1 of 44

ye;a;Efõ oYlfha rdcH u¾okfha iajrEmh

,hk,a fndamf.a
m<uqfjkau ud ia;+;sjka; fjkjd 71 ifydaor;aj ixiofha ifydaor
ifydaoßhkag" 1971 wfm%a,a ke.sàu iïnkaOfhka mj;ajk fuu 46 jeks
ieurefï oS" ye;a;Efõ oYlfha mej;s rdcH u¾okfha iajrEmh ms<sn|j
woyia iaj,amhla olajkakg ug wdrdOkd lsrSu .ek'
1971 wfm%a,a ke.sàu iïnkaOfhka l:d lrk yeu úglu mdfya mek
kÕsk ud;Dldjla ;sfnkjd" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK tys wdrïNfha
isgu m%pKav ls%hd fj; keUqre ù isá njg' fï iïnkaOfhka ms<s;=re
fidhd .kakg" uu leu;shs Bg iudka;r m%YaKhla u;= lrkakg' ta
m%YaKh kï" tÞ mej;=k cd;Hka;r yd foaYSh foaYmd,k n, l|jqre
úiska" tÞ isá ;reK mrïmrdjg ;ukaf.a kjfhdjqka m%d¾:kdjka bgq
lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH lrk ,o uQ,sl fjkialï idËd;a lr .kakg"
Tjqkag iduldó udj;la fyda wjia:djla ,nd ÿkakdo hkak hs' fuhg
ms<s;=re fidhkakg kï" ta ld,fha mej;s cd;Hka;r yd foaYSh
foaYmd,k jd;djrkh;a" ta ld,fha mej;s rdcH u¾okfha iajrEmh;a"
idlÉPdjg ,la l< hq;= fjkjd' wo ,eî ;sfnk fuu wjia:dj ud
fhdÞ .kafka" ye;a;Efõ oYlfha mej;s rdcH u¾okfha iajrEmh .ek
woyia iaj,amhla olajkakg muKhs' tfy;a 1971 wfm%a,a ke.sàu
iïnkaOfhka we;s j.lSïj,ska ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK ksoyia
lrkakgj;a ud ksoyia fjkakgj;a thska woyia lrkafka keye'
1960 oYlfha" cd;sl iy cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k fËa;%fha jeo.;a fjkia
ùï .Kkdjla we;s jqkd' fï fjkiaùï" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa
Wm;g;a" tys úldYkhg;a ;oskau n, mEjd'
ta ld,fha Okjdoh" kj hg;aúð; jdofha iajrEmfhka tys w~qm~q
m%idrKh lrñka" tys wdêm;Hh f,dj mqrd ;yjqre lrñka isáhd'
wefußld tlai;a ckmoh iy CIA ixúOdkh" újD; n,h iDcq f,i
fhdoñka fyda" wdjD; n,h wkshï f,i fhdÞ .ksñka fyda" f,dj mqrd"
úfYaIfhkau w.aks os. wdishdfõ mej;s" wm tl, iudcjdoS hhs fyda
iudcjdohg mËhhs fyda ie<l+ wdKavq iy m%n, foaYmd,k jHdmdr"
fmr<d oukakg fyda úkdY lr oukakg lghq;= lrñkqhs isáfha'
WÞyrKhla f,i" wdishdfõ" wms%ldfõ iy ,;ska wefußldfõ taldêm;s
md,khka iy yuqÞ wd×Þhl;ajhka .Kkdjla we;s fldg ;snqkd¦ we;s
lrñka ;snqkd' oY ,Ë .Kka fldñhqksiaÜ jdoSka >d;kh fldg"
bkaÿkSishdfõ iql¾fKda f.a wdKavqj fmr<d oud" fckr,a iqy¾f;daf.a
kdhl;ajfhka yuqÞ wd×Þhl;ajhla msysgqùu" fmdÿfõ jdudxYhg;a"
úfYAIfhkau ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK njg miqj m;ajQ —jHdmdrh˜ g;a"
 2 of 44

