POWER SYSTEM DESIGN

B.E.E. 3RD YEAR(2013-2017) , DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING , JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY

GROUP –I

Sinchan Maity 001210801070

Kishori Kumari 001310801033
Rishikesh Chandan 001310801055
Mayukh Bhattacharyya 001310801056
Gopal Kumar 001310801057
Pratyush Roy 001310801058
Somjit Nath 001310801059

1|Page
We have arranged all the design procedure step by step in following pages. It was indeed a
very difficult task for all of us to design ‘BLOCK-1’ of GANGA NAGAR MODEL town, which
was assigned to us. But, with endless efforts of group members we’ve achieved success to
the design of the distribution system of that part.
We would like to thank our respective teacher, Prof. Madhumanti Mandal who has been
guiding us although the journey. Her guidance really helped us a lot to accomplish our work
fruitfully.

2|Page
STEP 1: Street Light Loading
STEP 2: Calculation of Domestic Loading
STEP 3: (A) Estimation of Demand factor of different loads for
summer and winter (hourly basis for 24 hours a day, in step of 4
hours)
(B) Calculation of Effective load on hourly basis for
different loops for summer and winter
(C) Comparison of maximum demand of four loops
STEP 4: Determination of transformer position (load centre) of
each L.T. loop
STEP 5: Calculation of All day efficiency both for summer and
winter
STEP 6: Calculation of total length of L.T. distribution in the
block
STEP 7: Calculation of Line losses and Transmission efficiency of
four loops
STEP 8: Determination of H.T. load centre, H.T. Transformer
rating and H.T. Conductor size
STEP 9: Computation of Capital Cost of Distribution System of
the block

3|Page
The electrical power industry shapes and contributes to the welfare, progress and technological advances
of humanity. The growth of electrical energy consumption in the world has been phenomenal. The growth
rate was 500 times as much as the growth rate in all other energy forms used during the same period

The invention of the transformer, then known as the “inductorium” made AC system possible. An
interconnected power system is a complex enterprise that may be subdivided into the following major
subsystems.

 Generation subsystems
 Transmission and sub transmission subsystems
 Distribution subsystems
 Utilization subsystems

GENERATION SUBSYSTEMS:
This includes generators and transformers. Generator which is an essential component of power systems is
a three phase ac generator known as synchronous generator. On the other hand, transformers transform
power with a very high efficiency from one level of voltage to another. The power transferred to the
secondary is almost same as the primary except losses in the transformer. Using a step up transformer will
reduce losses in the line which makes the transmission of power over long distances possible.

TRANSMISSION AND SUBTRANSMISSION SUBSYSTEMS:

An overhead transmission network transfers electric power from generating units to the distribution
system which ultimately supplies the load. Transmission lines also interconnect neighbouring utilities
which allow the economic dispatch of power within regions during normal conditions, and the transfer of
power between regions during emergencies.

DISTRIBUTION SUBSYSTEMS:
The distribution system connects the distribution substation to the consumers’ service entrance
equipment. The primary distribution lines range from 4 to 3.4.5kV and supply the load in a well-defined
geographical area. Some small industrial consumers are served directly by the primary feeders.

UTILIZATION SUBSYSTEMS:
Power system loads are divided into industrial, commercial and residential. Industrial loads are composite loads and
induction motors from a high proportion of these loads. These composite loads are function of voltage and frequency and
form a major part of the system load. Commercial and residential loads consist largely of lighting, heating and cooking.
These loads are independent of frequency and consume negligibly small reactive power.

4|Page
5|Page
6|Page
We have divided the roads into segments and numbered them for our convenience in identifying the load
position and consequently calculating the street light consumption.

We have also identified domestic, public, commercial and industrial load.

For increasing the system reliability, we have divided the whole block into 4 loops namely- loop-1, loop-2,
loop-3 and loop-4.

In our block we found the following loads: -

DOMESTIC LOAD:

BUILDING TYPE LOAD PER UNIT NUMBER OF LOAD(KW)

(KW) BUILDINGS
THREE STORIED 6.3 60 378
FOUR STORIED 10.5 36 378
TOTAL 96 756

PUBLIC LOAD:

BUILDING TYPE LOAD PER UNIT (KW) NUMBER OF LOAD(KW)

BUILDINGS
MODEL SCHOOL 10 5 50
K.G. SCHOOL 6 1 6
HIGH SCHOOL 8 6 48
TOTAL 12 104

7|Page
INDUSTRIAL LOAD:

BUILDING TYPE NO. OF UNITS LOAD(KW)

FAN INDUSTRIES 1 500
HINDUSTAN MOOTORS LTD 1 1000
TEA PROCESSING FACTORY 1 100
TOTAL 1600

COMMERCIAL LOAD:

BUILDING TYPE NO. OF UNITS LOAD(KW)

RAMAKRISHNA MISSION INST 1 2500
POLICE STATION 1 30
POLICE BARRACK 1 50
STATION MARKET 1 500
RAILWAY OFFICE BUILDING 1 150
MUNICIPAL BUILDING 1 50
KALI TEMPLE 1 30
NARAYAN TEMPLE 1 30
FACTORY QUARTERS 1 100
OFFICE QUARTERS 1 100
RABINDRA SADHAN 1 100
RBI 1 150
P.O. 1 30
UCO BANK 1 100
AGRICULTURE COLLEGE 1 150
HOSTEL 1 50
SCIENCE CLLG AND HOSPITAL 1 150
JUVA BHARATI STAUDIUM 1 200
G.P.O 1 150
TOTAL 4620

Hence, the total load is 7080 kWatt.

8|Page
Each street light rating is considered to be 200 watts.

Now after surveying the total block ‘1’ we have divided the roads into small 163 segments and numbered
them. (Roads are numbered to identify the load position). Each segment’s length should lie between 200 to
300 meter.

The street lights 100m apart approximately. Since all the roads in this block are wider than 30metres, the
street lights are positioned on either side of the road.

A chart comprising number of segments, segment length and corresponding street light numbers and their
respective loadings are given below:

STREET LIGHT LOADING:

Road Road Road Mode of Rating of Total no Total street

length Width
Segment of street light loading
street light bulb
In Actual(m) In map Actual
No. light per segment
map(cm) (cm) (m)
1 2.6 260 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
2 2.3 230 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
3 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
4 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
5 2.4 240 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
6 2.3 230 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
7 2.6 260 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
8 2.2 220 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
9 3 300 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
10 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
11 2.8 280 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
12 3 300 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
13 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
14 2.3 230 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
15 2.8 280 0.9 90 both side 200 watt 6 1200
16 2 200 0.9 90 both side 200 watt 4 800
17 2.4 240 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
18 3 300 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
19 2.8 280 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
20 2.7 270 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
21 2.8 280 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
22 2 200 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
23 2 200 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
24 2.2 220 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200

9|Page
Road Road Road Mode of Rating of Total no Total street
length Width
Segment of street light loading
street light bulb
No. light per segment
In Actual(m) In map Actual
map(cm) (cm) (m)
26 2.3 230 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
27 2 200 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
28 2.3 230 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
29 2 200 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
30 2.4 240 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 6 1200
31 2 200 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
32 2.5 250 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
33 2 200 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 4 800
34 2.7 270 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 6 1200
35 2 200 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 4 800
36 2.6 260 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
37 2 200 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
38 1.5 150 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 4 800
39 2.7 270 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 6 1200
40 2 200 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 4 800
41 2.4 240 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
42 2.7 270 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
43 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
44 2.1 210 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
45 2.7 270 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
46 2.9 290 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
47 2.5 250 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
48 2.3 230 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
49 2 200 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
50 2 200 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
51 2 200 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
52 2 200 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
53 2.3 230 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
54 2.4 240 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
55 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
56 2.4 240 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
57 1.8 180 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
58 2.4 240 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
59 1.8 180 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
60 2.2 220 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
61 2 200 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
62 2 200 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
63 2.2 220 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
64 2 200 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 4 800
65 2.7 270 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 6 1200
66 2.3 230 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
67 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
10 | P a g e
Road Road Road Mode of Rating of Total no Total street
length Width
Segment of street light loading
street light bulb
No. light per segment
In Actual(m) In map Actual
map(cm) (cm) (m)
69 2.4 240 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
70 2.1 210 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
71 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
72 2.7 270 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
73 3 300 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
74 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
75 1.9 190 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
76 2.2 220 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
77 2.5 250 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
78 2.3 230 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
79 2.8 280 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
80 3 300 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
81 2.6 260 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
82 1.3 130 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
83 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
84 2.6 260 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
85 2.2 220 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
86 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
87 1.7 170 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
88 2.7 270 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 6 1200
89 2.7 270 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
90 2.6 260 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
91 3 300 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
92 3 300 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
93 2.5 250 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
94 2.6 260 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
95 2.9 290 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
96 2.6 260 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
97 2.6 260 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
98 2.4 240 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
99 2 200 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
100 2.3 230 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
101 2.3 230 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
102 1.7 170 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
103 2.3 230 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
104 2 200 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 4 800
105 2.6 260 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
106 2.8 280 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
107 2.7 270 0.6 60 both side 200 watt 6 1200
108 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
109 2.8 280 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
110 2.4 240 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 6 1200
11 | P a g e
Road Road Road Mode of Rating of Total no Total street
length Width
Segment of street light loading
street light bulb
No. light per segment
In Actual(m) In map Actual
map(cm) (cm) (m)
112 2.8 280 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 6 1200
113 2.1 210 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
114 2.6 260 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 6 1200
115 2.8 280 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 6 1200
116 2.4 240 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
117 2.7 270 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 6 1200
118 2.7 270 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 6 1200
119 2.3 230 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 4 800
120 2.6 260 0.8 80 both side 200 watt 6 1200
121 2.4 240 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
122 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
123 2.1 210 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
124 2.3 230 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
125 2.6 260 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
126 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
127 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
128 1.8 180 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
129 2.2 220 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
130 2.2 220 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
131 1.9 190 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
132 2.3 230 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
133 3 300 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
134 3 300 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
135 2.6 260 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
136 2.2 220 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
137 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
138 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
139 2 200 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
140 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
141 2.8 280 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
142 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
143 2.6 260 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
144 2.8 280 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
145 3 300 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
146 3 300 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
147 2.5 250 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
148 2.1 210 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
149 2 200 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
150 2.5 250 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 4 800
151 2.4 240 0.4 40 both side 200 watt 6 1200
152 1.7 170 0.3 30 both side 200 watt 4 800
153 1.4 140 0.3 30 both side 200 watt 4 800
12 | P a g e
 Road Road Road Mode of Rating of Total no Total street
length Width
Segment of street light loading
street light bulb
No. light per segment
In Actual(m) In map Actual
map(cm) (cm) (m)
155 1.8 180 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 4 800
156 2.8 280 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
157 2.8 280 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 4 800
158 1.8 180 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 6 1200
159 2 200 0.7 70 both side 200 watt 6 1200
160 2.5 250 0.5 50 both side 200 watt 6 1200
161 1 100 0.7 70 both side 200watt 4 800
162 2 200 0.6 60 both side 200watt 4 800
163 2 200 0.7 70 both side 200watt 6 1200
TOTAL 383.9 38390 826 165200

Hence,

The total Length of the segments=38.39km

The number of Street Lights required=826

The total Load of Street Lights=165.2KW

13 | P a g e
For a particular flat:

Type Number Load(W)

Tube Light(40 W each) 4 160
Bulbs(60 W each) 3 180
Fans(120 W each) 3 240
Refrigerator 1 120
Total 1050
Assuming- each single storied building has 2 flats, each 2 storied building has 4 flats, each 3 storied building
has 6 flats and each multi-storied building has 10 flats.

