Slum 0.00 0.00 0.00
(1.31) (0.72) 0.57) (0.24) (16.04)
Colony on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
Solid waste
Management
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 of malaria, MCA spent Rs. 84.25 lacs (1.68 Per cent) on
Health development of slum colonies, Rs. 66.13 lacs (1.32 Per cent) on
including
removal and purchase of machinery. MCA spent Rs. 2450.59 lacs (49 Per cent)
102.98 102.09 138.58 216.33 294.61 31.43 63.41 159.70
disposal of on establishment.
(14.48) (14.78) (18.18) (22.43) (27.37) (3.41) (4.96) (11.98)
drain and
prevention of In 2007-08 MCA spent Rs. 5394.31 lacs on health
Maleria
25.21 1.12 4.97 5.84 10.76 0.75 8.89
services. In this year MCA spent Rs. 2392.24 (44.35 Per cent) lacs
Machinery 0.00
(3.54) (0.16) (0.65) (0.61) (1.00) (0.06) (0.67) on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
573.82 582.37 614.55 739.78 771.12 890.15 1008.64 1165.00
Establishment
(80.67) (84.33) (80.61) (76.72) (71.63) (96.59) (78.94) (87.36) of malaria, MCA spent Rs. 177.95 lacs (3.30 Per cent) on
Total
711.32 690.58 762.42 964.28 1076.49 921.58 1277.80 1333.59 development of slum colonies, Rs. 21.49 lacs (0.40 Per cent) on
(100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)
* Figures in brackets are percentages
purchase of machinery. MCA spent Rs. 2799.63 lacs (51.90 Per
cent) on establishment.
including removal and disposal of drain and prevention of In 2008-09 MCA spent Rs. 5693.59 lacs on health
malaria and Rs. 5 lacs (0.72 Per cent) on development of slum services. In this year MCA spent Rs. 2417.44 lacs (42.46 Per cent)
colonies and Rs. 1.12 lacs (0.16 Per cent) on machinery. MCP on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
spent Rs. 582.37 lacs (84.33 Per cent) on establishment. of malaria, MCA spent Rs. 183.90 lacs (3.23 Per cent) on
In 2004-05 MCP spent Rs. 762.42 lacs on health services. development of slum colonies, Rs. 15.60 lacs on (0.27 Per cent)
In this year MCP spent Rs. 138.58 lacs (18.18 Per cent) on health purchase of machinery. MCA spent Rs. 3076.65 lacs (54.04 Per
including removal and disposal of drain and prevention of cent) on establishment.
malaria and Rs. 4.32 lacs (0.57 Per cent) on development of slum In 2009-10 MCA spent Rs. 4829.74 lacs on health
colonies and Rs. 4.97 lacs (0.65 Per cent) on machinery. MCP services. In this year MCA spent Rs. 1435.05 lacs (29.71 Per cent)
spent Rs. 614.55 lacs (80.61 Per cent) on establishment. on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
In 2005-06 MCP spent Rs. 964.28 lacs on health services. of malaria, MCA spent Rs. 127.71 lacs (2.64 Per cent) on
In this year MCP spent Rs. 216.33 lacs (22.43 Per cent) on health development of slum colonies, Rs. 18.48 lacs (0.38 Per cent) on
including removal and disposal of drain and prevention of purchase of machinery. MCA spent Rs. 3248.50 lacs (67.26 Per
malaria and Rs. 2.33 lacs (0.24 Per cent) on development of slum cent) on establishment.
colonies and Rs. 5.84 lacs (0.61 Per cent) on machinery. MCP As shown in Table 2.8 Municipal Corporation Jalandhar
spent Rs. 739.78 lacs (76.22 Per cent) on establishment. (MCJ) in 2002-03 spent Rs. 1730.58 lacs on health services. In
In 2006-07 MCP spent Rs. 1076.49 lacs on health this year MCJ spent Rs. 480.21 lacs (27.75 Per cent) on health
services. In this year MCP spent Rs. 294.61 lacs (27.37 Per cent)
56 53
 Table-2.8 slum colonies and Rs. 30.29 lacs (1.15 Per cent) on machinery.
EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH SERVICES IN MCJ spent Rs. 1626.06 lacs (61.71 Per cent) on establishment.
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION JALANDHAR In 2006-07 MCJ spent Rs. 2943.83 lacs on health
(Rs. Lacs)
services. In this year MCJ spent Rs. 877.64 lacs (29.81 Per cent)
Head of 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 -
Account 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
Development
of Slum
38.70
(2.24)
93.99
(4.08)
0.00
244.90
(9.29)
298.81
(10.15)
351.39
(10.56)
204.00
(5.52)
1200.00
(22.24)
of malaria and, Rs. 298.81 lacs (10.15 Per cent) on development
Colony
Solid waste
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of slum colonies and Rs. 13.45 lacs (0.46 Per cent) on machinery.
Management
Health MCJ spent Rs. 1753.93 lacs (59.58 Per cent) on establishment.
including
removal and
In 2007-08 MCJ spent Rs. 3329.03 lacs on health
480.21 831.56 527.41 733.70 877.64 868.52 1237.57 1052.79
disposal of
drain and
(27.75) (36.12) (25.20) (27.84) (29.81) (26.09) (33.51) (19.51) services. In this year MCJ spent Rs. 868.52 lacs (26.09 Per cent)
prevention of
Maleria
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
Machinery 0.00
21.62
(0.94)
67.88
(3.24)
30.29
(1.15)
13.45
(0.46)
227.89
(6.85)
164.51
(4.45)
43.47
(0.81)
of malaria and, Rs. 351.39 lacs (10.56 Per cent) on development
Establishment
1211.67
(70.02)
1355.12
(58.86)
1497.60
(71.56)
1626.06
(61.71)
1753.93
(59.58)
1881.23
(56.51)
2087.06
(56.51)
3100.00
(57.45)
of slum colonies and Rs. 227.89 lacs (6.85 Per cent) on
Total
1730.58
(100)
2302.29
(100)
2092.89
(100)
2634.95
(100)
2943.83
(100)
3329.03
(100)
36 93.14
(100)
5396.26
(100)
machinery. MCJ spent Rs. 1881.23 lacs (56.51 Per cent) on
figures in brackets are percentages establishment.
In 2008-09 MCJ spent Rs. 3693.14 lacs on health
including removal and disposal of drain and prevention of services. In this year MCJ spent Rs. 1237.57 lacs (33.51 Per cent)
malaria and Rs. 38.70 lacs (2.24 Per cent) on development of on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
slum colonies. MCJ spent Rs. 1211.67 lacs (70.02 Per cent) on of malaria and, Rs. 204 lacs (5.52 Per cent) on development of
establishment. Corporation spent nothing on municipal solid slum colonies and Rs. 164.51 lacs (4.45 Per cent) on machinery.
waste management. MCJ spent Rs. 2087.06 lacs (56.51 Per cent) on establishment.
In 2003-04 MCJ spent Rs. 2302.29 lacs on health In 2009-10 MCJ spent Rs. 5396.26 lacs on health
services. In this year MCJ spent Rs. 831.56 lacs (36.12 Per cent) services. In this year MCJ spent Rs. 1052.79 lacs (19.51 Per cent)
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
of malaria and Rs. 93.99 lacs (4.08 Per cent) on development of of malaria and, Rs. 1200 lacs (22.24 Per cent) on development of
slum colonies and Rs. 21.62 lacs (0.94 Per cent) on machinery. slum colonies and Rs. 43.47 lacs (0.81 Per cent) on machinery.
MCJ spent Rs. 1355.12 lacs (58.86 Per cent) on establishment. MCJ spent Rs. 3100 lacs (57.45 Per cent) on establishment.
In 2004-05 MCJ spent Rs. 2092.89 lacs on health As shown in Table 2.9 in case of Municipal corporation
services. In this year MCJ spent Rs. 527.41 lacs (25.20 Per cent) Patiala (MCP) In 2002-03 spent Rs. 711.32 lacs on health
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention services. In this year MCP spent Rs. 102.98 lacs (14.48 Per cent)
of malaria and Rs. 67.88 lacs (3.24 Per cent) on machinery. MCJ on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
spent Rs. 1497.60 lacs (71.56 Per cent) on establishment. of malaria and Rs. 9.31 lacs (1.31 Per cent) on development of
In 2005-06 MCJ spent Rs. 2634.95 lacs on health slum colonies and Rs. 25.21 lacs (3.54 Per cent) on machinery.
services. In this year MCJ spent Rs. 733.70 lacs (27.84 Per cent) MCP spent Rs. 573.82 lacs (80.67 Per cent) on establishment.
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention In 2003-04 MCP spent Rs. 690.58 lacs on health services.
of malaria and, Rs. 244.90 lacs (9.29 Per cent) on development of In this year MCP spent Rs. 102.09 lacs (14.78 Per cent) on health
54 55
 soil through which water sweeps into ground or runoff to
the water bodies.
5. Changes in climatic conditions because of unbalanced
created in the environment.
Rapid population growth and poverty is adversely
affecting the environment of all over the world. As the 21st century
begins, growing number of people and rising levels of
consumption per capita are depleting natural resources and
degrading the environment. In India, the rapid increase of
population combines with desperate poverty to deplete and
pollute local resource bases on which the livelihood of present
and future generations depends. Though the relationship is
complex, population size and growth tend to expand and
accelerate these human impacts on the environment. What is
more concern, the number of population rise will increase to such
an extent in future that it will cause overall scarcity for resources.
The world's population was estimated to be 6.056 billion
in mid 2000 and projected 7.936 billion in the year 2025 and
9.322 billion in the year 2050. The projected population indicates
that India will be most populous country in the world and China
will be second in 2050. If the population continues to multiply,
the impact on environment could be devastating. The deficiency
of natural resources will further more create environmental
hazards in the world. India, with about 17 percent of the world's
population on only 2.4 percent of its land area has great deal of
pressure on its all natural resources including land. Decades of
economic expansion and population growth have degraded its
land, air and water.
As shown in figure-3.1, India would be the most
populated country in the world followed by China. Global
population growth was 1.8 percent during 1950s and rate peaked
at 2.2 percent in 1963. The global population is expected to reach
10.9 billion by 2050. So increasing requirements of the people
will become a big reason for land degrading.
60
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
of malaria and Rs. 10.76 lacs (1.00 Per cent) on machinery. MCP
spent Rs. 771.12 lacs (71.63 Per cent) on establishment.
In 2007-08 MCP spent Rs. 921.58 lacs on health services.
In this year MCP spent Rs. 31.43 lacs (3.41 Per cent) on health
including removal and disposal of drain and prevention of
malaria and Rs. 890.15 lacs (96.59 Per cent) on establishment.
In 2008-09 MCP spent Rs. 1277.80 lacs on health
services. In this year MCP spent Rs. 63.41 lacs (4.96 Per cent) on
health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention of
malaria. MCP spent Rs. 205 lacs (16.04 per cent) on development
of slum colonies, Rs 0.75 lacs (0.06 per cent) on machinery and
Rs. 1008.64 lacs (78.94 Per cent) on establishment
In 2009-10 MCP spent Rs. 1333.59 lacs on health
services. In this year MCP spent Rs. 159.70 lacs (11.98 Per cent)
on health including removal and disposal of drain and prevention
of malaria, Rs 8.89 lacs (0.67 per cent) on machinery and Rs.
1165 lacs (87.36 Per cent) on establishment.
Thus over the period most of the time per thousand
population maximum expenditure on health services was
incurred by Municicipal Corporation Amritsar. At current prices
it increased from 3.47 lacs in 2002-03 to 3.55 lacs in 2009-10,
followed by Municipal Corporation Ludhiana which at current
prices increased from Rs. 2.56 lacs in 2002-03 per thousand
people to 7.44 lacs in 2009-10 yet in 2009-10 Municipal
Corporation Jalandhar surpassed Amritsar. Similarly in case, of
Municipal Corporation Patiala expenditure on health services
increased at current prices from Rs. 2.14 lacs in 2002-03 to Rs.
3.32 lacs in 2009-10 per thousand population but in real term it
declined from Rs. 2.14 lacs to Rs. 1.70 lacs in the same period.
57
References
1. Government of Punjab, Economic Survey (various
issues)
2. Govt. of Punjab, Statistical Abstract of Punjab (various
issues).
3. Ludhiana City Development Plan: Vision 2021, An CHAPTER-IV
Intiative under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban renewal
LAND DEGRADATION
Mission.
4. Department of Town and Country Planning, Punjab, The rapid population growth and economic development
Master Plan Local Planning Area Jalandhar (2009-31). in country are degrading the environment through the
uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization,
expansion of modern agriculture, and the destruction of natural
habitats. One of the major causes of environmental degradation in
India could be attributed to rapid growth of population, which is
adversely affecting the natural resources and environment. The
growing population and the environmental deteriorations face the
challenge of sustained development without environmental
damage. India having 18 percent of the world's population on 2.4
percent of its land area has great deal of pressure on its all natural
resources. Water shortages, soil exhaustion, deforestation, air and
water pollution affect many areas. If the world population
continues to multiply, the impact on environment could be
devastating
Land degradation is a composite term; it has no single
readily-identifiable feature, but instead describes how one or
more of the land resources (soil, water, vegetation, rocks, air,
climate, relief) has changed for the worse. As per United Nation,
“Land degradation generally signifies the temporary or
permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land”.

Land degradation means:

1. Loss of natural fertility of soil becau
se of loss of nutrients.
2. Less vegetation cover
3. Changes in the characteristic of soil.
4. Pollution of water resources from the contamination of

58 59
erosion of bio diversity. In 1960's water table in Patiala, Sangrur,
Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Kapurthala & Amritsar was above 6m. At
present water table is declining at a rate of 55cm. per year. The
area with water table deeper than 10m was 3% in year 1973 which
increased to 90% in year 2004 and fall in ground water is still
continue. The impact is quite obvious as water requirement of
paddy is 180cm as compared to 45cm to cotton, 40cm to maize &
25cm to groundnut. The shift from these crops led to six fold
increase in total irrigation requirement of state. Another
implication is increased demand for energy in form of electricity
& diesel, 45% of the total electricity demand is consumed in
paddy season. Electricity has to be diverted from other sectors
mainly industry which has an adverse impact on industrial
production and growth.Punjab can ill afford to continue with the
existing acreage under paddy which is great drain on
underground water energy and soil health.
Deforestation:
Deforestation is both a type of degradation as such, and
also a cause of other types, principally water erosion.
Deforestation becomes a cause of degradation first, when the land
that is cleared is steeply sloping, or has shallow or easily erodible
soils; and secondly, where the clearance is not followed by good
management. Deforestation in India is the widespread
destruction of major forests. India ranked 10th worldwide in the
amount of forest loss. Where world annual defores tation is
estimated as 13.7 million hectares a year. Several causes
supported deforestation, including colonization, agricultural
expansion, firewood collection, timber harvesting and extension
of cultivation on slopes. Due to the colonization from all over the
country trees are cut down as a primary source of fuel .These trees
are used for cooking food and other daily needs which require
fuel.
Punjab state has only 6.87% of area (3463 sq.km) under
forests which include 3.37% (1699 sq. km) of tree cover & 3.50%
64
Figure-3.1
Source: U.S Census Bureau's International Database
Land Degradation in Punjab :
Punjab is a state in northwest region of India and is one of
the most prosperous states. The name Punjab is made of two
words Punj (Five) + Aab (Water) i.e. land of five rivers. These
five rivers of Punjab are Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum.
Only Sutlej, Ravi and Beas rivers flow in today's Punjab. The
other two rivers are now in the state of west Punjab, situated in
Pakistan. The Punjab State is divided into three regions: Majha,
Doaba and Malwa. Agriculture is the mainstay of Punjab's
economy. Other major industries include manufacturing of
scientific instruments, electrical goods, financial services,
machine tools, textiles, sports, sewing machines etc..
Punjab has made considerable economic progress after
Independence despite the setback of partition it suffered in 1947.
Wheat, Paddy, Sugarcane and Cotton are main crops of Punjab.
The initiative of Green revolution (a major agricultural initiative)
has been keenly taken forward by the people of Punjab.
According to 2011 Census of India, the total Population of Punjab
is 2,77,43,338. The decadal change i.e. increase in population
from 2001 to 2011 is 13.73%. The total area of the state is 50,362
square kilometers. Punjab is bounded on the west by Pakistan, on
the north by Jammu and Kashmir, on the northeast by Himachal
61
 Table 3.1 Table-3.2
Consumption of Fertilizers in Punjab Growth of Population in Punjab
Growth of Population Percentage Percentage
CONSUMPTION (FERTILIZERS IN 000 TONNES) Population of Punjab (lakh) Change Change for
1901-2011 India
Year N P K Total year
1901 75.45 - -
2005-06 1255 369 63 1687 1911 67.32 -10.78 5.75
2006-07 1299 354 39 1692 1921 71.53 6.26 -0.31
1931 80.12 12.02 11
2007-08 1316 344 38 1698 1941 96 19.82 14.22
1951 91.61 -4.58 13.31
2008-09 1332 379 57 1768 1961 111.35 21.56 21.51
1971 135.51 21.7 24.8
2009-10 1358 433 74 1865 1981 167.89 23.89 24.66
Source: Department of Agriculture Punjab 1991 202.82 20.81 23.5
2001 242.89 19.76 21.34
Pradesh and on the south by Haryana and Rajasthan. There are 22 2011 277.04 13.73 17.64

Districts and total of 168 statutory towns and 69 census towns in
Punjab. Thus there are total 237 towns (or say cities) in Punjab.
After Partition, Punjab had made great progress in almost every
field of life but still there remain shortage of lot of things because
population continued to increase more rapidly. But the problems
like educational and health facilities, environmental pollution,
land degradation, ground water, soil contamination and drinking
water is increasing day by day due to increase in Population.
As shown in Table-3.2, except for the periods 1901-11
and 1941-51 during which the population decreased, it has been
increasing steadily. However during the period 1901 t0 1911
because of droughts and epidemics( plague etc.) and during 1941-
51 as a result of large migration, deaths, etc. resulting from the
partition of the country, the population of Punjab decreased. The
population of Punjab in 1901 was 75.45 lakh. It rose to 91.6 lakh
in 1951. The first census of reorganized Punjab in 1971 recorded
its total population as 1,35,51,000. It increased to 1,67,88,915 in
1981 and to 2,02,81,969 in 1991, 2,42,89,296 in 2001 and
2,77,400 in 2011. But average population density of Punjab is
(551 per sq. km) is higher than national population density (382
per sq. km). Due to this density citizens are facing the problem of
basic amenties. Densive population is also become the big reason
of land degradion.
62
Source: Statistical abstracts of Punjab
Crop Rotation:
Punjab state has 5.03 million hectare. geographical area
out of which 4.23 m. hact. is under cultivation. Agriculture is a
way of life. About 75% of its population depends directly in
agriculture It has shaped the thought, outlook, culture and
economic life of the people. Since the advent of green revolution,
the state has made rapid strides in agricultural production. The
cropping intensity increased from 126% to 186% during the
period 1965-66 to 2004-05. The area under wheat has increased
by 216% and production by 756%, whereas the area under rice
has increased by 895% and production by 3307%. The state has
played a prominent role by achieving self sufficiency in food
grains by contributing 60% wheat and 40% rice to the central
pool. The productivity of wheat has increased from 1236 kg/hact
to 4209 kg/hact. Since the advent of green revolution, the state
has made rapid strides in agricultural production.
According to Depart of Soil and water conservation,
Paddy is an irrigation intensive crop, periodic record of water
table in Punjab shoes a continuous fall since introduction of
paddy in state. The continuous cultivation of paddy reduces soil
health due to burning of straw, use of higher agrochemicals and
63
cheaply obtained from nitrogenous fertilizer. There has been a
steady increase in the ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus, and
nitrogen to all other nutrients, in the region. Where phosphate
deficiencies have been recognized and counteracted by
phosphatic fertilizer, deficiencies of other nutrients, including
sulphur and zinc, have been reported. India is the second biggest
consumer of fertilizer in the world next only to China.
Since green revolution, use of chemical fertilizers
increasing day by day. As shown in Table 3.1 in the year 2005-06
consumption of fertilizers in Punjab was 1687 thousand tonnes,
which increased to 1865 in 2009-10. Demand for Pesticides and
Insecticides also increasing in Punjab.
Demand of pesticides during Rabi 2014-15 was 1848 MT. and in
Kharif 2014-15 the consumption of pesticides in technical grade
was 3851 MT. Thus the total consumption of pesticides in
technical grade during 2014-15 was 5699 MT.
This use of chemical fertilizers and Pesticides increasing
year wise year. This increasing consumption playing major role
in land degradation in Punjab. The cultivated area under the
application of chemical & Bio-pesticides is 35.77 thousand
hectares out of which 34.90 thousand hectares is under Chemical
pesticides only and 0.87 thousand hectares is under use of bio
pesticides, while 0.51 thousand hectares area is under use of both
bio and chemical pesticides.
Over Pumping of Groundwater :
In areas of non-saline ('sweet') groundwater, the
technology of tubewells has led to abstraction of water in excess
of natural recharge by rainfall and river seepage. This has
progressively lowered the water table, as in Iran, India and
Pakistan. As shown in Pie-chart, according to Agricultural
Census 2010-11, India's total area under irrigation was 64.7
million. Hectares Of this maximum 45% is shared by tube wells
followed by Canals and wells. In 1950-51, the Canal irrigated
area was 8.3 million hectares and it currently stands at 17 million
hectares.
68
(1764 sq. km) forest cover. The recorded Forest area of Punjab
was 2845 sq.km in 1990 but it has increased to 3084 sq km during
2013-14 which is 6.12 % of area under forests which is 0.40% of
India's Forest area. Of this 1.43% of the area is reserved forest,
36.87% of the area is protected forest, and the rest of the forest
area constitutes unclassed forests. Shivalik Forest: Comprising
sub mountainous zone and undulating land below the hills in the
districts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Pathankot, S.B.S. Nagar and
Ropar. This area constitutes about 77% of the total forest area in
the state. Maximum Forest cover of Punjab comes under
Hoshiarpur district with an area of 1148 sq.kms which is around
33% of states Forest area. The increase in forest cover is mainly
due to enhanced plantation activities undertaken in recent past by
the state forest department and spurt in Agro forestry practices in
the state. On the other hand 20 per cent area of India is under
forests.
Factors affecting forest and Wildlife in Punjab
Ø Increased urbanization
Ø Change in land use pattern
Ø Degradation of natural habitat & pollution
Ø Increased demand of timber
Ø Deforestation
Ø Invasive alien species especially Lantana camara,
Parthenium hysterophorus &Eichhornia crassipes
Ø Poaching & illegal trade of wildlifeproducts
Ø Forest fire and encroachments
Ø Soil erosion in shivaliks tracts
Fuel Wood:
As per 2011 census estimates, households consume 13.4
thousand tonnes of firewood in Punjab, which is far beyond the
sustainable production in the State (Census of India 201 1).
Various studies underscore the relation between unsustainable
extraction of fuel wood and degradation of forests. Unsustainable
extraction is a consequence of both demand factors- increasing
population, inefficient use of fuelwood, and lack of energy
65
alternatives for poor households- and supply side issues, which
include low productivity of forests (MoEF 2006).
Timber In the state, it has been reported that total demand
for wood for the year 2005, 2010 and 2015 are 7.24 million cum
(cubic metres), 7.44 million cum and 8.14 million cum. However,
it has been estimated that Government forests and Government
managed private forests produce 0.14 million cum of wood in
2005-06 .It suggests the gap in demand and supply is fulfilled
from private lands through agro forestry and from government
forest areas.
Fodder:
In the state, although livestock population has been
declining over the years, there is still immense pressure on forests
especially in areas like Shivalik hills. In Punjab 13 livestock
population has been decreasing continuously since 1990 showed
tremendous decline from about 97 lakh in 1990 to only 71 lakh
during 2007, at the rate of 1.5 per cent per annum. The cattle
population in the state has declined from about 28 lakh in 1990 to
about 17 lakh during 2007, decreasing at the rate of 2.29 per cent
per annum (Grover and Kumar, 2012). The fodder from
agricultural crops is a major source of fodder in the State.
However there has been decline in area under fodder crops in the
state from the average area 7.8 lakh ha. during the period 1990-94
to average area of 5.83 lakh hectare area during the period 2005-
09 . It has further increased the pressure on the forests leading to
forest degradation especially in the Shivalik region.
Encroachments:
It is complex issues which has legal, rights and livelihood
dimensions. As per government estimates, 1.34 million hectare of
forest area is encroached in the country . According to MoEF, in
Punjab around 3,090 ha. of forest area is under the encroachment.
Forest fires:
In Punjab, forest fires are regular feature after the
66
harvesting season when the farmers in the adjoining areas burn
their agricultural residue in fields and the fires extend to the forest
areas. As per a research study, around 4.23 million metric tonnes
of paddy and wheat residue burnt annually in the state Forest fires
result loss of biodiversity and affect the productivity of the entire
ecosystem. Very often, fires created in small patches spread into
large areas.
Weed Infestation:
Weed infestation especially of Lantana camara is a
serious threat to resurgence of forest in areas of Punjab. It is
threatening to see that entire Shivalik forest range is causing
destruction of forest flora and fauna, hence biological control of
this weed is necessary. The Shivalik forest in the districts of
Roopnagar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur has been seriously
affected by invasion of Lantana camara. Siswan-Dulwan area of
Roonagar district in Shivalik spread in 2044 ha. area is a
biodiversity rich area and maximum part of this area is under
proliferation of Lantana camara. In Gurdaspur district, 34.90%
loss in forest cover has been attributed due to Lantana invasion.
The state has set up a target to increase area under forest
and tree cover from 6.82% (3271 sq. km) to 15% (7554 sq. km) by
2017 under state forestry action program, which is highly
ambitious, unrealistic and a distant task. Thus, it is difficult to
imagine the achievement of this target in the given time frame.
Based on the past efforts, experience and practical situations, the
state should revise its target. Since, Punjab is agricultural state,
around 82% of the geographical area is under agriculture, so there
is limitation of extension of forestry activities in the state, but can
explore the agro forestry for green growth in the state.
Unbalanced Fertilizer use :
Where soil fertility has declined, as a result of prolonged
cultivation or erosion, farmers attempt to maintain crop yields.
The primary method available for doing so is application of
fertilizer. In the short term, a yield response is most readily and
67