b;du;a .eUqre wdldrfha ksfIaOd;aul w;a±lSula jqkd¦ ±ä n, mEula

we;s l<d'
fï w;f¾" wefußlka .e;s neáiagd md,khg tfrysj igka fldg
úch.%yKh l< lshqndkq ksoyia igk;a" wdishdfõ" wms%ldfõ iy ,;ska
wefußldfõ bosßhg tñka mej;s fkdfhla wdldrfha úuqla;s wr.,;a"
tl, iudcjdoS hhs wm ye|skajQ m%.;sYS,S iudc n,fõ. yd rgj,q;a
wmg uy;a wdNdIhla iemhqjd'
foaYSh jYfhka 1964 oS" ,xld iuiudc mËh iy ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ
mËh" Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh;a iuÕ OfkaYajr iNd.hlg we;=,a jqkd'
ta wkqj hñka uyck tlai;a fmruqK" tlai;a cd;sl mËfha OfkaYajr
iNd.hg tl;= jqkd' tlai;a cd;sl mËfha kdhl;ajfhka mej;s
OfkaYajr iNd.h" úfYaIfhkau tys uqo,a weu;sj isá fÊ wd¾ chj¾Ok
uy;d" kj hg;aúð;jdoS wjYH;d ksfhdackh lrñka ,xldfõ
ue;sjrK is;shu úis jirlg wl=,d oukakg fhdackd l<d¦ tfia
lrkakg lghq;= lrñka isáhd'
1968 oS Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh" ,xld iuiudc mËh iy ,xld
fldñhqksiaÜ mËh tlai;a fmruqKla msysfgõjd' fï tlai;a fmruqK
B<Õ oYlfha m%Odk yjq,aldr OfkaYajr n,fõ.h njg m;a jqkd'
iïm%Þhsl jfï fuu msßyShEu" kj ju njg m;a jQ zjHdmdrhZg
iïm%Þhsl jfï fYa%KSka fj; m%fõY fjñka Tjqkaf.a idudðl
idudðldjka fukau ys;j;=ka zjHdmdrhZ fj; oskd .kakg buy;a
wjia:djla ,nd ÿkakd' zjHdmdrhZ ol=fKa fndfyda m%foaYj, b;d
fõ.fhka jHdma; jqkd¦ iïm%Þhsl ju wNsNjd bosßhg .uka l<d' ta jk
úg zjHdmdrhZ ;=, jeäfhka isáfha iïm%Þhsl jfï fYa%KSka ;=<ska
zjHdmdrhZg tl;= jQ wh'
fï ksid iïm%Þhsl ju iy zjHdmdrhZ w;r පැව ෙ i;=re foaYmd,k
wdl,amhla' iïm%Þhsl jfï fYa%KSka ;=<skau bosßhg meñKs" Tjqka
fyd|ska ±k y÷kd f.k isá" uy;a foaYmd,k lemùfulska lghq;= l<
mqoa.,hkaf.ka iukaú; jqkq kj jfï kdhl;ajhg tfrysj" ;reK
jHdmdrfha kdhl;ajhg tfrysj" mokï úrys; wj,do iy wmydi
kÕkakg" uv .ikakg mgka .;a;d' Tjqka fl;rï wixfõoS njg m;a
ù isáhdo hkak fy<sorõ fjkafka" lg l;d u.ska fukau zwe;a;Z iy
ziuiudchZ jeks Tjqkaf.a udOHhka fhdÞ .ksñka" zjHdmdrhZ ;reK
mrmqr fldgq lr .ekSu i|yd wgjk ,o CIA flukla njg ±ä f,i
m%pdrh lsÍu ;=<ska'
zjHdmdrhZ ms<sn|j rdcH hka;%fha wjOdkh uq,skau fhduq fjkakg
mgka .kafka t;ekska' m<uqfjkau frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd;a" ;j;a
 3 of 44