Type of building No of flats No. of Total No. of total Load(KW)

per buildings flats
building
Three storied 6 60 360 378
Four storied 10 36 360 378

TOTAL LOADING IN BLOCK 1:

TYPE OF LOADING TOTAL LOADING
DOMESTIC LOADING 756
PUBLIC LOADING 104
COMMERCIAL LOADING 4620
INDUSTRIAL LOADING 1600
STREET LIGHT LOADING 165.2
TOTAL 7245.2

LOAD DISTRIBUTION
2% 10%
2%
22%

DOMESTIC LOADING
PUBLIC LOADING
COMMERCIAL LOADING
INDUSTRIAL LOADING
STREET LIGHT LOADING
64%

14 | P a g e
We have distributed the whole block – 1 into FOUR loops. Namely LOOP-1, LOOP-2, LOOP-3 & LOOP-4.

LOOP-1 LOOP-2
TYPE OF LOAD TOTAL(KW) TYPE OF LOAD TOTAL(KW)
DOMESTIC 298.2 DOMESTIC 126
STREET LIGHT 93.6 STREET LIGHT 20
PUBLIC 50 PUBLIC 0
COMMERCIAL 1270 COMMERCIAL 1665
INDUSTRIAL 100 INDUSTRIAL 0
TOTAL 1811.8 TOTAL 1811

LOOP-3 LOOP-4
TYPE OF LOAD TOTAL(KW) TYPE OF LOAD TOTAL(KW)
DOMESTIC 0 DOMESTIC 331.8
STREET LIGHT 26.8 STREET LIGHT 24.8
PUBLIC 0 PUBLIC 54
COMMERCIAL 1285 COMMERCIAL 400
INDUSTRIAL 500 INDUSTRIAL 1000
TOTAL 1811.8 TOTAL 1810.6

15 | P a g e
 (I) ESTIMATION OF DEMAND FACTOR OF DIFFERENT LOADS FOR
SUMMER AND WINTER (HOURLY BASIS FOR 24 HOURS OF THE
DAY, IN STEP OF 4 HOURS) :
For average load calculation throughout the year, we have considered the following demand factor.

FOR SUMMER:

TYPE OF DURATION
LOAD 06 HR - 10 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 22 HR - 2 HR 02 HR - 06
HR 14HR 18HR HR HR
Domestic 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.75 0.25 0.25
Street light 0 0 0 1 1 1
Public 0.36 0.8 0.55 0.25 0.15 0.15
commercial 0.35 0.7 0.72 0.72 0.3 0.3
Industrial 0.8 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.6 0.6

FOR WINTER:

TYPE OF DURATION
LOAD 06HR – 10 10 HR – 14 14 HR – 18 18HR – 22 22 HR – 02 02 HR –
HR HR HR HR HR 06HR
Domestic 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.7 0.1 0.1
Street light 0 0 0 1 1 1
public 0.15 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
commercial 0.25 0.6 0.65 0.45 0.1 0.1
Industrial 0.65 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5

16 | P a g e
II) CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE LOAD ON HOURLY BASIS FOR DIFFERENT
LOOPS (FOR SUMMER AND WINTER):

SUMMER LOADING:

TYPE OF TOTAL CONNECTED Effective load =Total Connected Load * demand factor
LOAD LOAD 06 HR - 10 HR 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 HR - 02 HR -
14HR 18HR 22 HR 2 HR 06 HR
Domestic 298.2 104.37 74.55 74.55 223.65 74.55 74.55
Street light 93.6 0 0 0 93.6 93.6 93.6
Public 50 18 40 27.5 12.5 7.5 7.5
commercial 1270 444.5 889 914.4 914.4 381 381
Industrial 100 80 85 85 85 60 60
Total 1811.8 646.87 1088.55 1101.45 1329.15 616.65 616.65

load curve for loop-1(summer)

1400 1329.15

1200
1088.55 1101.45

1000 914.4 914.4

889

800
646.87 616.65 616.65
600
444.5
381 381
400
223.65
200
104.37 80 74.55 85 74.55 85 93.6 85 93.6
74.55 93.6
74.55
40 60 60
0 18 0 0 27.5 12.5 7.5 7.5
0
6to10 10to14 14to18 18to22 22to02 02to06

Domestic Street Light Public Commercial Industrial Total

17 | P a g e
WINTER LOADING:

TYPE OF TOTAL CONNECTED Effective load =Total Connected Load * demand factor
LOAD LOAD 06 HR - 10 HR 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 HR - 02 HR -
14HR 18HR 22 HR 2 HR 06 HR
Domestic 298.2 74.55 44.73 44.73 208.74 29.82 29.82
Street light 93.6 0 0 0 93.6 93.6 93.6
Public 50 7.5 40 20 5 5 5
commercial 1270 317.5 762 825.5 571.5 127 127
Industrial 100 65 80 80 70 50 50
1811.8 464.55 926.73 970.23 948.84 305.42 305.42

Load curve for loop-1(winter)

1200

1000 970.23 948.84

926.73

825.5
800 762

600 571.5

464.55

400
317.5 305.42 305.42

208.74
200
127 127
74.55 80 80 93.6 93.6 93.6
65 70 50 50
44.73 40 44.73 29.82 29.82
0 7.5 0 0 20 5 5 5
0
6to10 10to14 14to18 18to22 22to02 02to06

Domestic Street Light Public Commercial Industrial Total

18 | P a g e
SUMMER LOADING:

TYPE OF TOTAL CONNECTED Effective load =Total Connected Load * demand factor
LOAD LOAD 06 HR - 10 HR 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 HR - 02 HR -
14HR 18HR 22 HR 2 HR 06 HR
Domestic 126 44.1 31.5 31.5 94.5 31.5 31.5
Street light 20 0 0 0 20 20 20
Public 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
commercial 1665 582.75 1165.5 1198.8 1198.8 499.5 499.5
Industrial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1811 626.85 1197 1230.3 1313.3 551 551

load curve for loop-2(summer)

1400 1313.3
1230.3
1197 1198.8 1198.8
1200 1165.5

1000

800
626.85
582.75
600 551 551
499.5 499.5

400

200
94.5
44.1 31.5 31.5 20 0 31.520 31.520
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6to10 10to14 14to18 18to22 22to02 02to06

Domestic Street Light Public Commercial Industrial Total

19 | P a g e
WINTER LOADING:

TYPE OF TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD Effective load =Total Connected Load * demand factor
LOAD 06 HR - 10 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 HR - 02 HR -
HR 14HR 18HR 22 HR 2 HR 06 HR
Domestic 126 31.5 18.9 18.9 88.2 12.6 12.6
Street light 20 0 0 0 20 20 20
Public 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
commercial 1665 416.25 999 1082.25 749.25 166.5 166.5
Industrial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1811 447.75 1017.9 1101.15 857.45 199.1 199.1

load curve for loop-2(winter)

1200
1101.15
1082.25
999 1017.9
1000
857.45

800 749.25

600

447.75
416.25
400

199.1 199.1
200 166.5 166.5
88.2
31.5 18.9 0 0 18.9 0 0 20 0 12.620 0 12.620 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6to10 10to14 14to18 18to22 22to02 02to06

Domestic Street Light Public Commercial Industrial Total

20 | P a g e
SUMMER LOADING:

TYPE OF TOTAL CONNECTED Effective load =Total Connected Load * demand factor
LOAD LOAD 06 HR - 10 HR 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 HR - 02 HR -
14HR 18HR 22 HR 2 HR 06 HR
Domestic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Street light 26.8 0 0 0 26.8 26.8 26.8
Public 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
commercial 1285 449.5 899.5 925.2 925.2 385.5 385.5
Industrial 500 400 425 425 425 300 300
1811.8 849.5 1324.5 1350.2 1377 712.3 712.3

load curve for loop-3(summer)

1600

1350.2 1377
1400 1324.5

1200

1000 925.2 925.2

899.5
849.5
800
712.3 712.3

600
449.5 425 425 425
400 385.5 385.5
400
300 300

200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.8 0 0 26.8 0 0 26.8 0

0
6to10 10to14 14to18 18to22 22to02 02to06

Domestic Street Light Public Commercial Industrial Total

21 | P a g e
WINTER LOADING:

TYPE OF TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD Effective load =Total Connected Load * demand factor
LOAD 06 HR - 10 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 HR - 02 HR -
HR 14HR 18HR 22 HR 2 HR 06 HR
Domestic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Street light 26.8 0 0 0 26.8 26.8 26.8
Public 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
commercial 1285 321.25 771 835.25 578.25 128.5 128.5
Industrial 500 325 400 400 350 250 250
1811.8 646.25 1171 1235.25 955.05 405.3 405.3

load curve for loop-3(winter)

1400

1235.25
1200 1171

1000 955.05

835.25
800 771

646.25
578.25
600

400 400 405.3 405.3

400 325 350
321.25
250 250

200 128.5 128.5

26.8 26.8 26.8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
6to10 10to14 14to18 18to22 22to02 02to06

Domestic Street Light Public Commercial Industrial Total

22 | P a g e
SUMMER LOADING:

TYPE OF TOTAL CONNECTED Effective load =Total Connected Load * demand factor
LOAD LOAD 06 HR - 10 HR 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 HR - 02 HR -
14HR 18HR 22 HR 2 HR 06 HR
Domestic 331.8 116.13 82.95 82.95 248.85 82.95 82.95
Street light 24.8 0 0 0 24.8 24.8 24.8
Public 54 19.44 43.2 29.7 13.5 8.1 8.1
commercial 400 140 280 288 288 120 120
Industrial 1000 800 850 850 850 600 600
1810.6 1075.57 1256.15 1250.65 1425.15 835.85 835.85

load curve for loop-4(summer)

1600
1425.15
1400
1256.15 1250.65
1200
1075.57

1000
850 850 850 835.85 835.85
800
800

600 600
600

400
280 288 288
248.85
200 116.13 140 120 120
82.95 82.95 82.95 82.95
43.2 29.7 24.813.5 24.88.1 24.88.1
019.44 0 0
0
6to10 10to14 14to18 18to22 22to02 02to06

Domestic Street Light Public Commercial Industrial Total

23 | P a g e
WINTER LOADING:

