8 Essential Japanese Verbs to Boost Your Expressiveness

fluentu.com/blog/japanese/essential-common-japanese-verbs-list/

cameronpeek September 27, 2014

Learning the Japanese language feels like wading through quicksand.

It can take years for a new language learner to finally achieve something close to fluency.

Looking for a way to speed up your Japanese language progress?

Learning key Japanese verbs will boost your fluency in a matter of moments.

The best part? These verbs are all based on the basic Japanese vocabulary you already know!

An Introduction to Japanese Auxiliary Verbs

These are the key verbs I’m talking about. So, first and foremost, we need to discuss what an auxiliary verb is.

In English, auxiliary verbs are used in conjunction with or preceding other verbs to make distinctions between tense, aspect or mood. “Do you like
cheese?” “I can dance the salsa” “You really shouldn’t dance the salsa after eating cheese.”

Japanese is no stranger to these classical forms of auxiliary verbs either. For example, see the potential form of verbs (the れる / られる conjugation) or
the causative form of verbs (the らせる / させる conjugation)

あなたはチーズを食べられる?(あなたはちーずをたべられる？, anata wa chiizu wo taberareru?)

Can you eat cheese?

私の猫がチーズを食べた後、猫にサルサを踊らせないでください。(わたしのねこが ちーずをたべたあと、ねこに さるさをおどらさないでください,

watashi no neko ga chiizu wo tabeta ato, neko ni sarusa wo odorase nai de kudasai)
Please don’t make my cat dance the salsa after she’s eaten cheese.

These two are “classical” auxiliary verbs, and both their conjugations and usages can be tricky. You probably wouldn’t have exposure to them until
intermediate Japanese.

However! Japanese has a unique sub-class of auxiliary verbs called “helper auxiliary verbs,” such as the ones presented at the beginning of this article.
These helper auxiliary verbs are really easy to recognize, use and conjugate, and will greatly increase your expressiveness when speaking Japanese.

They are commonly used in written and conversational Japanese, so you’re bound to come across them eventually – especially if you have integrated
authentic Japanese language material such as films, television shows, songs and newspapers into your language learning routine.

The proof is in the pudding: tune into some of the Japanese language videos provided by FluentU. These videos come from a wide variety of sources
including television shows and commercials, movies, educational programs, interviews on the streets of Tokyo and more.

Through FluentU, you can search through videos to find ones that demonstrate the specific grammar lessons you are actively learning. This will give you
a great sense of how your new vocabulary and grammatical patterns are used in everyday situations. Once you have started practicing Japanese
auxiliary verbs, be sure to listen out for them while exploring FluentU’s video collection.

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Stay tuned until the end of the article and we’ll talk a little bit more about FluentU. For now, let’s get back to the verb lesson at hand.

The only grammatical principle you need to remember is that helper auxiliary verbs always attach to the end of the conjugated verb stem of another verb.
Wait…what? Conjugated verb stem? Why, these of course!

食べる => 食べ
使う => 使い
着く => 着き

Many verbs can be used as helper auxiliary verbs, and depending on the usage can add different nuances to their verb stems. Let’s take a look at some
ways we can play with this! If all the provided kanji piques your interest in learning more Japanese characters, try practicing kanji with these tried and true
methods.

Why Japanese Auxiliary Verbs Make a Difference

Grammar…ugh, right? Typically we’d all be in agreement on this, but not when it comes to auxiliary verbs! Auxiliary verbs are delightfully simple in their
formation while still being expressive in their usage. They are composed of vocabulary you likely already know, and provide an easily-accessible key to
unlock the door to Japanese fluency! Want to see an immediate jump in your Japanese ability? Then you need to know these verbs!