foaYmd,k l%shdldßlhka lsysm fofkl=;a" 1970 oS w;a wvx.=jg f.k

nkaOkd.dr .; lrkq ,enqjd' fufia w;a wvx.=fõ ;ndf.k isá
ifydaorjrekag tfrysj fpdaokdj,g wNsfhda. lrkakg bosßm;a jQfha
iy iydh ÿkafka ,xld iuiudc mËfha wdkkao fm%auisxy" ud¾I,a
fmf¾rd iy ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha ir;a uq;af;Ügqfj.u jeks
ifydaorjreka lsysm fofkla' MI 5 (Military Intelligence 5) jeks rcfha T;a;=
fiajdjka mqÿuhg m;a ù isáhd" Tjqka úiska fy<sorõ lr .kakd fuu
jHdmdrh .ek¦ tys os.laa m<,la .ek Tjqka ±k fkdisàu ms<sn|j' fï
ksid rcfha T;a;= fiajdjk=;a" m%jD;a;s udOHh;a wfma jHdmdrh kï lrd
—fÉ f.jdrd˜ jHdmdrh f,i'
fï ld,fha zjHdmdrfhaZ m%Odk wruqK jqfka" tlai;a cd;sl mËfha
kdhl;ajfhka" wefußlka .e;s kj hg;aúð;jdoS taldêm;s rchla
msysgqjd ,Su j<ljd ,Su hs' Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËh mjd tÞ mej;s fuu
wk;=f¾ ne?reï iajNdjh jgyd f.k ;snQ nj" tys kdhl;ajh Bg
tfrysj t<smsg l:d lsÍfukau fmKqkd' cd;Hka;r ;,fha isÿ ù ;snqk
iy isÿ fjñka mej;=k wdKavq fmr<d ±óu;a" foaYmd,k jHdmdr
úkdYlr ±óu;a" tlai;a cd;sl mËfha kdhl;ajfhka ,xldfõ kj
hg;aúð; jdoS wd×Þhl rchla msysgqjd ,kakg we;s úNjh;a" zjHdmdrhZ
ie<ls,a,g .;a;d' kj hg;aúð;jdoS iyfhda.h iy wkqn,h we;sj
msysgqjkq ,eìh yels tjeks yuqÞ wdKavqjlg uqyqK osh yelafla"
ikakoAO fjkakg mgka .ekSfuka muKla nj zjHdmdrhZ ;SrKh fldg
;snqkd'
Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfhka" ,xld iuiudc mËfhka iy ,xld
fldñhqksiaÜ mËfhka ieÿï ,;a OfkaYajr tlai;a fmruqKq iNd.h"
m%n, wêrdcH úfrdaë m%;sm;a;s ud,djla u; " 1970 uy ue;sjrKh ;rÕ
l<d' zjHdmdrfhaZo iyfhda.h ,enQ tlai;a fmruqKq iNd.h" ;=fkka
foll n,hla ,en tu ue;sjrKh ch .;a;d' tfy;a jeä l,la
fkdf.diau" tlai;a fmruqKq iNd.h úiska bosßm;a lrk ,o wêrdcH
úfrdaë m%;sm;a;s flá ld,Skj ;nd" wdKavqfõ uq¿ ld,h ;=,u;a bgq
l< fkdyelshhs iNd.fha" úfYaIfhkau ,xld iuiudc mËfha
kdhlhka lshd isáhd' w;a wvx.=fõ ;ndf.k isá zjHdmdrfhaZ
ifydaorjreka miqld,Skj fpdaokdj,ska ksoyia lrkq ,enqjd' 1970 cQ,s
udifha jHdmdrh meje;ajQ m<uqjeks m%isoaO foaYKh fjka jqfka" ,xld
fldñhqksiaÜ mËh iy ,xld iuiudc mËh kÕd ;snqkq CIA jeks
wj,doj,g" uv .eiSï j,g ms<s;=re fokakghs'
uy ue;sjrKfhaoS ck;djg fok ,o fmdfrdkaÿ uÕ yßñka" ck;d
úfrdaë merKs m%;sm;a;su ls%hdjg kexùu ms<sn|j" 1970 wjidk ld,h
jk úg ck;d wm%idoh keÕS wdjd' fuu wm%idoh yuqfõ" ck;d úuqla;s
 4 of 44