TYPE OF TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD Effective load =Total Connected Load * demand factor
LOAD 06 HR - 10 10 HR - 14 HR - 18 HR - 22 HR - 02 HR -
HR 14HR 18HR 22 HR 2 HR 06 HR
Domestic 331.8 82.95 49.77 49.77 232.26 33.18 33.18
Street light 24.8 0 0 0 24.8 24.8 24.8
Public 54 8.1 43.2 21.6 5.4 5.4 5.4
commercial 400 100 240 260 180 40 40
Industrial 1000 650 800 800 700 500 500
1810.6 841.05 1132.97 1131.37 1142.46 603.38 603.38

load curve for loop-4(winter)

1200 1132.97 1142.46
1131.37

1000

841.05
800 800
800
700
650
603.38 603.38
600
500 500

400

240 260
232.26
180
200
82.95 100
49.77 43.2 49.77
24.85.4 24.85.4 40
33.18 24.85.4 40
33.18
0 8.1 0 0 21.6
0
6to10 10to14 14to18 18to22 22to02 02to06

Domestic Street Light Public Commercial Industrial Total

24 | P a g e
(III) COMPARISON OF MAXIMUM DEMAND OF FOUR LOOPS:

MAXIMUM DEMAND(KW) MAX DEMAND OCCUR

LOOP NO
1329.15 18HR TO 22 HR
1
1313.3 18HR TO 22 HR
2
1377 18HR TO 22 HR
3
1425.15 18HR TO 22 HR
4

MAXIMUM DEMAND
1440
1425.15

1420

1400

1380 1377

1360

1340
1329.15

1320 1313.3

1300

1280

1260

1240
LOOP 1 LOOP 2 LOOP 3 LOOP 4

25 | P a g e
 SELECTION OF RATING OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER:
During selection of distribution transformer, we assume 0.85 power factor(lag).
We also consider the following allowances:
1. 25% extra for power loss in the loop
2. 25% extra for future extension
If Pmax be the maximum demand, Transformer Rating= (Pmax * 1.5) / 0.85
= (1329.15*1.5)/0.85 (For loop-1)

=2345.5588 KVA

But according to IEEE/ANSI C57.12.00 preferred continuous kVA ratings of THREE-PHASE TRANSFORERS
are:

15,30,45,75,112.5,150,225,300,500,750,1000,1500,2000,2500,3750,5000,7500,10000,
12000,15000,20000,25000,30000,37500,50000,60000,75000,100000 etc.
We calculate Transformer rating =2345.5588 kVA. So we have to choose a transformer of more than
2345.5588 kVA rating. Available rating of the transformer is 2500 kVA.

LOOP NO Maximum Maximum Demand Transformer Std. Rating

Demand(kW) occurs at(time) rating(kW) taken(kVA)
1329.15 18to22 2345.558824 2500
1
1313.3 18to22 2317.588235 2500
2
1377 18to22 2430 2500
3
1425.15 18to22 2514.970588 3750
4

26 | P a g e
We have drawn a common reference of axis for each loop (if we choose different reference axes for each
loops then while calculating for H.T. loop we have to draw further a common axis for all four loops. To
avoid this problem, we take a common reference of axis for all four loops in this step itself)
Assuming coordinate of the load centre of the loop is (X,Y).
Therefore, X= ( ∑ Pi * Xi ) / ∑ Pi and Y= ( ∑ Pi * Yi ) / ∑ Pi , where Pi =Maximum load of i-th road segment and
Xi , Yi are the corresponding distances from the Y and the X axis respectively.

CALCULATION OF LOAD CENTERS OF FOUR LOOPS ARE GIVEN BELOW:

Item Notations
Segment Number Ni
Segment length Li
Segment Current Ii
Street Light Loading Si
Public Loading Pbi
Domestic Loading Di
Industrial Loading Idi

27 | P a g e
Ni Li Xi Yi Pi Ii Si Di Pbi Ci Idi Pi*Xi Pi*Yi
(cm) (cm) (kW) (A) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
10 250 3.0 -18.3 38.92 63.7 0.8 13.12 25 115.4 -711.4
11 280 5.6 -18.3 13.92 22.8 0.8 13.12 78.4 -254.4
12 300 8.6 -18.3 26.2 42.9 1.2 25 224.6 -478.9
13 200 11.1 -18.3 25.8 42.2 0.8 25 286.8 -471.6
14 230 13.3 -18.3 26.2 42.9 1.2 25 348.2 -478.9
15 280 6.5 -16.7 39.32 64.4 1.2 13.12 25 257.4 -657.5
16 200 6.5 -14.4 38.92 63.7 0.8 13.12 25 254.8 -559.5
17 240 7.3 -8.1 0.8 1.3 0.8 5.8 -6.5
18 300 10.0 -8.1 36.2 59.3 1.2 10 25 362.1 -293.3
19 280 12.9 -8.1 36.2 59.3 1.2 10 25 466.7 -293.3
21 280 3.0 -16.6 38.93 63.7 0.8 13.13 25 118.3 -647.1
22 200 3.0 -14.3 38.93 63.7 0.8 13.13 25 118.3 -555.8
23 200 3.0 -12.2 38.93 63.7 0.8 13.13 25 118.3 -474.1
68 250 6.5 -10.1 6.2 10.1 1.2 5 40.6 -62.8
69 240 6.5 -7.7 5.8 9.5 0.8 5 38.0 -44.6
70 210 10.2 -6.7 23.3 38.1 0.8 10 12.5 237.7 -157.1
71 250 7.9 -6.7 18.7 30.6 1.2 5 12.5 147.8 -126.1
90 260 13.5 -7.3 31.2 51.1 1.2 5 25 420.8 -227.3
91 300 11.0 -5.9 38.7 63.3 1.2 37.5 425.4 -227.5
92 300 8.2 -4.5 38.7 63.3 1.2 37.5 317.4 -174.0
93 250 13.0 -3.6 26.2 42.9 1.2 25 340.4 -93.2
94 260 10.4 -3.5 26.2 42.9 1.2 25 273.7 -91.2
95 290 7.7 -3.5 25.8 42.2 0.8 25 199.5 -89.9
96 260 5.0 -3.5 7.2 11.8 1.2 6 35.9 -25.1
97 260 2.3 -3.5 7.2 11.8 1.2 6 16.9 -25.1
98 240 -0.1 -3.5 5.8 9.5 0.8 5 -0.9 -20.2
99 200 2.3 -3.5 5.8 9.5 0.8 5 13.3 -20.2
100 230 -4.4 -3.5 5.8 9.5 0.8 5 -25.5 -20.2
101 230 -6.6 -3.5 1.2 2.0 1.2 -8.0 -4.2
102 170 -8.6 -3.5 0.8 1.3 0.8 -6.9 -2.8
103 230 -10.9 -3.5 1.2 2.0 1.2 -13.1 -4.2
104 200 -13.3 -3.5 0.8 1.3 0.8 -10.6 -2.8
105 260 -15.6 -3.5 1.2 2.0 1.2 -18.7 -4.2
106 280 -4.7 -2.5 6.2 10.1 1.2 5 -29.1 -15.3
107 270 -2.5 -1.1 6.2 10.1 1.2 5 -15.3 -6.9
108 250 4.8 -2.5 7.2 11.8 1.2 6 34.5 -18.0
109 280 2.4 -1.2 7.2 11.8 1.2 6 17.3 -8.5
110 240 13.1 0.0 22.2 36.3 1.2 21 290.6 0.0
111 290 10.3 0.0 36.9 60.4 1.2 35.7 378.2 0.0
112 280 7.4 0.0 15.9 26.0 1.2 14.7 117.8 0.0

28 | P a g e
Ni Li Xi Yi Pi Ii Si Di Pbi Ci Idi Pi*Xi Pi*Yi
(cm) (cm) (kW) (A) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
113 210 4.9 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.8 4.0 0.0
114 260 2.5 0.0 1.2 2.0 1.2 3.0 0.0
115 280 -2.7 0.0 1.2 2.0 1.2 -3.3 0.0
116 240 -5.2 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.8 -4.1 0.0
117 270 -7.7 0.0 1.2 2.0 1.2 -9.2 0.0
118 270 -10.4 0.0 1.2 2.0 1.2 -12.4 0.0
119 230 -12.8 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.8 -10.3 0.0
120 260 -15.3 0.0 1.2 2.0 1.2 -18.4 0.0
121 240 -2.1 1.5 1.2 2.0 1.2 -2.5 1.8
122 250 -4.0 3.6 0.8 1.3 0.8 -3.2 2.9
123 210 -6.4 4.0 78.3 128.2 0.8 77.5 -500.9 313.3
124 230 -8.4 5.2 78.7 128.8 1.2 77.5 -660.9 408.2
125 260 -10.7 6.5 78.7 128.8 1.2 77.5 -841.7 511.2
126 250 2.0 1.5 7.2 11.8 1.2 6 14.4 10.8
127 200 3.9 2.7 6.8 11.1 0.8 6 26.5 18.3
128 180 6.6 4.1 11.34 18.6 0.8 10.54 74.8 46.5
129 220 8.4 5.2 11.74 19.2 1.2 10.54 98.6 60.9
130 220 11.7 7.1 1.2 2.0 1.2 14.0 8.5
131 190 13.6 8.2 0.8 1.3 0.8 10.9 6.6
132 230 12.9 3.4 26.48 43.3 1.2 21 4.28 342.7 89.6
133 300 10.0 3.4 41.18 67.4 1.2 35.7 4.28 409.9 139.3
134 300 6.9 3.4 20.18 33.0 1.2 14.7 4.28 139.1 68.3
135 260 4.1 3.4 13.45 22.0 1.2 12.25 54.5 45.5
136 220 1.5 3.4 13.45 22.0 1.2 12.25 19.9 45.5
137 250 -1.5 3.4 16.2 26.5 1.2 15 -24.8 54.8
138 200 -3.9 3.4 15.8 25.9 0.8 15 -61.3 53.5
139 200 -7.2 3.4 63.3 103.6 0.8 62.5 -458.1 214.2
140 250 -9.5 3.4 63.3 103.6 0.8 62.5 -600.4 214.2
141 280 -12.3 3.4 76.2 124.7 1.2 75 -933.5 257.9
142 250 -14.8 3.4 13.7 22.4 1.2 12.5 -203.4 46.4
143 260 13.0 6.1 5.49 9.0 1.2 4.29 71.3 33.2
144 280 10.3 6.1 5.49 9.0 1.2 4.29 56.8 33.2
145 300 7.4 6.1 7.45 12.2 1.2 6.25 55.4 45.1
146 300 4.4 6.1 7.45 12.2 1.2 6.25 32.8 45.1
147 250 1.7 6.1 7.45 12.2 1.2 6.25 12.7 45.1
148 210 -1.3 6.1 16.2 26.5 1.2 15 -20.8 98.0
149 200 -3.3 6.1 15.8 25.9 0.8 15 -52.7 95.6
150 250 -5.9 6.1 15.8 25.9 0.8 15 -93.7 95.6
151 240 -8.2 6.1 16.2 26.5 1.2 15 -132.0 98.0
152 170 -10.4 6.1 75.8 124.1 0.8 75 -790.1 460.6
153 140 -10.4 4.4 75.8 124.1 0.8 75 -790.1 331.4
154 180 0.0 7.2 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.0 5.8
155 180 0.0 8.9 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.0 7.1

29 | P a g e
 Ni Li Xi Yi Pi Ii Si Di Pbi Ci Idi Pi*Xi Pi*Yi
(cm) (cm) (kW) (A) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
156 280 5.7 1.8 15.5 25.4 0.8 14.7 88.4 27.2
157 280 9.9 1.8 36.5 59.7 0.8 35.7 362.4 64.0
158 180 0.0 2.3 7.2 11.8 1.2 6 0.0 16.5
159 200 0.0 -2.1 12.2 20.0 1.2 11 0.0 -25.6
160 250 6.5 -1.8 1.2 2.0 1.2 7.8 -2.2
161 100 6.5 -12.8 13.93 22.8 0.8 13.13 91.2 -177.9
163 200 0.0 4.9 47.45 77.7 1.2 46.25 0.0 234.4
TOTAL 21680 149.9 - 1811.8 2965.5 93.6 298.2 50 1270 100 1735.8 -
129.6 3204.9

CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER POSITION:

∑𝑃𝑖∗ 𝑋𝑖
X CO-ORDINATE =
∑𝑃𝑖
=1735.785/1811.8
=0.958044
∑𝑃𝑖∗ 𝑌𝑖
Y CO-ORDINATE =
∑𝑃𝑖
= -3204.87/1811.8
= -1.768887
So, approximated or final transformer position is (0.3, -1.7).