CHAPTER-V
INCREASING POLLUTION: A CHALLENGE FOR
NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural resources occur naturally within environments
that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A
natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity
and geo diversity existent in various ecosystems. These are
derived from the environment. Some of them are essential for
human survival while most are used for satisfying human wants.
This includes all valued characteristics such as magnetic,
gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth it
includes: Sunglight, atmoshphere, water, land (includes all
minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life. So in short we
may say that the sum total of all the physical, chemical, biological
and social factors surrounding a man may be termed as
environment. Each element in the surroundings forms resources
on which the human beings depend, in order to develop
economically and socially a better life system.Thus, a resource
may be defined as any part of the environment such as land, water,
air, mineral, forest, wildlife, fish, population etc. which the
human beings utilise to promote their welfare. In other words, all
means of satisfying human needs, at a given time and place are
called resources.
According to Ramade (1984), a resource may be defined
as a form of energy and/or matter which is essential for the
functioning of the organisms, populations and ecosystem. The
ecological variables like energy, matter, space, time and diversity
combinedly are referred as natural resources. There are various
methods of categorizing natural resources, these include source
72
Sources of Irrigation in India 2010-11
Source: Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (Agriculture Census 2010-11)
Despite that, the relative importance of Canals has come
down from 40% in 1951 to 26% in 2010-11. On the other hand,
the well and tube well accounted for 29% total irrigated area and
now they share 64% of the total irrigated area. As per the ground
water resource assessment (Ministry of water resources) 2011,
ground water availability for future irrigation use for India as a
whole is 154.71 BCM and that of Punjab is -14.83 BCM.
Negative values indicate that overall ground water demand in the
state exceeds annual availability.
Municipal Solid Waste Management:
Municipal Solid Waste Management is also a major issue
for land degradation specially in urban areas in India. Due to lack
of management of Municipal Solid waste management, land is
contaminated with hazardous and chemical waste. Specially in
India there is no provision for solid waste management. In a result
land is being contaminated continuously day by day. Increasing
Population is the big cause of solid waste problem. Due to
inadequate management of solid waste, environmental and health
problems are occurred.
Prevention of Land degradation:
Following are some practices for controlling land degradation:
69
1. Crop Rotation: References
It is one of the agricultural practice in which different 1. Economics of Production, Processing and Marketing of
crops are grown in same area following a rotation system Fodder Crops in India (consolidated report), D.K. Grover
which helps in replenishment of the soil. Sanjay Kumar, 2012.
2. Sharma,P.K. 2001. Land Degradation in India with
2. Ridge and Furrow Formation: Special Reference to Punjab: Remote Sensing Centre.,
Soil erosion is one of the factors responsible for land Ludhiana. Jour. Agric. Physics, Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 80-81
degradation. It can be prevented by formation of ridge 3. pscst.gov.in
and furrow during irrigation which lessens run off. 4. Agriculture Census 2010-11 (Phase-II), Agriculture
Census Division, Department of Agriculture and
3. Construction of Dams: Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture New Delhi, 2015.
This usually checks or reduces the velocity of run off so 5. Agripb.gov.in
that soil support vegetation.

4 Contour Farming:
This type of farming is usually practiced across the hill
side and is useful in collecting and diverting the run off to
avoid erosion.

5. Organic Farming
Organic farming is a best way to protect land from
contamination of chemicals i.e Insecticide, Pesticides
and urea.

6. More Plantation:
Plantation is must to save land. Plants will reduce soil
erosion.

7. Better managent of solid waste may protect land and soil

from toxicities.

8. Chemical Fertilizers should be alter with organic manure.

Organic manure will increase the fertility of land.

70 71
Deforestation
The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes
of climate change. Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger
in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces a layer
in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. The radiation
converts to heat which causes global warming, which is better
known as the greenhouse effect. Trees are renewable resources as
they protect our environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by
creating oxygen. Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It
reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as
atmospheric moisture. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so
that erosion, flooding and landslides. Rain forests are also
sheltering many species and organism providing local
populations with food and other commodities.
Water Resources
Water can be considered a renewable material when
carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If
not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location.
For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at
a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so
groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water
from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction
(subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97% of the water on the
Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds
of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining
unfrozen fresh water is found mainly as groundwater, with only a
small fraction (0,008%) present above ground or in the air.
Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding
water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is
used in industry. Major industrial users include hydroelectric
dams, thermo electric power plants, which use water for cooling,
ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and
manufacturing plants and as a solvent.
76
of origin, stage of development, and by their renewability. On the
basis of origin, natural resources may be divided into two types
Biotic
Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living
and organic material), such as forests and animals, and the
materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels such as coal
and petroleum are also included in this category because they are
formed from decayed organic matter.
Abiotic
Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living,
non-organic material. Examples of abiotic resources include
land, fresh water, air and heavy metals including ores such as
gold, iron, copper, silver, etc. Considering their stage of
development, natural resources may be referred to in the
following ways:
Potential Resources
Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may
be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many
parts of India, having sedimentary rocks but until the time it is
actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential
resource.
Actual Resources
Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their
quantity and quality determined and are being used in present
times. The development of an actual resource, such as wood
processing depends upon the technology available and the cost
involved.
Reserve Resources
The part of an actual resource which can be developed
profitably in the future is called a reserve resource.
73
Stock Resources
Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but
cannot be used by organisms due to lack of technology . For
example: hydrogen.Renewability is a very popular topic and
many natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or
non-renewable:
Renewable Resources
Renewable resources are ones that can be replenished
naturally. Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc.,
are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably
affected by human consumption. Though many renewable
resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources
are susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human
use perspective are classified as renewable only so long as the rate
of replenishment/ recovery exceeds that of the rate of
consumption. A renewable resource is a natural resource which
can replenish with the passage of time, either through biological
reproduction or other naturally recurring processes. Renewable
resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest
components of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a
key indicator of a resource's sustainability. In 1962, Paul Alfred
Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of
living organisms providing man with food, fibers, drugs, etc.
Renewable resources may be the source of power for
renewable energy. However, if the rate at which the renewable
resource is consumed exceeds its renewal rate, renewal and
sustainability will not be ensured. The term renewable resource
also describes systems like sustainable agriculture and water
resources. Sustainable harvesting of renewable resources (i.e.,
maintaining a positive renewal rate) can reduce pollution, soil,
habitat destruction and land degradation.
Non-Renewable
Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not
naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most
74
common resource included in this category. From the human
perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate of
consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good
example of this are fossil fuels, which are in this category because
their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of
years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Gasoline,
coal, natural gas, diesel and other commodities derived from
fossil fuels, as well as minerals like copper and others, are non-
renewable resources without a sustainable yield.
Sustainable Agriculture
Expansion of agricultural land has an impact on
biodiversity and contributes to deforestation. The Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that in
coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial
and urban development, along with reclamation of wetlands, and
conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the loss of
biodiversity and increased soil erosion.
The tillage of agricultural land is one of the primary
contributing factors to erosion, due to mechanized agricultural
equipment that allows for deep ploughing, which severely
increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by
water erosion. The phenomenon called Peak Soil describes how
large-scale factory farming techniques are jeopardizing
humanity's ability to grow food in the present and in the future.
Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the
availability of arable soil will become increasingly problematic.
The phrase sustainable was coined by Australian agricultural
scientist Gordon, who clearly warned that natural resources will
be not available for coming generations if exploitation of these
recourses not stopped. In modern agriculture, use of Chemical
fertilizer and pesticides is increasing rapidly but it can also have
an effect of soil erosion, which can contribute to soil salinity and
prevent other species from growing.
75
starch or micro biota. The most common form of bio-plastic is
thermoplastic starch. Other forms include Cellulose bio plastics,
bio polyester, Polylactic , and bio-derived polyethylene.The
production and use of bio-plastics is generally regarded as a more
sustainable when compared with plastic production from
petroleum (petro-plastic), however manufacturing of bio-plastic
materials is often still reliant upon petroleum as energy and
materials source. Because of the fragmentation in the market and
ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market
size for bio-plastics, but estimates put global production capacity
at 327,000 tonnes. In contrast, global consumption of all flexible
packaging is estimated at around 12.3 million tonnes.
Bioasphalt
Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-
petroleum based renewable resources. Manufacturing sources of
bioasphalt include sugar, molasses and rice, corn and potato
starches, and vegetable oil based waste. Asphalt made with
vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in
2004.
Non-Renewable resource
Non-renewable resource (also known as a finite resource)
is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for
sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human
timeframes. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived
fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and
pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Fossil fuels (such as
coal, petroleum, and natural gas), and certain aquifers are all
examples of non-renewable resources. Metal ores are other
examples of non-renewable resources. The metals themselves are
present in vast amounts in the earth's crust which can never be
exhausted, and which are continually being concentrated and
replenished over time scales of millions of years, however their
extraction by humans only occurs where they are concentrated by
80
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy from natural resources such
as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.
Common applications of renewable energies are electricity
generation and fuels. The reported problem with these renewable
resources is that it is difficult and expensive to harness enough
power from them to match the effectiveness of non-renewable
resources.
Solar Energy
Solar energy is the most abundant and easily available
renewable resource, and has been harnessed by humans since
ancient times. In one year, the Sun delivers more than 10,000
times the energy that humans currently use and almost twice the
amount of energy that will ever be obtained from all of the
planet's non-renewable resources. Solar is the conversion of
sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV),
or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated
solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics
convert light into electric current using the effect. There are many
domestic applications of solar power including solar cookers,
solar stills, solar water heating, solar heating and air conditioning.
Wind Power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful
form of energy. Most modern electrical wind power is generated
by converting the rotation of turbine blades into electrical
currents by means of an generator. Windmills provide mechanical
power, and were originally developed for milling grain for food
production. Other industrial uses of windmill machinery are wind
pumps, used for water pumping or drainage.Wind power is also
used to propel ships using sails.
Hydropower
Hydropower is energy derived from the movement of
77
water in rivers and oceans, originally used for irrigation and the
operation of various mechanical devices. Since the early 20th
century, the term is used almost exclusively in conjunction with
the modern development of hydro-electric power. Conventional
hydroelectric power involves creating a dam, and using the
resulting water force to turn a water turbine and generator. Other
electricity generating methods are run-of-the-river
hydroelectricity, which captures the kinetic energy in rivers or
streams, without the use of dams, and pumped-storage
hydroelectricity, which stores water pumped during periods of
low demand to be released for generation when demand is high.
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy comes from the Earth's crust and
originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and
from radioactive decay of minerals (80%). The available energy
from the Earth's crust and mantle is approximately equal to that of
incoming solar energy. Geothermal heating is the direct use of
geothermal energy for heating applications. Since Paleolithic
times, naturally occurring Hot springs have been used for
bathing. Geothermal electricity is electricity generated from
geothermal energy using technologies like super heaters, flash
steam power plants and binary cycle power plants. The first
geothermal power station was built at Landrello, Italy. Other
countries that have geothermal power stations are Japan, Iceland,
the Philippines and the United States. In Iceland, geothermal
energy is used for electricity and heat. Brazil has bioethanol made
from sugarcane available throughout the country.
Biofuel
A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from
biological carbon fixation. Bio fuels include fuels derived from
biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and
various biogases. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation,
mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops
78
such as corn, sugarcane or switchgrass. Biodiesel is made from
vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is produced from oils or
fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in
Europe. Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic
digestion of organic material by anaerobes. etc. is also a
renewable source of energy.
Biomass
Biomass is biological material from living, or recently
living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived
materials. As a renewable energy source, biomass can either be
used directly, or indirectly-once or converted into another type of
energy product such as biofuel. The use of biomass helps to
sustain climate change, increase energy efficiency, and decrease
greenhouse gas emission. Biomass is all biologically produced
matter based in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The estimated
biomass production in the world is 146 billion tons a year,
consisting of mostly wild plant growth. Biomass energy is
derived from six distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, plants,
waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Historically, humans
have harnessed biomass derived energy since the advent of
burning wood to make fire, and wood remain the largest biomass
energy source today. The biomass used for electricity generation
varies by region. Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are
common in the United States. Agricultural waste is common in
Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks).
Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in
the UK. The biomass power generating industry in the United
States, which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer
operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces
about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply.
Bio-plastics
Bio-plastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable
biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, pea
79
crops but also stored ones and in the tropics it is reckoned that one
third of the total production is lost during food storage. As with
fungicides, the first insecticides used in the nineteenth century
were inorganic e.g. Paris Green and other compounds of arsenic.
Nicotine has also been used since the late eighteenth century.
Synthetic Insecticides
Organ chlorines include DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin and BHC.
They are cheap to produce, potent and persistent. DDT was used
on a massive scale from the 1930s. Then usage fell as the harmful
environmental effects were realized. It was found worldwide in
fish and birds and was even discovered in the snow in the
Antarctic. It is only slightly soluble in water but is very soluble in
the bloodstream. It affects the nervous and endocrine systems and
causes the eggshells of birds to lack calcium causing them to be
easily breakable. It is thought to be responsible for the decline of
the numbers of birds of prey like ospreys and peregrine falcons in
the 1950s. However, DDT was banned in the UK and the United
States to stop the further build up of it in the food chain. U.S.
manufacturers continued to sell DDT to developing countries,
who could not afford the expensive replacement chemicals and
who did not have such stringent regulations governing the use of
pesticides.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within
a given species, ecosystem, biome, or planet. Terrestrial
biodiversity tends to be highest at low latitudes near the equator,
which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high
primary productivity. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest
along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface
temperature is highest and in mid-latitudinal band in all oceans.
Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been
increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.
Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions.
84
natural processes (such as heat, pressure, organic activity,
weathering and other processes) to a level that is economically
extractable, and where these processes occur, or are brought near,
the earth's surface, generally over tens of thousands to millions of
years. In other words, metal ores are non-renewable, but
generally inexhaustible.
Fossil Fuel
Natural resources such as coal, petroleum (crude oil) and
natural gas take thousands of years to form naturally and cannot
be replaced as fast as they are being consumed. Eventually it is
considered that fossil-based resources will become too costly to
harvest and humanity will need to shift its reliance to other
sources of energy. At present, the main energy source used by
humans is non-renewable fossil fuels. Since the dawn of internal
combustion engine technologies in the 17th century, petroleum
and other fossil fuels have remained in continual demand. As a
result, conventional infrastructure and transport systems, which
are fitted to combustion engines, remain prominent throughout
the globe. The continual use of fossil fuels at the current rate is
believed to increase global warming and cause more severe
climate change.
Radioactive Fuel
The use of nuclear technology requires a radioactive fuel.
Uranium ore is present in the ground at relatively low
concentrations and mined in 19 countries. This mined uranium is
used to fuel energy-generating nuclear reactors with fissionable
uranium-238 which generates heat that is ultimately used to
power turbines to generate electricity. Nuclear power provides
about 6% of the world's energy and 13-14% of the world's
electricity. Nuclear energy production is associated with
potentially dangerous radioactive contamination as it relies upon
unstable elements.The use of nuclear fuel and the high-level
radioactive waste the nuclear industry generates is highly
81
hazardous to people and wildlife. Radio contaminants in the
environment can enter the food chain and become bio
accumulated. Internal or external exposure can cause mutagenic
DNA breakage producing teratogenic generational birth defects,
cancers and other damage. The storage of waste, health
implications and dangers of radioactive fuel continue to be a topic
of debate, resulting in a controversial and unresolved industry.
Soil Pollution
Soil contamination or soil pollution is caused by the
presence of xenobiotic(human-made) chemicals or other
alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by
industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of
waste. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum
hydrocarbons, poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (such as
naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and
other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree
of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage. The concern
over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from
direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapors from the
contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water
supplies within and underlying the soil. Mapping of
contaminated soil sites and the resulting cleanup are time
consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts of
geology, hydrology, chemistry, computer modeling skills, and
GIS in Environmental Contamination, as well as an appreciation
of the history of industrial chemistry.
Soil contamination can be caused by:
· Application of pesticides and fertilizers
· Mining
· Oil and fuel dumping
· Disposal of coal ash
· Leaching from landfills
· Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil
· Discharging urine in the open
82
· The most common chemicals involved are petroleum
hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy
metals.
Coal Ash
Historical deposition of coal ash used for residential,
commercial, and industrial heating, as well as for industrial
processes such as ore smelting, were a common source of
contamination in areas that were industrialized before about
1960. Coal naturally concentrates lead and zinc during its
formation, as well as other heavy metals to a lesser degree. United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that
living next to a coal ash disposal site can increase your risk of
cancer or other diseases. If you live near an unlined wet ash pond
(surface impoundment) and you get your drinking water from a
well, you may have as much as a 1 in 50 chance of getting cancer
from drinking arsenic-contaminated water. If eaten, drunk or
inhaled, these toxicants can cause cancer and nervous system
impacts such as cognitive deficits, developmental delays and
behavioral problems.
Pesticides and herbicides
A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to
kill a pest. A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological
agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or
device used against any pest. Pests include insects, plant
pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes
(roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food,
destroy property, spread or are a vector for disease or cause a
nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides,
there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans,
soil and other organisms.
Herbicides are used to kill weeds, especially on
pavements and railways. Insecticides are used to rid farms of
pests which damage crops. The insects damage not only standing
83
 greenhouse gas abatement.
· Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and
other solvents
· Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.
Methane is highly flammable and may form explosive
mixtures with air. Methane is also an asphyxiate and may
displace oxygen in an enclosed space.
· Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ
warfare and rocketry
Ambient Air Quality of Punjab
Currently Punjab has 24 air quality monitoring stations in
11 cities under the National ambient air quality Programme
(NAMP) of CPCB (CPCB, 2014). Figure 4.1 shows annual
average concentration of RSPM, NOx and SO2 during 2007-
2012 across different cities in Punjab. It is evident that at all the
air quality monitoring stations, RSPM is above the annual
average standard of 60 ug/m3 prescribed by CPCB. Ludhiana,
Amritsar, Gobindgarh and Khanna cities show RSPM
Figure 4.1
Annual Average Standard: ug/m3
88
One estimate is that <1%-3% of the species that have existed on
Earth are extant.
Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and
several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in
biodiversity. The period since the emergence of humans has
displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an
accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene
extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts,
particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts
human health in a number of ways, both positively and
negatively. The United Nations designated 2011-2020 as the
United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.
The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife
scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the 1968.
The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade,
when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and
environmental policy. The term's contracted form biodiversity
may have been coined by W.G. Rosen in 1985 while planning the
1986 National Forum on Biological Diversity organized by the
National Research Council (NRC). It first appeared in a
publication in 1988 when socio biologist E.O. Wilson used it as
the title of the proceedings of that forum. "Biodiversity" is most
commonly used to replace the more clearly defined and long
established terms, species diversity and species richness.
Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes,
species, and ecosystems of a region".
Status of Pollution in Punjab
Punjab is unarguably one of the most wonderful states in
India with regards to the climate. The state has fabulous weather
throughout the year which is also conducive for the growth of a
variety of crops. The state of Punjab is the highest producer of
wheat in the country. The Population of Punjab according to the
2011 census stands at about 27 million, making it the 15th most
populated state in India. The state is spread over an area of about
85
50,362 sq. km., making it the 19th largest state in the country in
terms of area. The density of population per sq. Km. is about 550
which is inevitable given the opportunities of growth and
development in the state. The literacy rate in the state is about
73% a figure that has improved tremendously in the last few years
due to the consistent efforts of the government. As per Census
2011, Punjab has population of 2.77 Crore, an increase from
figure of 2.44 Crore in 2001 census. The total population growth
in this decade was 13.73 percent. The population of Punjab forms
2.29 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 2.37
percent. Out of total population of Punjab, 37.49 percent people
live in urban regions. Increase in population, industrialization,
consumerism and vehicles also affecting environment of Punjab.
Use of Chemical fertilizers, lack of crops diversification and
stubble burning trend in the State is also a big threat to natural
resources and biodiversity.
Air Pollution
Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic
chemicals or compounds (including those of biological origin) in
the air, at levels that pose a health risk. In an even broader sense,
air pollution means the presence of chemicals or compounds in
the air which are usually not present and which lower the quality
of the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life.
An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse
effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid
particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural
origin or man-made.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural
gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth.
Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been
recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's
ecosystems. Air is one of five basic natural ingredients of life
system and also an inexhaustible natural resource. It is very
essential for the survival of all the living organisms on earth. As
86
per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), “Air pollution"
means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in the
atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be
injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or
property or environment.”
Air is a mixture of different gases; nitrogen, Oxygen and
argon are the major components.
o Nitrogen 78.084% N2
o Oxygen 20.946% O2
o Argon 0.934% Ar
o Carbon dioxide 0.0314% Co2
o Methane 0.0002% CH4
Pollutants can be classified as primary and secondary.
Usually, primary pollutants are directly produced from a
process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon
monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulphur dioxide
released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted
directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants
react or interact. Some pollutants may be both primary and
secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from
other primary pollutants. Anthropogenic sources (man-made
sources) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel.
· "Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power
plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste
incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-
burning heating devices. In developing and poor
countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source
of air pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood, crop
waste and dung.
· "Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine vessels,
aircraft and the effect of sound etc.
· Chemical, dust and controlled burn practices in
agriculture and forestry management. Controlled or
prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in
forest management, farming, prairie restoration or
87