fmruqKg ;ju;a l=vd jQj;a" rfÜ m%Odk jfï n,fõ.h njg f.dv
kefÕkakg mq¿jka jqkd' 1970 wf.daia;= 10 jk Þ meje;ajQ m<uq uyck
/iaùfï oS ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK lshd isáhd" uy ue;sjrKfhaoS
ck;djg fok ,o fmdfrdkaÿ bgq lrkjd kï wdKavqjg ish iyfhda.h
fok nj1'
tfy;a tosku mqj;am;a m< fldg ;snqkd" Y%S ,xld ksoyia mËfha" ,xld
iuiudc mËfha iy ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha f,alïjrekaf.a
taldnoaO m%ldYhla' tu m%ldYfhka b,a,d ;snqfka ck;d úuqla;s
fmruqK oËsKdxYsl m%;s.dó n,fõ.hla nj;a" ck;djg ta yd igka
josk f,i;a h' tl, isá rdcH wdrËl wud;HxYfha ia:sr f,alï
wd;¾ r;akfõ,a uy;d m%ldY fldg isáfha ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK wxl
tfla ck;d i;=rd nj;a" th iyuq,ska úkdY lr ±ñh hq;= nj;a h'
1971 uq,a Nd.h jk úg" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK b;d wdikak ;¾ckhla
f,i ÿgq iNd. rch" th úkdY lsÍu i|yd ie<iqï ilia lrñka
isáhd' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKq úfrdaë jev lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh
lrkakg" yuqÞ iy fmd,sish zm%;s¡ler,s tallZ msysgqjkakg mgka
.;a;d' fuys m%Odk jev fldgi bgq lf<a" ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha
tjlg f,alïj isá mSg¾ flakuka uy;d úiska' OfkaYajr iNd. rcfha
ksjdi lghq;= ms<sn| weu;sjrhd o jQ Tyq" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg
tfrys u¾ok lghq;= fufyhùu i|yd ilia lrk ,o foaYmd,k
lñgqfõ iNdm;s f,io lghq;= l<d'
j¾Okh fjñka mej;s fuu úIu pl%h k;r lrkakg ck;d úuqla;s
fmruqK we;eï W;aidyhka ±rejd' WÞyrKhla f,i ug u;lhs"
frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd iqfka;%d nKavdrkdhl ue;sksh yryd Y%S
,xld ksoyia mËh iuÕ idlÉPdjla b,a,d isáhd' wmg wjYH jqfka"
iNd. rcfha fldgila f,i iïm%Þhsl ju ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK
u¾okh lrkakg ;u n,mEu fhdÞ .kakd nj meyeos,s fldg"
foaYmd,k jYfhka w;ruÕ idudÞkhlg fkdmsúfik .ukau" fuu
úIu pl%h k;r lr .kakghs' kuq;a tjeks idlÉPdjlg wjia:djla
,nd ÿkafka keye' fjk;a ud¾.j,skq;a fujeks W;aidyhka ±rE nj uu
okakjd'
ta ú;rla fkdfjhs" fu;ek iNdfõ isák" fnd/,af,a Tiaukaâ
ifydaorhdf.a osjx.; uj" iS,j;S ifydaoßh" ,xld iuiudc mËfha
ldka;d ixúOdkfha iNdm;sksh f,i isg ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg
tlajQ kdhl ifydaoßhla' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK ksfhdackh lrñka ta
ifydaoßhf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a uKav,hla" ,xld iuiudc mËfha
1
'We will support Govt. but want result, says PLF leader' Ceylon Daily News, 11 August 1970
 5 of 44