30 | P a g e
 Ni Li Xi Yi Pi Ii Si Di Pbi Ci Idi Pi*Xi Pi*Yi
(cm) (cm) (kW) (A) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
60 220 -5.2 -6.6 14.2 23.2 1.2 13 -73.7 -94.3
61 200 -5.2 -4.6 13.8 22.6 0.8 13 -71.6 -63.4
62 200 -2.8 -6.8 18.3 30.0 0.8 17.5 -51.1 -124.3
63 220 -2.8 -4.7 17.2 28.2 1.2 16 -48.0 -81.6
65 270 0.0 -7.9 521.2 853.1 1.2 15 505 0.0 -4119.6
73 300 1.6 -6.7 506.2 828.5 1.2 505 812.7 -3413.4
74 200 -1.2 -6.7 40.8 66.8 0.8 15 25 -50.4 -275.1
75 190 -3.0 -6.7 41.8 68.4 0.8 16 25 -127.0 -281.9
76 220 -5.2 -6.7 39.2 64.2 1.2 13 25 -205.3 -264.3
77 250 -7.9 -6.7 0.8 1.3 0.8 -6.3 -5.4
78 230 -10.3 -6.7 1.2 2.0 1.2 -12.4 -8.1
79 280 -12.9 -6.7 0.8 1.3 0.8 -10.4 -5.4
80 300 -15.9 -6.7 1.2 2.0 1.2 -19.1 -8.1
81 260 -13.9 -5.0 0.8 1.3 0.8 -11.1 -4.0
82 130 -11.9 -5.6 0.8 1.3 0.8 -9.5 -4.5
83 200 -11.9 -4.4 0.8 1.3 0.8 -9.5 -3.6
84 260 -10.5 -5.6 0.8 1.3 0.8 -8.4 -4.5
85 220 -8.2 -4.4 0.8 1.3 0.8 -6.6 -3.5
86 200 -6.3 -5.9 33.3 54.5 0.8 7.5 25 -211.4 -197.4
87 170 -6.3 -3.1 25.8 42.2 0.8 25 -163.8 -80.9
88 270 0.0 -5.2 531.2 869.4 1.2 530 0.0 -2781.6
TOTAL 4790 - - 1811 2964. 20 126 0 1665 0 -282.7 -
140.0 123.9 2 11824.8

CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER POSITION:

∑𝑃𝑖∗ 𝑋𝑖
X CO-ORDINATE =
∑𝑃𝑖
= -282.6915/1811
= -0.1561
∑𝑃𝑖∗ 𝑌𝑖
Y CO-ORDINATE =
∑𝑃𝑖
= -11824.8/1811.
= -6.5294

So, approximated or final transformer position is (-0.25, -6.5).

31 | P a g e
Ni Li Xi Yi Pi Ii Si Di Pbi Ci Idi Pi*Xi Pi*Yi
(cm) (cm) (kW) (A) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
5 240 -9.6 -18.3 11.2 18.3 1.2 10 -107.6 -204.7
6 230 -7.3 -18.3 60.8 99.5 0.8 10 50 -444.5 -1111.3
7 260 -4.9 -18.3 51.2 83.8 1.2 50 -252.9 -935.8
8 220 -2.6 -18.3 10.8 17.7 0.8 10 -27.7 -197.4
9 300 0.0 -18.3 11.2 18.3 1.2 10 0.0 -204.7
20 270 3.0 -8.1 51.2 83.8 1.2 50 151.8 -414.8
24 220 1.6 -8.1 1.2 2.0 1.2 1.9 -9.7
25 250 0.0 -16.9 13.7 22.4 1.2 12.5 0.0 -231.1
26 230 0.0 -14.4 13.3 21.8 0.8 12.5 0.0 -192.2
27 200 0.0 -12.4 13.3 21.8 0.8 12.5 0.0 -164.3
28 230 -1.3 -8.1 13.3 21.8 0.8 12.5 -17.4 -107.8
29 200 -3.2 -17.1 60.8 99.5 0.8 10 50 -195.2 -1040.7
30 240 -3.2 -15.0 61.2 100.2 1.2 10 50 -196.5 -917.6
31 200 -3.2 -12.8 60.8 99.5 0.8 10 50 -195.2 -776.4
32 250 -3.6 -8.1 50.8 83.1 0.8 50 -184.4 -411.6
33 200 -6.9 -17.1 60.8 99.5 0.8 10 50 -420.5 -1040.7
34 270 -6.9 -15.0 66.2 108.4 1.2 15 50 -457.8 -992.5
32 | P a g e
 Ni Li Xi Yi Pi Ii Si Di Pbi Ci Idi Pi*Xi Pi*Yi
(cm) (cm) (kW) (A) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
35 200 -6.9 -12.8 65.8 107.7 0.8 15 50 -455.1 -840.3
36 260 -6.3 -8.1 61.2 100.2 1.2 10 50 -388.5 -495.8
38 150 -10.4 -17.1 10.8 17.7 0.8 10 -112.6 -184.9
39 270 -10.4 -15.0 11.2 18.3 1.2 10 -116.7 -167.9
40 200 -10.4 -12.8 10.8 17.7 0.8 10 -112.6 -137.9
64 200 0.0 -10.3 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.0 -8.2
66 230 3.0 -10.1 1.2 2.0 1.2 3.6 -12.1
67 200 3.0 -7.7 0.8 1.3 0.8 2.4 -6.2
72 270 4.7 -6.7 543.7 889.9 1.2 542.5 2551.6 -3666.2
89 270 5.3 -5.1 493.7 808.1 1.2 492.5 2609.6 -2536.4
TOTAL 6260 -76.8 -350.2 1811.8 2965.5 26.8 0 0 1285 500 1635.5 -17009.2

CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER POSITION:

∑𝑃𝑖∗ 𝑋𝑖
X CO-ORDINATE =
∑𝑃𝑖
= 1635.493/1811.8
= 0.90269

∑𝑃𝑖∗ 𝑌𝑖
Y CO-ORDINATE =
∑𝑃𝑖
= -17009.2/1811.8
= -9.38803

So, approximated or final transformer position is (0.3, -9.35).

33 | P a g e
 Ni Li Xi Yi Pi Ii Si Di Pbi Ci Idi Pi*Xi Pi*Yi
(cm) (cm) (kW) (A) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
1 260 -19.4 -18.3 51.2 83.8 1.2 50 -995.3 -935.8
2 230 -17.0 -18.3 20.8 34.0 0.8 20 -354.0 -380.2
3 250 -14.6 -18.3 21.2 34.7 1.2 20 -310.5 -387.5
4 250 -12.1 -18.3 167.47 274.1 0.8 166.67 -2022.8 -3061.0
37 200 -8.5 -8.1 0.8 1.3 0.8 -6.8 -6.5
41 240 -12.4 -8.1 205.53 336.4 1.2 37.66 166.67 -2548.4 -1665.1
42 270 -13.9 -16.5 187.87 307.5 1.2 20 166.67 -2603.3 -3099.8
43 200 -13.9 -14.2 192.47 315.0 0.8 25 166.67 -2667.0 -2728.8
44 210 -13.9 -12.2 192.47 315.0 0.8 25 166.67 -2667.0 -2353.2
45 270 -17.8 -17.5 71.2 116.5 1.2 70 -1266.2 -1243.4
46 290 -15.2 -11.5 46.2 75.6 1.2 45 -701.8 -530.6
47 250 -15.4 -11.5 76.2 124.7 1.2 75 -1170.7 -875.2
48 230 -17.2 -8.1 35.8 58.6 1.2 9.6 25 -615.4 -290.0
49 200 -15.1 -8.1 35.4 57.9 0.8 9.6 25 -536.0 -286.8
50 200 -15.1 -9.0 12.4 20.3 0.8 11.6 -187.7 -111.5
51 200 -15.0 -9.0 12.4 20.3 0.8 11.6 -185.9 -111.5
52 200 -13.9 -10.1 30.96 50.7 1.2 20.16 9.6 -429.0 -312.8
53 230 -13.9 -8.1 22.96 37.6 0.8 20.16 2 -318.1 -185.4
54 240 -11.7 -6.4 38.86 63.6 1.2 37.66 -454.0 -249.6
55 200 -11.7 -4.5 38.46 62.9 0.8 37.66 -449.3 -172.9
56 240 -9.5 -6.4 50.2 82.2 1.2 49 -478.6 -322.4
57 180 -9.5 -4.5 49.8 81.5 0.8 49 -474.8 -223.9
58 240 -7.4 -6.6 32.7 53.5 1.2 31.5 -242.3 -215.7
59 180 -7.4 -4.5 32.3 52.9 0.8 31.5 -239.3 -145.2
162 200 -10.3 -8.1 184.95 302.7 0.8 17.5 166.65 -1905.0 -1498.4
TOTAL 5660 - - 1810.6 2963.5 24.8 331.8 54 400 1000 -23829.4 -21393.1
331.7 266.0

CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER POSITION:

∑𝑃𝑖∗ 𝑋𝑖
X CO-ORDINATE =
∑𝑃𝑖
= -23829.4/1810.6
= -13.161
∑𝑃𝑖∗ 𝑌𝑖
Y CO-ORDINATE =
∑𝑃𝑖

34 | P a g e
 = -21393.1/1810.6
= -11.8155

So, approximated or final transformer position is (-13.2,-11.8).