Take a look at how this sample Japanese monologue is transformed by helper auxiliary verbs:

大食い大会で．．．(おおぐい たいかいで．．．, oogui taikai de…)

At an eating competition…

司会：皆が大好きな太郎選手が食べ出した！(しかい：みんなが だいすきな たろうせんしゅがたべだした！, minna ga daisuki na tarou senshu ga

tabedashita!)
Announcer: Taro, the crowd favorite, has torn into his food!
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３０秒しか残っていません！太郎選手は食べ続けているけど、食べ切れるのか？(さんじゅうびょう しか のこっていません！たろうせんしゅはたべつ
づけているけど、たべきれるのか？, sanjuubyou shika nokotte imasen! tarou senshu wa tabetsuzuketeiru kedo, tabekireru noka?)
Only 30 seconds remain! Taro is continuing to eat, but can he clear his plate?

食べ切れるのか？！食べ切れるのかぁぁ？？！！！(たべきれるのか？！たべきれるのかぁぁ？？！！！, tabekireru noka?! tabekireru nokaaa??!!)

Can he clear it?! Can he cleeeeaaar iiiiiit??!!!

食べ切れた！何もかも食べ残していない！すごぉぉぉぉい！(たべきれた！なにもかも たべのこしていない！すごぉぉぉぉい！, tabekireta! nani mo

kamo tabenokoshite inai! sugooooi!)
He’s cleared it! Not a single scrap remains!!! Incrediblllllleeee!

Notice that the bolded verbs above all begin with 食べる.

At the same time, notice that they have a number of different “tails,” 出す, 続ける, 切る, 残す.

As we can clearly see by the translations, the addition of each of these tails has significantly altered the expression of the verb stem 食べる. You may
know that these “tails” are separate verbs in and of themselves. However, here they are acting as auxiliary verbs, an indispensable part of Japanese
grammar.

8 Essential and Common Japanese Verbs to Boost Your Expressiveness

1. 込む (こむ, komu)
As a verb of its own, 込む means “to be crowded / packed,” and in an abstract sense, it brings this idea of “trying to insert more of something into an
already crowded space” to the words it attaches to.

Example #1:
駆ける (かける, kakeru) – to dash / run hurriedly

駆ける+ 込む = 駆け込む – to wildly rush into something – usually a train – at the last second.

Usage: 電車に駆け込むのをお止めください。(でんしゃにかけこむのをおやめください,densha ni kakekomu no wo oyame kudasai)

Please don’t rush into the train (at the last second, as the doors are closing).

Example #2:
考える (かんがえる, kangaeru) – to think

考える + 込む = 考え込む – to think intensely upon something, to brood upon something

Usage: 太郎はみち子が言ったことを考え込んでいるね。(たろうはみちこがいったことをかんがえこんでいるね,
tarou wa michiko ga itta koto wo
kangaekonde iru ne)
Taro is really brooding on what Michiko said.

2. 出す (だす, dasu)
出す may be one of the first few verbs you learn in Japanese, and it should be one of the first few helper auxiliary verbs as well because of its wide usage.
Meaning “to take out,” on its own, when used as a helper auxiliary verb, 出す adds a nuance of “to suddenly start” doing the verb stem.

Example #1:

走る (はしる, hashiru) – to run

走る+ 出す = 走り出す – to suddenly run / to break into a sprint

Usage: 馬たちはベルの音を聞いたら、いきなり走り出した。(うまたちは べるのおとをきいたら、いきなりはしりだした, umatachi wa beru no oto wo

kiitara, ikinari hashiridashita)
When the horses heard the sound of the bell they suddenly broke into a sprint.

Example #2

食べる (たべる, taberu) – to eat

食べる+ 出す = 食べ出す – to start eating suddenly / to tear into one’s food

Usage: お腹がひどく空いていたから、たけみはポテトチップスを見た瞬間に食べ出した。(おなかがひどくすいていたから、たけみは ぽてとちっぷす

をみたしゅかんにたべだした, onaka ga hidoku suiteita kara, takemi wa potetochippusu wo mita shunkan ni tabedashita)
Because he was awfully hungry, Takemi tore into the potato chips the moment he saw them.

3. 直す (なおす, naosu)
直す is a great verb to know, meaning “to fix or repair,” as well as a great helper auxiliary verb. When attached to a verb stem, it means to “re-do” said
verb, with the intention of doing it better, or “fixing” something done poorly.

