Chem 1 Handout

Lec Sessions 6&7

The Ties That Bind

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds hold atoms together

◉attractive forces
◉interactions of valence electrons
◉result to stability of atoms by
 giving or receiving e-
 sharing e-

◉three types

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Bonding lowers potential energy between

particles
◉chemical P.E.  heat & light energy

2 H  H2
 total energy constant
heat/light
energy

chemical
energy
Energy changes during bond formation

Atoms achieve stability if they have filled

valence shells

◉noble gas electron configuration

He
filled valence or
1s2
outermost shells, less
reactive
Ne
1s2 2s2 2p6

Many atoms form bonds according to the

Octet Rule
◉“atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are
surrounded by eight valence electrons” (two e- for H & He)
◉full s & p subshells (works mainly for second period)

H will bond to gain 1 more e-

1s1

Na will bond to remove 1 e-

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Lewis symbols are used to show the

valence electrons in an atom
◉G. N. Lewis, 1916
dots: valence electrons

H O Ne
element’s symbol: dots on four sides,
nucleus + inner e- up to two per side

Lewis dot symbols for the representative elements and the noble gases

Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons

◉electrovalent bond
◉electrostatic attraction between ions  ionic compounds
◉metal + nonmetal
◉metal gives off e-  cation
◉non-metal accepts e-  anion # of e- lost =
# of e- gained
-
Na + F  Na+ F (NaF)

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Use Lewis dot symbols to show the formation of

the following:

▪ BeF2
▪ CaO
▪ Al2O3

Formulas for ionic compounds are written

cation first
charges are omitted

Catm+ Ann-

CatnAnm  formula of cation first

followed by anion
subscript: number of ions needed
to make a neutral compound

Formulas for ionic compounds are written

cation first
polyatomic ion

Na+ N3- Mg2+ OH-

Na3N Mg(OH)2
enclose in parenthesis if
subscript is >1

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Write the formulas of the compounds resulting

from the combination of the cations and anions
given below:

▪ Fe3+ & Cl-

▪ Sr2+ & NO3-
▪ Na+ & PO43-
▪ NH4+ & O2-

Ionic compounds are named systematically

name of cation first

KCl potassium chloride anion is

named last
Cu2SO4 copper(I) sulfate using specific
names &
CuSO4 copper(II) sulfate suffixes
Roman numeral enclosed in
parentheses for elements that
form more than one cation

Name the following ionic compounds:

▪ FeBr2
▪ Cr(OH)3
▪ Na2SO3
▪ NH4F

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Covalent bonds result from sharing of

electrons
◉nonmetal + nonmetal
 identical or different
◉overlap of orbitals with unpaired electrons
◉results to formation of molecules
unpaired e- 2 e- in bond
are shared

F + F  F F
filled shell around
each atom

Molecules can also contain multiple bonds

◉two or more pairs of e- shared

◉bond order: # of bonds (1, 2, 3)
4 e- shared 6 e- shared

O O HC CH
A double bond A triple bond

◉higher bond order = shorter bond length = stronger bond

Lewis structures can be used to represent

molecules
◉combination of Lewis symbols
2 bonding e- also
shown as a line

F F lone pair/
O O H C C H
nonbonding
pair
F2 O2 C2H2

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Lewis structures can be used to represent

molecules
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES
◉determine the number of valence electrons of each atom
1 each

H2 NH3
1 each 5
1(2) = 2e- 5 + 1(3) = 8e-
◉sum up all the valence electrons

Lewis structures can be used to represent

molecules
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES
◉for charged species:
subtract e- add e-
if (+) if (-)

H3O+ NO3-
1(3) + 6(1) – 1 = 8e- 5(1) + 6(3) + 1 = 24e-
# same as
charge

Lewis structures can be used to represent

molecules
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES
◉arrange the atoms
◉the larger atom is usually designated as the central atom

H H H N H O N O
H O
H2 NH3 NO3-

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Lewis structures can be used to represent

molecules
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES
◉assign total e- to each bonded pair of atoms to complete a
duet for H & an octet for the rest of the atoms
rest if e as brackets if
lone pairs charged
-
H H H N H O N O
only 6
H ebonding
-O
H2 NH3 NO3-

Lewis structures can be used to represent

molecules
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES
◉exceptions to octet rule
⚫ Al & B – can have 6 v.e.
⚫ elements w/ empty d orbital – can have more than 8 v.e.

F
Cl B Cl F S F
Cl F F
BCl3 F
SF6

Write the Lewis structures for the following:

▪ CH4
▪ H3O+
▪ CO2
▪ PCl5

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Binary covalent compounds are named by

indicating the number of atoms
◉binary – two elements
◉use of Greek prefixes
# of atoms Prefix # of atoms Prefix # of atoms Prefix
1 mono- 4 tetra- 7 hepta-
2 di- 5 penta- 8 octa-
3 tri- 6 hexa- 9 nona-

◉mono- not used in 1st element

◉-ide suffix for 2nd element

Binary covalent compounds are named by

indicating the number of atoms

order same as in formula

PCl3 phosphorus trichloride

NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
“a” in prefix
omitted for oxides

Name the following covalent compounds:

▪ P2O5
▪ BrF5
▪ S2Br2
▪ C5O2

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Write the formula for the following covalent

compounds:

▪ Iodine heptafluoride
▪ Carbon tetrachloride
▪ Selenium monoxide
▪ Dioxygen difluoride

Acids are named in a different way

◉acids – hydrogen-containing compounds

◉prefix added, suffixes changed
◉acid is added at end

anion suffix new suffix prefix

-ide -ic hydro-
-ate -ic -
-ite -ous -

Acids are named in a different way

H hydro-
chloride -ide to -ic acid at
written added
if anion end
first
HCl hydrochloric acid
HClO hypochlorous acid
hypochlorite -ite to -ous
if anion

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Name the following acids:

▪ H2CO3
▪ HClO2
▪ HClO4
▪ H2C2O4

Electronegativity is used to predict the

type of bond in a compound
◉ability of a bonded atom to attract e-
◉inversely related to atomic size
 size, EN

◉difference in EN  type of bond

difference bond type
< 0.3 nonpolar covalent
between 0.3 & 2.0 polar covalent
> 2.0 ionic
◉polar bond – e- not distributed evenly

Relative electronegativity values of the elements

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc.

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Predict the type of bond that will exist between the following
atoms & arrange them in terms of increasing polarity:
▪ O-O
▪ K-F
▪ O-H
▪ P-Cl

Ionic and covalent compound have

different properties

Ionic Covalent
separate molecules
crystalline solid structure
(solid, liquid or gas)
melting & boiling
higher lower
points
generally soluble solubility in water more soluble if polar
good (molten or electrical
nonconductors
dissolved) conductivity
General properties of ionic & covalent compounds
Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Metallic bonds hold atoms together in a

metal
◉delocalized electrons
◉electron-sea model
 metal cations in a “sea” of valence e-
 mobile e- distributed around metal
 e- confined by electrostatic attraction

◉lead to good thermal & electrical conductivity

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Chem 1 Handout
Lec Sessions 6&7

Electron sea model of metallic bond

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The three models of chemical bonding

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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