35 | P a g e
 We have divided each L.T. loops in several sub loops. Current distribution on each loop
including calculated loop current and branch current (applying K.C.L. & K.V.L.) and minimum
potential point allowing 5% voltage regulation from source end i.e. transformer end are
shown for each loop following:

CURRENT DISTRIBUTION:

Applying KCL:

 it1+it2=2965.482361
 i1+i2-it2 = -29.5
 i2-i3-i4-i5-i6=65.3+11.8+11.8
 i4-i7-i8=38.1+63.3;
 i7=51.1;
 i8-i9-i10=22.8+30.6+9.5;
 i9=1.31+59.2+59.3;
 i10-i11-i12=63.7+64.4;
 i12=42.9+42.9+42.2;
 i11=22.8+63.7+63.72+63.72*2;
 i5=42.2+42.9+42.9;
 i6-i13-i14=0;
 i13-i14-i15=26+59.7;
 i14=60.4-36.3;
 i15-i16-i17=0;
 i16=67.4+43.3;
 i17-i18-i19-i20-i21=33;
 i21+i14-i22=26.7;
 it1+i20+i22-i23-i24-i25-i26=22.9+2;
 i25=4*2+2*1.3;
 i1+i26-i27=20.2+9.5*2+2;
 i27=2*2+2*1.3

36 | P a g e
37 | P a g e
  i18-i28-i29-i30=18.6+19.2;
 i28=18;
 i29=3.3;
 i30-i31-i32-i33=77.7+3*12.2;
 i32=2.6;
 i33+i19-i34=38.3+22;
 i34+i25-i35-i36=2+1.3+25.98;
 i31+i35-i37=26.5*2+25.9*2+128.2*2;
 i37+i38=128.8+124.1;
 i36-i38-i39=2*103.6+124.1;
 i39=124.7+22.44;

Applying KVL

 -it2*1.3+it1*1.1-i3*(2.7+2.5)-i2*(2.5+2.7+1.2)=-23.6*2.7-2*11.8*2.5-11.8*2.7;
 -it2*1.3+it1*1.1+i26*(2.7+2.7)-i1*(2.2+2+1.3)=20.2*2.7-2*9.5*2.2-9.5*2;
 i3*(2.5+2.7)-i22*(2.5+2.1)-i6*2.6-i14*0.2=23.6*2.7-5;
 i21*2.8+i22*(2.2+2.5)-i20*(2.4+2.4)=5-22.9*2.4;
 i20*(2.3+2.4)-i19*(2.7+2.7)+i23*1.8=22.9*2.4-22*2.7;
 i23*1.9+i34*(2.7+2.1)-i24*(2.3+2.4)=25.98*2.1-4.6;
 i18*(4.3)-i19*(5.4)+i30(8.2)+i33*2.2=18.6*1.9+12.2*3+24.4*3+12.2*7.5-22*2.7;
 i33*2.3-
i31*(2.4+2+2.7+2.1)+i34*(2.25+2.1)+i35*(2.2+2.4+0.7)=25.98*2.1+128.2*2.4+0.7*(128.
2+128.8)-2.7*(26.5+25.9+25.9)-2.4*(26.5+25.9)-2*(26.5);
 i35*(2.1+2.4+0.7+2.3)-i36*(2+2.5+1.3)-i38*(1.5+1.8)=128.2*2.4+0.7*(128.2+128.8)-
1.8*124.1-103.6*2.5-103.6*2.6;

Now, Solution by MATLAB:

CURRENT VARIABLE SOLUTION(A) CURRENT VARIABLE SOLUTION(A)

it1 2152.403 i20 -952.492

it2 813.0791 i21 -614.627

i1 144.4973 i22 -617.227

i2 639.0818 i23 114.6861

i3 -504.789 i24 529.1952

i4 868.97 i25 10.6

i5 128 i26 -96.6973

i6 58.00071 i27 6.6

i7 51.1 i28 18

38 | P a g e
 CURRENT VARIABLE SOLUTION(A) CURRENT VARIABLE SOLUTION(A)

i8 716.47 i29 3.3

i9 119.81 i30 2078.39

i10 533.76 i31 628.0384

i11 277.66 i32 2.6

i12 128 i33 1333.452

i13 33.90071 i34 483.1816

i14 24.1 i35 143.6116

i15 -75.8993 i36 320.89

i16 110.7 i37 410.45

i17 -186.599 i38 -157.55

i18 2137.49 i39 147.14

i19 -789.97 -952.492

Segment Current Calculation for Loop-1:

Segment Segment length Segment Current(A) Segment
Number Resistance(Ohm)
10 250 254.9 0.01278906
11 280 277.7 0.014323747
12 300 128 0.015346872
13 200 85.1 0.010231248
14 230 42.9 0.011765935
15 280 203.35 0.014323747
16 200 235.55 0.010231248
17 240 119.8 0.012277498
18 300 118.5 0.015346872
19 280 59.3 0.014323747
21 280 191.2 0.014323747
22 200 127.5 0.010231248
23 200 63.72 0.010231248
68 250 333.45 0.01278906
69 240 338.5 0.012277498
70 210 358.25 0.01074281
71 250 343.25 0.01278906
90 260 51.1 0.013300622
91 300 402.85 0.015346872
92 300 434.5 0.015346872
93 250 42.9 0.01278906
94 260 85.8 0.013300622
95 290 128 0.01483531
96 260 615.5 0.013300622

39 | P a g e
Segment Segment length Segment Current(A) Segment
Number Resistance(Ohm)
97 260 627.3 0.013300622
98 240 144.5 0.012277498
99 200 135 0.010231248
100 230 133 0.011765935
101 230 6.6 0.011765935
102 170 5.3 0.008696561
103 230 5.3 0.011765935
104 200 3.3 0.010231248
105 260 2 0.013300622
106 280 76.5 0.014323747
107 270 96.7 0.013812185
108 250 -504.8 0.01278906
109 280 -528.4 0.014323747
110 240 36.3 0.012277498
111 290 103.7 0.01483531
112 280 33.9 0.014323747
113 210 -617.2 0.01074281
114 260 -615.2 0.013300622
115 280 10.6 0.014323747
116 240 8.6 0.012277498
117 270 7.3 0.013812185
118 270 5.3 0.013812185
119 230 3.3 0.011765935
120 260 2 0.013300622
121 240 529.2 0.012277498
122 250 527.2 0.01278906
123 210 143.6 0.01074281
124 230 15.4 0.011765935
125 260 410.4 0.013300622
126 250 -487.7 0.01278906
127 200 -476.25 0.010231248
128 180 137.5 0.009208123
129 220 118.9 0.011254373
130 220 3.3 0.011254373
131 190 1.3 0.009719686
132 230 43.3 0.011765935
133 300 110.7 0.015346872
134 300 -186.6 0.015346872
135 260 -790 0.013300622
136 220 -812 0.011254373
137 250 483.2 0.01278906
138 200 457.22 0.010231248
139 200 320.9 0.010231248
140 250 217.3 0.01278906
141 280 113.7 0.014323747
142 250 22.4 0.01278906
40 | P a g e
 Segment Segment length Segment Current(A) Segment
Number Resistance(Ohm)
143 260 9 0.013300622
144 280 519.6 0.014323747
145 300 516.55 0.015346872
146 300 513.5 0.015346872
147 250 510.45 0.01278906
148 210 314 0.01074281
149 200 300.75 0.010231248
150 250 575.6 0.01278906
151 240 549.7 0.012277498
152 170 -281.6 0.008696561
153 140 -157.5 0.007161874
154 180 2.6 0.009208123
155 180 1.3 0.009208123
156 280 -614.6 0.014323747
157 280 -75.9 0.014323747
158 180 114.7 0.009208123
159 200 406.55 0.010231248
160 250 58 0.01278906
161 100 533.8 0.005115624
163 200 333.375 0.010231248

Selection of L.T. feeder and maximum voltage drop-

Maximum voltage drop occurs along the segments 159,98,97,96,92,91,70,71,69,68,161,16,15,11,10,21,22–

Let R be the resistance per 100 metres.

Hence, maximum voltage drop-

(813,1*1.4+639.1*1.1+627.2*2.7+615.4*2.7+869*3+805.7*3+716.5*2.3+685.9*2.5+533.8*1.8+470.1*1.9+
405.7*2.7+277.7*2.8+254.9*1.1+191.2*2.8+127.5*2+63.72*2)R= 5 % of 240 V = 12

Therefore, R= 0.0006 Ω/km = 0.01 Ω/mile

Hence, we use MOUSE conductor whose resistance is most comparable to the one calculated for loop-1.

The following diagram shows the maximum voltage drop path in loop 1.

41 | P a g e
42 | P a g e
Current Distribution:

Applying KCL:

 xT = xT1 + xT2
 xT2 = 869.4
 x3 = 823.6
 x2 =853.1
 x1- x4 - x5 = 66.8
 x5 = 58.1
 x6 = 47.8
 x4-x7 = 116.2
 x7-x8-x9=64.2
 x8-x10=10.5

43 | P a g e
  x9+x10=99.32

Applying KVL:

 4.7x8+4.9x10-3.1x9 = -81.74

Now, Solution by MATLAB:

CURRENT VARIABLE SOLUTION(A) CURRENT VARIABLE SOLUTION(A)

it1 209.4 i5 58.1

it2 869.4 i6 47.8

i1 415.2 i7 174.1

i2 853.1 i8 24.4

i3 828.6 i9 85.4

i4 290.3 i10 13.9

Segment current calculation for Loop-2

Segment Segment Segment Segment
Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm)
60 220 25.2 0.011254373
61 200 47.8 0.010231248
62 200 30 0.010231248
63 220 58.1 0.011254373
65 270 853.1 0.013812185
73 300 828.6 0.015346872
74 200 415.2 0.010231248
75 190 348.4 0.009719686
76 220 174.06 0.011254373
77 250 24.45 0.01278906
78 230 23.14 0.011765935
79 280 4.61 0.014323747
80 300 2 0.015346872
81 260 1.31 0.013300622
82 130 2.62 0.006650311
83 200 1.31 0.010231248
84 260 13.9 0.013300622
85 220 12.59 0.011254373
86 200 85.41 0.010231248
87 170 30.91 0.008696561
88 270 869.4 0.013812185

44 | P a g e
Selection of L.T. feeder and maximum voltage drop:
Maximum voltage drop occurs along the segments 88,74,75,76,77,78,79,80 –

Let R be the resistance per 100 metres.

Hence, maximum voltage drop-

(2094.73*0.2+415.2*2+0.9*348.4+1*290.3+221.9*1.4+1.1*221.9+85.4*1.3+24.4*2.5+23.09*2.1+4.61*2.9
+2*3)R= 5 % of 240 V =12

Therefore, R= 0.04532 Ω/km = 0.07294 Ω/mile

Hence, we use MOUSE conductor whose resistance is most comparable to the one calculated for loop-2.

