CIVL222 STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS

Chapter 1
General Introduction

Instructor: Dr. Mürüde Çelikağ

Office : CE Building Room CE230 and GE241
E-mail : murude.celikag@emu.edu.tr
1. INTRODUCTION
There are three fundamental areas of
Engineering Mechanics:

• Statics
• Dynamics
• Strength of Materials
Statics & Dynamics
Study of the external effects of forces on rigid bodies.
Deformation of bodies can be neglected.

Example

Bar is assumed to be rigid and strong enough to carry the loads

Strength of Materials
Deals with the relationship between externally applied loads
and their internal effects on bodies. Deformation of bodies
cannot be neglected.

Example

Investigates the bar to ensure that it is strong enough not to break

and bend without supporting the load
Mechanical Design
Requires both dimensions and material properties to
satisfy the acceptable level of strength and rigidity. A
structure and its elements should not break/deform
excessively under loads.

Engineering Parts
• strength
• small deflections due to imposed loads while in operation
• slender members should not buckle
1.1 Main Objectives of Strength of Materials

• Analysis of stress and deformation

• Determination of the largest load that a structure can
sustain without any damage, failure or compromise of
function
• Determination of body shape and section of the most
suitable construction material that is capable of resisting
the forces acting on the structure under specific
environmental conditions.
1.2 Method of Analysis

• Mechanics of Materials theory uses assumptions,

based on experimental

• Theory of Elasticity: Mathematical method that can

provide “exact” results for simple problems,
however, in general solutions are obtained with
considerable difficulty.
Method of Equilibrium
Can be used for the complete analysis of structural
members, however, the following basic principles of
analysis should be considered.

• STATICS: laws of forces

• DEFORMATIONS: laws of material deformations,

e.g. Hook’s Law

• GEOMETRY: deformation of adjacent portions of

a member must be compatible.

Energy Methods

Can be used as an alternative to the equilibrium methods

in order to analyze the stress and deformations. Both
methods can provide solutions of acceptable accuracy for
simple problems and can be used as the basis for
numerical methods in more complex problems.
1.3 Conditions of Static Equilibrium

Equations of Equilibrium

  F  0
Vector  
  M  0

  Fx  0 M x 0

Scalar   Fy  0 M y 0

  Fz  0 M z 0
 Mechanics:

Branch of physical sciences

concerned with the state of
rest or motion of bodies
subjected to forces.
 Engineering Mechanics

Solid Mechanics Fluid Mechanics

Rigid Bodies Deformable Bodies

Statics Dynamics
 Other Names
1. Strength of Materials
2. Mechanics of Materials
3. Introduction to Solid Mechanics
4. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
 Deformable Bodies

Depends on

 equilibrium (statics)
 materials selection
(e.g. wood, steel, concrete, aluminum)
 geometry
 Fundamental Concepts

• Force Equilibrium
• Force - Deformation Behavior of
Materials
• Geometry of Deformation
 Fundamental Concepts

• Force Equilibrium
• Force –Temperature - Deformation
Behavior of Materials
• Geometry of Deformation
 Deformable Body

A solid body that changes size and/or shape

as a result of loads that are applied to it
or

as a result of temperature changes.

 Definition

Changes in size and/or shape are

referred to as

deformations
Look at the Diving Board
 L1 L2
A
W
h
M
c

B
 Statics

Given W, L1 and L2 calculate:

• Reaction at A
• Reaction at B
 Other Types of Questions
1. What weight W would break the board?
2. What is the relationship between dc and W?
3. Would a tapered board be “better” than a
constant thickness board?
4. Would an aluminum board be preferable to a
fiberglass or a wooden board?
 Answers
1. Requires us to consider the diving board as a
deformable body
2. Need to consider not only reaction forces but
localized effects of forces (i.e. stress distribution
and strain distribution)
3. Need to consider material behavior (stress-
strain behavior)
 Analysis and Design

• Strength Problems
• Stiffness Problems
 Strength Problems

Is the machine or structure “strong” enough?