· Environment awareness and education needs to be
promoted to promote voluntary people's participation for
environment protection.
Water Pollution:
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies e.g
lakes, rivers, aquifers, ocean and ground water. Water pollution
occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into
water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living
in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging
not only to individual species and populations, but also to the
natural biological communities.
Water pollution is a major problem which requires
ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all
levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has
been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths
and diseases. Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is
impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not
support a human use, such as drinking water, and/or undergoes a
marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic
communities, such as fish.
Surface water and groundwater have often been studied
and managed as separate resources, although they are
interrelated. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes
groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface
water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally
grouped into two categories based on their origin.
Point Source Pollution
Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that
enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe
or ditch.
Non point source pollution :-
Non Point source refers to diffuse contamination that
92
Annual Average Standard: ug/m3
Annual Average Standard: 50 ug/m3
Source: Central Pollution Control Board
concentration in Punjab are well below the standards prescribed by CPCB.
concentrations more than 180 ?g/m3, which is thrice the
prescribed standard. SO2 and NOx .
There are 12 monitoring station each in industrial and
residential areas. Punjab, predominately an agrarian state is also
well known for its rapid industrialization in the post-
independence period. There were only few industrial units
mainly food grains, cotton grinning and brick kilns before
independence era (Planning Commission, 2002). But with the
advent of green revolution and process of liberalization and
economic reforms, manufacturing sector geared up in Punjab.
Majority of these industries use coal as a main fuel which
correspondingly resulted into increase in the levels of air
pollution in the state over the time period. RSPM (Respirable
Suspended Particulate Matter) levels are above the maximum
permissible limits by CPCB in almost all the cities of Punjab. The
Central Pollution Control Board has categorized Mandi
Gobindgarh in Punjab as 'Critically Polluted'. Due to the critical
situation in the concern area, air quality monitoring was
conducted during the year of 2007 at seven locations including
the industrial, residential and mixed areas.
Impact of Air Pollution
Air pollution is a significant risk factor for multiple health
conditions including respiratory infections, heart disease, and
89
lung cancer, according to the WHO. The health effects caused by
air pollution may include difficulty in breathing, wheezing,
coughing, asthma and aggravation of existing respiratory and
cardiac conditions.
· The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million
people die each year from causes directly attributable to
air pollution in the world, with 1.5 million of these deaths
attributable to indoor air pollution. A 2005 study by the
European Commission calculated that air pollution
reduces life expectancy by an average of almost nine
months across the European Union.
· Air pollution has adverse impacts on human health,
plants, animal, materials and as well as, in its global
implications like depletion of the ozone layer, green
house effects, etc.
· Air Pollutants usually enter the body through the
respiratory system or skin and may affect specific organs
as shown in the table below:
3
· CO- Central nervous system affected at 15 mg/m
3 3
· SO2- Increased mortality at 0.25 mg/m with 750mg/m
smoke Induced respiratory illness in children at 0.046
3 3
mg/m with smoke at 100 mg/m for long term exposure.
3 3
Throat irritation at 8-12 mg/m. Eye irritation at 10mg/m.
3
Immediate coughing at 20 mg/m
· Particulates- Irritation of nose & throat, respiratory
problems especially bronchial asthma, skin diseases, eye
irritation
· NO2- Increased respiratory illness over 6 months test
3
period at 0.06-0.109 mg/m
· Affects on Plants, Animals and Goods:
· Food, foliage and ornamental crops harmed by air
pollutants show chlorosis and necrosis and decreased
yield.
· Some of the substances responsible for plant damage are
ethylene, sulphur dioxide, acid mists, fluorides, ozone
and a number of organic oxidants. SO2 fumes; iron and
90
copper smelter can bleach and cause interveinal blotching
in wheat, cottonne, and in apple etc.
· The animals are mainly affected by fluoride, CO and
hydrocarbons, which result in fluorosis of bones and teeth
and pulmonary diseases, heavy metal toxicity, etc.
Effects on children
· Around the world, children living in cities with high
exposure to air pollutants are at increased risk of
developing asthma, pneumonia and other lower
respiratory infections. Because children are outdoors
more and have higher minute ventilation they are more
susceptible to the dangers of air pollution.
Measures for Controlling Air Pollution:
· Use of clean & efficient fuels (like CNG) and regular
maintenance and check up of vehicles for their emissions.
Lead free petrol has been introduce since 2000.
· Adoption of low waste technologies and use of particulate
removal devices like bag filters, electrostatic
precipitators and scrubbers in industries for end of pipe
treatment.
· Use of gas removal devices using absorption, activated
carbon absorbers adsorption (molecular sieve) and
catalytic converters.
· Planting of green belts.
· Use of tall chimneys for release of pollutants into upper
layers of the atmosphere so that air near the ground
remains clean.
· Ban on burning of rice husk in the fields and promotion of
its mulching and composting.
· With the alarming increase in the atmospheric pollution in
the state in the last two decades, there is an urgent need to
take collective measures both, by public and government,
to save its ecology for the sustainable development in
future.
91
14% of the well water have fluoride above 1.5 mg/l. The districts
from where large number of water samples contains high values
of fluoride are located in the Malwa region. Ground water is
unsuitable for drinking uses at places in the southern and south
western parts due to high EC or high fluoride or nitrate or
combination of all. The areas mostly in southern and south
western parts of the State where electrical conductivity (EC) of
ground water goes beyond 5000 ?S/cm and Sodium Adsorption
Ratio (SAR) is more than 10, such waters are not suitable for
customary irrigation. Selenium has been found above the
permissible limit in soil and shallow groundwater of Nawanshahr
& Hoshiarpur district.
Causes of water pollution
It is a well-known fact that clean water is absolutely
essential for healthy living. Adequate supply of fresh and clean
drinking water is a basic need for all human beings on the earth,
yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are
deprived of this. Freshwater resources all over the world are
threatened not only by over exploitation and poor management
but also by ecological degradation. The main source of
freshwater pollution can be attributed to discharge of untreated
waste, dumping of industrial effluent, and run-of f from
agricultural fields. Industrial growth, urbanization and the
increasing use of synthetic organic substances have serious and
adverse impacts on freshwater bodies. Polluted water like
chemicals in drinking water causes problem to health and leads to
water borne disease.
Ground water can be contaminated through various sources and
some of these are mentioned below.
" Use of pesticides that in turn contaminate the water.
Groundwater is susceptible to contamination, as pesticides are
mobile in the soil. It is a matter of concern as these chemicals are
persistent in the soil and water.
" Leechate from landfill sites is another major
contaminating source. Its effects on the ecosystems and health are
endocrine and reproductive damage in wildlife. " Untreated
or inadequately treated municipal sewage is a major source of
groundwater and surface water pollution. The organic material
96
does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is
often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants
gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out
of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands.
Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an
agricultural fieldor a forest are also cited as examples of NPS
pollution.
Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots,
roads and highways, called urban runoff, is sometimes included
under the category of NPS pollution. However, this runoff is
typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged
through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source.
With passage of time, rapid industrialization and
urbanization took place which triggered usage of large quantity of
ground water as well as surface water for various purposes in
Punjab. There was also increase in disposal of solid waste from
urban agglomerates and industrial hubs which has posed a threat
for environmental degradation due to haphazard discharges into
natural rivulets/nallahas and indiscriminate dumping in the
agricultural fields. The intensive irrigation coupled with rapid
industrialization and urbanization has brought in water quality
degradation vis-a-vis development of water resources with space
and time. With the advent of green revolution, there were many
interventions in the field of agriculture to achieve National food
security for the country which has prompted farmers to grow high
yield paddy with advanced agriculture practices. As a result, over
the years, many such problems in the field of water quality have
emerged due to large scale usage of pesticides, herbicides,
weedicides, etc. Punjab has a intensive network of irrigation
facility. Both the surface and ground water sources are being used
for irrigation. The share of surface water of its rivers is limited to
14.54 million acre foot (MAF) and remaining is fulfilled with
groundwater. Further, the data pertaining to surplus Ravi-Beas
waters during the flow series 1981-2002 reveals that the mean
flow has got reduced to 14.37 MAF instead of 17.17 MAF as
93
assessed based on flow series 1921-60. The average annual
rainfall of the State has also decreased during the last two decades
by 45% from 755 mm in the year 1990 to 418 mm in the year
2006. Even various reports have shown that the snow
cover/glacier in the catchment area of rivers of the S tate is
decreasing due to global warming. As such, the surface run-offs
have decreased which along with canalization of rivers and fewer
floods have decreased the natural recharge to ground water
resources, so stressing the groundwater to meet the agriculture
demand (The net area irrigated to gross area sown has increased
from 71% during 1970-71 to 97.4% during 2008-09 (Fig: 4.2).
The practice of irrigation through tubewells is not very old in
Punjab and unlike canal irrigation; its development was due to the
initiative and enterprise of the individual farmers. Before 1960,
about one-third of the total irrigation was done through open
wells and tubewells. Irrigation by ground water in the State is
done mainly through shallow and deep tube wells. At present,
there are more than 12 lacs tubewells as compared to 1.92 lacs in
1970-71 and about 75% of total tubewells are electric-operated
while the rest are operated with diesel engines. As such, the
percentage of net area irrigated to net area sown has shown a
tremendous increase from 71 to 97.4% during 1970-71 to 2006-
09. Out of the total irrigated area, the area under irrigation by
Figure 4.2
Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab 2009
94
groundwater through tubewells has increased from 55 to 73%
during this period.
Central Pollution Control's recent report reveals that
natural resource of water in Punjab also contaminated. Water of
these rivers are no more safe. The rivers with polluted and poor
water quality are differentiated out on the basis of the six water
quality parameters i.e. DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TC, FC. Out of the
total 40 rivers spread over 82 locations in India are being
monitored by Central Pollution Control. The river Ghaggar
having the lowest water quality at the 7 locations out of the 9
locations namely, (i) at Mubarakpur (Punjab), (ii) at Tiwana
village (Punjab), (iii) at Sirsa Dabwali Road (Haryana), (iv) at
Chandrapur Siphon (Haryana), (v) at Sirdulgarh (Punjab), (vi) at
Ottu Weir (Haryana) (vii) at Sirsa Hanumangarh Road
(Rajasthan). Ghaggar at Mubarakpur (Punjab) is having the
deteriorated water quality due the highest BOD range among all
the polluted Ghaggar river locations. Ghaggar at Sirsa Dabwali
road is observed with the highest TDS value among the 7 polluted
river locations. Ghaggar at Chandrapur, Siphon is observed with
the highest TC count. The rivers being monitored at single
location and having water quality meeting to the prescribed
standards are Satluj, Kosi, Kitcha, Swan, Pilakhar, Churni,
Indravati, Cauvery, Tungabhadra, Pennar, Godavari, Mahanadi,
Godavari, Wainganga, Sabarmati and Uttra Pinkhani. Overall,
78% locations have DO value within the prescribed limit and
75% locations have BOD value within the prescribed range with
6% locations have very high BOD value indicating poor water
quality. 76% locations have TDS range and 11% with TC range
within the prescribed limit.
As per Central Ground Water Board for quality evaluation
report the ground water occurring in the southern and south-
western parts comprising of Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa
Ferozepur, Sangrur and Moga districts is saline to highly saline
and is not suitable for drinking uses. 16% ground waters
occurring in the southern and south-western districts of the State
have very high concentration of nitrate (above 100 mg/l). About
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Light Pollution
Light pollution is the over illumination of an area that is
considered obtrusive. Sources include:
" Large cities
" Billboards and advertising
" Nighttime sporting events and other nighttime
entertainment
Light pollution makes it impossible to see stars, therefore
interfering with astronomical observation and personal
enjoyment. If it is near residential areas, light pollution can also
degrade the quality of life for residents.
Visual Pollution
Visual pollution - eyesores - can be caused by other
pollution or just by undesirable, unattractive views. It may lower
the quality of life in certain areas, or could impact property values
and personal enjoyment.
Sources of visual pollution include:
· Power lines
· Construction areas
· Billboards and advertising
· Neglected areas or objects such as polluted vacant fields
or abandoned buildings
· While visual pollution has few immediate health or
environmental effects, what's causing the eyesore can
have detrimental effects.
Personal Pollution
Personal pollution is the contamination of one's body and
lifestyle with detrimental actions. This may include:
· Excessive smoking, drinking or drug abuse
· Emotional or physical abuse
· Poor living conditions and habits
· Poor personal attitudes
In some cases, personal pollution may be inflicted by
caregivers, while in other cases it is caused by voluntary
actions. Taking positive steps in your life can help
eliminate this and other sources of pollution so you can
100
that is discharged with municipal waste into the watercourses
uses substantial oxygen for biological degradation thereby
upsetting the ecological balance of rivers and lakes. Sewage also
carries microbial pathogens that are the cause of the spread of
disease.
· Domestic waste water, agricultural run-off, and industrial
effluents contain phosphorus and nitrogen, fertilizer run-
off, manure from livestock operations, which increase the
level of nutrients in water bodies and can cause
eutrophication in the lakes and rivers. The nitrates come
mainly from the fertilizer that is added to the fields. "
Excessive use of fertilizers cause nitrate contamination of
groundwater, with the result that nitrate levels in drinking
water is far above the safety levels recommended. ·
Use of Synthetic coumpounds today are found in the
aquatic environment and accumulate in the food chain.
POPs or Persistent organic pollutants, represent the most
harmful element for the ecosystem and for human health.
· Acidification of surface water, mainly lakes and
reservoirs, is one of the major environmental impacts of
transport over long distance of air pollutants such as
sulphur dioxide from power plants, other heavy industry
such as steel plants, and motor vehicles. " Chemicals
in water can be both naturally occurring or introduced
polluting water.Arsenic occurs naturally or is possibly
aggrevated by over powering aquifers and by phosphorus
from fertilizers. " LEAD. Pipes, fittings, solder, and
the service connections of some household plumbing
systems contain lead that contaminates the drinking
water source.
· Untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural
waste are often discharged into the water bodies such as
the lakes, coastal areas and rivers endangering their use
for recreational purposes such as swimming and
canoeing.
· Mining waste and tailings, landfills, or hazardous waste
dumps also pollute water.
Water-borne epidemics and health hazards in the aquatic
environment are mainly due to improper management of water
97
resources. Proper management of water resources has become the
need of the hour as this would ultimately lead to a cleaner and
healthier environment.
In order to prevent the spread of water-borne infectious
diseases, people should take adequate precautions. The city water
supply should be properly checked and necessary steps taken to
disinfect it. Water pipes should be regularly checked for leaks and
cracks. At home, the water should be boiled, filtered, or other
methods and necessary steps taken to ensure that it is free from
infection.
Soil Pollution Soil Contamination or soil pollution as part
of land degradation is caused by the presence of Xeno Bionis
(human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil
environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity,
agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste. The most
common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, lead, and other
heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree of
industrialization and intensity of chemical usage.
The concern over soil contamination stems primarily
from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil,
vapors from the contaminants, and from secondary
contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil.
Causes Soil pollution can be caused by the following "Mining
and activities by other heavy industries
" Acid (in turn caused by air pollution)
" Intensive farming
" Agrochemical, such as pesticides, herbicides and
fertilizers
" Untreated Industrial waste
" Road debris
" Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil
" Waste disposal
" Nuclear waste Direct discharge of industrial wastes to the
soil
" Discharge of sewage sludge
" Landfill and illegal dumping
" coal ash
" Electronic waste
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Effects of Soil Pollution
Effect on Health of Humans: Crops and plants grown on
polluted soil absorb much of the pollution and then pass these on
to humans. This could explain the sudden surge in small and
terminal illnesses.
Effect on Growth of Plants: The ecological balance of any
system gets affected due to the widespread contamination of the
soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the
soil changes so radically in a short period of time. Fungi and
bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline,
which creates an additional problem of soil erosion.
The fertility slowly diminishes, making land unsuitable for
agriculture and any local vegetation to survive. The soil pollution
causes large tracts of land to become hazardous to health. Unlike
deserts, which are suitable for its native vegetation, such land
cannot support most forms of life.
Decreased Soil Fertility
The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil
fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield. The contaminated
soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables which lacks
quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substance to
cause serious health problems in people consuming them.
Toxic Dust
The emission of toxic and foul gases from landfills
pollutes the environment and causes serious effects on health of
people. Changes in Soil Structure: The death of many soil
organisms (e.g. earthworms) in the soil can lead to alteration in
soil structure. Apart from that, it could also force other predators
to move to other places in search of food.
Long term exposure to such soil can affect the genetic
make-up of the body, causing congenital illnesses and chronic
health problems that cannot be cured easily. In fact, it can sicken
the livestock to a considerable extent and cause food poisoning
over a long period of time. The soil pollution can even lead to
widespread famines if the plants are unable to grow in it.
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CHAPTER-VI
MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE
Due to current lavishing lifestyle trade, continuous waste
generation is an obvious phenomenon. For better management of
solid waste, periodic review of each steps involved in waste
management like Generation, Collection, Disposal etc should be
conducted & accordingly implementation of “Best Practices” is
necessary. Best practices for waste management can be achieved
by well known 3R's principle. 3R's principle (Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle) can be described as follows:
3R's classify waste management strategies according to their
desirability in terms of waste minimization. These 3R's are the
foundation of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of this
is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste.
Reduce:
The most uncontrollable phase in Solid waste
management is 'Waste generation'. Generated solid waste
particularly from Non-point sources is always a challenge for
local administration, so best practice is to reduce the generation
of Solid waste. The reduction of waste can happen only when
everybody reduces waste generation in the first place. Every
individual has to contribute in doing so. There is urgent need of
public awareness about waste generation. There should be
awareness at all levels of Society, which will motivate them to
change their casual habits which creates waste. Public- Private
Partnership should be engaged in this awareness activity. Definite
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lead a more productive, satisfying life. Anthropogenic
sources (man-made sources) mostly related to burning
different kinds of fuel
· "Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power
plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste
incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-
burning heating devices. In developing and poor
countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source
of air pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood, crop
waste and dung. " "Mobile Sources" include motor
vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound
etc.
· Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in
agriculture and forestry management. Controlled or
prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in
forest management, farming, prairie restoration or
greenhouse gas abatement. Fire is a natural part of both
forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a
tool for foresters. Controlled burning stimulates the
germination of some desirable forest trees, thus renewing
the forest.
· Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and
other solvents
· Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.
Methane is highly flammable and may form explosive
mixtures with air. Methane is also an asphyxiant and may
displace oxygen in an enclosed space. Asphyxia or
suffocation may result if the oxygen concentration is
reduced to below 19.5% by displacement.
· Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ
warfare and rocketry.
· Thus it is high time we realized that we need the
environment for our own survival and for the survival of
other life forms. Hence, we must learn to respect nature
and try not to disrupt its ecological balance. "Industries
should install the machineries to remove contaminants
from their effluents and wastewater by installing Effluent
Treatment Plant (ETP) , untreated effluent discharge into
rivers should not be allowed and Immediate closure of all
101
 the unauthorized activities which discharge industrial References
effluents, sludge and chemicals. " The cities and 1. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of
towns should also have facilities to clean sewage effluent. Environment, Forest & Climate Change (Various
All towns and cities should have Sewage Treatment Plant Reports).
to treat the sewage. " Better management of solid waste 2. www.wiienvis.nic.in
" Organic farming needs to popularise. 3. pscst.gov.in 4.Punjab Pollution Control Board (various
Reports)
5. Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Government
of Punjab (various Reports)
6. National Biodiversity Authority (An autonomous and
Statutory Body of the Ministry of, Environment, Forest &
Climate Change, Government of India) (Various
Reports).
7. Water Quality Issues and Challenges in Punjab, ministry
of water resources,2014