45 | P a g e
Current Distribution:

46 | P a g e
Applying KCL:

 x1-x6-x7=21.8;
 x6-x9=83.1;
 x9-x10-x11=100.2;
 x10+x8-x12=415.1;
 x7+x3-x8=383.5;
 x2-x4-x5=2;
 x4=1701.31;
 x5=83.8;
 x11=100.2;
 x12=72;

Applying KVL:

 10*x3-6.7*x7=-182.17;
 6.7*x7+4.1*x8-6.7*x10=298.36;

Now, Solution by MATLAB:

CURRENT VARIABLE SOLUTION(A) CURRENT VARIABLE SOLUTION(A)

i1 980.1 i7 319.4

i2 1787.1 i8 131.7

i3 195.8 i9 555.8

i4 1701.3 i10 355.4

i5 83.8 i11 100.2

i6 638.9 i12 72

47 | P a g e
Segment Current Calculation for LOOP 3:

Segment Segment Segment Segment

Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm)
5 240 53.7 0.012277498
6 230 72 0.011765935
7 260 472 0.013300622
8 220 93.8 0.011254373
9 300 111.5 0.015346872
20 270 83.8 0.013812185
24 220 446.75 0.011254373
25 250 152.2 0.01278906
26 230 174 0.011765935
27 200 195.8 0.010231248
28 230 490.05 0.011765935
29 200 119.7 0.010231248
30 240 219.9 0.012277498
31 200 319.4 0.010231248
32 250 555.8 0.01278906
33 200 139.3 0.010231248
34 270 247.7 0.013812185
35 200 355.4 0.010231248
36 260 100.2 0.013300622
38 150 53.7 0.007673436
39 270 36 0.013812185
40 200 17.7 0.010231248
64 200 1.31 0.010231248
66 230 425.3 0.011765935
67 200 424.8 0.010231248
72 270 424.5 0.013812185
89 270 404.05 0.013812185

48 | P a g e
Selection of L.T. feeder and maximum voltage drop
Maximum voltage drop occurs along the segments 64,28,31,30,29,8,7,6,5,38,39,40-

Let R be the resistance per 100 metres.

Hence, maximum voltage drop-

(2964.2*2.3+2.7*980.1+2*319.4+2.4*219.9+2.7*119.7+0.3*131,7+2.5*472+1.2*372.5+72*1.1+53,7*2.4+
53.7*1.6+36*2.6+2.1*17.7)R= 5 % of 240 V = 12

Therefore, R= 0.01 Ω/km = 0.016 Ω/km

Hence, we use MOUSE conductor whose resistance is most comparable to the one calculated for loop-3.

49 | P a g e
Current Distribution:

50 | P a g e
Applying KCL:

 xT = xt1 + xt2
 xt1 = x1 + x2
 x1 – x3 –x4 = 639.1
 - x5 + x6 + x7 = 0
 x5-x8-x9 = 50.7
 x7-x10-x11 = 315
 x11-x12-x13 = 75.6
 x13-x14-x15 = 116.5
 x15+x16-x17=342.2
 x2 = 126.5
 x3=163.7
 x4=107.71
 x5=128.9
 x6=116.5
 x8=37.6
 x9=40.6
 x12=24.7
 x14=83.8

Applying KCL:

 2.7*x16 - 3.7*x15-2.7*x13-5*x11 = -407

Now, Solution by MATLAB:

CURRENT SOLUTION(A) CURRENT SOLUTION(A) CURRENT SOLUTION(A)
VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE

it1 1036.71 i5 128.9 i11 404

it2 1611.4 i6 116.5 i12 124.7

i1 910.21 i7 136.6 i13 203.7

i2 126.5 i8 37.6 i14 83.8

i3 162.7 i9 40.6 i15 -30.6

i4 107.71 i10 962 i16 647

51 | P a g e
Segment Current Calculation for LOOP 4:

Segment Segment Segment Segment

Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm)
1 260 83.8 0.013300622
2 230 -30.6 0.011765935
3 250 -65.3 0.01278906
4 250 274.2 0.01278906
37 200 107.71 0.010231248
41 240 1037 0.012277498
42 270 646.9 0.013812185
43 200 1051 0.010231248
44 210 1366 0.01074281
45 270 204.2 0.013812185
46 290 404 0.01483531
47 250 124.7 0.01278906
48 230 58.6 0.011765935
49 200 116.5 0.010231248
50 200 20.3 0.010231248
51 200 40.6 0.010231248
52 200 128.9 0.010231248
53 230 37.6 0.011765935
54 240 126.5 0.012277498
55 200 62.9 0.010231248
56 240 163.7 0.012277498
57 180 81.5 0.009208123
58 240 106.4 0.012277498
59 180 52.9 0.009208123
162 200 574.1 0.010231248

52 | P a g e
Selection of L.T. feeder and maximum voltage drop
Maximum voltage drop occurs along the segments 41,44,43,42,3,4-

Let R be the resistance per 100 metres.

Hence, maximum voltage drop-

(1611.4*0.7+2.1*1366+1051*1.9+2.7*647+0.6*(-65.3)+2.6*274.2)R= 5 % of 240 V = 12

Therefore, R= 0.0143 Ω/km = 0.023 Ω/mile

Hence, we use MOUSE conductor whose resistance is most comparable to the one calculated for loop-4.

53 | P a g e
Assuming core loss = Full load copper loss = 5% of KVA Rating of the transformer
Core loss( kWh ) = 0.05 * rated kVA *24 = 0.05 * 2000 * 24 = 2400 kWh
Now the following steps are done:
(1) kVA loop demand = (total loop demand in kW)/ 0.85
(2) Fractional loading (x) = (kVA load demand)/ rated kVA
(3) Cu loss for fractional load (kW) = full load coper loss * x2
(4) Cu loss (kWh) = Cu loss (kW) * 4hr
(5) Total Cu loss = sum of the kWh Cu losses for all the time slots
(6) All day efficiency = Output in kWh * 100%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Output in kWh + Core Loss in kWh + copper loss in kWh

Summer:
Duration (hrs) 06 to 10 10 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 02 02 to 06
Total loop demand (KW) 646.87 1088.55 1101.45 1329.15 616.65 616.65
Loop demand * hrs 2587.48 4354.2 4405.8 5316.6 2466.6 2466.6
(KWh)
KVA load demand 761.0235 1280.647 1295.824 1563.706 725.4706 725.4706
Fractional loading (x) 0.304409 0.512259 0.518329 0.625482 0.290188 0.290188
Cu loss (KW) 11.58314 32.80114 33.58317 48.90352 10.52615 10.52615
Cu loss (KWh) 46.33254 131.2046 134.3327 195.6141 42.10461 42.10461
Total output (KWh) 21597.28
Total copper loss (KWh) 591.6930845

54 | P a g e
Winter:
Duration (hrs) 06 to 10 10 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 02 02 to 06
Total loop demand (KW) 464.55 926.73 970.23 948.84 305.42 305.42
Loop demand * hrs 1858.2 3706.92 3880.92 3795.36 1221.68 1221.68
(KWh)
KVA load demand 546.5294 1090.271 1141.447 1116.282 359.3176 359.3176
Fractional loading (x) 0.218612 0.436108 0.456579 0.446513 0.143727 0.143727
Cu loss (KW) 5.973888 23.7738 26.05803 24.92173 2.582183 2.582183
Cu loss (KWh) 23.89555 95.0952 104.2321 99.6869 10.32873 10.32873
Total output (KWh) 15684.76
Total copper loss (KWh) 343.5672301

Summer:
Duration (hrs) 06 to 10 10 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 02 02 to 06
Total loop demand (KW) 626.85 1197 1230.3 1313.3 551 551
Loop demand * hrs 2507.4 4788 4921.2 5253.2 2204 2204
(KWh)
KVA load demand 737.4706 1408.235 1447.412 1545.059 648.2353 648.2353
Fractional loading (x) 0.294988 0.563294 0.578965 0.618024 0.259294 0.259294
Cu loss (KW) 10.87726 39.66253 41.90002 47.74414 8.40418 8.40418
Cu loss (KWh) 43.50903 158.6501 167.6001 190.9765 33.61672 33.61672
Total output (KWh) 21877.8
Total copper loss (KWh) 627.9692072

55 | P a g e
Winter:
Duration (hrs) 06 to 10 10 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 02 02 to 06
Total loop demand (KW) 447.75 1017.9 1101.15 857.45 199.1 199.1
Loop demand * hrs 1791 4071.6 4404.6 3429.8 796.4 796.4
(KWh)
KVA load demand 526.7647 1197.529 1295.471 1008.765 234.2353 234.2353
Fractional loading (x) 0.210706 0.479012 0.518188 0.403506 0.093694 0.093694
Cu loss (KW) 5.549621 28.68153 33.56488 20.35212 1.097323 1.097323
Cu loss (KWh) 22.19848 114.7261 134.2595 81.4085 4.389294 4.389294
Total output (KWh) 15289.8
Total copper loss (KWh) 361.3712296

Summer:
Duration (hrs) 06 to 10 10 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 02 02 to 06
Total loop demand (KW) 849.5 1324.5 1350.2 1377 712.3 712.3
Loop demand * hrs 3398 5298 5400.8 5508 2849.2 2849.2
(KWh)
KVA load demand 999.4118 1558.235 1588.471 1620 838 838
Fractional loading (x) 0.399765 0.623294 0.635388 0.648 0.3352 0.3352
Cu loss (KW) 19.97648 48.56194 50.46478 52.488 14.04488 14.04488
Cu loss (KWh) 79.90591 194.2478 201.8591 209.952 56.17952 56.17952
Total output (KWh) 25303.2
Total copper loss (KWh) 798.3238334

56 | P a g e
Winter:

Duration (hrs) 06 to 10 10 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 02 02 to 06
Total loop demand (KW) 646.25 1171 1235.25 955.05 405.3 405.3
Loop demand * hrs 2585 4684 4941 3820.2 1621.2 1621.2
(KWh)
KVA load demand 760.2941 1377.647 1453.235 1123.588 476.8235 476.8235
Fractional loading (x) 0.304118 0.551059 0.581294 0.449435 0.190729 0.190729
Cu loss (KW) 11.56094 37.95823 42.23786 25.24901 4.547214 4.547214
Cu loss (KWh) 46.24377 151.8329 168.9514 100.996 18.18885 18.18885
Total output (KWh) 19272.6
Total copper loss (KWh) 504.401861

Summer:

Duration (hrs) 06 to 10 10 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 02 02 to 06
Total loop demand (KW) 1075.57 1256.15 1250.65 1425.15 835.85 835.85
Loop demand * hrs 4302.28 5024.6 5002.6 5700.6 3343.4 3343.4
(KWh)
KVA load demand 1265.376 1477.824 1471.353 1676.647 983.3529 983.3529
Fractional loading (x) 0.337434 0.394086 0.392361 0.447106 0.262227 0.262227
Cu loss (KW) 21.34903 29.1195 28.86506 37.48194 12.89311 12.89311
Cu loss (KWh) 85.39614 116.478 115.4602 149.9278 51.57243 51.57243
Total output (KWh) 26716.88
Total copper loss (KWh) 570.4069785

57 | P a g e
Winter:

Duration (hrs) 06 to 10 10 to 14 14 to 18 18 to 22 22 to 02 02 to 06
Total loop demand (KW) 841.05 1132.97 1131.37 1142.46 603.38 603.38
Loop demand * hrs 3364.2 4531.88 4525.48 4569.84 2413.52 2413.52
(KWh)
KVA load demand 989.4706 1332.906 1331.024 1344.071 709.8588 709.8588
Fractional loading (x) 0.263859 0.355442 0.35494 0.358419 0.189296 0.189296
Cu loss (KW) 13.05403 23.68851 23.62165 24.08701 6.718661 6.718661
Cu loss (KWh) 52.21611 94.75403 94.48659 96.34804 26.87464 26.87464
Total output (KWh) 21818.44
Total copper loss (KWh) 391.5540596

Total length of L.T. distribution is: 38390 m or 38.390 km.