kdhl uKv,h;a iuÕ idlÉPd fldg wjfndaOhla we;s lr .kakg

W;aidy l<d' kuq;a tu idlÉPdfõoS" tjlg iNd. wdKavqfõ uqo,a
weu;sj isá ,xld iuiudc mËfha kdhl wdpd¾h weka weï fmf¾rd
uy;d mjid ;snqfka" CIA jHdmdrfhka ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg tjk
,o fpla m;la Tjqka i;=j we;s njhs' tu fpla m; mqj;am;aj, m<
lrk f,i iS,j;S ifydaoßh tu idlÉPdfõoS weka weï fmf¾rd
uy;dg wNsfhda. l< kuq;a" wo fjk f;la wmg tjeks fpla m;la ±l
.kakg ,enqfka keye' ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mËfha foaYmd,k
uKav,fha iy uOHu ldrl iNdfõ we;eï ifydaorjreka iuÕ;a wm
fuu ;;ajh ms<sn|j idlÉPd l<d' fujeks idlÉPdj,ska wm
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wdldrfha wjfndaOhla we;s lr .kakg neß jqkd'
ta ld,fha ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg ,eî ;snqkq f;dr;=rej,g wkqj
kS;sm;sjrhd ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK úkdY lsÍu i|yd wjYH úfYaI
kS;s iïmdokh lrñka isáhd' zkS;sh yd iduhZ wdrËd lsÍfï
kdufhka" fmd,sish iy Widú jeks kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï wdh;k"
kS;Hdkql+, foaYmd,k lghq;= lr f.k hkakg ;reK jHdmdrh i;=j
;snqkq whs;Ska W,a,x>Kh l<d' m%isoAO /iaùï yd foaYK meje;aùu"
mqoa.,sl foaYmd,k idlÉPd meje;aùu" mËfha mqj;am;a iy m;%sld
uqøKh lsÍu" wf,ú lsÍu yd fnÞ yeÍu" fmdaiag¾ we,ùu" mËfha
m%pdrl lghq;=j, ksr; ùu jeks lghq;= lvd lmam,a lr oukakg
lghq;= l<d'
1971 ud¾;= 6 jk Þ zud´ ;reK fmruqKZ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg CIA
wdOdr ,efnk njg;a" th jyd k;r lrk f,ig;a n, lrñka
wefußlka ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h bosßmsg fm<md,shla meje;ajQjd' tysoS
fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= ureuqjg ,la jqkd' fuu fm<md,sfha kdhlhka
iy iNd. wdKavqj w;r mej;s foaYmd,k iïnkaO;d ms<sn|j ck;d
úuqla;s fmruqKg ±k.kakg ,eî ;snqkd' fuu isoAêh yd lsisÿ
iïnkaOhla ke;s nj ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK jydu m%ldYhg m;a l<d'
tfy;a" iNd. rch lf<a fuu isoaêh fhdÞ .ksñka yosis wjia:djla
m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu hs' ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK ;ykï lrkq ,enqjd' 1971
ud¾;= 13 jkÞ frdayK úfÊùr ifydaorhd" fl,S fiakdkdhl we;=¿
ifydaorjreka lsysm fofkla w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,enqjd'
1971 ud¾;= 16 jk Þ rch m%ldY l<d" rch fmr<d oukakg ck;d
úuqla;s fmruqK lrk l=uka;%khla ms<sn|j fidhd f.k we;s njg'
yÈis wjia:djla m%ldYhg m;a l<d' meh 24 l we¢ß kS;shla mekjqKd'
fï wkqj ,xldfõ rdcH hka;%hg ´kEu flfkla ys;=jlaldr f,i w;a
wvx.=jg .kakg n,h mejrekd' ug u;l wkaoug" ud¾;= 21 jk Þ
rch yÈis wjia:d kS;sfha ;=kajeks fldgi" yosis kS;sfha 15 fjks
 6 of 44

j.ka;sh" m%ldYhg m;a l<d' urK mÍlaIKhla fkdmj;ajd"