102 103
widely used industrial process, the pyrolysis of municipal solid
waste has not been very successful. Similarly, successful results
with mass fired gasifiers have not been achieved. However both
pyrolysis and gasification can emerge as viable alternatives in the
future. Three types of combustion systems have been extensively
used for energy recovery in different countries namely: mass-
fired combustion systems (MASS), Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF),
fired combustion systems and Fluidized Bed (FB) combustion
systems To be viable for energy recovery through thermal
processing, the municipal solid waste must possess a relatively
high calorific value.
In the MSW generated in developed countries, presence
of significant quantity of paper and plastics yields a high calorific
value of the MSW (typically above 2000 kcal/kg) which makes it
suitable for thermal processing. In Indian MSW, the near absence
of paper and plastics as well as the presence of high quantities of
inert material, all combine to yield a low calorific value of the
MSW (typically less than 1000 kcal/kg). In its mixed form, such
waste may not be suitable for thermal processing. However,
removal of inerts from Indian MSW as well as development of
combustion system for low-calorific value wastes can result in a
reversal of this position in the future.
Other Processes
New biological and chemical processes which are being
developed for resource recovery from MSW are:
(a) Fluidized bed bio-reactors for cellulose production and
ethanol production.
(b) Hydrolysis processes to recover organic acids.
(c) Chemical processes to recover oil, gas and cellulose.
(d) Others.
The economical viability of these processes is yet to be
established.
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Point Sources of waste generation like Hotels, Restaurant, and
Shopping. Complexes etc should contribute their space for
disposal in their area itself, which ultimately reduces the burden
of Collection. For Public Gatherings and Events organized in
public places for any reason (including for processions,
exhibitions, circuses, fairs, political rallies, commercial,
religious, sociocultural events, protests and demonstrations,
etc.), it will be the responsibility of the Organizer of the event or
gathering to ensure the cleanliness of that area.
Reuse:
= Utilization value of any item should be known to people
who are using it.
= NGOs working for under privilege society should work
for establishing centre's which provides goods for
secondary use. Such centres can be set up at the source.
= Private sector involvement should be encouraged,
repairing facilities should be offered so goods can be used
as per its utilization value.
= Large production companies of Electronic appliances,
gadgets etc should establish the collection centres, where
damaged items can be repaired & reused.
= NGOs, Self help group etc can organize workshop,
seminars which encourage people to use waste material to
create some decorative articles.
Recycle:
= The process of transforming materials into secondary
resources for manufacturing new Products is known as
Recycling.
= Waste recycling leads to less utilization of raw materials,
saves on landfill space, reduces the amount of energy
required to manufacture new products. In fact recycling
can prevent the creation of waste at the source.
105
= Promoting/motivating citizens to start segregation of
waste at source involving NGO's,co-operatives, private,
Commercial & industrial sectors for appropriate mass
awareness campaigns
= Source separation: by keeping recyclables and organics
waste separate at source, i.e., at the point of generation
facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting.
= Segregate the waste in the house -keep two garbage bins
and see to it that the biodegradable and the non-
biodegradable is put into separate bins and dispose off
separately. Biodegradable waste can be recycled.
= Dry waste consisting of cans, aluminium foils, plastics,
metal, glass, and paper could be recycled.
= There should be recycling plant at local level.
= Wet garbage from hotel, resident can be recycled by
establishing composting or vermicomposting plant in the
vicinity. This will produce good manure that can be used
for gardens and lawns.
= The least technically complex and most cost-effective
solution should be chosen.
= Separation of waste for efficacious recycling and
environmentally friendly purchasing habits are two areas
for effective management.
= Local Bio-degradable waste processing units, wherever
possible set up small scale processing units (composting
or bio-methanation) in public parks, playgrounds,
recreation grounds, gardens, markets.
= Waste should be also seen as a 'resource' and not just a
problem. Better Technology Selection, trained Man-
power, Public awareness, Strengthening Institutional
Mechanism, Enforcement of law provision, and
Participation of all Stakeholders are the key elements in
Solid Waste Management.
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Resource Recovery Through Waste Processing
Biological or thermal treatment of waste can result in
recovery of useful products such as compost or energy.
Biological Processes
Biological treatment involves using micro-organisms to
decompose the biodegradable components of waste. Two types of
processes are used, namely:
(a) Aerobic processes: Windrow composting, aerated static
pile composting and in-vessel composting; vermi-culture
etc.
(b) Anaerobic processes: Low-solids anaerobic digestion
(wet process), high solids anaerobic digestion (dry
process) and combined processes.
In the aerobic process the utilizable product is compost. In
the anaerobic process the utilizable product is methane gas (for
energy recovery). Both processes have been used for waste
processing in different countries a majority of the biological
treatment process adopted world-wide are aerobic composting;
the use of anaerobic treatment has been more limited. In India,
aerobic composting plants have been used to process up to 500
tonnes per day of waste.
Thermal Processes
Thermal treatment involves conversion of waste into
gaseous, liquid and solid conversion products with concurrent or
subsequent release of heat energy. Three types of systems can be
adopted, namely:
Combustion Systems (Incinerators):
Thermal processing with excess amounts of air. (b)
Pyrolysis systems: Thermal processing in complete absence of
oxygen (low temperature). (c) Gasification systems: Thermal
processing with less amount of air (high temperature).
Combustion system is the most widely adopted thermal
treatment process world-wide for MSW. Though pyrolysis is a
107
 anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is fast
overtaking composting in some parts of the world
including central Europe as a primary means of down
cycling waste organic matter.
Ingredients
Composting organisms require four equally important
things to work effectively:
· Carbon for energy; the microbial oxidation of carbon
produces the heat, if included at suggested levels
· High carbon materials tend to be brown and dry .
· Nitrogen to grow and reproduce more or ganisms to
oxidize the carbon.
· High nitrogen materials tend to be green (or colorful, such
as fruits and vegetables) and wet.
· Oxygen for oxidizing the carbon, the decomposition
process.
· Water in the right amounts to maintain activity without
causing anaerobic conditions.
Materials in a compost pile
Certain ratios of these materials will provide beneficial
bacteria with the nutrients to work at a rate that will heat up the
pile. In that process much water will be released as vapor
("steam"), and the oxygen will be quickly depleted, explaining
the need to actively manage the pile. The hotter the pile gets, the
more often added air and water is necessary; the air/water balance
is critical to maintaining high temperatures (135°-160°
Fahrenheit / 50° - 70° Celsius) until the materials are broken
down. At the same time, too much air or water also slows the
process, as does too much carbon (or too little nitrogen).
The most efficient composting occurs with a carbon:
nitrogen mix of about 30 to 1. Nearly all plant and animal
materials have both carbon and nitrogen, but amounts vary
widely, with characteristics noted above (dry/wet, brown/green).
Fresh grass clippings have an average ratio of about 15 to 1 and
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Waste Transformation (without resource Recovery) Prior to
Disposal
At the end of all sorting processes, biological processes
and thermal processes, the non-utilizable waste has to be
disposed off on land. Prior to this disposal, waste may need to be
subjected to transformation by mechanical treatment, thermal
treatment or other methods to make it suitable for land filling.
Mechanical Transformation
Sorting of waste may be undertaken to remove bulky
items from the waste. Shredding of waste may be undertaken for
size reduction to enable better compaction of waste.
Thermal Transformation
In regions where land space is very scarce waste with low
calorific value may be subjected to combustion without heat
recovery to reduce the volume of waste requiring disposal on
land.
Disposal On Land
Waste is disposed off on land in units called landfills
which are designed to minimize the impact of the waste on the
environment by containment of the waste. Usually three types of
landfills are adopted. Landfills in which municipal waste is
placed are designated as “MSW Landfills” or “Sanitary
Landfills”. And fills in which hazardous waste is placed are
designated as “Hazardous Waste landfills”. Landfills in which a
single type of waste is placed (e.g. only construction waste)
are designated as “Monofills”.
Components Of Municipal SolidWaste Management System
Currently, in India, source separation and collection of
dry recyclables is fairly well developed at the household level,
commercial centres and institutional areas. These recyclable are
further removed by rag pickers at various intermediate stages.
Central sorting, whether manual or mechanized, is not adopted.
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Source separation of bio-waste, construction and demolition
waste as well as hazardous waste is rarely done; consequently
most of the waste collected is a mixture of these components.
Such mixed waste is rarely suitable for biological processing or
thermal processing as it has high content of inert material, low
calorific value and indeterminate mixing of hazardous elements
(such as insecticides, paints, batteries etc.) at the micro level.
In some cities, good quality bio-waste is collected from
fruit and vegetable markets and subjected to biological
processing (aerobic) to produce compost. Such processing plants
help reduce the quantity of waste reaching landfills. Thermal
processing of mixed municipal waste has not been successful in
India. Biological processing of mixed municipal waste yields low
quality compost which may have contaminants in excess of
permissible limits. Biological processing becomes viable once
construction and demolition waste and hazardous waste streams
are isolated from the bio-waste stream. Thermal processing of
waste becomes viable only if sufficient high calorific value
components (such as paper, plastic) are present in the waste.
Waste transformation is usually not a major component in an
integrated municipal waste management system. However, some
sorting and shredding at the landfill site may be undertaken as
transformation processes prior to land filling.
Established Waste Treatment Technologies
In the UK these are sometimes termed advanced waste
treatment technologies, even though these technologies are not
necessarily more complex than the established technologies.
· Anaerobic digestion
· Alcohol/ethanol production
· Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
· Bio drying
· Gasification
· Gas Plasma: Gasification followed by syngas plasma
polishing (commercial test scale)
· In-vessel composting
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· Mechanical biological treatment
· Mechanical heat treatment
· Plasma arc waste disposal (commercial demonstration
scale)
· Pyrolysis
· Sewage treatment
· Tunnel composting
· Waste autoclave
· Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and
recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a
key ingredient in organic farming. At the simplest level,
the process of composting simply requires making a heap
of wetted organic matter (leaves, "green" food waste) and
waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a
period of weeks or months. Modern, methodical
composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process
with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and
nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is
aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and
ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture.
Worms and fungi further break up the material. Aerobic
bacteria manage the chemical process by converting the
inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium. The
ammonium is further converted by bacteria into
plantnourishing nitrites and nitrates through the process
of nitrification.
· Compost can be rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens,
landscaping, horticulture, and agriculture. The compost
itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as
a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or
humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil. In
ecosystems, compost is useful for erosion control, land
and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and as
landfill cover.
· Organic ingredients intended for composting can
alternatively be used to generate biogas through
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institutional processing of food waste, such as in hospitals and
shopping malls. This type of composting is sometimes suggested
as a feasible indoor home composting method. Vermicomposting
has gained popularity in both these industrial and domestic
settings because, as compared to conventional composting, it
provides a way to compost organic materials more quickly and to
attain products that have lower salinity levels that are therefore
more beneficial to plant mediums.
The earthworm species (or composting worms) most
often used are red wigglers (Eisenia fetida or Eisenia Andrei),
though European night crawlers ( Eisenia hortensis or
Dendrobaena veneta) could also be used. Red wigglers are
recommended by most vermiculture experts, as they have some
of the best appetites and breed very quickly. Users refer to
European night crawlers by a variety of other names, including
dendrobaenas, dendras, Dutch Nightcrawlers, and Belgian night
crawlers.
Containing water-soluble nutrients, vermicompost is a
nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner in a form that
is relatively easy for plants to absorb. Worm castings are
sometimes used as an organic fertilizer. Because the earthworms
grind and uniformly mix minerals in simple forms, plants need
only minimal effort to obtain them. The worms' digestive systems
also add beneficial microbes to help create a "living" soil
environment for plants.
Researchers from the Pondicherry University discovered
that worm composts can also be used to clean up heavy metals.
The researchers found substantial reductions in heavy metals
when the worms were released into the garbage and they are
effective at removing lead, zinc, cadmium, copper and
manganese.
Compost and Land-Filling
As concern about landfill space increases, worldwide
interest in recycling by means of composting is growing, since
composting is a process for converting decomposable organic
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dry autumn leaves about 50 to 1 depending on species. Mixing
equal parts by volume approximates the ideal C:N range. Few
individual situations will provide the ideal mix of materials at any
point in time. Observation of amounts, and consideration of
different materials as a pile is built over time, can quickly achieve
a workable technique for the individual situation.
Urine
People excrete far more of certain water-soluble plant
nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in urine than in feces.
Human urine can be used directly as fertilizer or it can be put onto
Compost. Adding a healthy person's urine to compost usually will
increase temperatures and therefore increase its ability to destroy
pathogens and unwanted seeds. Urine from a person with no
obvious symptoms of infection is generally much more sanitary
than fresh feces. Unlike feces, urine doesn't attract disease-
spreading flies (such as house flies or blow flies), and it doesn't
contain the most hardy of pathogens, such as parasitic worm eggs.
Urine usually does not stink for long, particularly when it is fresh,
diluted, or put on sorbents. Urine is primarily composed of water
and urea. Although metabolites of urea are nitrogen fertilizers, it
is easy to over-fertilize with urine, or to utilize urine containing
pharmaceutical (or other) content, creating too much ammonia
for plants to absorb, acidic conditions, or other phytotoxicity.
Manure and Bedding
On many farms, the basic composting ingredients are
manure generated on the farm and bedding. Straw and sawdust
are common bedding materials. Non-traditional bedding
materials are also used, including newspaper and chopped
cardboard. The amount of manure composted on a livestock farm
is often determined by cleaning schedules, land availability, and
weather conditions. Each type of manure has its own physical,
chemical, and biological characteristics. Cattle and horse
manures, when mixed with bedding, possess good qualities for
composting. Swine manure, which is very wet and usually not
113
mixed with bedding material, must be mixed with straw or similar
raw materials. Poultry manure also must be blended with
carbonaceous materials - those low in nitrogen preferred, such as
sawdust or straw.
Micro Orgnism
With the proper mixture of water, oxygen, carbon, and
nitrogen, micro-organisms are allowed to break down organic
matter to produce compost. The composting process is dependent
on micro-organisms to break down organic matter into compost.
There are many types of microorganisms found in active compost
of which the most common are:
· Bacteria The most numerous of all the micro organisms
found in compost.
· Actionmycetes Necessary for breaking down paper
products such as newspaper, bark, etc.
· Fungi- Molds and yeast help break down materials that
bacteria cannot, especially lignin in woody material.
· Protozoa- Help consume bacteria, fungi and micro
organic particulates.
· Rotifers- Rotifers help control populations of bacteria and
small protozoan.
In addition, earthworms not only ingest partly composted
material, but also continually re-create aeration and drainage
tunnels as they move through the compost.
A lack of a healthy micro-organism community is the
main reason why composting processes are slow in landfills with
environmental factors such as lack of oxygen, nutrients or water
being the cause of the depleted biological community.
Uses
Compost is generally recommended as an additive to soil,
or other matrices such as coir and peat, as a tilth improver,
supplying humus and nutrients. It provides a rich growing
medium, or a porous, absorbent material that holds moisture and
soluble minerals, providing the support and nutrients in which
114
plants can flourish, although it is rarely used alone, being
primarily mixed with soil, sand, grit, bark chips, vermiculite,
perlite, or clay granules to produce loam. Compost can be tilled
directly into the soil or growing medium to boost the level of
organic matter and the overall fertility of the soil. Compost that is
ready to be used as an additive is dark brown or even black with an
earthy smell.
Generally, direct seeding into a compost is not
recommended due to the speed with which it may dry and the
possible presence of phyto toxins that may inhibit germination
and the possible tie up of nitrogen by incompletely decomposed
lignin. It is very common to see blends of 2030% compost used
for transplanting seedlings at cotyledon stage or later.
Composting can destroy pathogens or unwanted seeds.
Unwanted living plants (or weeds) can be discouraged by
covering with mulch/compost. The "microbial pesticides"
in compost may include thermophiles and mesophiles,
however certain composting detritivores such as black soldier fly
larvae and redworms, also reduce many pathogens. Thermophilic
(high - temperature) composting is well known to destroy many
seeds and nearly all types of pathogens (exceptions may include
prions). The sanitizing qualities of (thermophilic) composting are
desirable where there is a high likelihood of pathogens, such as
with manure. Applications include humanure composting or the
deep litter technique.
Vermicompost
Vermicompost is the product of composting utilizing
various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and
earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing
vegetable or food waste (excluding meat, dairy, fats, or oils),
bedding materials, and vermicast. Vermicast, also known as
worm castings, worm humus or worm manure, is the end-product
of the breakdown of organic matter by species of earthworm.
Vermicomposting is widely used in North America for on-site
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streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater
treatment plant.
Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries
such as Japan where land is a scarce resource. Denmark and
Sweden have been leaders in using the energy generated from
incineration for more than a century, in localized combined heat
and power facilities supporting district heating schemes. In 2005,
waste incineration produced 4.8% of the electricity consumption
[4]
and 13.7% of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark.
A number of other European countries rely heavily on
incineration for handling municipal waste, in particular
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany and France.
Technology
An incinerator is a furnace for burning waste. Modern
incinerators include pollution mitigation equipment such as flue
gas cleaning. There are various types of incinerator plant design:
moving grate, fixed grate, rotary-kiln, and fluidized bed.
Burn Pile
The burn pile, or burn pit is one of the simplest and earliest
forms of waste disposal, essentially consisting of a mound of
combustible materials piled on bare ground and set on fire.
Indiscriminate piles of household waste are strongly discouraged
and may be illegal in urban areas, but are permitted in certain rural
situations such as clearing forested land for farming, where the
stumps are uprooted and burned. Rural burn piles of yard waste
are allowed in many rural communities, along with small
quantities of domestic or agricultural waste generated on site,
though not large quantities asphalt shingles, plastics, or other
petroleum products that can produce dense black smoke.
Burn piles can and have spread uncontrolled fires, for
example if wind blows burning material off the pile into
surrounding combustible grasses or onto buildings. As interior
structures of the pile are consumed, the pile can shift and collapse,
spreading the burn area. Even in a situation of no wind, small
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materials into useful stable products. Composting is one of the
only ways to revitalize soil vitality due to phosphorus depletion in
soil. Industrial scale composting in the form of in-vessel
composting, aerated static pile composting, and anaerobic
digestion takes place in most Western countries now, and in many
areas is mandated by law. There are process and product
guidelines in Europe that date to the early 1980s (Germany, the
Netherlands, Switzerland) and only more recently in the UK and
the US. The USA is the only Western country that does not
distinguish sludge-source compost from green-composts, and by
default in the USA 50% of states expect composts to comply in
some manner with the federal EPA 503 rule promulgated in 1984
for sludge products. Compost is regulated in Canada and
Australia as well.
Industrial Systems
Industrial composting systems are increasingly being
installed as a waste management alternative to landfills, along
with other advanced waste processing systems. Mechanical
sorting of mixed waste streams combined with anaerobic
digestion or in-vessel composting is called mechanical biological
treatment, and are increasingly being used in developed countries
due to regulations controlling the amount of organic matter
allowed in landfills. Treating biodegradable waste before it enters
a landfill reduces global warming from fugitive methane;
untreated waste breaks down an aerobically in a landfill,
producing landfill gas that contains methane, a potent greenhouse
gas. Vermicomposting, also known as vermiculture, is used for
medium-scale on-site institutional composting, such as for food
waste from universities and shopping malls: selected either as a
more environmental choice, or to reduce the cost of commercial
waste removal.
Large-scale composting systems are used by many urban
areas around the world. Co-composting is a technique that
combines solid waste with de-watered bios lids, although
difficulties controlling inert and plastics contamination from
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municipal solid waste makes this approach less attractive. The
World's largest MSW co-composter is the Edmonton Composting
Facility in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, which turns 220,000
tonnes of residential solid waste and 22,500 dry tonnes of bio
solids per year into 80,000 tonnes of compost. In 2006, the State
of Qatar awarded Keppel Seghers Singapore, a subsidiary of
Keppel Corporation to begin construction on a 275,000
tonne/year Anaerobic Digestion and Composting Plant licensed
by Kompo gas Switzerland.
This plant, with 15 independent anaerobic digestors will
be the world's largest composting facility once fully operational.
Qatar Domestic Solid Waste Management Center, the largest
integrated waste management complex in the Middle East.
Another large MSW composter is the Lahore Composting
Facility in Lahore, Pakistan, which has a capacity to convert
1,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day into compost. It
also has a capacity to convert substantial portion of the intake into
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) materials for further combustion use
in several energy consuming industries across Pakistan e.g., in
cement manufacturing companies where it is used to heat up the
Cement Kiln systems. This project has also been approved by the
Executive Board of the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for reduction of emission of
methane gas into the climate and has been registered with a
capacity of reducing 108,686 metric tonnes CO2 equivalent per
annum.
Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the
combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems
are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste
materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash
is mostly formed by the in organic constituents of the waste, and
may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the
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flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and
particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the
atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can
be used to generate electric power.
Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-
to-energy (WtE) technologies such as gasification, plasma arc
gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. Incineration may
also be implemented without energy and materials recovery.
In several countries, there are still concerns from experts and
local communities about the environmental impact of
incinerators (see arguments against incineration).
In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades
ago often did not include a materials separation to remove
hazardous, bulky or recyclable materials before combustion.
These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and
the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning
and combustion process control. Most of these facilities did not
generate electricity. Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the
original waste by 8085% and the volume (already compressed
somewhat in garbage trucks) by 95-96%, depending on
composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals
from the ash for recycling. This means that while incineration
does not completely replace land filling, it significantly reduces
the necessary volume for disposal. Garbage trucks often reduce
the volume of waste in a built-in compressor before delivery to
the incinerator. Alternatively, at landfills, the volume of the
uncompressed garbage can be reduced by approximately 70 per
]
cent by using a stationary steel compressor , albeit with a
significant energy cost. In many countries, simpler waste is a
common practice for compaction at landfills.
Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the
treatment of certain waste types in niche areas such as wastes and
certain hazardous wastes where pathogens and toxins can be
destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include chemical
multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater
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about 600 metric tonnes (660 short tonnes) per day of waste will
produce about 400 MWh of electrical energy per day (17 MW of
electrical power continuously for 24 hours) and 1200 MWh of
district heating energy each day.
Pollution
Incineration has a number of outputs such as the ash and
the emission to the atmosphere of flue gas. Before the flue gas
cleaning system, if installed, the flue gases may contain
significant amounts of particulate matter, heavy metals, dioxins,
furans, sulfur dioxide, methane, and hydrochloric acid. If plants
have inadequate controls, these outputs may add a significant
pollution component to stack emissions.
Incineration in Europe
In Europe, with the ban on land filling untreated waste,
scores of incinerators have been built in the last decade, with
more under construction. Recently, a number of municipal
governments have begun the process of contracting for the
construction and operation of incinerators. In Europe, some of the
electricity generated from waste is deemed to be from a
'Renewable Energy Source (RES) and is thus eligible for tax
credits if privately operated. Also, some incinerators in Europe
are equipped with waste recovery, allowing the reuse of ferrous
and non-ferrous materials found in landfills. A prominent
example is the AEB Waste Fired Power Plant.
Incineration in the United Kingdom
The technology employed in the UK waste management
industry has been greatly lagging behind that of Europe due to the
wide availability of landfills. The Landfill Directive set down by
the European Union led to the Government of the United
Kingdom imposing waste legislation including the landfill tax
and Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme. This legislation is
designed to reduce the release of greenhouse gases produced by
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lightweight ignited embers can lift off the pile via convection, and
waft through the air into grasses or onto buildings, igniting them.
Burn Barrel
The burn barrel is a somewhat more controlled form of
private waste incineration, containing the burning material inside
a metal barrel, with a metal grating over the exhaust. The barrel
prevents the spread of burning material in windy conditions, and
as the combustibles are reduced they can only settle down into the
barrel. The exhaust grating helps to prevent the spread of burning
embers. Typically steel 55-US-gallon (210 L) drums are used as
burn barrels, with air vent holes cut or drilled around the base for
air intake. Over time, the very high heat of incineration causes the
metal to oxidize and rust, and eventually the barrel itself is
consumed by the heat and must be replaced.
Private burning of dry cellulosic/paper products is
generally clean-burning, producing no visible smoke, but plastics
in household waste can cause private burning to create a public
nuisance, generating acrid odors and fumes that make eyes burn
and water. Most urban communities ban burn barrels, and certain
rural communities may have prohibitions on open burning.
In the United States, private rural incineration of small
quantities of household or farm waste is typically permitted so
long as it is not a nuisance to others, does not pose a risk of fire
such as in dry conditions, and the fire does not produce dense,
noxious smoke. However, a handful of states, such as New York,
Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have laws or regulations either
banning or strictly regulating open burning to concerns about
health and nuisance impacts of open burning. People intending to
burn waste may be required to contact a state agency in advance
to check current fire risk and conditions, and to alert officials of
the controlled fire that will occur.
Moving Grate
The typical incineration plant for municipal solid waste is
a moving grate incinerator. The moving grate enables the
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movement of waste through the combustion chamber to be
optimized to allow a more efficient and complete combustion. A
single moving grate boiler can handle up to 35 metric tonnes of
waste per hour, and can operate 8,000 hours per year with only
one scheduled stop for inspection and maintenance of about one
[10]
month's duration. Moving grate incinerators are sometim es
referred to as Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWIs).
The waste is introduced by a waste crane through the
"throat" at one end of the grate, from where it moves down over
the descending grate to the ash pit in the other end. Here the ash is
removed through a water lock. Municipal solid waste in the
furnace of a moving grate incinerator capable of handling 15
metric tonnes (17 short tonnes) of waste per hour. The holes in the
grate elements supplying the primary combustion air are visible.
Part of the combustion air (primary combustion air) is supplied
through the grate from below. This air flow also has the purpose
of cooling the grate itself. Cooling is important for the
mechanical strength of the grate, and many moving grates are
also water-cooled internally.
Secondary combustion air is supplied into the boiler at
high speed through nozzles over the grate. It facilitates complete
combustion of the flue gases by introducing turbulence for better
mixing and by ensuring a surplus of oxygen. In multiple/stepped
hearth incinerators, the secondary combustion air is introduced in
a separate chamber downstream the primary combustion
chamber. According to the European Waste Incineration
Directive, incineration plants must be designed to ensure that the
flue gases reach a temperature of at least 850 °C (1,560 °F) for 2
seconds in order to ensure proper breakdown of toxic organic
substances.
In order to comply with this at all times, it is required to
install backup auxiliary burners (often fueled by oil), which are
fired into the boiler in case the heating value of the waste becomes
too low to reach this temperature alone. The flue gases are then
cooled in the super heaters, where the heat is transferred to steam,
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heating the steam to typically 400 °C (752 °F) at a pressure of 40
bars (580 psi) for the electricity generation in the turbine. At this
point, the flue gas has a temperature of around 200 °C (392 °F),
and is passed to the flue gas cleaning system.
In Scandinavia, scheduled maintenance is always
performed during summer, where the demand for district heating
is low. Often, incineration plants consist of several separate
'boiler lines' (boilers and flue gas treatment plants), so that waste
can continue to be received at one boiler line while the others are
undergoing maintenance, repair, or upgrading.
Rotary - Kiln
The rotary-kiln incinerator is used by municipalities and
by large industrial plants. This design of incinerator has 2
chambers: a primary chamber and secondary chamber. The
primary chamber in a rotary kiln incinerator consist of an inclined
refractory lined cylindrical tube. The inner refractory lining
serves as sacrificial layer to protect the kiln structure. This layer
needs to be replaced from time to time. Movement of the cylinder
on its axis facilitates movement of waste. In the primary chamber,
there is conversion of solid fraction to gases, through
volatilization, destructive distillation and partial combustion
reactions. The secondary chamber is necessary to complete gas
phase combustion reactions.
The clinkers spill out at the end of the cylinder. A tall flue-gas
stack, fan, or steam jet supplies the needed draft. Ash drops
through the grate, but many particles are carried along with the
hot gases. The particles and any combustible gases may be
combusted in an "afterburner".
Use of Heat
The heat produced by an incinerator can be used to
generate steam which may then be used to drive a turbine in order
to produce electricity. The typical amount of net energy that can
be produced per tonne municipal waste is about 2/3 MWh of
electricity and 2 MWh of district heating. Thus, incinerating
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is a major source of pollution. Street corners are piled with trash.
Public places and sidewalks are despoiled with filth and litter,
rivers and canals act as garbage dumps. In part, India's garbage
crisis is from rising consumption. India's waste problem also
points to a stunning failure of governance.
In 2000, India's Supreme Court directed all Indian cities
to implement a comprehensive waste-management program that
would include household collection of segregated waste,
recycling and composting. The Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development estimates that up to 40 percent of
municipal waste in India remains simply uncollected.
In 2011, several Indian cities embarked on waste-to-
energy projects of the type in use in Germany, Switzerland and
Japan. For example, New Delhi is implementing two incinerator
projects aimed at turning the city's trash problem into electricity
resource. These plants are being welcomed for addressing the
city's chronic problems of excess untreated waste and a shortage
of electric power. They are also being welcomed by those who
seek to prevent water pollution, hygiene problems, and eliminate
rotting trash that produces potent greenhouse gas methane. The
projects are being opposed by waste collection workers and local
unions who fear changing technology may deprive them of their
livelihood and way of life. And A2Z Group has set up Integrated
Resource Recovery Facilities with an aggregate MSW capacity
of 3,800 tonnes per day (“TPD”) in six cities, along with the
collection and transportation (“C&T”) of MSW of an aggregate
capacity of 910 TPD in two cities. They also have the processing
and disposal (“P&D”) of MSW of an aggregate capacity of 488
TPD in six cities in India.
United Kindom
Land filling practices in the UK have had to change in
recent years to meet the challenges of the European Landfill
Directive. The UK now imposes landfill tax upon biodegradable
waste which is put into landfills. In addition to this the Landfill
Allowance Trading Scheme has been established for local
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landfills through the use of alternative methods of waste
treatment. It is the UK Government's position that incineration
will play an increasingly large role in the treatment of municipal
waste and supply of energy in the UK.
In 2008, plans for potential incinerator locations exists for
approximately 100 sites. These have been interactively mapped
by UK NGO's.
Under a new plan in June 2012, a DEFRA-backed grant
scheme (The Farming and Forestry Improvement Scheme) was
set up to encourage the use of low-capacity incinerators on
agricultural sites to improve their bio security.
Small Incinerator Units
Small scale incinerators exist for special purposes. For
example, the small scale incinerators are aimed for hygienically
safe destruction of medical waste in developing countries. Small
incinerators can be quickly deployed to remote areas where an
outbreak has occurred to dispose of infected animals quickly and
without the risk of cross contamination.
Landfill
A landfill site (also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump or
dumping ground and historically as a midden) is a site for the
disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of
waste treatment. Some landfills are also used for waste
management purposes, such as the temporary storage,
consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material
(sorting, treatment, or recycling).
A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in
with rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a
specific purpose, such as for building houses. Unless they are
stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or
liquefaction of the ground in a large earthquake.
Operation Typically, in non hazardous waste landfills, in
order to meet predefined specifications, techniques are applied by
which the wastes are:
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1. Confined to as small an area as possible.
2. Compacted to reduce their volume.
3. Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil.
During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles
are weighed at a weighbridge on arrival and their load is inspected
for wastes that do not accord with the landfill's waste acceptance
criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing
road network on their way to the tipping face or working front
where they unload their contents. After loads are deposited,
compactors or bulldozers are used to spread and compact the
waste on the working face. Before leaving the landfill
boundaries, the waste collection vehicles pass through a wheel
cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge in
order to be weighed without their load. Through the weighing
process, the daily incoming waste tonnenage can be calculated
and listed in databases for record keeping. In addition to trucks,
some landfills may be equipped to handle railroad containers.
The use of 'rail-haul' permits landfills to be located at more
remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck
trips.
Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is
covered with soil or alternative materials daily. Alternative
waste-cover materials are chipped wood or other "green waste",[1]
several sprayed-on foam products, chemically 'fixed' bio-solids
and temporary blankets. Blankets can be lifted into place at night
then removed the following day prior to waste placement. The
space that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the cover
material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to
extending the life of the landfill. Factors such as waste
compressibility, waste layer thickness and the number of passes
of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities.
Problems
Many adverse impacts may occur from landfill
operations. Damage can include infrastructure disruption (e.g.
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damage to access roads by heavy vehicles); pollution of the local
environment (such as contamination of ground water and/or
aquifers by leakage or sinkholes and residual soil contamination
during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure); off gassing
of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a
greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and
can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harboring of
disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from
improperly operated landfills, which are common in developing
countries; injuries to wildlife; and simple nuisance problems
(e.g., dust, odor, vermin, or noise pollution). This list is growing
steadily as time passes. Some local authorities have found it
difficult to locate new landfills.
Regional Practice
Canada
Landfills in Canada are regulated by provincial
environmental agencies and environmental protection acts
(EPA). Older dumps tend to fall under current standards and are
monitored for leaching. Some former dumps have been converted
to parkland and close to residential developments. Historically,
Canadians used the euphemism "nuisance grounds" to refer to a
landfill site. This was still used in 2012.
European Union
In countries of the European Union, individual states are
obliged to enact legislation to comply with the requirements and
obligations of the European Landfill Directive. In the UK this is
the Waste Implementation Programme.
India
Trash and garbage disposal services, responsibility of
local government workers in India, are ineffective. Solid waste is
routinely seen along India's streets and shopping plazas. Trash
and garbage is a common sight in urban and rural areas of India. It
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commonly recycled materials. However, old rubber tires may be
collected and recycled by independent tire dealers for a profit.
Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the
International Resource Panel, hosted by the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) published reports on metal
stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates. The
Panel reported that the increase in the use of metals during the
20th and into the 21st century has led to a substantial shift in metal
stocks from below ground to use in applications within society
above ground.
The report authors observed that, as metals are inherently
recyclable, the metals stocks in society can serve as huge mines
above ground. However, they found that the recycling rates of
many metals are very low. The report warned that the recycling
rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile
phones, battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells, are so low
that unless future end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically
stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use
in modern technology.
Some industries, like the renewable energy industry and
solar photovoltaic technology in particular, are being proactive in
setting up recycling policies even before there is considerable
volume to their waste streams, anticipating future demand during
their rapid growth.
Recycling of plastics is more difficult, as most programs
can't reach the necessary level of quality. Recycling of PVC often
results in down cycling of the material, which means only
products of lower quality standard can be made with the recycled
material. A new approach which allows an equal level of quality
is the Vinyloop process. It was used after the London Olympics
2012 to fulfill the PVC Policy.
Plastic Recycling
Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or
waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products,
sometimes completely different in form from their original state.
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authorities to trade landfill quotas in England. A different system
operates in Wales where authorities are not able to 'trade' between
themselves, but have allowances known as the Scheme. In 2003,
there were 254 licensed landfills in Scotland.
United States
In the U.S., landfills are regulated by the state's
environmental agency that establishes minimum guidelines;
however, none of these standards may fall below those set by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Reclaiming Materials
Landfills can be regarded as a viable and abundant source
of materials and energy. In the developing world, this is widely
understood and one may thus often find waste pickers scavenging
for still usable materials. In a commercial context, landfills sites
have also been discovered by companies and many have begun
harvesting materials and energy. Well known examples are gas
recovery facilities. Other commercial facilities include waste
incinerators which have built-in material recovery. This material
recovery is possible through the use of filters (electro filter, active
carbon and potassium filter, quench, HCL-washer, SO2-washer,
bottom ash-grating, etc.). An example of these is the AEB Waste
Fired Power Plant. The AEB waste incinerator is hereby able to
recover a large part of the burned waste in source materials.
According to Marcel van Berlo (who helped build the
plant), the processed waste contained higher percentages of
source materials than any mine in the world. He also added that
when the plant was compared to a Chilean copper mine, the waste
fired plant could recover more copper. However, because of the
high concentration of gases and the unpredictability of the
landfill contents, which often include sharp objects, landfill
excavation is generally considered dangerous. Furthermore, the
quality of materials residing within landfills tends to degrade and
such materials are thought to be not worth the risks required to
recover them.
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Alternatives
The alternatives to landfills are waste reduction and
recycling strategies. Secondary to not creating waste, there are
various alternatives to landfills. In the late 20th century,
alternative methods of waste disposal to landfill and incineration
have begun to gain acceptance. Anaerobic digestion, composting,
mechanical biological treatment, pyrolysis and plasma arc
gasification have all begun to establish themselves in the market.
In recent years, some countries, such as Germany, Austria,
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, have banned the
disposal of untreated waste in landfills. In these countries, only
the ashes from incineration or the stabilized output of mechanical
biological treatment plants may still be deposited.
Recycling
Recycling is a process to change materials (waste) into
new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials,
reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy
usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water
pollution (from land filling) by reducing the need for
"conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas
emissions as compared to plastic production. Recycling is a key
component of modern waste reduction and is the third component
of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy.
There are some ISO standards related to recycling such as
ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001:2004 for
environmental management control of recycling practice.
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal,
plastic, textiles, and electronics. Although similar in effect, the
composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste such as food or
garden waste is not typically considered recycling. Materials to
be recycled are either brought to a collection center or picked up
from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new
materials bound for manufacturing.
In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would
produce a fresh supply of the same materialfor example, used
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office paper would be converted into new office paper, or used
foamed polystyrene into new polystyrene. However, this is often
difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same
product from raw materials or other sources), so "recycling" of
many products or materials involves their reuse in producing
different materials (e.g., paperboard) instead. Another form of
recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex
products, either due to their intrinsic value (e.g., lead from car
batteries, or gold from computer components), or due to their
hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse of mercury from
various items). Critics dispute the net economic and
environmental benefits of recycling over its costs, and suggest
that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer
from confirmation bias. Specifically, critics argue that the costs
and energy used in collection and transportation detract from (and
outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process;
also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor
trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining, and other industries
associated with virgin production; and that materials such as
paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before material
degradation prevents further recycling. Proponents of recycling
dispute each of these claims, and the validity of arguments from
both sides has led to enduring controversy.
Recycling Industrial Waste
Although many government programs are concentrated
on recycling at home, a large portion of waste is generated by
industry. The focus of many recycling programs done by industry
is the cost-effectiveness of recycling. The ubiquitous nature of
cardboard packaging makes cardboard a commonly recycled
waste product by companies that deal heavily in packaged goods,
like retail stores, warehouses, and distributors of goods. Other
industries deal in niche or specialized products, depending on the
nature of the waste materials that are present. The glass, lumber,
wood pulp, and paper manufacturers all deal directly in
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then moved up to £195/tonne in May 2009. Certain regions have
difficulty using or exporting as much of a material as they recycle.
This problem is most prevalent with glass: both Britain and the
U.S. import large quantities of wine bottled in green glass.
Though much of this glass is sent to be recycled, outside the
American Midwest there is not enough wine production to use all
of the reprocessed material.
Similarly, the northwestern United States has difficulty
finding markets for recycled newspaper, given the large number
of pulp mills in the region as well as the proximity to Asian
markets. In other areas of the U.S., however, demand for used
newsprint has seen wide fluctuation. In some U.S. states, a
program called Recycle Bank pays people to recycle, receiving
money from local municipalities for the reduction in landfill
space which must be purchased. It uses a single stream process in
which all material is automatically sorted.
Windrow composting
In agriculture, windrow composting is the production of
compost by piling organic matter or biodegradable waste, such as
animal manure and crop residues, in long rows (windrows). This
method is suited to producing large volumes of compost. These
rows are generally turned to improve porosity and oxygen
content, mix in or remove moisture, and redistribute cooler and
hotter portions of the pile. Windrow composting is a commonly
used farm scale composting method. Composting process control
parameters include the initial ratios of carbon and nitrogen rich
materials, the amount of bulking agent added to assure air
porosity, the pile size, moisture content, and turning frequency.
The temperatures of the windrows must be measured and
For instance, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles and
then casting them as plastic chairs and tables. Typically a plastic
is not recycled into the same type of plastic, and products made
from recycled plastics are often not recyclable.
Pyrolysis to Fuel
Another process involves the conversion of assorted
polymers into petroleum by a much less precise thermal
polymerization process. Such a process would be able to accept
almost any polymer or mix of polymers, including thermo set
materials such as vulcanized rubber tires and the biopolymers in
feathers and other agricultural waste. Like natural petroleum, the
chemicals produced can be made into fuels as well as polymers.
RESEM Technology plant of this type exists in Carthage,
Missouri, USA, using turkey waste as input material.
Gasification is a similar process, but is not technically recycling
since polymers are not likely to become the result. Plastic
Pyrolysis can convert petroleum based waste streams such as
plastics into quality fuels, carbons. Given below is the list of
suitable plastic raw materials for pyrolysis:
· Mixed plastic (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, Nylon, Teflon, PS,
ABS, FRP etc)
· Mixed waste plastic from waste paper mill
· Multi Layered Plastic
There is some debate over whether recycling is
economically efficient. It is said that dumping 10,000 tonnes of
waste in a landfill creates six jobs, while recycling 10,000 tonnes
of waste can create over 36 jobs. However, the cost effectiveness
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Environmental effects of recycling