Example #1

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書く (かく, kaku) – to write

書く + 直す = 書き直す – to re-write

Usage: ね、かず、提出したリポートだけど、全然理解できないよ。書き直して。(ね、かず、ていしゅつした れぽーとだけど、ぜんぜんりかいできな

いよ。かきなおして, ne, kazu, teishutsu shita repooto dakedo, zenzen rikai dekinai yo. kakinaoshite)
Hey, Kazu, I can’t understand a thing about the report you submitted. Re-write it.

Example #2

やる- to do

やる + 直す = やり直す – to re-do

Usage: 完成した後、橋の基盤は根本的に弱いと見られ、やり直しと判断された。(かんせいしたあと、はしのきばんは こんぽんてきによわいとみら

れ、やりなおしと はんだんされた, kansei shita ato, hashi no kiban wa konponteki ni yowai to mirare, yarinaoshi to handan sareta)
After its completion, the bridge was recognized to be fundamentally weak in its foundation, and determined to be in need of being redone.

*Note: やり直し is the noun form of やり直す.

4. 過ぎる (すぎる, sugiru)

If you’re trying to 入れ込む (wait…入れる + 込む? of course! “to cram/stuff”) these verbs into your head, give priority to this one. It is hands downthe
most useful of all the helper auxiliary verbs! 過ぎる on its own means “to pass / exceed / surpass,” and adds this sense to verb stems, implying that the
verb was “done too much”

Example #1
飲む (のむ, nomu) – to drink

飲む + 過ぎる = 飲み過ぎる – to drink too much

Usage:
A: うぅわぁぁぁ．．．すっごく飲み過ぎたよぅ．．．気持ち悪い(うぅわぁぁぁ．．．すっごくのみすぎたよぅ．．．きもちわるい,uuwaaa…
suggoku nomisugita yoo…kimochi warui)
B: あら？お酒飲んでた？(あら？おさけのんでた？,ara? osake nondeta?)
A: いや、牛乳だよ。牛乳を飲み過ぎた。(いや、ぎゅうにゅうだよ。ぎゅうにゅうをのみすぎた, iya, gyuunyuu dayo. gyuunyuu wo nimisugita)

A: Ooohh…. I drank waaay too much… I feel terrible.

B: What? You were drinking alcohol?
A: No, milk. I drank too much milk.

Example #2
泣く (なく, naku) – to cry

>泣く + 過ぎる = 泣き過ぎる – to cry too much

Usage: あの子は泣き過ぎて、のどが痛くなった。(あのこは なきすぎて、のどがいたくなった,ano ko wa nakisugite, nodo ga itaku natta)

That child cried too much and now his throat hurts.

5. 忘れる (わすれる, wasureru)

忘れる, “to forget,” is another really easy one, as it adds only the meaning of “having forgotten to do” to any verb stem.

Example #1
飲む (のむ, nomu) – to drink

飲む+ 忘れる = 飲み忘れる – to forget to drink / to forget to take one’s medicine

Usage: 薬を飲み忘れた！ (くすりをのみわすれた！,kusuri wo nomiwasureta!)

I forgot to take my medicine!

Example #2
言う (いう, iu) – to say

言う+ 忘れる = 言い忘れる – to forget to say something

Usage: ちょっと待って！言い忘れたことがあります！(ちょっとまって！いいわすれたことがあります,chotto matte! iiwasureta koto ga arimasu!)

Wait a second! There’s something I forgot to say!

6. 残す (のこす, nokosu)
Another easy one! 残す, meaning “to leave something,” as a helper auxiliary implies that the verb has not been completed, or has been “left” incomplete
(usually intentionally).