kE±hkagj;a fkdokajd ´kEu u< isrerla úkdY lr oukakg wdrËl
yuqodjkag tu.ska wjir ,nd ÿkakd'
ta ld,fha ;%ia;jdoh je<elaùfï mK; ;snqfka keye' 1947 uyck
wdrËl mK;hs" yosis kS;sfha moku f,i fhdÞ .;af;a' uyck
wdrËl mK; foaYmd,k úfrdaO;djhka u¾okh lrkakg;a md,kh
lrkakg;a ì%;dkH wêrdcHjdoSka úiska iïu; lr .kakd ,o wka;su
kS;sh hs' fuu yosis kS;sfha 15 fjks j.ka;sh" hg;aúð; iufha isg
mejf;k merKs ksfhda.hla' fuh hg;aúð; iufha fhdÞ f.k
;sfnkjd" úfYaIfhkau frda. me;sr hdu je<elaùu i|yd' 1818 iy 1848
W!j iy uykqjr ler,s we;s jQ wjia:djkag miq fuu kS;sh ,xldfõ
l%shd;aul l< m%:u wjia:dj fuh hs'
ksielju ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK fuh ÿgqfõ" rcfha hqoaO m%ldYhl uq,a
l%shdj f,ihs' zfidhd n,d úkdY lr ±ófïZ Wmdh ud¾.h osh;a lsÍula
f,ihs' ud¾;= w. fjk úg" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKahhs iel l< mka
Þyla muK fokd w;a wvx.=jg f.k ;snqkq nj nd,d ;ïfmda ifydaorhd
wmrdO hqla;s úksYaph fldñIka iNdfõ oS bosßm;a l<d' 1971 wfm%a,a ui
we;sjqkq mqmqrd hk iq¿ ;;ajh we;s jQfha tf,ihs'
fuysoS 1972 fuu iNd. rch úiska iïu; lr .kakd ,o fuu wmrdO
hqla;s úksYaph fldñIka iNd ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mK; ms<sn|j i|yka
fkdlf<d;a th wvqmdvqjla f,i uu olskjd' fudlo@ fuu mK; tÞ
mej;s rdcH u¾okfha u os.=jla' fuu mK;ska tÞ mej;s wdKavq l%u
jHjia:dj muKla fkdfjhs¦ wdKavql%uj,g wÞ, n,;, fnÞ fjka
lsÍfï isoaOdka;h;a wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh;a W,a,x>Kh l<d' fuu
kS;sfha ks¾ud;D tÞ isá wêlrK weu;s ÌS,slaia vhia nKavdrKdhl
uy;d md¾,sfïka;=fõ oS uka;%Sjrekag ±ä f,i n,mEï lrñka lshd
isáfha(
—j¾;udkfha n,mdk kS;sh hgf;a kvq mejÍu thska
m<uqjekakhs' tA tla úoshla' ta wkqj lghq;= lrkakg .sfhd;a
;uqkakdkafia,dg ljÞj;a tl kvqjlaj;a Tmamq lrkakg úoshla
keye' Tlafldu ksoyia lrkakg jqjukd kï ta ls%hdud¾.h
wkqu; l<dg jrola keye' ^1972 wfm%a,a 4" yekaidâ 107 msg&
fuu yekaidâ jd¾;d lsfhõjdu meyeos,s fjkjd" tÞ uka;S%jrekag
fl;rï ;¾ckd;aul f,i wêlrK weu;sjrhd lghq;= fldg we;ao
hk nj'
ta wkaoug ;uhs" tÞ idËs wd× mK; tal md¾Yaúl f,i fjkia lf<a'
meñKs,s md¾Yajh úiska jeroslrefjl= nj Tmamq lrkq ,nk f;la
 7 of 44