logged constantly to determine the optimum time to turn the Material Energy savings Air pollution savings

Aluminium 95% 95%

windrows for quicker compost production.
Cardboard 24%

Glass 5 30% 20%

Utilization Paper 40% 73%
To properly use a compost windrow turner, it is ideal to Plastics 70%

compost on a hard surfaced pad. Heavy-duty compost windrow Steel 60%

136 133
of creating the additional jobs remains unproven. According to
the U.S. Recycling Economic Informational Study, there are over
50,000 recycling establishments that have created over a million
jobs in the US. Two years after New York City declared that
implementing recycling programs would be "a drain on the city,"
New York City leaders realized that an efficient recycling system
could save the city over $20 million. Municipalities often see
fiscal benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely
due to the reduced landfill costs. A study conducted by the
Technical University of Denmark according to the Economist
found that in 83 percent of cases, recycling is the most efficient
method to dispose of household waste. However, a 2004
assessment by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute
concluded that incineration was the most effective method for
disposing of drink containers, even aluminium ones.
Fiscal efficiency is separate from economic efficiency.
Economic analysis of recycling includes what economists call
externalities, which are unpriced costs and benefits that accrue to
individuals outside of private transactions. Examples include:
decreased air pollution and greenhouse gases from incineration,
reduced hazardous waste leaching from landfills, reduced
energy consumption, and reduced waste and resource
consumption, which leads to a reduction in environmentally
damaging mining and timber activity. About 4,000 minerals
are known, of these only a few hundred minerals in the world are
relatively common. At current rates, current known reserves of
phosphorus will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years. Without
mechanisms such as taxes or subsidies to internalize externalities,
businesses will ignore them despite the costs imposed on society.
To make such non fiscal benefits economically relevant,
advocates have pushed for legislative action to increase the
demand for recycled materials. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling,
saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's carbon
emissions by a net 49 million metric tonnes in 2005. In the United
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Kingdom, the Waste and Resources Action Programme stated
that Great Britain's recycling efforts reduce CO 2 emissions by
1015 million tonnes a year. Recycling is more efficient in densely
populated areas, as there are economies of scale involved.
Certain requirements must be met for recycling to be
economically feasible and environmentally effective. These
include an adequate source of recyclates, a system to extract those
recyclates from the waste stream, a nearby factory capable of
reprocessing the recyclates, and a potential demand for the
recycled products. These last two requirements are often
overlookedwithout both an industrial market for production
using the collected materials and a consumer market for the
manufactured goods, recycling is incomplete and in fact only
"collection".
Many] economists favor a moderate level of government
intervention to provide recycling services. Economists of this
mindset probably view product disposal as an externality of
production and subsequently argue government is most capable
of alleviating such a dilemma.
Trade in Recyclates
Certain countries trade in unprocessed recyclates. Some
have complained that the ultimate fate of recyclates sold to
another country is unknown and they may end up in landfills
instead of reprocessed. According to one report, in America, 5080
percent of computers destined for recycling are actually not
recycled. There are reports of illegal-waste imports to China
being dismantled and recycled solely for monetary gain, without
consideration for workers' health or environmental damage.
Although the Chinese government has banned these practices, it
has not been able to eradicate them. In 2008, the prices of
recyclable waste plummeted before rebounding in 2009.
Cardboard averaged about £53/tonne from 20042008, dropped to
£19/tonne, and then went up to £59/tonne in May 2009. PET
plastic averaged about £156/tonne, dropped to £75/tonne and
135
 turners allow the user to obtain optimum results with the aerobic
municipal authorities in different parts of the country have set up
hot composting process. By using four wheel drive or tracks the
conservancy wings comprising a contingent of work force at
windrow turner is capable of turning compost in windrows
various levels for scavenging, collection, transportation and located in remote locations. With a self-trailering option this
disposal of solid waste in designated landfills. However, as allows the compost windrow turner to convert itself into a trailer
evident in several places, the services provided for municipal to be pulled by a semi-truck tractor. These two options combined
solid waste management are far from adequate, which are allow the compost windrow turner to be easily hauled anywhere
attributable to various reasons. Several organizations of the and to work compost windrows in muddy and wet locations.
Central and State Government are mandated to provide support
through policy and regulatory measures, financial assistance,
technology development and capacity building of local
authorities.
The slum and shanty settlements in and on the periphery
of towns become a major burden for the Municipal Corporations
as such services as drinking water supply, sewerage and
sanitation are provided to them with no or little cost-recovery.
The migrant workforce should be provided proper living space
and environment for a harmonious growth of population,
settlements and resources in urban areas.

The specific objectives of the study wer e:

1) To examine the environment and municipal solid waste
scenario of India
2) To examine the status of municipal solid wastes in Punjab
3) In the light of objective (1) and (2) the study would also
try to identify the activities or part of activity that may be
taken for management of municipal solid waste.
4. To examine the pollution threats to humans and natural
resources of Punjab.
The study is based on the primary and secondary data
collected from various government publications particularly

140 137
References
1. Shanghai Manual: A Guide For Sustainable Urban
Development in the 21st Century, 2012, United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)
2. Managing municipal solid waste a review of
achievements in 32 European countries, EEA Report No
2/2013
3. Solid Waste Management and Recycling Technology of
Japan, 2012 − Toward a Sustainable Society, Ministry
of Environment, Waste Management and Recycling,
Department Policy Planning Division, Office of Sound
Material-Cycle Society.
138
CHAPTER-VII
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
India, the world's second most populous country with the
second largest urban system, has been experiencing rapid growth
in its urban population and is facing a serious challenge in coping
with the urban growth.
In Punjab, the municipalities and municipal corporations
have been organized into three categories, namely , nagar
panchayats for transitional areas, municipal councils for smaller
urban areas (further classified in to class A, class B, and class C
municipalities on the basis of their population and revenue
generation capacity), and municipal corporations for the larger
urban areas as specified by the state government, from time to
time by notification. Growth of urban population in Punjab is a
st
major challenge of 21 century. Urban population in Punjab is
growing rapidly.
Increasing population, Industrialization and densive
agriculture has become a major challenge for environment of
Punjab. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is one of
the prime responsibilities of Urban Local Bodies. With rapid pace
of urbanization, waste management has emerged as one of the
biggest challenges to urban managers. It is necessary to bring a
change in the attitude of the people towards waste management
by creating awareness. To discharge this responsibility , the
139
References Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, Central Pollution Control Board,
1. Ministry of Urban Development (2000), Manual on Punjab State Control Board and Central Ground Water Board for
Municipal Solid Waste Management. Central Public
relevant years and Municipal Statistics of Punjab. The period of
Health & Environment Engineering Organization:
Government of India. New Delhi. the study is from the year 2002-03 to 2009-10. For district wise
2. Reports of Central Pollution Control Board on "Status of analysis we have processed data from the year 2002-03 to 2009-
Compliance by CPCB with Municipal Solid Wastes 10 as was available for Four Municipal Corporations falling ten
(Management and Handling Rules,2000).
3. Joshi & Ahmed : Status and challenges of municipal solid districts of Punjab and this data was obtained from the concerned
waste management in India : A review, Cogent Municipal Corporation offices. The opinion of the enlightened
Environmental Science (2016), vol. 2 persons was also solicited. In the study simple statistical tools like
4. Government of Punjab, Economic Survey (various average, percentages, growth rates, etc, have been used. To
issues) 5. Govt. of Punjab, S tatistical Abstract of
Punjab (various issues). convert the data from current prices to constant prices we have
6. Ludhiana City Development Plan: Vision 2021, An used the wholesale prices of 50 Commodities (Agricultural and
Initiative under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Industrial) in Punjab (Appendix-2).
renewal Mission.
7. Department of Town and Country Planning, Punjab, Similarly to work out the per capita figures,
Master Plan Local Planning Area Jalandhar (2009-31). population figures for different years covered in the study were
8. D.K: Grover Sanjay Kumar: Economics of Production, interpolated using the growth rates pertaining 1991-2001 for the
Processing and Marketing of Fodder Crops in India concerned districts. Data relating to the generation and
(consolidated report), 2012.
9. Sharma,P.K : 2001. Land Degradation in India with management of solid waste was collected at the secondary levels.
Special Reference to Punjab: Remote Sensing Centre., Secondary data on solid waste management was collected from
Ludhiana. Jour. Agric. Physics, Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 80-81 the offices of the Municipal Corporations and Punjab Pollution
10. pscst.gov.in
11. Agriculture Census 2010-11 (Phase-II), Agriculture Control Board. The study has been divided into six Chapters.
Census Division, Department of Agriculture and The First Chapter deals with the Solid Wastes Scenario in
Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture New Delhi, 2015. India. An attempt has been made in the Second Chapter to
12. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of highlight the status of municipal solid wastes in Punjab and also
Environment, Forest & Climate Change (Various
Reports). highlighted the performance of major cities and Municipal
13. wiienvis.nic.in Corporations of Punjab pertaining to municipal solid waste.
14. pscst.gov.in Third Chapter deals with the Land degradation in Punjab. In
15. Punjab Pollution Control Board (various Reports)
16. Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Government Fourth chapter an attempt has been made to highlight the Natural
of Punjab (various Reports) Resources and pollution in Punjab. Fifth chapter deals with
17. National Biodiversity Authority (An autonomous and Management and disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes. Sixth

144 141
Chapter contains conclusions and summary of main findings and
some policy implications.
v Government of India notified the Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules in 2000. Earlier this
act has been renamed and expanded as Solid Waste
management act 2016. In this notification it is mandatory
for the all the states to implement this Act. But in Punjab
even after 17 years of this notification very few steps has
been taken.
v Punjab is generating 4300 Tonne Per Day (TPD)
Municipal Solid Wastes. Four districts Ludhiana,
Amritsar, Jalandhar and Patiala are generating more than
62 per cent MSW of Punjab.
v Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Punjab is dumped
without treating, which is affecting environment and
health of the citizens. In Punjab the position of hazardous
and bio-medical waste treatment is little satisfactory but
the position of provision for municipal solid waste is very
poor.
v In per capita municipal solid waste, Ludhiana district is
on top with annual generation of 121 kg. followed by
Jalandhar district 93.3 kg, Amritsar 92.4 kg and Patiala is
40 kg.
Management of Solid waste:
Due to current lavishing lifestyle trade, continuous waste
generation is an obvious phenomenon. For better management of
solid waste, periodic review of each steps involved in waste
management like Generation, Collection, Disposal etc should be
conducted & accordingly implementation of “Best Practices” is
142
necessary. Best practices for waste management can be achieved
by well known '3 Rs' principle. '3 Rs' principle (Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle). can be described as follows:
3 Rs classify waste management strategies according to
their desirability in terms of waste minimization. These "3 Rs" are
the foundation of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of
this is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products
and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
v Vermi Compost may be better option for solid waste
management as Punjab is a agriculture state.
v Industries should install the machineries to remove
contaminants from their effluents and wastewater by
installing Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) , untreated
effluent discharge into rivers should not be allowed and
Immediate closure of all the unauthorized activities
which discharge industrial ef fluents, sludge and
chemicals.
v Government should aware farmers of Punjab about
organic farming with the support of marketing facilities.
143
3. "authorisation" means the permission given by the
State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
Committee, as the case may be, to the operator of a
facility or urban local suthority, or any other agency
responsible for processing and disposal of solid
waste;
4. “biodegradable waste " means any organic material
that can be degraded by micro-organisms into simpler
stable compounds;
5. "bio-methanation" means a process which entails
enzymatic decomposition of the organic matter by
microbial action to produce methane rich biogas;
6. “brand owner” means a person or company who
sells any commodity under a registered brand label.
7. “buffer zone” means zone of no development to be
maintained around solid waste processing and
disposal facility, exceeding 5 TPD of installed
capacity. This will be maintained within total and area
allotted for the solid waste processing and disposal
facility.
8. “bulk waste generator” means and includes
buildings occupied by the Central government
departments or undertakings, State government
departments or undertakings, local bodies, public
sector undertakings or private companies, hospitals,
nursing homes, schools, colleges, universities, other
educational institutions, hostels, hotels, commercial
establishments, markets, places of worship, stadia
and sports complexes having an average waste
generation rate exceeding 100kg per day;
148
Statutory Body of the Ministry of, Environment, Forest &
Climate Change, Government of India) (Various
Reports).
18. Water Quality Issues and Challenges in Punjab, ministry
of water resources,2014 (various reports).
19. Shanghai Manual: A Guide For Sustainable Urban
Development in the 21st Century, 2012, United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)
20. Managing municipal solid waste - a review of
achievements in 32 European countries, EEA Report No
2/2013
21. Solid Waste Management and Recycling Technology of
Japan, 2012 ? Toward a Sustainable Society, Ministry of
Environment, Waste Management and Recycling,
Department Policy Planning Division.
22. UNESCO and UNEP 2002 Cultural Diversity and
Biodiversity for Sustainable Development, World
Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg.
23. Clark H cited in UNESCO and UNEP 2002, Cultural
Diversity and Biodiversity for Sustainable Development,
World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Johannesburg.
24. Europe in Figures, Eurostat year Book, ed.2012,
European Commission.
145