58 | P a g e
Segment Segment Segment Segment Line
Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
10 250 254.9 0.01278906 2492.869537
11 280 277.7 0.014323747 3313.8257
12 300 128 0.015346872 754.3294525
13 200 85.1 0.010231248 222.284401
14 230 42.9 0.011765935 64.9624344
15 280 203.35 0.014323747 1776.913373
16 200 235.55 0.010231248 1703.00563
17 240 119.8 0.012277498 528.62141
18 300 118.5 0.015346872 646.51384
19 280 59.3 0.014323747 151.1079414
21 280 191.2 0.014323747 1570.918587
22 200 127.5 0.010231248 498.9651759
23 200 63.72 0.010231248 124.623918
68 250 333.45 0.01278906 4266.004636
69 240 338.5 0.012277498 4220.349898
70 210 358.25 0.01074281 4136.29556
71 250 343.25 0.01278906 4520.442729
90 260 51.1 0.013300622 104.1921547
91 300 402.85 0.015346872 7471.845129
92 300 434.5 0.015346872 8692.019405
93 250 42.9 0.01278906 70.61134174
94 260 85.8 0.013300622 293.7431817
95 290 128 0.01483531 729.1851375
96 260 615.5 0.013300622 15116.43335
97 260 627.3 0.013300622 15701.59582
98 240 144.5 0.012277498 769.0716578
99 200 135 0.010231248 559.3934844
100 230 133 0.011765935 624.3828833
101 230 6.6 0.011765935 1.537572412
102 170 5.3 0.008696561 0.732859179
103 230 5.3 0.011765935 0.991515359
104 200 3.3 0.010231248 0.334254872
105 260 2 0.013300622 0.159607469
106 280 76.5 0.014323747 251.4784487
107 270 96.7 0.013812185 387.4686622
59 | P a g e
Segment Segment Segment Segment Line
Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
108 250 -504.8 0.01278906 9776.841444
109 280 -528.4 0.014323747 11997.85255
110 240 36.3 0.012277498 48.53380744
111 290 103.7 0.01483531 478.6029615
112 280 33.9 0.014323747 49.38298056
113 210 -617.2 0.01074281 12276.96451
114 260 -615.2 0.013300622 15101.70118
115 280 10.6 0.014323747 4.828248706
116 240 8.6 0.012277498 2.724131167
117 270 7.3 0.013812185 2.208153984
118 270 5.3 0.013812185 1.163952813
119 230 3.3 0.011765935 0.384393103
120 260 2 0.013300622 0.159607469
121 240 529.2 0.012277498 10315.03685
122 250 527.2 0.01278906 10663.76787
123 210 143.6 0.01074281 664.5811906
124 230 15.4 0.011765935 8.371227576
125 260 410.4 0.013300622 6720.598073
126 250 -487.7 0.01278906 9125.683257
127 200 -476.25 0.010231248 6961.77277
128 180 137.5 0.009208123 522.2732378
129 220 118.9 0.011254373 477.3162951
130 220 3.3 0.011254373 0.367680359
131 190 1.3 0.009719686 0.049278806
132 230 43.3 0.011765935 66.17950274
133 300 110.7 0.015346872 564.2042684
134 300 -186.6 0.015346872 1603.113991
135 260 -790 0.013300622 24902.75532
136 220 -812 0.011254373 22261.50954
137 250 483.2 0.01278906 8958.055129
138 200 457.22 0.010231248 6416.531124
139 200 320.9 0.010231248 3160.743844
140 250 217.3 0.01278906 1811.670999
141 280 113.7 0.014323747 555.5188903
142 250 22.4 0.01278906 19.25111624
143 260 9 0.013300622 3.232051243
144 280 519.6 0.014323747 11601.55457
145 300 516.55 0.015346872 12284.73683
146 300 513.5 0.015346872 12140.09322
147 250 510.45 0.01278906 9996.921823
148 210 314 0.01074281 3177.594403
149 200 300.75 0.010231248 2776.26641
150 250 575.6 0.01278906 12711.63605
151 240 549.7 0.012277498 11129.67766
152 170 -281.6 0.008696561 2068.874245
153 140 -157.5 0.007161874 532.977681
60 | P a g e
 Segment Segment Segment Segment Line
Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
154 180 2.6 0.009208123 0.186740738
155 180 1.3 0.009208123 0.046685185
156 280 -614.6 0.014323747 16231.66288
157 280 -75.9 0.014323747 247.5491583
158 180 114.7 0.009208123 363.4286927
159 200 406.55 0.010231248 5073.151097
160 250 58 0.01278906 129.0671935
161 100 533.8 0.005115624 4372.975154
163 200 333.375 0.010231248 3411.268657
Total 21680 9255.365 1.109067283 176490.6431

Power demand of the L.T. LOOP-1 = 1811.6 kW

Transmission efficiency of LOOP-1 = Power demand of loop 1

---------------------------------------------------------
Power demand of loop 1 + total line losses

1811.6
= *100%
1811.6+176.49

=91.12%

Segment Segment Segment Segment Line

Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
60 220 25.2 0.011254373 21.44093071
61 200 47.8 0.010231248 70.13029404
62 200 30 0.010231248 27.6243696
63 220 58.1 0.011254373 113.9711201
65 270 853.1 0.013812185 30156.6794
73 300 828.6 0.015346872 31610.47221
74 200 415.2 0.010231248 5291.32645
75 190 348.4 0.009719686 3539.400962
76 220 174.06 0.011254373 1022.917268
77 250 24.45 0.01278906 22.93599612
78 230 23.14 0.011765935 18.90054887
79 280 4.61 0.014323747 0.913229124
80 300 2 0.015346872 0.184162464
81 260 1.31 0.013300622 0.068475594
82 130 2.62 0.006650311 0.136951189

61 | P a g e
 Segment Segment Segment Segment Line
Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
83 200 1.31 0.010231248 0.052673534
84 260 13.9 0.013300622 7.709439762
85 220 12.59 0.011254373 5.351727748
86 200 85.41 0.010231248 223.906814
87 170 30.91 0.008696561 24.92681569
88 270 869.4 0.013812185 31320.08318
Total 4790 3852.11 0.24503839 103479.133

Power demand of the L.T. LOOP-2 = 1811 kW

Transmission efficiency of LOOP-2 = Power demand of loop 1

---------------------------------------------------------
Power demand of loop 1 + total line losses

1811
= *100% =94.59%
1811+103.5

Segment Segment Segment Segment Line

Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
5 240 53.7 0.012277498 106.2134912
6 230 72 0.011765935 182.9838242
7 260 472 0.013300622 8889.497582
8 220 93.8 0.011254373 297.0627715
9 300 111.5 0.015346872 572.3884483
20 270 83.8 0.013812185 290.9857171
24 220 446.75 0.011254373 6738.630978
25 250 152.2 0.01278906 888.769586
26 230 174 0.011765935 1068.676362
27 200 195.8 0.010231248 1176.725708
28 230 490.05 0.011765935 8476.732805
29 200 119.7 0.010231248 439.7827265
30 240 219.9 0.012277498 1781.07239
31 200 319.4 0.010231248 3131.264038
32 250 555.8 0.01278906 11852.14523
33 200 139.3 0.010231248 595.5964485
34 270 247.7 0.013812185 2542.351812
35 200 355.4 0.010231248 3876.901022
36 260 100.2 0.013300622 400.6163428
38 150 53.7 0.007673436 66.38343198
62 | P a g e
 Segment Segment Segment Segment Line
Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
39 270 36 0.013812185 53.7017745
40 200 17.7 0.010231248 9.616043058
64 200 1.31 0.010231248 0.052673534
66 230 425.3 0.011765935 6384.670254
67 200 424.8 0.010231248 5538.840801
72 270 424.5 0.013812185 7466.877462
89 270 404.05 0.013812185 6764.782803
Total 6260 6190.36 0.320238062 79593.32253

Power demand of the L.T. LOOP-3 = 1811.8 kW

Transmission efficiency of LOOP-3 = Power demand of loop 1

---------------------------------------------------------
Power demand of loop 1 + total line losses

1811.8
= *100%=95.79%.
1811.8+79.59

Segment Segment Segment Segment Line

Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
1 260 83.8 0.013300622 280.2084683
2 230 -30.6 0.011765935 33.05145325
3 250 -65.3 0.01278906 163.6011086
4 250 274.2 0.01278906 2884.660983
37 200 107.71 0.010231248 356.0917552
41 240 1037 0.012277498 39608.52095
42 270 646.9 0.013812185 17340.35313
43 200 1051 0.010231248 33904.34032
44 210 1366 0.01074281 60136.83457
45 270 204.2 0.013812185 1727.806528
46 290 404 0.01483531 7264.079675
47 250 124.7 0.01278906 596.613102
48 230 58.6 0.011765935 121.2112525
49 200 116.5 0.010231248 416.583167
50 200 20.3 0.010231248 12.64858496
51 200 40.6 0.010231248 50.59433986
52 200 128.9 0.010231248 509.9830022
53 230 37.6 0.011765935 49.90262565
63 | P a g e
 Segment Segment Segment Segment Line
Number length Current(A) Resistance(Ohm) Loss(Watt)
54 240 126.5 0.012277498 589.4027579
55 200 62.9 0.010231248 121.4370357
56 240 163.7 0.012277498 987.025724
57 180 81.5 0.009208123 183.487969
58 240 106.4 0.012277498 416.9791777
59 180 52.9 0.009208123 77.30431213
162 200 574.1 0.010231248 10116.37595
Total 5660 6774.11 0.289544318 177949.0979

Power demand of the L.T. LOOP-4 = 1810.6 kW

Transmission efficiency of LOOP-4 = Power demand of loop 1

---------------------------------------------------------
Power demand of loop 1 + total line losses

1810.6
= *100%
1810.6+177.94

=91.05%

The four transformers feeding the low tension feeders are the high tension loads.

Computation of HT Load Center:

Specifications X- Y-Coordinate(yi) Current(A) Total Pi*xi Pi*yi
Coordinate(xi) Load(Pi)(kWatt)
Loop-1 0.3 -1.7 154.3762582 2500 750 -4250
Transformer
Loop-2 -0.25 -6.5 154.3762582 2500 -625 -16250
Transformer
Loop-3 0.3 -9.35 154.3762582 2500 750 -23375
Transformer
Loop-4 -13.2 -11.8 231.5643872 3750 -49500 -44250
Transformer
Total 11250 -48625 -88125

64 | P a g e
CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER POSITION:
X CO-ORDINATE= X=∑Pi*Xi/∑Pi=-48625/11250= -4.32222

Y CO-ORDINATE = Y=∑Pi*Yi/∑Pi=-88125/11250= -7.83333

Approximated or final transformer position is (-5.2, -7.8).