idudkH kS;sh hgf;a pQos;fhl= ksje/os lrefjl= f,i ie<l+jo" fuu

kS;sh hgf;a pQos;fhl= ksje/os lrefjl= nj pQos;hd úiska Tmamq lrkq
,nk f;la pQos;fhl= je/os lrefjl= f,i .ekqks' l=uk ;;ajhka
hgf;a jqjo pQos;fhl=f.ka Wlyd .kakd ,o Bkshd mdfmdaÉpdrKhla
pQos;hdg;a wka whg;a tfrysj fhdÞ .ekqks' pQos;hka ;u ksjereos nj
ikd: lrkakg le|jQ idËslrejka tfia le|ùfuka j<ld ,k ,os'
,xld b;sydifha m<uq jrg isoAêhla isÿ jQjdg miq (post facto) tu isoaêh
ms<sn|j jOysxid fhdÞ lrk ,o widOdrK mÍËKj,ska miq ta
isoaêhg;a" ta mÍËKj,g;a" ta mÍËKj, m%;sM,j,g;a iß,k mßos
;¾ckd;aul f,i md¾,sfïka;=fjka iïu; lr .kakd ,o kS;shla
fl;rï idOdrK jkafkao@
1971 wfm%a,a ke.sàu u¾okh lrkakg wefußld tlai;a ckmoh" uyd
ì%;dkHh" isx.mamQrej" mdlsia:dkh" bkaoshdj" fidaúhÜ ix.uh iy
uyck Ök iuQydKavqj we;=¿ fndfyda rgj,a" ,xldfõ rchg hqoaOdOdr
ÿkakd' fufia imhk ,o hqoAOdOdrj,g we;=<;a jqkd hqo" fmd,sia iy
nqoaê lghq;= ms<sn| ks,OdÍka iy WmfoaYlhka'
bkaoshdj jeks rgj,a lgqkdhl .=jka f;dgqm< rlskakg .=jka yuqÞ
lKavdhï fhdÞ .ekSu" we;eï .ïudkj,g fndaïn m%ydr t,a, l<
fy,sfldmag¾ hdkd mojkakg .=jka yuqÞ Nghka fhdÞ .ekSu" bkaoshdkq
id.rh wjg kdúl /ljrK imhkakg hqO keõ fukau kdúl yuqÞj
fhdÞ .ekSu jeks lreKq .ek l:d lrkjdg jvd" 1971 wfm%a,a keÕsàu
u¾okh fldg iuQ,>d;kh lrkakg uyd ì%;dkHfha rch bgq lrk
,o jev fldgi i<ld ne,Su jeo.;a hhs uu i,lkjd' m<uqfjkau ta
jk úg;a ,xldj md,kh jqfka fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a
fvdñkshkhla f,i ksid¦ fojeksj" 1971 wfm%a,a keÕsàu yd iïnkaO
wdikak w;S;fha wdishdfõ" úfYaIfhkau" u,hdfõ hg;a úð; jdohg
tfrysj osh;a jqkq wr., u¾okh lrkakg ì%;dkH rdcH hka;%h iy
tys wdrËl yuqÞ wêrdcH .e;s n,fõ. fhdÞ .ksñka lrk ,o jev
fldgi ksid'
ifydaor ifydaoßhkag u;l we;s ta ld,fha fld<U fld,a,qmsáfha
msysgqjd ;snqkq MI 5 kue;s hqo f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO nqoAê wxYfha m%Odk
ld¾hd,h' ta ld¾hd,fha ;uhs ryia fmd,sia mÍËl Y¾ks úfÊiQßh iy
fc.kdoka hk uy;ajre lghq;= lf<a' ryia fmd,sia mÍËl Wmd,s
fifkúr;ak uy;d lghq;= lf<a fldgqfõ ryia fmd,sia uQ,ia:dkfha
y;rfjks ;Ügqfõ'
m%isoaO lrk ,o f;dr;=re j,g wkqj" 1970 isg 1974 olajd tlai;a
rdcOdksfha w.%dud;Hjrhdj isá tâjâ yS;af.a wkque;sh we;sj" uyd
 8 of 44

ì%;dkHfha MI 5 kue;s hqo f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO nqoAê wxYh" ye;a;Efõ