APPENDIX-I
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND
CLIMATE CHANGE.
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 8th April, 2016
S.O. 1357(E).Whereas the draft of the Solid Waste
Management Rules, 2015 were published under the notification
of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change number G.S.R. 451 (E), dated the 3rd
June, 2015 in the Gazette of India, part II, Section3, sub- section
(i) of the same date inviting objections or suggestions from the
persons likely to be affected thereby, before the expiry of the
period of sixty days from the publication of the said notification
on the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2015 in supersession of
the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,
2000;
And whereas, copies of the said Gazette were made
rd
available to the public on the 3 June, 2015;
And whereas, the objections or comments received
within the stipulated period were duly considered by the Central
Government;
Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by
sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
(29 of 1986) and in supersession of the Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, except as respect
things done or omitted to be done before such supersession, the
Central Government hereby makes the following rules for
management of Solid Waste, namely:-
146
1. Short title and commencement.-
(1) These rules may be called the Solid Waste Management
Rules, 2016.
(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication
in the Official Gazette.
2. Application :
These rules shall apply to every urban local body,
outgrowths in urban agglomerations, census towns as
declared by the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner of India, notified areas, notified industrial
townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways,
airports, airbases, Ports and harbours, defence
establishments, special economic zones, State and
Central government organizations, places of pilgrims,
religious and historical importance as may be notified by
respective State government from time to time and to
every domestic, institutional, commercial and any other
non residential solid waste generator situated in the areas
except industrial waste, hazardous waste, hazardous
chemicals, bio medical wastes, e-waste, lead acid
batteries and radio-active waste, that are covered under
separate rules framed under the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986.
3. Definitions:
(1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires:
1. “aerobic composting” means a controlled process
involving microbial decomposition of organic matter
in the presence of oxygen;
2. “anaerobic digestion" means a controlled process
involving microbial decomposition of organic matter
in absence of oxygen;
147
 municipal council, nagarpalika, nagar
Palikaparishad, municipal board, nagar panchayat
and town panchayat, census towns, notified areas and
notified industrial townships with whatever name
they are called in different States and union territories
in India;
31. “materials recovery facility” (MRF) means a
facility where non-compostable solid waste can be
temporarily stored by the local body or any other
entity mentioned in rule 2 or any person or agency
authorised by any of them to facilitate segregation,
sorting and recovery of recyclables from various
components of waste by authorised informal sector of
waste pickers, informal recyclers or any other work
force engaged by the local body or entity mentioned in
rule 2for the purpose before the waste is delivered or
taken up for its processing or disposal;
32. “non-biodegradable waste” means any waste that
cannot be degraded by micro organisms into simpler
stable compounds;
33. "operator of a facility" means a person or entity,
who owns or operates a facility for handling solid
waste which includes the local body and any other
entity or agency appointed by the local body;
34. “primary collection" means collecting, lifting and
removal of segregated solid waste from source of its
generation including households, shops, offices and
any other non-residential premises or from any
collection points or any other location specified by the
local body;
35. "processing" means any scientific process by which
152
9. "bye-laws" means regulatory framework notified by
local body, census town and notified area townships
for facilitating the implementation of these rules
effectively in their jurisdiction.
10. “census town” means an urban area as defined by the
Registrar General and Census Commissioner of
India;
11. “combustible waste” means non-biodegradable,
non-recyclable, non-reusable, non hazardous solid
waste having minimum calorific value exceeding
1500 kcal/kg and excluding chlorinated materials like
plastic, wood pulp, etc;
12. "composting" means a controlled process involving
microbial decomposition of organic matter;
13. “contractor” means a person or firm that undertakes
a contract to provide materials or labour to perform a
service or do a job for service providing authority;
14. “co-processing” means use of non-biodegradable
and non recyclable solid waste having calorific value
exceeding 1500k/cal as raw material or as a source of
energy or both to replace or supplement the natural
mineral resources and fossil fuels in industrial
processes;
15. “decentralised processing” means establishment of
dispersed facilities for maximizing the processing of
bio-degradable waste and recovery of recyclables
closest to the source of generation so as to minimize
transportation of waste for processing or disposal;
16. "disposal" means the final and safe disposal of post
149
 processed residual solid waste and inert street
sweepings and silt from surface drains on land as
specified in Schedule I to prevent contamination of
ground water, surface water , ambient air and
attraction of animals or birds;
17. “domestic hazardous waste” means discarded paint
drums, pesticide cans, CFL bulbs, tube lights, expired
medicines, broken mercury thermometers, used
batteries, used needles and syringes and contaminated
gauge, etc., generated at the household level;
18. "door to door collection" means collection of solid
waste from the door step of households, shops,
commercial establishments , offices , institutional or
any other non residential premises and includes
collection of such waste from entry gate or a
designated location on the ground floor in a housing
society , multi storied building or apartments , large
residential, commercial or institutional complex or
premises;.
19. “dry waste” means waste other than bio-degradable
waste and inert street sweepings and includes
recyclable and non recyclable waste, combustible
waste and sanitary napkin and diapers, etc;
20. “dump sites” means a land utilised by local body for
disposal of solid waste without following the
principles of sanitary land filling;
21. “extended producer responsibility” (EPR) means
responsibility of any producer of packaging products
such as plastic, tin, glass and corrugated boxes, etc.,
for environmentally sound management, till end-of-
life of the packaging products;
150
22. “facility” means any establishment wherein the solid
waste management processes namely segregation,
recovery, storage, collection, recycling, processing,
treatment or safe disposal are carried out;
23. "fine" means penalty imposed on waste generators or
operators of waste processing and disposal facilities
under the bye-laws for non-compliance of the
directions contained in these rules and/or bye- laws
24. "Form" means a F8orm appended to these rules;
25. “handling” includes all activities relating to sorting,
segregation, material recovery, collection, secondary
storage, shredding, baling, crushing, loading,
unloading, transportation, processing and disposal of
solid wastes;
26. “inerts” means wastes which are not bio-degradable,
recyclable or combustible street sweeping or dust and
silt removed from the surface drains;
27. “incineration” means an engineered process
involving burning or combustion of solid waste to
thermally degrade waste materials at high
temperatures;
28. “informal waste collector” includes individuals,
associations or waste traders who are involved in
sorting, sale and purchase of recyclable materials;
29. "leachate" means the liquid that seeps through solid
waste or other medium and has extracts of dissolved
or suspended material from it;
30. "local body” for the purpose of these rules means and
includes the municipal corporation, nagar nigam,
151
52. "transportation" means conveyance of solid waste,
either treated, partly treated or untreated from a
location to another location in an environmentally
sound manner through specially designed and
covered transport system so as to prevent the foul
odour, littering and unsightly conditions;
53. “treatment” means the method, technique or process
designed to modify physical, chemical or biological
characteristics or composition of any waste so as to
reduce its volume and potential to cause harm;
54. “user fee” means a fee imposed by the local body and
any entity mentioned in rule 2 on the waste generator
to cover full or part cost of providing solid waste
collection, transportation, processing and disposal
services.
55. "vermi composting" means the process of
conversion of bio-degradable waste into compost
using earth worms;
56. “waste generator” means and includes every person
or group of persons, every residential premises and
non residential establishments including Indian
Railways, defense establishments, which generate
solid waste;
57. “waste hierarchy” means the priority order in which
the solid waste is to should be managed by giving
emphasis to prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling,
recovery and disposal, with prevention being the most
preferred option and the disposal at the landfill being
the least,
58. “waste picker” means a person or groups of persons
156
segregated solid waste is handled for the purpose of
reuse, recycling or transformation into new products;
36. "recycling" means the process of transforming
segregated non-biodegradable solid waste into new
material or product or as raw material for producing
new products which may or may not be similar to the
original products;
37. “redevelopment” means rebuilding of old
residential or commercial buildings at the same site,
where the existing buildings and other infrastructures
have become dilapidated;
38. "refused derived fuel"(RDF) means fuel derived
from combustible waste fraction of solid waste like
plastic, wood, pulp or organic waste, other than
chlorinated materials, in the form of pellets or fluff
produced by drying, shredding, dehydrating and
compacting of solid waste ;
39. “residual solid waste” means and includes the waste
and rejects from the solid waste processing facilities
which are not suitable for recycling or further
processing;
40. "sanitary land filling " means the final and safe
disposal of residual solid waste and inert wastes on
land in a facility designed with protective measures
against pollution of ground water, surface water and
fugitive air dust, wind-blown litter, bad odour, fire
hazard, animal menace, bird menace, pests or rodents,
greenhouse gas emissions, persistent or ganic
pollutants slope instability and erosion;
41. “sanitary waste” means wastes comprising of used
153
 diapers, sanitary towels or napkins, tampons,
condoms, incontinence sheets and any other similar
waste;
42. "Schedule" means the Schedule appended to these
rules;
43. "secondary storage " means the temporary
containment of solid waste after collection at
secondary waste storage depots or MRFs or bins for
onward transportation of the waste to the processing
or disposal facility;
44. "segregation" means sorting and separate storage of
various components of solid waste namely
biodegradable wastes including agriculture and dairy
waste, non biodegradable wastes including recyclable
waste, non-recyclable combustible waste, sanitary
waste and non recyclable inert waste, domestic
hazardous wastes, and construction and demolition
wastes;
45. “service provider” means an authority providing
public utility services like water , sewerage,
electricity, telephone, roads, drainage, etc;
46. "solid waste" means and includes solid or semi-solid
domestic waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste,
institutional waste, catering and market waste and
other non residential wastes, street sweepings, silt
removed or collected from the surface drains,
horticulture waste, agriculture and dairy waste,
treated bio-medical waste excluding industrial waste,
bio-medical waste and e-waste, battery waste, radio-
active waste generated in the area under the local
authorities and other entities mentioned in rule 2;
154
47. “sorting” means separating various components and
categories of recyclables such as paper, plastic, card-
boards, metal, glass, etc., from mixed waste as may be
appropriate to facilitate recycling;
48. “stabilising” means the biological decomposition of
biodegradable wastes to a stable state where it
generates no leachate or offensive odours and is fit for
application to farm land ,soil erosion control and soil
remediation;
49. “street vendor” means any person engaged in
vending of articles, goods, wares, food items or
merchandise of everyday use or offering services to
the general public, in a street, lane, side walk,
footpath, pavement, public park or any other public
place or private area, from a temporary built up
structure or by moving from place to place and
includes hawker, peddler, squatter and all other
synonymous terms which may be local or region
specific; and the words “street vending” with their
grammatical variations and cognate expressions,
shall be construed accordingly;
50. “tipping fee” means a fee or support price
determined by the local authorities or any state
agency authorised by the State government to be paid
to the concessionaire or operator of waste processing
facility or for disposal of residual solid waste at the
landfill;
51. “transfer station” means a facility created to receive
solid waste from collection areas and transport in bulk
in covered vehicles or containers to waste processing
and, or, disposal facilities;
155
 1) Ministry of Urban Development
2) Ministry of Rural Development
3) Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
4) Ministry of Agriculture
5) Central Pollution Control Board
6) Three State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution
Control Committees by rotation
7) Urban Development Departments of three State
Governments by rotation
8) Rural Development Departments from two State
Governments by rotation
9) Three Urban Local bodies by rotation
10) Two census towns by rotation
11) FICCI, CII
12) Two subject experts
2. This Central Monitoring Committee shall meet at least
once in a year to monitor and review the implementation
of these rules. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change may co-opt other experts, if needed. The
Committee shall be renewed every three years.
6. Duties of Ministry of Urban Development:
(1) The Ministry of Urban Development shall coordinate
with State Governments and Union territory
Administrations to,-
(a) take periodic review of the measures taken by the
states and local bodies for improving solid waste
management practices and execution of solid waste
management projects funded by the Ministry and
external agencies at least once in a year and give
advice on taking corrective measures;
(b) formulate national policy and strategy on solid
waste management including policy on waste to
energy in consultation with stakeholders within six
months from the date of notification of these rules;
160
informally engaged in collection and recovery of
reusable and recyclable solid waste from the source of
waste generation the streets, bins, material recovery
facilities, processing and waste disposal facilities for
sale to recyclers directly or through intermediaries to
earn their livelihood.
(2) Words and expressions used herein but not defined, but
defined in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,
1977 and the Air (prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981 shall have the same meaning as assigned to
them in the respective Acts.
4 Duties of waste generators:
(1) Every waste generator shall:
(a) segregate and store the waste generated by them in
three separate streams namely bio-degradable, non
bio-degradable and domestic hazardous wastes in
suitable bins and handover segregated wastes to
authorised waste pickers or waste collectors as per
the direction or notification by the local authorities
from time to time;
(b) wrap securely the used sanitary waste like diapers,
sanitary pads etc., in the pouches provided by the
manufacturers or brand owners of these products or
in a suitable wrapping material as instructed by the
local authorities and shall place the same in the bin
meant for dry waste or non- bio-degradable waste;
(c) store separately construction and demolition waste,
as and when generated, in his own premises and
shall dispose off as per the Construction and
Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016; and
157
 (d) store horticulture waste and garden waste generated
from his premises separately in his own premises
and dispose of as per the directions of the local body
from time to time.
(2) No waste generator shall throw, burn or burry the solid
waste generated by him, on streets, open public spaces
outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.
(3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid
waste management, as specified in the bye-laws of the
local bodies.
(4) No person shall organise an event or gathering of more
than one hundred persons at any unlicensed place without
intimating the local body, at least three working days in
advance and such person or the organiser of such event
shall ensure segregation of waste at source and handing
over of segregated waste to waste collector or agency as
specified by the local body.
(5) Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for
storage of waste generated during the course of his
activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans,
wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables,
fruits, etc., and shall deposit such waste at waste storage
depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.
(6) All resident welfare and market associations shall, within
one year from the date of notification of these rules and in
partnership with the local body ensure segregation of
waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these
rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate
streams, handover recyclable material to either the
authorised waste pickers or the authorised recyclers. The
bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and
disposed off through composting or bio-methanation
within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste
shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed
by the local body.
(7) All gated communities and institutions with more than
158
5,000 sqm area shall, within one year from the date of
notification of these rules and in partnership with the local
body, ensure segregation of waste at source by the
generators as prescribed in these rules, facilitate
collection of segregated waste in separate streams,
handover recyclable material to either the authorised
waste pickers or the authorizsd recyclers. The bio-
degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed
off through composting or bio-methanation within the
premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be
given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the
local body.
(8) All hotels and restaurants shall, within one year from the
date of notification of these rules and in partnership with
the local body ensure segregation of waste at source as
prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of
segregated waste in separate streams, handover
recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers
or the authorised recyclers. The bio-degradable waste
shall be processed, treated and disposed off through
composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far
as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste
collectors or agency as directed by the local body.
5. Duties of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change :
(1) The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
shall be responsible for over all monitoring the
implementation of these rules in the country. It shall
constitute a Central Monitoring Committee under the
Chairmanship of Secretary, Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change comprising officer not below
the rank of Joint Secretary or Advisor from the following
namely,-
159
 committees or town and country planning
department;
(g) direct the town planning department of the State and
local bodies to ensure that a separate space for
segregation, storage, decentralised processing of
solid waste is demarcated in the development plan
for group housing or commercial, institutional or
any other non-residential complex exceeding 200
dwelling or having a plot area exceeding 5,000
square meters;
(h) direct the developers of Special Economic Zone,
Industrial Estate, Industrial Park to earmark at least
five percent of the total area of the plot or minimum
five plots or sheds for recovery and recycling
facility.
(i) facilitate establishment of common regional
sanitary land fill for a group of cities and towns
falling within a distance of 50 km (or more) from the
regional facility on a cost sharing basis and ensure
professional management of such sanitary landfills;
(j) arrange for capacity building of local bodies in
managing solid waste, segregation and
transportation or processing of such waste at source;
(k) notify buffer zone for the solid waste processing and
disposal facilities of more than five tons per day in
consultation with the State Pollution Control Board;
and
(l) start a scheme on registration of waste pickers and
waste dealers.
12. Duties of District Magistrate or District Collector o r
Deputy Commissioner:
The District Magistrate or District Collector or as the case
may be , the Deputy Commissioner shall:
(a) facilitate identification and allocation of suitable
land as per clause (f) of rules 11 for setting up solid
164
(c) facilitate States and Union Territories in
formulation of state policy and strategy on solid
management based on national solid waste
management policy and national urban sanitation
policy;
(d) promote research and development in solid waste
management sector and disseminate information to
States and local bodies;
(e) undertake training and capacity building of local
bodies and other stakeholders;and
(f) provide technical guidelines and project finance to
states, Union territories and local bodies on solid
waste management to facilitate meeting timelines
and standards.
7. Duties of Department of Fertilisers, Ministry of
Chemicals and Fertilisers.-
(1) The Department of Fertilisers through appropriate
mechanisms shall,-
(a) provide market development assistance on city
compost; and
(b) ensure promotion of co-marketing of compost with
chemical fertilisers in the ratio of 3 to 4 bags: 6 to 7
bags by the fertiliser companies to the extent
compost is made availablefor marketing to the
companies.
8. Duties of Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India:
The Ministry of Agriculture through appropriate
mechanisms shall,-
(a) provide flexibility in Fertiliser Control Order for
manufacturing and sale of compost;
161
 (b) propagate utlisation of compost on farm land;
(c) set up laboratories to test quality of compost
produced by local authorities or their authorised
agencies; and
(d) issue suitable guidelines for maintaining the quality
of compost and ratio of use of compost visa-a-vis
chemical fertilizers while applying compost to
farmland.
9. Duties of the Ministry of Power:
The Ministry of Power through appropriate mechanisms
shall:
(a) decide tariff or charges for the power generated
from the waste to energy plants based on solid
waste.
(b) compulsory purchase power generated from such
waste to energy plants by distribution company.
10. Duties of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Sources :
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources
through appropriate mechanisms shall,-
(a) facilitate infrastructure creation for waste to energy
plants; and
(b) provide appropriate subsidy or incentives for such
waste to energy plants.
11. Duties of the Secretaryin-charge, Urban Development
in the States and Union territories:
(1) The Secretary, Urban Development Department in the
State or Union territory through the Commissioner or
Director of Municipal Administration or Director of local
bodies shall:
(a) prepare a state policy and solid waste management
strategy for the state or the union territory in
consultation with stakeholders including
162
representative of waste pickers, self help group and
similar groups working in the field of waste
management consistent with these rules, national
policy on solid waste management and national
urban sanitation policy of the ministry of urban
development, in a period not later than one year
from the date of notification of these rules;
(b) while preparing State policy and strategy on solid
waste management, lay emphasis on waste
reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery and optimum
utilisation of various components of solid waste to
ensure minimisation of waste going to the landfill
and minimise impact of solid waste on human
health and environment;
(c) state policies and strategies should acknowledge the
primary role played by the informal sector of waste
pickers, waste collectors and recycling industry in
reducing waste and provide broad guidelines
regarding integration of waste picker or informal
waste collectors in the waste management system.
(d) ensure implementation of provisions of these rules
by all local authorities;
(e) direct the town planning department of the State to
ensure that master plan of every city in the State or
Union territory provisions for setting up of solid
waste processing and disposal facilities except for
the cities who are members of common waste
processing facility or regional sanitary landfill for a
group of cities; and
(f) ensure identification and allocation of suitable land
to the local bodies within one year for setting up of
processing and disposal facilities for solid wastes
and incorporate them in the master plans (land use
plan) of the State or as the case may be, cities
through metropolitan and district planning
163
(f) prescribe from time to time user fee as deemed
appropriate and collect the fee from the waste
generators on its own or through authorised agency;
(g) direct waste generators not to litter i.e throw or
dispose of any waste such as paper, water bottles,
liquor bottles, soft drink canes, tetra packs, fruit
peel, wrappers, etc., or burn or burry waste on
streets, open public spaces, drains, waste bodies and
to segregate the waste at source as prescribed under
these rules and hand over the segregated waste to
authorised the waste pickers or waste collectors
authorised by the local body;
(h) setup material recovery facilities or secondary
storage facilities with sufficient space for sorting of
recyclable materials to enable informal or
authorised waste pickers and waste collectors to
separate recyclables from the waste and provide
easy access to waste pickers and recyclers for
collection of segregated recyclable waste such as
paper, plastic, metal, glass, textile from the source
of generation or from material recovery facilities;
Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be
painted green, those for storage of recyclable wastes
shall be printed white and those for storage of other
wastes shall be printed black;
(i) establish waste deposition centres for domestic
hazardous waste and give direction for waste
generators to deposit domestic hazardous wastes at
this centre for its safe disposal. Such facility shall be
established in a city or town in a manner that one
centre is set up for the area of twenty square
kilometers or part thereof and notify the timings of
receiving domestic hazardous waste at such centres;
(j) ensure safe storage and transportation of the
domestic hazardous waste to the hazardous waste
168
waste processing and disposal facilities to local
authorities in his district in close coordination with
the Secretary-in-charge of S tate Urban
Development Department within one year from the
date of notification of these rules;
(b) review the performance of local bodies, at least
once in a quarter on waste segregation, processing,
treatment and disposal and take corrective
measures in consultation with the Commissioner or
Director of Municipal Administration or Director
of local bodies and secretary-in-charge of the State
Urban Development.
13. Duties of the Secretaryin-charge of Village Panchayats
or Rural Development Department in the State and
Union territory:
(1) The Secretaryin-charge of Village Panchayats or Rural
Development Department in the State and Union territory
shall have the same duties as the Secretaryin-charge,
Urban Development in the States and Union territories,
for the areas which are covered under these rules and are
under their jurisdictions.
14. Duties of Central Pollution Control Board:
The Central Pollution Control Board shall:
(a) co-ordinate with the State Pollution Control Boards
and the Pollution Control Committees for
implementation of these rules and adherence to the
prescribed standards by local authorities;
(b) formulate the standards for ground water, ambient
air, noise pollution, leachate in respect of all solid
waste processing and disposal facilities;
(c) review environmental standards and norms
prescribed for solid waste processing facilities or
treatment technologies and update them as and
when required;
165
(d) review through State Pollution Control Boards or
Pollution Control Committees, at least once in a
year, the implementation of prescribed
environmental standards for solid waste processing
facilities or treatment technologies and compile the
data monitored by them;
(e) review the proposals of State Pollution Control
Boards or Pollution Control Committees on use of
any new technologies for processing, recycling and
treatment of solid waste and prescribe performance
standards, emission norms for the same within 6
months;
(f) monitor through State Pollution Control Boards or
Pollution Control Committees the implementation
of these rules by local bodies;
(g) prepare an annual report on implementation of these
rules on the basis of reports received from State
Pollution Control Boards and Committees and
submit to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change and the report shall also be put in
public domain;
(h) publish guidelines for maintaining buffer zone
restricting any residential, commercial or any other
construction activity from the outer boundary of the
waste processing and disposal facilities for
different sizes of facilities handling more than five
tons per day of solid waste;
(i) publish guidelines, from time to time, on
environmental aspects of processing and disposal
of solid waste to enable local bodies to comply with
the provisions of these rules; and
(j) provide guidance to States or Union territories on
inter-state movement of waste.
166
15. Duties and responsibilities of local authorities and
village Panchayats of census towns and urban
agglomerations:
The local authorities and Panchayats shall:
(a) prepare a solid waste management plan as per state
policy and strategy on solid waste management
within six months from the date of notification of
state policy and strategy and submit a copy to
respective departments of State Government or
Union territory Administration or agency
authorised by the State Government or Union
territoryAdministration;
(b) arrange for door to door collection of segregated
solid waste from all households including slums
and informal settlements, commercial, institutional
and other non residential premises. From multi-
storage buildings, large commercial complexes,
malls, housing complexes, etc., this may be
collected from the entry gate or any other
designated location;
(c) establish a system to recognise organisations of
waste pickers or informal waste collectors and
promote and establish a system for integration of
these authorised waste-pickers and waste collectors
to facilitate their participation in solid waste
management including door to door collection of
waste;
(d) facilitate formation of Self Help Groups, provide
identity cards and thereafter encourage integration
in solid waste management including door to door
collection of waste;
(e) frame bye-laws incorporating the provisions of
these rules within one year from the date of
notification of these rules and ensure timely
implementation;
167
 segregated waste and transporting the unmixed
waste during primary and secondary transportation
to processing or disposal facility;
(zd) ensure that the operator of a facility provides
personal protection equipment including uniform,
fluorescent jacket, hand gloves, raincoats,
appropriate foot wear and masks to all workers
handling solid waste and the same are used by the
workforce;
(ze) ensure that provisions for setting up of centers for
collection, segregation and storage of segregated
wastes, are incorporated in building plan while
granting approval of building plan of a group
housing society or market complex; and
(zf) frame bye-laws and prescribe criteria for levying of
spot fine for persons who litters or fails to comply
with the provisions of these rules and delegate
powers to officers or local bodies to levy spot fines
as per the bye laws framed; and
(zg) create public awareness through information,
education and communication campaign and
educate the waste generators on the following;
namely:-
(i) not to litter;
(ii) minimise generation of waste;
(iii) reuse the waste to the extent possible;
(iv) practice segregation of waste into bio-degradable,
non-biodegradable (recyclable and combustible),
sanitary waste and domestic hazardous wastes at
source;
(v) practice home composting, vermi-
composting, bio-gas generation or community level
composting;
(vi) wrap securely used sanitary waste as and when
generated in the pouches provided by the brand
owners or a suitable wrapping as prescribed by the
172
disposal facility or as may be directed by the State
Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control
Committee;
(k) direct street sweepers not to burn tree leaves
collected from street sweeping and store them
separately and handover to the waste collectors or
agency authorised by local body;
(l) provide training on solid waste management to
waste-pickers and waste collectors;
(m) collect waste from vegetable, fruit, flower, meat,
poultry and fish market on day to day basis and
promote setting up of decentralised compost plant
or bio-methanation plant at suitable locations in the
markets or in the vicinity of markets ensuring
hygienic conditions;
(n) collect separately waste from sweeping of streets,
lanes and by-lanes daily, or on alternate days or
twice a week depending on the density of
population, commercial activity and local situation;
(o) set up covered secondary storage facility for
temporary storage of street sweepings and silt
removed from surface drains in cases where direct
collection of such waste into transport vehicles is
not convenient. Waste so collected shall be
collected and disposed of at regular intervals as
decided by the local body;
(p) collect horticulture, parks and garden waste
separately and process in the parks and gardens, as
far as possible;
(q) transport segregated bio-degradable waste to the
processing facilities like compost plant, bio-
methanation plant or any such facility. Preference
shall be given for on site processing of such waste;
(r) transport non-bio-degradable waste to the
respective processing facility or material recovery
facilities or secondary storage facility;
169
(s) transport construction and demolition waste as per
the provisions of the Construction and Demolition
Waste management Rules, 2016;
(t) involve communities in waste management and
promotion of home composting, bio-gas
generation, decentralised processing of waste at
community level subject to control of odour and
maintenance of hygienic conditions around the
facility;
(u) phase out the use of chemical fertilizer in two years
and use compost in all parks, gardens maintained by
the local body and wherever possible in other places
under its jurisdiction. Incentives may be provided to
recycling initiatives by informal waste recycling
sector.
(v) facilitate construction, operation and maintenance
of solid waste processing facilities and associated
infrastructure on their own or with private sector
participation or through any agency for optimum
utilisation of various components of solid waste
adopting suitable technology including the
following technologies and adhering to the
guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban
Development from time to time and standards
prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board.
Preference shall be given to decentralised
processing to minimize transportation cost and
environmental impacts such as-
a) bio-methanation, microbial composting, vermi-
composting, anaerobic digestion or any other
appropriate processing for bio-stabilisation of
biodegradable wastes;
b) waste to energy processes including refused derived
fuel for combustible fraction of waste or supply as
feedstock to solid waste based power plants or
170
cement kilns;
(w) undertake on their own or through any other agency
construction, operation and maintenance of sanitary
landfill and associated infrastructure as per
Schedule 1 for disposal of residual wastes in a
manner prescribed under these rules;
(x) make adequate provision of funds for capital
investments as well as operation and maintenance
of solid waste management services in the annual
budget ensuring that funds for discretionary
functions of the local body have been allocated only
after meeting the requirement of necessary funds
for solid waste management and other obligatory
functions of the local body as per these rules;
(y) make an application in Form-I for grant of
authorisation for setting up waste processing,
treatment or disposal facility, if the volume of waste
is exceeding five metric tones per day including
sanitary landfills from the State Pollution Control
Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the
case may be;
(z) submit application for renewal of authorisation at
least sixty days before the expiry of the validity of
authorisation;
(za) prepare and submit annual report in Form IV
on or before the 30 thApril of the succeeding
year to the Commissioner or Director, Municipal
Administration or designated Officer;
(zb) the annual report shall then be sent to the Secretary -
in-Charge of the State Urban Development
Department or village panchayat or rural
development department and to the respective State
Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
st
Committee by the 31 May of every year;
(zc) educate workers including contract workers and
supervisors for door to door collection of
171
 waste deposition facilities.
(6) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution
Control Committee shall regulate Inter-State movement
of waste.
17. Duty of manufacturers or brand owners of disposable
products and sanitary napkins and diapers:
(1) All manufacturers of disposable products such as tin,
glass, plastics packaging, etc., or brand owners who
introduce such products in the market shall provide
necessary financial assistance to local authorities for
establishment of waste management system.
(2) All such brand owners who sell or market their products
in such packaging material which are non-biodegradable
shall put in place a system to collect back the packaging
waste generated due to their production.
(3) Manufacturers or brand owners or marketing companies
of sanitary napkins and diapers shall explore the
possibility of using all recyclable materials in their
products or they shall provide a pouch or wrapper for
disposal of each napkin or diapers along with the packet
of their sanitary products.
(4) All such manufacturers, brand owners or marketing
companies shall educate the masses for wrapping and
disposal of their products.
18. Duties of the industrial units located within one hundred
km from the refused derived fuel and waste to energy
plants based on solid waste:
All industrial units using fuel and located within one
hundred km from a solid waste based refused derived fuel
plant shall make arrangements within six months from the
date of notification of these rules to replace at least five
percent of their fuel requirement by refused derived fuel
so produced.
176
local body and place the same in the bin meant for
nonbiodegradable waste;
(vii) storage of segregated waste at source in different
bins;
(viii) handover segregated waste to waste
pickers, waste collectors, recyclers or waste
collection agencies; and
(ix) pay monthly user fee or charges to waste collectors
or local bodies or any other person authorised by the
local body for sustainability of solid waste
management.
(zh) stop land filling or dumping of mixed waste soon after the
timeline as specified in rule 23 for setting up and
operationalisation of sanitary landfill is over;
(zi) allow only the non-usable, non-recyclable, non-
biodegradable, non-combustible and non-reactive inert
waste and pre-processing rejects and residues from waste
processing facilities to go to sanitary landfill and the
sanitary landfill sites shall meet the specifications as
given in Schedule-I, however, every effort shall be made
to recycle or reuse the rejects to achieve the desired
objective of zero waste going to landfill;
(zj) investigate and analyse all old open dumpsites and
existing operational dumpsites for their potential of
biomining and bio-remediation and wheresoever
feasible, take necessary actions to bio-mine or bio-
remediate the sites;
(zk) in absence of the potential of bio-mining and bio-
remediation of dumpsite, it shall be scientifically capped
as per landfill capping norms to prevent further damage to
the environment.
16. Duties of State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Control Committee :
(1) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
Committee shall,-
173
(a) enforce these rules in their State through local
bodies in their respective jurisdiction and review
implementation of these rules at least twice a year
in close coordination with concerned Directorate
of Municipal Administration or Secretary-in-
charge of State Urban Development Department;
(b) monitor environmental standards and adherence
to conditions as specified under the Schedule I
and Schedule II for waste processing and disposal
sites;
(c) examine the proposal for authorisation and make
such inquiries as deemed fit, after the receipt of
the application for the same in Form I from the
local body or any other agency authorised by the
local body;
(d) while examining the proposal for authorisation,
the requirement of consents under respective
enactments and views of other agencies like the
State Urban Development Department, the Town
and Country Planning Department, District
Planning Committee or Metropolitan Area
Planning Committee, as may be applicable,
Airport or Airbase Authority, the Ground Water
Board, Railways, power distribution companies,
highway department and other relevant agencies
shall be taken into consideration and they shall be
given four weeks time to give their views, if any;
(e) issue authorisation within a period of sixty days in
Form II to the local body or an operator of a
facility or any other agency authorised by local
body stipulating compliance criteria and
environmental standards as specified in
Schedules I and II including other conditions, as
may be necessary;
(f) synchronise the validity of said authorisation with
the validity of the consents;
174
(g) suspend or cancel the authorization issued under
clause (a) any time, if the local body or operator of
the facility fails to operate the facility as per the
conditions stipulated: provided that no such
authorization shall be suspended or cancelled
without giving notice to the local body or
operator, as the case may be; and
(h) on receipt of application for renewal, renew the
authorisation for next five years, after examining
every application on merit and subject to the
condition that the operator of the fa cility has
fulfilled all the provisions of the rules, standards
or conditions specified in the authorisation,
consents or environment clearance.
(2) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
Committee shall, after giving reasonable opportunity of
being heard to the applicant and for reasons thereof to be
recorded in writing, refuse to grant or renew an
authorisation.
(3) In case of new technologies, where no standards have
been prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board,
State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
Committee, as the case may be, shall approach Central
Pollution Control Board for getting standards specified.
(4) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution
Control Committee, as the case may be, shall monitor the
compliance of the standards as prescribed or laid down
and treatment technology as approved and the conditions
stipulated in the authorisation and the standards specified
in Schedules I and II under these rules as and when
deemed appropriate but not less than once in a year.
(5) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution
Control Committee may give directions to local bodies
for safe handling and disposal of domestic hazardous
waste deposited by the waste generators at hazardous
175
 3 procurement of suitable sites for setting up solid
waste processing facility and sanitary landfill
facilities
4 enforcing waste generators to practice s egregation
of bio degradable, recyclable, combustible, sanitary
waste domestic hazardous and inert solid wastes at
source ,
5 Ensure door to collection of segregated waste and
its transportation in covered vehicles to processing or
disposal facilities.
6 ensure separate storage, collection and transportation
of construction and demolition 2 years wastes
7 setting up solid waste processing facilities by all
local bodies having 100000 or more population
8 Setting up solid waste processing facilities by local
bodies and census towns below 100000 population.
9 setting up common or stand alone sanitary landfills
by or for all local bodies having 0.5 million or more
population for the disposal of only such re sidual
wastes from the processing facilities as well as
untreatable inert wastes as permitted under the Rules
10 setting up common or regional sanitary landfills by
all local bodies and census towns under 0.5 million
population for the disposal o f permitted waste under
the rules
11 bio-remediation or capping of old and abandoned
dump sites
23. State Level Advisory Body :
(1) Every department in-charge of local bodiesof the
concerned State Government or Union territory
administration shall constitute a State Level
Advisory Body within six months from the date of
notification of these rules comprising the following
members, namely:-
Sl. No Designation
(1) (2)
1 Secretary, Department of Urban Development or
Local self government department of the State
2 One representative of Panchayats or Rural
development Department not below the rank of
Joint Secretary to State Government
3 one representative of Reven ue Department of State
Government
4 One repr esentative from Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change Government of India
180
2 years 19. Criteria for Duties regarding setting-up solid waste
processing and treatment facility:
2 years (1) The department in- charge of the allocation of land
assignment shall be responsible for providing suitable
land for setting up of the solid waste processing and
2 years
treatment facilities and notify such sites by the State
Government or Union territory Administration.
2 years
2) The operator of the facility shall design and set up the
2 years facility as per the technical guidelines issued by the
3 years Central Pollution Control Board in this regard from time
to time and the manual on solid waste management
3 years
prepared by the Ministry of Urban Development.
(3) The operator of the facility shall obtain necessary
approvals from the State Pollution Control Board or
3years
Pollution Control Committee.
(4) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
5years
Committee shall monitor the environment standards of
the operation of the solid waste processing and treatment
facilities.
(5) The operator of the facility shall be responsible for the
safe and environmentally sound operations of the solid
waste processing and or treatment facilities as per the
guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board
from time to time and the Manual on Municipal Solid
Waste Management published by the Ministry of Urban
Development and updated from time to time.
(6) The operator of the solid waste processing and treatment
Member
facility shall submit annual report in Form III each year by
(3) 30thApril to the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Chairperson,
ex-officio Committee and concerned local body.
Member, ex-
officio 20. Criteria and actions to be taken for solid waste
Member,ex -
management in hilly areas:
officio In the hilly areas, the duties and responsibilities of the
Member, ex- local authorities shall be the same as mentioned in rule 15
officio
with additional clauses as under:
177
(a) Construction of landfill on the hill shall be avoided.
A transfer station at a suitable enclosed location
shall be setup to collect residual waste from the
processing facility and inert waste. A suitable land
shall be identified in the plain areas down the hill
within 25 kilometers for setting up sanitary landfill.
The residual waste from the transfer station shall be
disposed of at this sanitary landfill.
(b) In case of non-availability of such land, efforts shall
be made to set up regional sanitary landfill for the
inert and residual waste.
(c) Local body shall frame Bye-laws and prohibit
citizen from littering wastes on the streets and give
strict direction to the tourists not to dispose any
waste such as paper, water bottles, liquor bottles,
soft drink canes, tetra packs, any other plastic or
paper waste on the streets or down the hills and
instead direct to deposit such waste in the litter bins
that shall be placed by the local body at all tourist
destinations.
(d) Local body shall arrange to convey the provisions of
solid waste management under the bye-laws to all
tourists visiting the hilly areas at the entry point in
the town as well as through the hotels, guest houses
or like where they stay and by putting suitable
hoardings at tourist destinations.
(e) Local body may levy solid waste management
charge from the tourist at the entry point to make the
solid waste management services sustainable.
(f) The department in- charge of the allocation of land
assignment shall identify and allot suitable space on
the hills for setting up decentralized waste
processing facilities. Local body shall set up such
facilities. Step garden system may be adopted for
optimum utilization of hill space.
178
21. Criteria for waste to energy process:
(1) Non recyclable waste having calorific value of 1500
K/cal/kg or more shall not be disposed of on
landfills and shall only be utilized for generating
energy either or through refuse derived fuel or by
giving away as feed stock for preparing refuse
derived fuel.
(2) High calorific wastes shall be used for co-
processing in cement or thermal power plants.
(3) The local body or an operator of facility or an
agency designated by them proposing to set up
waste to energy plant of more than five tones per
day processing capacity shall submit an application
in Form-I to the State Pollution Control Board or
Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be,
for authorization.
(4) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Control Committee, on receiving such application
for setting up waste to energy facility, shall examine
the same and grant permission within sixty days.
22. Time frame for implementation:
Necessary infrastructure for implementation of these
rules shall be created by the local bodies and other
concerned authorities, as the case may be, on their own,
by directly or engaging agencies within the time frame
specified below:
Time limit
from the date
Sl. No. Activity
of notification
of rules
(1) (2) (3)
1 identification of suitable sites for setting up solid 1 year
waste processing facilities
2 identif ication of suitable sites for setting up common 1 year
regional sanitary landfill facilities for suitable
clusters of local authorities under 0.5 million
population and for setting up common regional
sanitary landfill facilities or stand alone sanitary
landfil l facilities by all local authorities having a
population of 0.5 million or more .
179
 in a phased manner to avoid water logging and
misuse.
(vii) The landfill site shall be 100 meter away from
river, 200 meter from a pond, 200 meter from
Highways, Habitations, Public Parks and water
supply wells and 20 km away from Airports or
Airbase. However in a special case, landfill site
may be set up within a distance of 10 and 20 km
away from the Airport/Airbase after obtaining no
objection certificate from the civil aviation
authority/ Air force as the case may be. The
Landfill site shall not be permitted within the
flood plains as recorded for the last 100 years,
zone of coastal regulation, wetland, Critical
habitat areas, sensitive eco-fragile areas.
(viii) The sites for landfill and processing and disposal
of solid waste shall be incorporated in the Town
Planning Department's land-use plans.
(ix) A buffer zone of no development shall be
maintained around solid waste processing and
disposal facility, exceeding five Tonnes per day of
installed capacity. This will be maintained within
the total area of the solid waste processing and
disposal facility. The buf fer zone shall be
prescribed on case to case basis by the local body
in consultation with concerned State Pollution
Control Board.
(x) The biomedical waste shall be disposed of in
accordance with the Bio-medical Waste
Management Rules, 2016, as amended from time
to time . The hazardous waste shall be managed in
accordance with the Hazardous and Other Wastes
(Management and Transboundary Movement)
Rules, 2016, as amended from time to time. The
Ewaste shall be managed in accordance with the
184
5 One representative from Ministry of Urban Member, ex-
Development, Government of India officio
6 One representative from Ministry of Rural Member, ex-
Development, Government of India officio
7 One representative from the Central Pollution Control Member, ex-
Board officio
8 One representative from State P ollution Control Member, ex-
Board the or Pollution Control Committee officio
9 One representative from Indian Institute of Technology Member, ex-
or National Institute of Technology officio
10 Chief town planner of the state Member
11 Three representatives from the local bodies by rotation Member
12 Two representatives from census towns or urban Member
agglomerations by rotation.
13 One representative from reputed Non -Governmental Member
Organisation or Civil Society working for the waste
pickers or informal recycler or solid waste management
14 One representative from a body representing Industries Member
at the State or Central level
15 one representative from waste recycling industry Member
16 Two subject experts Member
17 Co-opt one representa tive each from agriculture Member
department, and labour department of State
Government
(2) The State Level Advisory Body shall meet at least
one in every six months to review the matters
related to implementation of these rules, state
policy and strategy on solid waste management and
give advice to state government for taking
measures that are necessary for expeditious and
appropriate implementation of these rules.
(3) The copies of the review report shall be forwarded
to the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Control Committee for necessary action.
24. Annual report:
(1) The operator of facility shall submit the annual
report to the local body in Form-III on or before the
30th day of April every year.
(2) The local body shall submit its annual report in
Form-IV to State P Control Board or P Committee
and the Secretary-in-Charge of the Department of
181
 Urban Development of the concerned State or
Union Territory in case of metropolitan city and to
the Director of Municipal Administration or
Commissioner of Municipal Administration or
Officer in -Charge of Urban local bodies in the state
in case of all other local bodies of state on or before SCHEDULE I
the 30th day of June every year. [see rule 15 (w),(zi), 16 (1) (b) (e), 16 (4)]
(3) Each State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Specifications for Sanitary Landfills
Control Committee as the case may be, shall
prepare and submit the consolidated annual report (A) Criteria for site selection:
(i) The department in the business allocation of land
to the Central Pollution Control Board and Ministry
assignment shall provide suitable site for setting
of Urban Development on the implementation of
up of the solid waste processing and treatment
these rules and action taken against non complying
facilities and notify such sites.
local body by the 31stday of July of each year in
(ii) The sanitary landfill site shall be planned,
Form-V.
designed and developed with proper
(4) The Central Pollution Control Board shall prepare a
documentation of construction plan as well as a
consolidated annual review report on the status of
closure planin a phased manner. In case a new
implementation of these rules by local bodies in the
landfill facility is being established adjoining an
country and forward the same to the Ministry of
existing landfill site, the closure plan of existing
Urban Development and Ministry of Environment,
landfill should form a part of the proposal of such
Forest and Climate Change, along with its
new landfill.
recommendations before the 31stday of August
(iii) The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of
each year.
nearby wastes processing facilities. Otherwise,
(5) The annual report shall be reviewed by the Ministry
wastes processing facility shall be planned as an
of Environment, Forest and Climate Change during
integral part of the landfill site.
the meeting of Central Monitoring Committee.
(iv) Landfill sites shall be set up as per the guidelines
25. Accident reporting: of the Ministry of Urban Development,
In case of an accident at any solid waste processing or Government of India and Central Pollution
treatment or disposal facility or landfill site, the Officer- in- Control Board.
charge of the facility shall report to the local body in Form-VI and (v) The existing landfill sites which are in use for
the local body shall review and issue instructions if any, to the in- more than five years shall be improved in
charge of the facility. accordance with the specifications given in this
Schedule.
(vi) The landfill site shall be large enough to last for at
least 20-25 years and shall develop 'landfill cells'
182 183
 utilized as permitted, otherwise shall be released e-Waste (Management ) Rules, 2016 as amended
into the sewerage line, after meeting the standards from time to time.
specified in Schedule- II.. In no case, leachate (xi) Temporary storage facility for solid waste shall be
shall be released into open environment. (iv) established in each landfill site to accommodate
Arrangement shall be made to prevent leachate the waste in case of non- operation of waste
runoff from landfill area entering any drain, processing and during emergency or natural
stream, river, lake or pond. In case of mixing of calamities.
runoff water with leachate or solid waste, the
entire mixed water shall be treated by the concern (B) Criteria for development of facilities at the sanitary
authority. landfills:
(i) Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and
(E) Criteria for water quality monitoring: provided with proper gate to monitor incoming
(i) Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data vehicles, to prevent entry of unauthorised persons
of ground water quality in the area shall be and stray animals
collected and kept in record for future reference. (ii) The approach and / internal roads shall be
The ground water quality within 50 meter of the concreted or paved so as to avoid generation of
periphery of landfill site shall be periodically dust particles due to vehicular movement and
monitored covering different seasons in a year shall be so designed to ensure free movement of
that is, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon vehicles and other machinery.
period to ensure that the ground water is not (iii) The landfill site shall have waste inspection
contaminated. facility to monitor waste brought in for landfilling
(ii) Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites h, office facility for record keeping and shelter for
for any purpose (including drinking and keeping equipment and machinery including
irrigation) shall be considered only after ensuring pollution monitoring equipment. The operator of
its quality. The following specifications for the facility shall maintain record of waste
drinking water quality shall apply for monitoring received, processed and disposed.
purpose, namely :- (iv) Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity
of waste brought at landfill site, fire protection
S.No. Parameters IS 10500:2012, Edition 2.2(2003-
09) Desirable limit (mg/l except equipment and other facilities as may be required
for pH) shall be provided.
1. Arsenic 0.01 (v) Utilities such as drinking water and sanitary
2. Cadmium 0.01
facilities (preferably washing/bathing facilities
3. Chromium 0.05
4. Copper 0.05
for workers) and lighting arrangements for easy
5. Cyanide 0.05 landfill operations during night hours shall be
6. Lead 0.05 provided.
7. Mercury 0.001 (vi) Safety provisions including health inspections of
188 185
 workers at landfill sites shall be carried out made.
(vii) Provisions for parking, cleaning, washing of
transport vehicles carrying solid waste shall be
provided. The wastewater so generated shall be
treated to meet the prescribed standards.
(C) Criteria for specifications for land filling operations
and closure on completion of land filling:
(i) Waste for land filling shall be compacted in thin
layers using heavy compactors to achieve high
density of the waste. In high rainfall areas where
heavy compactors cannot be used, alternative
measures shall be adopted.
(ii) Till the time waste processing facilities for
composting or recycling or energy recovery are
set up, the waste shall be sent to the sanitary
landfill. The landfill cell shall be covered at the
end of each working day with minimum 10 cm of
soil, inert debris or construction material.
(iii) Prior to the commencement of monsoon season,
an intermediate cover of 40-65 cm thickness of
soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper
compaction and grading to prevent infiltration
during monsoon. Proper drainage shall be
constructed to divert run-off away from the active
cell of the landfill.
(iv) After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be
designed to minimise infiltration and erosion. The
final cover shall meet the following
specifications, namely :-
a) The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer
comprising of 60 cm of clay or amended soil
with permeability coefficient less than 1 x
10-7 cm/sec.
b) On top of the barrier soil layer, there shall be
a drainage layer of 15 cm.
186
c) On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a
vegetative layer of 45 cm to support natural
plant growth and to minimise erosion.
(D) Criteria for pollution prevention.-In order to prevent
pollution from landfill operations, the following
provisions shall be made, namely:-
(i) The storm water drain shall be designed and
constructed in such a way that the surface runoff
water is diverted from the landfilling site and
leachates from solid waste locations do not get
mixed with the surface runoff water. Provisions
for diversion of storm water discharge drains
shall be made to minimise leachate generation
and prevent pollution of surface water and also for
avoiding flooding and creation of marshy
conditions.
(ii) Non-permeable lining system at the base and
walls of waste disposal area. For landfill
receiving residues of waste processing facilities
or mixed waste or waste having contamination of
hazardous materials (such as aerosols, bleaches,
polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and
pesticides) shall have liner of composite barrier of
1.5 mm thick high density polyethylene (HDPE)
geo-membrane or geo-synthetic liners, or
equivalent, overlying 90 cm of soil (clay or
amended soil) having permeability coefficient
not greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. The highest level
of water table shall be at least two meter below the
base of clay or amended soil barrier layer
provided at the bottom of landfills.
(iii) Provisions for management of leachates
including its collection and treatment shall be
made. The treated leachate shall be recycled or
187
 SCHEDULE II 8. Nickel -
9. Nitrate as NO3 45.0
[see rule 16 (1), (b), (e), 16 (4) ) 10. pH 6.5-8.5
Standards of processing and treatment of solid waste 11. Iron 0.3
12. Total hardness (as CaCO3) 300.0
A. Standards for composting.- The waste pr ocessing 13. Chlorides 250
14. Dissolved solids 500
facilities shall include composting as one of the
15. Phenolic compounds (as 0.001
technologies for processing of bio degradable waste. C6H5OH)
In order to prevent pollution from compost plant, the 16. Zinc 5.0
following shall be complied with namely :- 17. Sulphate (as SO4) 200
(a) The incoming organic waste at site shall be stored
properly prior to further processing. To the extent (F) Criteria for ambient air quality monitoring:
possible, the waste storage area should be covered. If, (i) Landfill gas control system including gas
such storage is done in an open area, it shall be provided collection system shall be installed at landfill site
with impermeable base with facility for collection of to minimize odour, prevent off-site migration of
leachate and surface water run-off into lined drains gases, to protect vegetation planted on the
leading to a leachate treatment and disposal facility; rehabilitated landfill surface. For enhancing
(b) Necessary precaution shall be taken to minimise nuisance landfill gas recovery, use of geomembranes in
of odour, flies, rodents, bird menace and fire hazard; cover systems along with gas collection wells
(c) In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste should be considered.
intake shall be stopped and arrangements be worked out (ii) The concentration of methane gas generated at
for diversion of waste to the temporary processing site or landfill site shall not exceed 25 per cent of the
temporary landfill sites which will be again reprocessed lower explosive limit (LEL).
when plant is in order; (iii) The landfill gas from the collection facility at a
(d) Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed landfill site shall be utilized for either direct
from the processing facility on regular basis and shall not thermal applications or power generation, as per
be allowed to pile at the site. Recyclables shall be routed viability. Otherwise, landfill gas shall be burnt
through appropriate vendors. The non-recyclable high (flared) and shall not be allowed to escape
calorific fractions to be segregated and sent to waste to directly to the atmosphere or for illegal tapping.
energy or for RDF production, co-processing in cement Passive venting shall be allowed in case if its
plants or to thermal power plants. Only rejects from all utilization or flaring is not possible.
processes shall be sent for sanitary landfill site(s). (iv) Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the
(e) The windrow area shall be provided with impermeable vicinity shall be regularly monitored. Ambient air
base. Such a base shall be made of concrete or compacted quality shall meet the standards prescribed by the
clay of 50 cm thick having permeability coefficient less Central Pollution Control Board for Industrial
than 10-7 cm/sec. The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 area.