COMPUTATION OF H.T. TRANSFORMER RATING:

During selection of distribution transformer, we assume 0.85 power factor (lag).
Assuming -
1. 25% extra for power loss in the circuit,
2.25% extra for future extension.
So, KVA rating of HT Transformer=Pmax*1.5/.85
=11250*1.5/.85
=19.8 MVA
But according to IEEE/ANSI C57.12 .00 preferred continuous kVA ratings of THREEPHASE
TRANSFORMERs are:
15 , 30 , 45 , 75 , 112 .5 , 150 , 225 , 300 , 500 , 750 , 1000 , 1500 , 2000 , 2500 , 3750 ,5000 , 7500 , 10000 ,
12000 , 15000 , 20000 , 25000 , 25000 , 30000 , 37500 , 50000 ,60000 , 75000 , 100000 etc.
We calculate Transformer rating =19.8 MVA. So we have to choose a transformer
of more than 19.8 MVA rating. Available rating of the transformer is 20 MVA.

COMPUTATION OF H.T. CONDUCTOR SIZE :

First line currents of all segments are written separately as shown below-

LOAD Segment no Segment Segment Current Segment

Length(m) load(kW) Drawn Current (in A)
(in A)
LOOP 1 74 170 0 0 154.37
Transformer 75 190 0 0 154.37
76 140 0 0 154.37
88 270 0 0 154.37
159 140 2500 154.37 154.37
LOOP 2 74 170 0 0 154.37
Transformer 75 190 0 0 154.37
76 140 0 0 154.37
88 270 2500 154.37 154.37

65 | P a g e
 LOAD Segment no Segment Segment Current Segment
Length(m) load(kW) Drawn Current (in A)
(in A)
Loop 3 74 170 154.37
Transformer 75 190 0 0 154.37
76 140 0 0 154.37
88 270 0 0 154.37
65 250 0 0 154.37
64 20 2500 154.37 154.37
Loop 4 36 250 0 0 231.56
Transformer 37 180 0 0 231.56
41 180 0 0 231.56
60 220 0 0 231.56
61 200 0 0 231.56
162 180 3750 231.56 231.56

Net Current Distribution:

Segment Road Segment Current Sement
Number Length Drawn(A) Current(A)
36 250 0 231.56
37 180 0 231.56
41 180 231.56 231.56
60 220 0 231.56
61 200 0 308.74
64 20 154.37 154.37
65 250 0 308.74
74 170 0 308.74
75 190 0 308.74
76 140 0 308.74
88 270 154.37 154.37
159 140 154.37 154.37
162 180 0 231.56

SELECTION OF H.T. FEEDERS AND MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DROP:

Maximum voltage drop is in shown path. It consists of the following segments:
61,76,75,74,88,159.
Allowing maximum 5% voltage drop, and resistance of line to be equal to R per km,
We obtain
(0.8*308.74+1.4*308.74+1.9*308.74+1.7*308.74+154.32*2.7+154.37*1.4)*(R/10)=317.5(as 5% of 11KV is
317.5V)
R=1.31 Ω/km = 2.1082 Ω/mile

66 | P a g e
For SQUIRREL conductor R = 1.376 Ω/Km (FROM CHART AVAILABLE), whose resistance is comparable with
our calculated value.
So max voltage drop is
(0.8*308.74+1.4*308.74+1.9*308.74+1.7*308.74+154.32*2.7+154.37*1.4)*(1.376/10)
=252.753 V, which is 3.98%.

COMPUTATION OF H.T. TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY:

Segment Road Line Resistance(Ohm) Segment Line
Number Length Current(A) Loss(Watt)
36 250 0.344 231.56 55335.87468
37 180 0.24768 231.56 39841.82977
41 180 0.24768 231.56 39841.82977
60 220 0.30272 231.56 48695.56971
61 200 0.2752 308.74 78696.512
64 20 0.02752 154.37 1967.4128
65 250 0.344 308.74 98370.64
74 170 0.23392 308.74 66892.0352
75 190 0.26144 308.74 74761.6864
76 140 0.19264 308.74 55087.5584
88 270 0.37152 154.37 26560.0728
159 140 0.19264 154.37 13771.8896
162 180 0.24768 231.56 39841.82977
Total 2390 3164.61 639664.7409

Power demand of the H.T. PART = 11250 kW

Transmission efficiency of LOOP-3 = Power demand of loop 1

---------------------------------------------------------
Power demand of loop 1 + total line losses

11250
= *100%
11250+63.97

=94.62%

67 | P a g e
(I) Cost of transformer = ₹ 0.2 lakhs per 100 kVA
TOTAL kVA of L.T. & H.T. transformers
= (4 used and 2 spare L.T. transformer each of 2500 kVA and 3750 kVA) + (1 H.T.
transformer of rating 20000 kVA)
= (4 * 2500 + 2*3750 + 20000) kVA = 37500 kVA.
So, TOTAL COST OF TRANSFORMERS
= ((37500/100)*0.2) lakhs = 75 lakhs

(II) L.T. DISTRIBUTION COST = ₹ 1.5 lakhs per km.

Total length of L.T. distribution is 38.390 km.
So, Total L.T. distribution cost = (38.39 * 1.5) lakhs = 58.395 lakhs.

(III) H.T. DISTRIBUTION COST =₹ 2.5 lakhs per km.

Total length of H.T. distribution is 2.39 km.
So, Total H.T. distribution cost = (2.39* 2.5) lakhs = 5.975 lakhs.

SPECIFICATIONS Cost in lakhs

TRANSFORMER 75
LT DISTRIBUTION 58.395
HT DISTRIBUTION 5.975
TOTAL COST 139.37

68 | P a g e
The modern distribution system begins as the primary circuit leaves the sub-station and ends as the
secondary service enters the customer's meter socket by way of a service drop. Distribution circuits serve
many customers. The voltage used is appropriate for the shorter distance and varies from 2,300 to about
35,000 volts depending on utility standard practice, distance, and load to be served. Distribution circuits
are fed from a transformer located in an electrical substation, where the voltage is reduced from the high
values used for power transmission.
Conductors for distribution may be carried on overhead pole lines, or in densely populated areas, buried
underground. Urban and suburban distribution is done with three-phase systems to serve both residential,
commercial, and industrial loads. Distribution in rural areas may be only single-phase if it is not economical
to install three-phase power for relatively few and small customers.

Only large consumers are fed directly from distribution voltages; most utility customers are connected to a
transformer, which reduces the distribution voltage to the relatively low voltage used by lighting and
interior wiring systems. The transformer may be pole mounted or set on the ground in a protective
enclosure. In rural areas a pole-mount transformer may serve only one customer, but in more built-up
areas multiple customers may be connected. In very dense city areas, a secondary network may be formed
with many transformers feeding into a common bus at the utilization voltage. Each customer has a service
drop connection and a meter for billing. (Some very small loads, such as yard lights, may be too small to
meter and so are charged only a monthly rate.)

A ground connection to local earth is normally provided for the customer's system as well as for the
equipment owned by the utility. The purpose of connecting the customer's system to ground is to limit the
voltage that may develop if high voltage conductors fall down onto lower-voltage conductors which are
usually mounted lower to the ground, or if a failure occurs within a distribution transformer. If all
conductive objects are bonded to the same earth grounding system, the risk of electric shock is minimized.
However, multiple connections between the utility ground and customer ground can lead to stray voltage
problems; customer piping, swimming pools or other equipment may develop objectionable voltages.
These problems may be difficult to resolve since they often originate from places other than the
customer's premises.

Rural services normally try to minimize the number of poles and wires. Single-wire earth return (SWER) is
the least expensive, with one wire. It uses higher voltages (than urban distribution), which in turn permits
use of galvanized steel wire. The strong steel wire allows for less expensive wide pole spacing. Other areas
use higher voltage split phase or three phase service at higher cost.

Electricity meters use different metering equations depending on the form of electrical service. Since the
math differs from service to service, the number of conductors and sensors in the meters also vary.

69 | P a g e
1. The loading data given here is not the exact scenario of the Ganga Nagar town and the
map given to us is incomplete in the sense that it does not contain all the roads present
in the town so we can’t assume that small roads leads to the houses which need at
least one street light to lighten up the road for the convenience of the local people or
consumers

2. All the segments could not be made 100 m in length for length and shape of the roads
as we can see from the map. But most of the segments are kept 100 m in length.

3. The voltage which comes to the consumer end is AC voltage but while applying KCL
and KVL we assume the whole distribution system as DC distribution.

4. We assumed the segment current to be constant through the whole segment and the
loading is at one end. But in reality the segment loading should be distributed in the
segment.

5. Allowing 6% voltage drop to the furthest end the maximum voltage drop will be
14.33V. Now as we calculated the voltage drop, and we got values less than the voltage
limit, we can allow some more loading to each loop and our transformer capability also
assures that.

6. In real life distribution system there exists a big problem regarding power theft. so we
must take care of that to provide uninterrupted power to the consumer end.

7. We have assumed a fixed power factor for all the load, where power factor of all load
can’t be same, it depends on the appliance switched on in the system.

70 | P a g e
Distribution networks have typical characteristics. The aim of this design is to give an idea about global
distribution networks design and establish the distinction between country and urban distribution
networks. In a conclusion, the state of the art in load flow and state estimation calculations related to
distribution networks is described. The problem of power consumption estimation is then introduced. The
distribution system is commonly broken down into three components: distribution substation, distribution
primary and secondary. At the substation level, the voltage is reduced and the power is distributed in
smaller amounts to the customers. Consequently, one substation will supply many customers with power.
Thus, the number of transmission lines in the distribution systems is many times that of the transmission
systems. Furthermore, most customers are connected to only one of the three phases in the distribution
system. Therefore, the power flow on each of the lines is different and the system is typically ‘unbalanced’.
This characteristic needs to be accounted for in load flow studies related to distribution networks.
Distribution networks make up the last link in the chain of supplying energy. There exists two different
types of distribution networks: country and urban. Their density and their complexity are usually larger
than for the transmission systems which feed them through distribution substations. Distribution networks
also have specific characteristics which distinguish them from transmission networks. The main differences
lie in the number of particular types of devices, multiphase possibilities and widely varying types of loads.
Besides, most of these loads are connected to only one of the three phases and the system is commonly
unbalanced. It is becoming apparent that current transmission systems programs based on specific
transmission requirements, such that programs to solve load flow or state estimation problems, are
inadequate for distribution systems. New programs need to be developed which include distribution
networks specificity mentioned above. Over the years, some algorithms specific to radial systems have
been presented. Most of them are based on Newton-like methods and try to take full advantage of the
radial structure of the distribution networks to save computation time.

71 | P a g e