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Steel Design
Plastic Analysis 2
Plane Frames
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Plastic Hinges
Where do Plastic Hinges form?
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Plastic Analysis
Mechanisms
No of Plastic Hinges required for a
Collapse Mechanism (normally but not
always!)
= No of static indeterminacy + 1
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Mechanisms
If the sections are different (ie with
different Mp), the plastic hinge is
normally (again not always) at the
weaker section (ie smaller Mp)
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Plastic Analysis
Mechanisms
When more than 1 mechanism is
possible in the structure,
the actual collapse mechanism among
the possible mechanisms is the one
with the smallest collapse load.
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Collapse Load
At Collapse Load,
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Plastic Analysis
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Plastic Analysis
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Plastic Analysis
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Unique Solution
Combining the Upper and Lower
Bound,
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Plastic Analysis
Plane Frames
3P2
P1
B C D
L/2 L/2
A E
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Plane Frames
Elastic BM diagrams (qualitative):
horizontal load vertical load
B D C
C B D
A E A E
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Plastic Analysis
Plane Frames
Max BM is at D.
Plane Frames
Collapse Mechanism 1 – Plastic Hinges at B
and D (Sway)
3P2
P1 B D
C
No external WD
by 3P2
A E
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Plastic Analysis
Plane Frames
Collapse Mechanism 1 – Plastic Hinges at B
and D (Sway)
3P2
P1 B D
C
A E
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Plane Frames
Collapse Mechanism 2 – Plastic Hinges at C
and D (Sway + Beam)
3P2
P1 B D
C
External WD
by P1 and 3P2
A E
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Plastic Analysis
Plane Frames
Collapse Mechanism 2 – Plastic Hinges at C
and D (Sway + Beam)
3P2
P1 B D
C
A E
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Plane Frames
With the lowest Collapse Load, draw BMD.
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Plastic Analysis
Plane Frames
With more complex structures, there is a risk
of missing the unique solution !!
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Plastic Analysis 2
Plane Frames with Inclined Members
(Pitched Plane Frames)
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Plastic Analysis
3P2
C L/2
P1
B D
A E
3L
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C
C
B
D B D
A E A E
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Plastic Analysis
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C C
B B
D D
A E A E
BMD
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Plastic Analysis
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Plastic Analysis
C C
B D B D
A E A E
BMD
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Plastic Analysis
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B
D
A E
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Plastic Analysis
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B
D
A E
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Plastic Analysis
B
D
A E
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=θ θ
θ
B C’
D D’
A E
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Plastic Analysis
θ
θ
B C’
D D’
φ
φ
A E
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θ
θ
B C’
D D’
φ
φ
A E
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Plastic Analysis
B C’
D D’
φ φ
F β
E
A φ
F’
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L.β = 2L.θ θ
θ
β = 2θ
C
B C’
D D’
φ
φ β
A E
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Plastic Analysis
θ
θ
B C’
D D’
φ
φ β
A E
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Plastic Analysis
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