192 189
G. Criteria for plantation at landfill Site:
A vegetative cover shall be provided over the completed
site in accordance with the following specifications, namely:-
(a) Locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that
are resistant to drought and extreme temperatures
shall be planted;
(b) The selection of plants should be of such variety
that their roots do not penetrate more than 30 cms.
This condition shall apply till the landfill is
stabilized;
(c) Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-
nutrient soil with minimum nutrient addition;
(d) Plantation to be made in sufficient density to
minimise soil erosion.
(e) Green belts shall be developed all around the
boundary of the landfill in consultation with State
Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control
Committees .
H. Criteria for post-care of landfill site:
(1) The post-closure care of landfill site shall be conducted
for at least fifteen years and long term monitoring or care
plan shall consist of the following, namely :-'
(a) Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of
final cover, making repairs and preventing run-on
and run-off from eroding or otherwise damaging
the final cover;
(b) Monitoring leachate collection system in
accordance with the requirement;
(c) Monitoring of ground water in and around
landfill;
(d) Maintaining and operating the landfill gas
collection system to meet the standards.
(2) Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post
closure monitoring can be considered for human
settlement or otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous
190
emission and leachate quality analysis complies with the
specified standards and the soil stability is ensured.
I. Criteria for special provisions for hilly area
s:
Cities and towns located on hills shall have location-
specific methods evolved for final disposal of solid waste by the
local body with the approval of the concerned State Pollution
Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee. The local
body shall set up processing facilities for utilisation of
biodegradable organic waste. The non-biodegradable recyclable
materials shall be stored and sent for recycling periodically. The
inert and non-biodegradable waste shall be used for building
roads or filling-up of appropriate areas on hills. In case of
constraints in finding adequate land in hilly areas, waste not
suitable for road-laying or filling up shall be disposed of in
regional landfills in plain areas.
J. Closure and Rehabilitation of Old Dumps:
Solid waste dumps which have reached their full capacity
or those which will not receive additional waste after setting up of
new and properly designed landfills should be closed and
rehabilitated by examining the following options:
(i) Reduction of waste by bio mining and waste
processing followed by placement of residues in
new landfills or capping as in
(ii) below.
(ii) Capping with solid waste cover or solid waste
cover enhanced with geomembrane to enable
collection and flaring / utilisation of greenhouse
gases.
(iii) Capping as in (ii) above with additional measures
(in alluvial and other coarse grained soils) such as
cut-off walls and extraction wells for pumping
and treating contaminated ground water.
(iv) Any other method suitable for reducing
environmental impact to acceptable level.
191
Note: per cent slope and circled by lined drains for collection of
(a) Suitably designed pollution control devices shall be leachate or surface run-off;
installed or retrofitted with the incinerator to achieve the (f) Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried
above emission limits. out. Odurnuisance at down-wind direction on the
(b) Waste to be incinerated shall not be chemically treated boundary of processing plant shall also be checked
with any chlorinated disinfectants. regularly.
(c) Incineration of chlorinated plastics shall be phased out (g) Leachate shall be re-circulated in compost plant for
within two years. moisture maintenance.
(d) if the concentation of toxic metals in incineration ash (h) The end product compost shall meet the standards
exceeds the limits specified in the Hazardous Waste prescribed under Fertilizer Control Order notified from
(Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) time to time.
Rules, 2008, as amended from time to time, the ash shall (i) In order to ensure safe application of compost, the
be sent to the hazardous waste treatment, storage and following specifications for compost quality shall be met,
disposal facility. namely:-
(e) Only low sulphur fuel like LDO, LSHS, Diesel, bio-mass,
Parameters Organic Phosphate Rich
coal, LNG, CNG, RDF and bio-gas shall be used as fuel in Compost Organic Manure
the incinerator. (FCO 2009) (FCO 2013)
Arsenic (mg/kg) 10.00 10.00
(f) The CO2 concentration in tail gas shall not be more than Cadmium(mg/kg) 5.00 5.00
7%. Chromium(mg/kg) 50.00 50.00
(g) All the facilities in twin chamber incinerators shall be Copper(mg/kg) 300.00 300.00
designed to achieve a minimum temperature of 9500C in Lead(mg/kg) 100.00 100.00
Mercury(mg/kg) 0.15 0.15
secondary combustion chamber and with a gas residence Nickel (mg/kg) 30.00 30.00
time in secondary combustion chamber not less than 2 Zinc Nickel (mg/kg) 1000.00 1000.00
C/N ratio <20 Less than 20:1
(two) seconds.
pH 6.5-7.5 (1:5 solution)
(h) Incineration plants shall be operated (combustion maximum 6.7
chambers) with such temperature, retention time and Moisture, percent by weight, 15.0-25.0 25.0
maximum
turbulence, as to achieve total Organic Carbon (TOC) Bulk density (g/cm3) <1.0 Less than 1.6
content in the slag and bottom ash less than 3%, or the loss Total Organic Carbon, percent by 12.0 7.9
on ignition is less than 5% of the dry weight. weight, minimum
Total Nitrogen (as N), per cent by 0.8 0.4
(i) Odour from sites shall be managed as per guidelines of weight, minimum)
CPCB issued from time to time. Total Phosphate (as P205) percent 0.4 10.4
by weight, minimum
Total Potassium (as K20), percent 0.4 -
by weight, minimum
Colour Dark brown -
to black
Odour Absence of -
foul odour
196 193
 Particle size Minimum Minimum 90% & LRQ7 KH ( P LVVLRQIURP
6WDQGDUGVIRULQFLQHUDW
90% material material should pass LQFLQHUDWRUV WKHUPDOWHFKQRORJLHV
LQ 6ROLG: DVWH
should pass through 4.0 mm IS
through 4.0 sieve WUHDWHQW
P GVL SR
VDOIDFLOL
W\ VKDOO
P HHW WKHIROORZLQJ
mm IS sieve VWDQGDUGVQDPHO\
Conductivity (as dsm-1), not more 4.0 8.2
than
Parameters Emission standard
* Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits shall not (1) (2) (3)
be used for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than growing Particulates 50 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
food crops.
average value
B. Standards for treated leachates.-The disposal of treated HCl 50 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
average value
leachates shall meet the following standards, namely:-
SO2 200 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
Standards average value
(Mode of Disposal)
Sr. No. Parameters Inland
CO 100 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
Public Land average value
Surface
sewers disposal
Water 50 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to daily average
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) value
1. Suspended solid s, mg/l, max 100 600 200
2. Dissolved solids (inorganic) 2100 2100 2100 Total Organic 20 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
mg/l, max. Carbon average value
3. pH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 5.5 to HF 4 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
9.0 9.0
4. Ammonical nitrogen (as N), 50 50 -
average value
mg/l, max. NOx (NO and NO2 400 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
5. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as 100 - - expressed as NO2 ) average value
N), mg/l, max
6. Biochemical oxy gen demand 30 350 100
(3 days at 270 C) Total dioxins and 0.1 ng Standard refers to 6 -8 hours
max.(mg/l) furans TEQ/Nm3 sampling. Please refer
7. Chemical oxygen demand, 250 - - guidelines for 17 concerned
mg/l, max.
congeners for toxic equivalence
8. Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max 0.2 0.2 0.2
9. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max 0.01 0.01 - values to arrive at total toxic
10. Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max 0.1 1.0 - equivalence.
11. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max 2.0 1.0 - Cd + Th + their 0.05 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to sampling time
12. Total Chromium (as Cr), 2.0 2.0 -
compounds anywhere between 30 minutes and
mg/l, max.
13. Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 3.0 3.0 - 8 hours.
14. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 5.0 15 - Hg and its 0.05 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to sampling time
15. Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, max 3.0 3.0 compounds anywhere between 30 minutes and
16. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max. 0.2 2.0 0.2
8 hours.
17. Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max. 1000 1000 600
18. Fluoride (as F), mg/l, max 2.0 1.5 - Sb + As + Pb + Cr 0.5 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to sampling time
19. Phenolic compounds (as 1.0 5.0 - + Co + Cu anywhere between 30 minutes and
C6H5OH) mg/l, max + Mn + Ni + V + 8 hours.
Note:- While discharging treated leachates into inland surface waters, quantity of leachates their compounds
being discharged and the quantity of dilution water available in the receiving water body Note.- All values corrected to 11% oxygen on a dry basis.
shall be given due consideration.