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Example #1
食べる (たべる, taberu) + 残す = 食べ残す – to leave food uneaten / to not finish one’s food

Usage: みきちゃんはまた人参を食べ残している！あの子一体どうしたらいいのかな．．．(みきちゃんは またにんじんをたべのこしている！あのこ

いったいどうしたらいいのかな．．．, miki chan wa mata ninjin wo tabenokoshiteiru! ano ko ittai doushitara iino kana…)
Miki-chan didn’t finish her carrots again! What in the world should I do with that child…

Example #2
言う (いう, iu) + 残す = 言い残す – to intentionally leave something unsaid

Usage: 政治家のスピーチは素晴らしかったが、同時に何か言い残していたように感じました。(せいじかのすぴーちは すばらしかったが、どうじに な

にかいいのこしていたようにかんじました, seijika no supiichi wa subarashikatta ga, douji ni nanika iinokoshiteita you ni kanji mashita)

The politician’s speech was fantastic, but at the same time it felt like he was leaving something unsaid.

7. 切る (きる, kiru)
切る means “to cut,” and it is helpful to keep this in mind when using it as a helper auxiliary verb, as when added to another verb it adds the meaning of
“to finish completely” said verb.

Example #1
食べる (たべる, taberu) + 切る = 食べ切る- to finish eating -> as in “to eat all the food”

Usage: 山下君は３個目のアイスを食べ切った後、重い後悔に覆われた。(やましたくんは さんこめのあいすをたべきったあと、おもいこうかいにおお

われた, yamashita kun wa sankome no aisu wo tabekitta ato, omoi koukai ni oowareta)
After completely finishing his 3rd ice cream, Yamashita-kun was shrouded in a deep sense of regret.

Example #2
飲む (のむ, nomu) + 切る = 飲み切る – to drink all of one’s drink

Usage: 山下君は３杯目のビールを飲み切った後、酔ってしまった。(やましたくんは さんばいめのびーるをのみきったあと、よってしまった,

yamashita kun wa sanbaime no biiru wo nomikitta ato, yotte shimatta)
After completely finishing his 3rd beer, Yamashita-kun was drunk.

8. 続ける (つづける, tsuzukeru)

続ける is a great helper auxiliary verb to have in your pocket, as it only adds the literal meaning of 続ける (to continue) to the verbs it attaches to), and it
can be added to pretty much any verb you can think of!

Example #1
話す (はなす, hanasu) – to talk

話す+ 続ける = 話し続ける – to keep talking / to continue talking

Usage:
上院議員が話し続けて、話し続けて、話し続けて、議事妨害が成功した。(じょういんぎいんが はなしつづけて、はなしつづけて、はなしつづけて、ぎ
じぼうがい がせいこうした, jouingiin ga hanashitsuzukete, hanashitsuzukete, hanashitsuzukete, gijibougai ga seikou shita)
The senator continued to talk and talk and talk, and his filibuster succeeded.

Example #2
する – to do

する + 続ける = し続ける – to keep doing / to continue doing

Usage:
勤勉なサラリーマンは、次の日まで仕事をし続けた。(きんべんな さらりーまんは、つぎのひまでしごとをしつづけた, kinben na sarariiman wa, tsugi
no hi made shigoto wo shitsuzuketa)
The diligent salaryman continued working until the next day.

These have been eight examples of helper auxiliary verb usage, but there are many more! Hopefully, now that you are aware of them, you’ll start
recognizing them around you more and more! Get comfortable using them, and try to slip some in to your next language exchange!

And One More Thing…

If you love learning cool, useful Japanese lessons like this one, then I should also tell you aboutFluentU.

FluentU takes real-world videos like music videos, commercials, news and inspiring talks and turns them into Japanese learning
experiences. It naturally and gradually eases you into learning Japanese language and culture. You’ll learn real Japanese as it’s spoken in real life.

FluentU has a broad range of contemporary videos—like music videos, dramas, TV shows and TV commercials:

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FluentU makes these native Japanese videos approachable through interactive transcripts. Tap on any word to look it up instantly.

All definitions have multiple examples, and they’re written for Japanese learners like you. Tap to add words you’d like to review to a vocab list.

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And FluentU has a learn mode which turns every video into a language learning lesson. You can always swipe left or right to see more examples.

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