-------------------------------------
Will the object or structure or component
support the loads to which it is subjected?
 Stiffness Problems
Is the machine or structure “stiff” enough?
----------------------------------------
What is the change in shape or deformation
of the object due to the loads? Is its
deformation within acceptable limits?
 Questions

1. What weight W would break the board?

(STRENGTH)
2. What is the relationship between dc and
W? (STIFFNESS)
 Other Questions
• What weight W would break the board?
(ANALYSIS)
• What is the relationship between dc and W?
(ANALYSIS)
• Does the thickness of the board, h, affect dc?
• Would an aluminum board deflect more or less
than a fiberglass or a wooden board?
• Does the position of support B change any of the
answers?
 Analysis/Design
• What weight W would break the board?
(ANALYSIS)
• What is the relationship between dc and W?
(ANALYSIS)
• Would a tapered board be “better” than a
constant thickness board? (DESIGN)
• Would an aluminum board be preferable to a
fiberglass or a wooden board? (DESIGN)
 Fundamental Types of Equations

• The EQUILIBRIUM conditions must be

satisfied.
• The GEOMETRY OF DEFORMATION
must be described.
• The MATERIAL BEHAVIOR must be
characterized.
 Equilibrium
External forces, including reactions must balance.
This is basically an application of the concepts and
principles of statics. It is essential that accurate
and complete FREE BODY DIAGRAMS be
drawn.
 Geometry of Deformation
1. Definitions of extensional strain and shear
strain.
2. Simplifications and idealizations.
3. Connectivity of members or geometric
compatibility.
4. Boundary conditions and constraints.
 Material Behavior
Constitutive behavior of materials
(force-temperature-deformation
relationships)
must be described.

These relationships can only be established

experimentally!
 Problem Solving Procedure
1. State the problem.
2. Plan the solution.
3. Carry out the solution.
4. Review the solution.
 State the Problem
1. List the given data.
2. Draw any figures needed to
describe the problem.
3. Identify the results to be
obtained.
 Plan the Solution
1. Consider given data and results
desired.
2. Identify basic principles involved.
3. Recall applicable equations.
4. Identify assumptions.
5. Plan steps in the process.
6. Estimate the answer!
Carry Out the Solution

1. Consistent units.
2. Significant digits.
3. Identify answers.
 Review the Solution
1. Dimensionally correct
2. Reasonable values.
3. Correct algebraic sign.
4. Consistent with assumptions.
5. Presentation neat and orderly.
6. What point did the problem illustrate?
 Review of Statics
Equations of Equilibrium

  F  0
Vector  
  M  0

  Fx  0 M x 0

Scalar   Fy  0 M y 0

  Fz  0 M z 0
 Free Body Diagrams
1. Determine the extent of the body to be included.
2. Completely isolate the body from supports and
other attached bodies.
3. If internal resultants are desired, pass a
sectioning plane through the member at the
appropriate location.
4. Sketch the outline of the resulting Free Body.
 Free Body Diagrams
5. Indicate on the sketch all externally applied
loads.
6. Clearly indicate the location, magnitude and
direction of each load.
 Free Body Diagrams
7. At supports, connections and section cuts,
show unknown forces and couples.
8. Assign a symbol to each unknown.
9. Use sign convention to assign positive
sense to unknowns or assign it arbitrarily.
10. Label significant points and dimensions.
11. Show reference axes.
Free Body Diagram of Diving Board

L1 L2

A
W
M h

B
Identify the object
Isolate and sketch.
Show all forces including reactions.
 External Loads

1. Concentrated Loads
 Point Forces (F)
 Couples (F - L)
2. Line Loads (F/L)
3. Surface Loads (F/L2)
4. Body Forces (F/L3)
External Loads
SUPPORT TYPES
 Internal Resultants
y

Axial Force
Fx 
x

z
Internal Resultants
y

Shear Forces
Vy x 

Fx 
x

Vz x 
z
Internal Resultants
y

Vy x 

Fx 
x

Tx 
Vz x  Torque or
z Twisting Moment
 Internal Resultants
Torsion
Internal Resultants
y

Bending Moments
Vy x 
M y x 

Fx 
x

Tx 
M z x  Vz x 
z
 Internal Resultants
Bending Moment
Internal Resultants
y

Vy x 
M y x 

Fx 
x

Tx 
M z x  Vz x 
z