194 195
Any violation of the provision of the Solid Waste Management FORM - I
Rules, 2016will attract the penal provision of the Environment [see rule 15 (y) 16 (1) (c), 21(3) ]
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986). Application for obtaining authorisation under solid waste
management rules for processing/recycling/treatment and
(Member Secretary) disposal of solid waste
State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committee of
the UT To,
(Signature and designation) The Member Secretary,
State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee,
Date: of….....
Place: Sir,
I/We hereby apply for authorisation under the Solid Waste
Management Rules, 2016 for processing, recycling, treatment
and disposal of solid waste.
1. Name of the local body/agency appointed by
them/operator of facility
2. Correspondence address
Telephone No.
Fax No. ,e-mail:
3. Nodal Officer & designation(Officer authorised by
the local body or agency responsible for operation
of processing/ treatment or disposal facility)
4. Authorisation required for setting up and operation waste processing
of the facility recycling
(Please tick mark) treatment
disposal at landfill
5. Attach copies of the Documents
Site clearance (local body)
Proof of Environmental Clearance
Consent for establishment
Agreement between municipal authority and
operating agency
Investment on the project and expected return
6. Processing/recycling/treatment of solid waste
(i) Total Quantity of waste to be processed per day
Quantity of waste to be recycled
Quantity of waste to be treated
Quantity of waste to be disposed into landfill
(ii)Utilisation programme for waste processed
(Product utilisation)
(iii)Methodology for disposal (attach details)
Quantity of leachate
Treatment technology for leachate
(iv)Measures to be taken for prevention and control
of environmental pollution

200 197
 (v)Measures to be taken for safety of workers Form- II
working in the plant [see rule 16 (1) (e) ]
(vi)Details on solid waste processing/recycling/
treatment/disposal Format for issue of authorisation
facility (to be attached)
7. Disposal of solid waste File No.: _________________
Number of sites identified
Quantity of waste to be disposed per day
Details of methodology or criteria followed for site Dated:____________________
selection (attach)
Details of existing site under operation Authorisation No____________
Methodology and operational details of landfilling
Measures taken to check environmental pollution
8. Any other information.
To

Ref: Your application number __________dt. _________

Date Signature
The ________________State Pollution Control Board/Pollution
Place Designation Control Committee after examining the proposal hereby
authorises__________________ having administrative office at
_____________ to set up and operate waste
processing/recycling/ treatment/disposal facility
at__________________

The authorisation is hereby granted to operate the facility for

processing, recycling, treatment and disposal of solid waste.

The authorisation is subject to the terms and conditions stated

below and such conditions as may be otherwise specified in these
rules and the standards laid down in Schedules I and II under
these rules.

T h e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ St a t e P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l
Board/Pollution Control Committees of the UT
______________may, at any time, revoke any of the conditions
applicable under the authorisation and shall communicate the
same in writing.

198 199
Secondary Waste Storage facilities Form- III
[see rule 19 (6), 24 (1)]
No. and type of waste storage depots No. Capacity in m3
in the city/town Format of annual report to be submitted by the operator of
facility to the local body
Open waste storage sites
1. Name of the City/Town and State
Masonry bins
2. Population
Cement concrete cylinder bins 3. Area in sq. kilometers
4. Name & Address of the local body
Dhalao/covered rooms/space
Telephone No.
Covered metal/plastic containers Fax No.

Upto 1.1 m3 bins E-mail:

5. Name and address of operator of the
2 to 5 m3 bins
facility
Above 5m3 containers 6. Name of officer in -charge of the
Bin-less city facility
Phone No:
Bin/ population ratio
Fax No:
Ward wise details of waste storage
depots (attach) : E-mail:
7. Number of households in the
Ward No:
city/town ,
Area: Number of non-residential premises in

Population: the city

Number of election/ administrative
No. of bins placed
wards in the city/town
Total volume of bins placed 8. Quantity of Solid waste

Total storage capacity of waste Estimated Quantity of solid waste /tpd

storage facilities in cubic meters generated in the local body area
Total waste actually stored at the
waste storage depots daily per day in metric tones
Quantity of solid waste collected per /tpd
day

204 201
 Per capita waste collected per day /gm/day No. of households covered
Quantity of solid waste processed /tpd No. of non -residential premises
including commercial establishments,
Quantity of solid waste disposed at /tpd hotels, restaurants educational
institutions/offices etc covered
landfill
Percentage of residential and non -
9. Status of Solid Waste Management residential premises covered in door
to door collection through :
(SWM) service
Segregation and storage of waste at Motorized vehicle %

source Yes/No %
Containerized tricycle/handcart
Whether solid waste is stored at
%
source in domestic/commercial/ Other device
%
institutional bins If yes,
If not, method of primary collection
adopted
Percentage of households practice
% Sweeping of streets
storage of waste at source in domestic
bins Length of roads, streets, lanes, bye- Km
lanes in the city that need to be
Percentage of non -residential cleaned
% Frequency of street sweepings and frequency Daily Alternate Twice Occasionally
premises practice storage of waste at days A
source in commercial /institutional percentage of population week
bins covered % of
% Populatio
n covered
Percentage of households dispose of
throw solid waste on the streets
Yes/No Tools used
Percentage of non -residential
premises dispose of throw solid waste Manual sweeping %
on the streets %
Mechanical sweeping %
Whether solid waste is stored at
source in a segregated form Whether long handle broom used by Yes/No
sanitation workers
If yes, Percentage of premises
segregating the waste at source Whether each sanitation worker is Yes/No
Door to Door Collection of solid given handcart/tricycle for collection
waste of waste
Whether door to door collection Yes/No
(D2D) of solid waste is being done in Whether handcart / tricycl e is Yes/No
the city/town containerized
if yes
Whether the collection tool Yes/No
Number of wards covered in D2D
synchronizes with collection/ waste
collection of waste
storage containers utilized

202 203
 Whether it falls in flood prone area Yes/No Give frequency of collection of waste
from the depots Number of bins Frequency No. of bins
Whether it falls in earthquake fault Yes/No cleared
line area Daily
Quantity of waste landfilled each day tpd
Alternate day
Whether landfill site is fenced Yes/No Twice a week
Once a week
Whether Lighting facility is available Yes/No
on site Occasionally
Whether Weigh bridge facility Yes/No Whether storage depots have facility Yes/ No
available for storage of segregated waste in
Vehicles and equipments used at Bulldozer, Compacters etc. green, blue and black bins (if yes, add details)
landfill (specify) available
Manpower deployed at landfill site Yes/No (if yes, attach details) No. of green bins:

Whether covering is done on daily Yes/No No. of blue bins:

basis
No. of black bins:
If not, Frequency of covering the
Whether lifting of solid waste from (%) of Manual %
waste deposited at the landfill storage depots is manual or Lifting
Cover material used mechanical. Give percentage of SOLID
WASTE
Whether adequate covering material is Yes/No %) of %
available Mechanical
Provisions for gas venting provided Yes/No, (if yes, attach technical lifting
data sheet)
Provision for leachate collection Yes/No, (if yes, attach technical If mechanical specify the method
front-end loaders/ Top loaders
data sheet) used
10 Whether an Action Plan has been Yes/No Whether solid waste is lifted from Yes/ No
prepared for improving solid (if Yes attach Action Plan details) door to door and transported to if yes, specify)
waste management practices in the
treatment plant directly in a
city
11 What separate provisions are made for Attach details on Proposals, segregated form
: Steps taken, Waste Transportati on per day No. Trips made
Yes/No Type and Number of vehicles used (pl waste
Dairy related activities : tick or add) transported
Yes/No Animal cart
Slaughter houses waste : Tractors
Yes/No Non tipping Truck
C&D waste (construction debris) Tipping Truck
Dumper Placers
Refuse collectors
Compactors
Others
JCB/loader

208 205
Frequency of transportation of waste
Quantity of waste transported each
day
Percentage of total waste transported
daily
Waste Treatment Technologies used
Whether solid waste is processed
If yes, Quantity of waste processed
daily
Land(s) available with the local body
for waste processing (in
Hectares
Land currently utilized for waste
processing
Solid waste processing facilities in
operation
Solid waste processing facilities under
construction
Distance of processing facilities from
city/town boundary
Details of technologies adopted
Composting
vermi composting
Bio-methanation
206
Frequency (%) of waste transported Refuse Derived Fuel Qty. raw material processed
Daily Qty. final product produced
Alternate day Qty. sold Quantity of residual waste
Twice a week Landfilled
Once a week Waste to Energy technology Qty. raw material processed
Occasionally such as incineration, gasification, Qty. final product produced
/tpd pyrolysis or any other technology ( Qty. sold Quantity of residual waste
give detail Landfilled
% Co-processing Qty. raw material processed
Combustible waste supplied to
cement plant
Yes/No Combustible waste supplied to solid
waste based power plants
/tpd
Others Qty.
Solid waste disposal facilities
No. of dumpsites sites available with
the local body
No. of sanitary landfill sites available
with the local body
Area of each such sites available for
waste disposal
Area of land currently used for waste
disposal
Qty. raw material processed
Qty. final product produced Distance of dumpsite/landfill facility kms
Qty. sold from city/town
Qty. of residual waste landfilled Distance from the nearest habitation kms
Qty. raw material processed
Qty. final product produced Distance from water body Kms
Qty. sold
Quantity of residual waste Distance from state/national highway kms
landfilled
Qty. raw material processed Distance from Airport kms
Qty. final product produced
Qty. sold Distance from important religious Kms
Quantity of residual waste places or historical monument
landfilled
207
No. of households covered
No. of non-residential premises
including commercial
establishments ,hotels,
restaurants educational
institutions/ offices etc covered
Percentage of residential and
non-residential premises covered
in door to door collection
through :
Motorized vehicle
Containerized tricycle/handcart
Other device
If not, method of primary
collection adopted
Sweeping of streets
Length of roads, streets, lanes,
bye-lanes in the city that need to
be cleaned
Frequency of street sweepings
and percentage of population
covered
Tools used
Manual sweeping
Mechanical sweeping
Whether long handle broom used
by sanitation
Workers
Whether each sanitation worker
is given
handcart/tricycle for collection of
waste
Whether handcart / tricycle is
containerized
212
12 Details of Post Closure Plan Attach Plan
13 How many slums are identified and Yes/ No
whether these are provided (if Yes, attach details)
with Solid Waste Management
facilities :
14 Give details of manpower deployed
for collection including street
sweeping, secondary storage,
transportation, processing and
% disposal of waste
15 Mention briefly, the difficulties being
experienced by the local
% body in complying with provisions of
these rules
% 16 Mention briefly, if any innovative
idea is implemented to tackle a
problem related to solid waste, which
could be replicated by other
local bodies
km
Date Signature of Operator
frequency Daily Alternate Twice Occasionally
days A week Place
% of
Population covered
209
 Form- IV Per capita waste collected per /gm/day
[see rule 15 (za), 24 (2)] day
Format of annual report on solid waste management to be Quantity of solid waste /tpd
submitted by the local body processed

Quantity of solid waste disposed /tpd

CALENDAR DATE OF SUBMISSION OF REPORT
at dumpsite/ landfill
YEAR Status of Solid Waste
8.
Management service
Segregation and storage of waste
1. Name of the City/Town and State at source
Yes/No
2. Population
Whether SOLID WASTE is
3. Area in sq. kilometers stored at source in
4. Name & Address of local body domestic/commercial/
%
institutional
Telephone No. bins, If yes,
%
Fax No. Percentage of households
practice storage of waste at
E-mail: source in domestic bins
5. Name of officer in-charge
Percentage of non-residential
dealing with solid waste %
premises practice storage of
management (SOLID
waste at source in commercial
WASTEM)
/institutional bins
Phone No: %
Percentage of households dispose
Fax No: or throw solid waste on the
Yes/No
streets
E-mail Percentage of non-residential
6. Number of households in the premises dispose of throw solid
city/town waste on the streets %

Number of non-residential Whether solid waste is stored at

premises in the city
Number of election/
administrative wards in the
city/town
Quantity of Solid waste (solid
7.
waste)
Estimated Quantity of solid
waste generated in the local body
area per day in metric
Tones
Quantity of solid waste collected
per day
source in a segregated form, If
yes,
Percentage of premises
segregating the waste at source
Door to Door Collection of solid
waste
/tpd
Whether door to door collection Yes/No
(D2D) of solid waste is being
/tpd
done in the city/town
if yes
Number of wards covered in
D2D collection of waste

210 211
Bio -methanation Qty. raw material processed No. and type of waste storage No. Capacity in m 3

Qty. final product produced depots in the

Qty. sold city/town

Quantity of residual waste landfilled

Refuse Derived Fuel Qty. raw material processed
Qty. final product produc ed
Qty. sold Quantity of residual waste
landfilled
Open waste storage sites
Masonry bins
Cement concrete cylinder bins

Waste to Energy technology Qty. raw material processed

such as incineration, gasification,
pyrolysis or any
other technology ( give detail)
Co -processing
Qty. final product produced
Qty. sold Quantity of residual wast
landfilled
Qty. raw material processed
Dhalao/covered rooms/space
e Covere d metal/plastic containers
Upto 1.1 m3 bins

2 to 5 m3 bins
Above 5m3containers

Combustible waste supplied to Bin - less city

cement plant Bin/ population ratio

Ward wise details of waste

storage depots (attach) :

Combustible waste supplied to

solid waste based Ward No:

power plants
Area:

Population:
Others Qty.
No. of bins placed

Total vo lume of bins placed

Solid waste disposal facilities

Total storage capacity of waste

storage facilities in

cubic meters

No. of dumpsites sites available

Total waste actually stored at the
with the local waste storage
body depots daily

Give frequency of collection of Frequency No. of

No. of sanitary landfill sites waste from the b ins
available with the depots

local body Number of bins cleared

Daily

Alternate day

Area of each such sites available

for waste dispos al Twice a week

Once a week

Area of land currently used for

waste disposal Occasionally

Whether storage depots have Yes/ No

facility for storage of segregated

(if yes, add details)
Distance of dumpsite/landfill kms waste in green, blue and black

bins No. of green bins:

facility from
city/town No. of blue bins:

No. of black bins:

216 213
Whether lifting of solid waste If yes, Quantity of waste /tpd
from storage depots is manual or processed daily
mechanical. Give percentage
(%) of Manual Lifting of solid %
waste %
(%) of Mechanical lifting Whether treatment is done by
If mechanical specify the front -end loaders/ Top loaders
method used
local body or
through an agency

Whether solid waste is lifted Yes/ No Land(s) available with the local
from door to door and (if yes, specify) body for waste
transported to treatment plant
directly in a
processing (in Hectares)
segregated form
Waste transportation per day No. Trips made waste Land currently utilized for waste
Type and Number of vehicles Transported
used
processing

Animal cart
Tractors Solid waste processing facilities
Non tipping Truck in operation
Tipping Truck
Dumper Placers
Refuse collectors
Compactors Solid waste processing facilities
Others under construction
JCB/loader
Frequency of transportation of Frequency (%) of waste transported
waste Daily
Alternate day Distance of processing facilities
Twice a week from city/town
Once a week Boundary
Occasionally
Quantity of waste transported /tpd
each day Details of technologies adopted

Percentage of total waste %

transported daily
Waste Treatment Technologies
used
Whether solid waste is processed
Composting , Qty. raw material processed
Qty. final product produced
Qty. sold
Quantity of residual waste landfilled
Vermi composting Qty. raw material processed
Qty. final product produced
Yes/No Qty. sold
Quantity of residual waste landfilled

214 215
 Form- V Distance from the nearest Kms
habitation
[see rule 24 (3)]
Format of annual report to be submitted by the state pollution
control board or pollution control committee Distance from water body Kms

committees to be central pollution control board

Distance from state/national Kms
PART A highway

To,
Distance from Airport K ms
The Chairman
Central Pollution Control Board
Distance from important Kms

Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar religious places or

historical monument

DELHI- 110 0032 Whether it falls in flood prone Yes / No

area

1. Name of the State/Union territory

2. Name & address of the State Pollution Control Whether it falls in earthquake Yes / No
fault line area
3. Number of local bodies responsible for
management of
solid waste in the State/Union territory under these Quantity of waste landfilled each tpd
day
rules
4. No. of authorisation application Received
Whether landfill site is fence d Yes / No
5. A Summary Statement on progress made by local Please attach as
body in respect of solid waste management Annexure-I
6. A Summary Statement on progress made by local Please attach as Whether Lighting facility is Yes / No
bodies in respect of waste collection, segregation, Annexure-II available on site
transportation and disposal
7. A summary statement on progress made by local Please attach as
Whether Weigh bridge facility Yes / No
bodies in respect of implementation of Schedule II Annexure-III available

Date:............................ Chairman or the Member Secretary

Place:............................ Vehicles and equipments used at Bulldozer , Compacters etc. available
State Pollution Control Board/ landfill (specify

Pollution Control Committee

Manpower deployed at landfill Yes/No
site (if yes, attach details)

Whether covering is done on Yes/No

daily basis

220 217
 If not, Frequency of covering the 13. Give details of:
waste deposited
at the landfill Local bodys own manpower
deployed for
Cover material used collection including street
sweeping, secondary
storage, transportation,
processing and disposal of
waste
Whether adequate covering Yes/No Give details of:
material is available 14.
Contractor/ concessionaires
manpower deployed
Provisions for gas venting Yes/No for collection including street
provided (if yes, attach technical data sheet) sweeping, secondary
storage, transportation,
processing and disposal of
Provision for leachate collection Yes/No waste
(if yes, attach technical data sheet 15. Mention briefly, the difficulties
being experienced
by the local body in complying
with provisions of
Whether an Action Plan has been Yes/No these rules
prepared for (if Yes attach Actio n Plan details Mention briefly, if any
improving solid waste 16.
innovative idea is
management practices in the
implemented to tackle a problem
city
related to solid
What separate provisions are Attach details on Proposals,Steps
waste, which could be replicated
made for : taken,
by other local
bodies
Dairy related activities : Yes/No
Slaughter houses waste : Yes/No

C&D waste (construction debris) Yes/No

Signature of CEO/Municipal Commissioner/
: Executive Officer/Chief Officer
Details of Post Closure Plan Attach Plan
Date

Place
12. How many slums are identified Yes/ No
and whether these (if Yes, attach details
are provided with Solid Waste
Management
facilities :

218 219
 Form- VI PART B
[see rule 25] Towns/cities

Accident Reporting Total number of towns/cities

Total number of ULBs
1. Date and time of accident
2. Sequence of events leading to accident Number of class I & class II cities/towns
3. The waste involved in accident Authorisation status (names/number)
4. Assessment of the effects of the accidents on Number of applications received
human health
and the environment Number of authorisations granted
5. Emergency measures taken
Authorisations under scrutiny
6. Steps taken to alleviate the effects of accidents
Steps taken to prevent the recurrence of such an SOLID WASTE Generation status
7.
accident Solid waste generation in the state (TPD)
Date: .................... Signature:...............................
collected
Place: ................... Designation: ..........................
treated
landfilled
Compliance to Schedule I of SW Rules (Number/names of
towns/capacity)
Good practices in cities/towns
House-to-house collection
Segregation
Storage
Covered transportation

224 221
Processing of SW (Number/names of towns/capacity) Solid Waste Dump sites (number/names of towns/capacity):
Solid Waste processing facilities setup: Total number of existing dumpsites
Dumpsites reclaimed/capped
SI.No. Composting Vermi-composting Biogas RDF/Pelletization Dumpsites converted to sanitary landfill
Monitoring at Waste processing/Landfills sites
SI.No. Name Ambient Groundwater Leachate Compost VOCs
Processing facilities operational: of air quality quality
facilities
SI.No. Composting Vermi-composting Biogas RDF/Pelletization

Processing facilities under installation/planned:

Status of Action Plan prepared by Municipalities
SI.No. Composting Vermi-composting Biogas RDF/Pelletization
Total number of municipalities:
Number of Action Plan submitted:
Waste-to-Energy Plants: (Number/names of towns/capacity)
SI.No. Plant Location Status of operation Power Remarks
generation
(M/W)

Disposal of solid waste (number/names of towns/capacity):

Landfill sites identified
Landfill constructed
Landfill under construction
Landfill in operation
Landfill exhausted
Landfilled capped

222 223