Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
WALL
Prepared For:
Dr Noor Faisal Abas & REG370 members
Prepared By:
Masyatul Husna Bt Othman 107280
Marhamah Abdul Hadi 107279
Muhammad Khairil Aizad Bin Senin 107300
Amirahtul ‘Aqilah Binti Mohd Sabri 110603
Nurul Nadia Binti Omar Bakri 107340
Rossamsurifaiza Mohammad Ropi 107353
1
INTRODUCTION
Walls are exterior,
partitions are interior.
• Walls
– A general term for a vertical building
component used to support loads and divide
up living spaces
– Also a term used exclusively to describe
exterior vertical surfaces
• Partitions
– Interior walls
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Types of Walls
3
Types of Walls
4
Virtual Construction
A portion of a typically
framed house.
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Virtual Construction
Construction
begins on a floor
system.
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Virtual Construction
7
Virtual Construction
These are exterior,
thus they are walls.
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Virtual Construction
They are also
load-bearing.
LBW
LBW
9
Virtual Construction
LBW
LBW
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Virtual Construction
This wall is exterior,
but is not load-bearing.
LBW
LBW NLBW
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Virtual Construction
This is an interior wall
(partition) and can be
load-bearing.
LBW
LBP
LBW NLBW
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Virtual Construction
The others are interior
and non-load-bearing.
NLBP
LBW
LBP
LBW NLBW
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Virtual Construction
14
Virtual Construction
Construction is
systematic
Removing the
roof system
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• Lumber and sheetrock
– Wood frames may supplement stronger steel
or concrete walls, or may be used for non-
supporting interior walls.
• Insulation materials
• In order to reduce energy consumption, insulation
is placed in the walls to minimize heat transfer
between the interior of the building and the
outside.
• Fiberglass is a material commonly used for
insulation, but any thick and porous material may
provide some protection from outside
temperatures.
17
Damp-Proof Course
Function of a D.P.C.
• Prevent the passage of moisture or water through those
parts of a structure in contact with the ground.
• To prevent the downward passage of moisture or water
through those parts of the wall structure such as window
jambs i.e. vertical DPC and cavity trays.
• To prevent moisture penetrating a building at sill or head
level.
18
Plaster
Internal Plaster
• Internal plaster provides a smooth and level surface to
walls and ceilings. It can improve the fire resistance of a
structural element or the acoustic or thermal properties.
External Plaster
• External plaster is generally sand and cement rubbed
smooth and painted with a masonry paint. Wet dash or
marble chips are also very popular.
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DEFECTS AND CAUSE
Cracked brickwork
• Symptom
– Horizontal,vertical and diagonal cracks can be seen
running along, down or accros external wall and may
be accompanied by overhanging of brickwork at dpc
level and bowing of the wall.
• Causes
❖ Failure of wall ties
❖ Spread of the roof structure
❖ Expension of brickwork
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Cracked brickwork
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Crumbling of brickwork mortar joints
• Symptom
– Crack may appear along the horizontal joints
– Brickwork may absorb moisture shown by
damn patches
• Causes
❖ Incorrect mortar mixture
❖ Leaking gutter or rainwater paip
❖ Chemical action
22
Crumbling of brickwork mortar joints
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Crumbling of bricks
• Symptom
– Some brick crumble on the surface and are
visibly recessed back from the rest
• Causes
❖ chemical action
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Crumbling of bricks
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Flaking of rendering
• Symptom
– Top coat splits away from the undercoat,
sometimes taking with it a thin film of
undercoat
• Causes
❖Differential shrinkage of top and bottom
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Flaking of rendering
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Horizontal cracking of rendering
• Symptom
– Horizontal cracking along the lines of the
brickwork joint underneath
• Causes
❖Chemical action cause the mortar joint to
expand upward causing rendering to crack.
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Horizontal cracking of rendering
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Random cracking of rendering
• Symptoms
– Crack forming no definite pattern are seen.
When tapped the rendering in vicinity of the
crack may sound hollow whilst in some place,
it may have fallen away.
• Causes
❖Crack resulting directly from brickwork
❖Shrinkage of cement based rendering causing
crack and penetration of water.
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Random cracking of rendering 31
Blistering of paintwork to rendering and
cladding
•Symptoms
–Blisters or bubbles forming early in the life of
building may contain water
–In old building the paint film may have crack
and peeled back
–Efflorescent salt may also be seen
• Causes
❖Water from rendering which has not adequate
❖Chemical attack on the paint film
32
Blistering of paintwork to rendering and cladding
33
Full thickness of plaster loose
• Symptom
– Full thickness of plaster has come away from
the background, loose areas sound hollow
when tapped and crack will often be evident.
The plaster may bulge or sag and in extreme
cases will have fallen away.
• Causes
❖Plaster has failed to adhere to a dense
concretes background probably due to the
use of an un suitable undercoat
34
Full thickness of plaster loose
35
Top coat of plaster loose
• Symptom
– The top coat of plaster has come away from the
based coat so that it sound hollow when tapped,
cracking and bulging is probably evident. It may have
came away all together exposing the undercoat
plaster.
• Causes
❖The background have shrunk after being plastered
this may happen if the background is a cement based
material, such as in situ concrete. If the undercoat
was also cement based it would shrink with the back
ground possibly splitting off the finish coat
❖A strong expending top coat has been applied to a
weak or shrinkable undercoat.
36
Top coat of plaster loose 37
• Pitting of plasterwork
• Symptom
– Small conical shaped craters occur in the surface
of the plaster generally with a small place of
foreign material in the based, initially, loose pieces
of plaster may be found.
• Causes
❖the small piece of foreign material expands by
absorbing water from either the air or the
background wall
❖Impurities in the sand, plaster, cement and even
clay brick may also be the source of defect
❖Wetting of plastered surfaces can accelerated this
type of pitting. 38
Pitting of plasterwork 39
REMEDIAL & RECOMENDATIONS
• Ancon 63 mechanical
• Ancon 63 resin
• Staifix resin
• Stairib bar
• Ancon AC 31
• Cameron T 47
40
41
PREVENT MEASURE AND
REMEDIAL
42
Craked Brickwork
• Determine the wall type, whether dealing
with a concrete wall, a plaster wall or dry
wall
• Older homes are finished with plaster
• A gooey substance carefully spread onto
closely-spaced, horizontal slatted boards
called lathes
43
Crumbling or brickwork mortar joints
•Install
proper waterproofing system before
painting
•Arrest moisture source
•Prepare & treat the surface
•Repaint on receiving surface with
moisture content not exceeding 6%
45
Algae & Fungi Growth
46
Incorrect paint system
47
Reference
• http://edweb.tusd.k12.az.us/plawless/powerpoints/Carpe
ntry/16-Wall%20Types.ppt
• Common building defect diagnosis and remedy, the
national building agency.
• http://www.ehow.com/list_7435245_materials-used-
walls-commercial-buildings.html
• Common building defect diagnosis and remedy, the
national building agency.
• http://www.wisegeek.com/how-do-i-repair-cracks-in-
walls.htm
• Iguas-gpgs-painting Pcommondefect
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