oYlh mqrdu" ,xldfõ n,OdÍkag ler,s u¾ok Wmfoia ryiska ,nd oS
;sfnkjd' tjlg ,xldfõ isá MI 5 wdrËd iïnkaëlrk ks,Odßhd
,xldfõ fmd,siam;sjrhd iuÕ úYsIaG iïnkaO;djhla mj;ajd f.k
.sh;a" ,xldfõ ta ld,fha isÿ lrñka ;snqkq njg Tjqka ±k isá idyisl
l%shd j<lajkakg Tyq wleu;s jQ njla fyda wiu;a jQ njl= hs
fmfkkafka'
tmuKla fkdfjhs" tjlg w.ue;sksh jQ isßud nKavdrKdhl ue;sksh
MI 5 jev lghq;= .ek fl;rï meyeoS isáfhao h;a ,xldfõ úfYaI
ld¾hdxYfha m%Odk whf.ka lsysm fofkl= mqyqKq lsÍfï jev lghq;=
j,g iydh ùu i|yd fld<U ì%;dkH uy flduidßia ld¾hd,fha
ia:dk .; fldg isá MI 5 hqo f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO nqoAê wxYfha
ks,Odßfhla jQ ðï meÜßla wef.a wdKavqfõ ler,s u¾ok úfYaI{jrhd
f,i m;a lr f.k ;sfnkjd'
1971 wfm%a,a ke.sàu u¾okh lsÍu yd iïnkaO rdcH u¾okfha iajrEmh
wjfndaO lr .kakg kï" ,xldfõ rdcH u¾ok b;sydih ms<sn|j;a
fláfhka fyda l:d l< hq;=hs' ta ms<sn|j m<uqfjka uf.a u;lhg
kefÕkafka 1953 y¾;d,h kñka y÷kajkq ,nk uyd jev j¾ckhhs'
fuu wr.,h" 1971 wfm%a,a ke.sàug jvd yd;amiskau fjkia jQjla' tu
jev j¾ckh le|jd ;snqfka ,xld iu iudc mËh hs' wfkla jdudxYsl
mlaI iy jD;a;Sh iñ;s tu jev j¾ckhg wdOdr ÿkakd ke;akï
wkql+,;dj ±lajQjd' tjlg w.ue;s OQrh fynjQfha vâ,s fiakdkdhl
uy;d hs' uqo,a weu;sjrhd jQfha fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d hs'
fld<U lïlrefjda fm<md,s .shd' jev j¾ck igk jHdma; jqkd'
fld<U jrdfha" fnda., m;f,a" iy je,a,j;a; frÈ fudaf,a m%Odk jev
j¾ck Èh;a jqkd' tÞ ojfia m%Odk m%Yak jqfka iy,a ñ, by< kexùu¦
fkdfhla iykdOdr iy mäm;a lmd ±eóu¦ fiajl lmamdÿj iy Tjqka
fiajfhka fkrmd ±óuhs' fuu wr.,h jev j¾ck l%shdud¾.j,g
muKla iSud jqfka keye' .%dóh lïlrefjda;a ;u kd.ßl ifydaor
ifydaoßhka iu. w;aje,a ne| .;a;d' ol=Kq m<df;a" úfYAIfhkau .d¨
Èia;%slalfha .ïuqka m%jdyk ÿïßhj,g wjysr l< yeá u;lhs' jev
j¾ck" fm<md,s" m%jdyk fiajd weKysgqùu" lv idmamq jid ±óu"
úfrdaO;d /iaùï meje;aùu" l¿ fldä tiùu hkdÈ iajrEmfhkq hs
úfrdaO;d Èh;a jqqfKa' fld<U isg ud;rg;a" r;akmqf¾g;a" hdmkhg;a
úfrdaO;d jHdma; jqKd" rfÜ fiiq uOHu m%foaYj, yer'
b;sydifha m<uqjrg Èjhsfka lïlrefjda f.dùka iu. OfkaYajr
l%uhg tfrysj tlai;aj ke.S isáhd' wdKavqj nhg m;a jqkd. wdKavqj
 9 of 44

jev j¾ckh kS;s úfrdaë njg m%ldYhg m;a l<d' jev jerE lïlrejka
w;a wvx.=jg .kakg mgka .;a;d' fmd,Sish fld<U§ fm<md,slrejkag
fjä ;nd ù' lkaoidñ ifydaorhd we;=¿ jev j¾cl ifydaorhska
.Kkdjla urd ±ïud' ;j;a fndfyda fofkl=g ;=jd, isÿ l<d' b;d
wdikakj isÿ fjkakg hk úma,jhla .ek ìhg m;a jqkq leìkÜ
uKav,h fld<U jrdhg kqÿrej kex.=rï oud ;snqkq hqo kejlhs /ia
jqfka'
lïlrefjda we;eï ;SrK bj;alr .kakd f,i wdKavqjg n,lrñka ±ä
ia:djrhl b|f.k igka l<d' fï ksid" fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d
uqo,a weu;slñka bj;a lrkq ,enqjd¦ yd,a fiarefõ ñ, wvq l<d¦ yd,a
i,dlh jeä l<d' kuq;a rch wkq.ukh l< wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sj, j;aa
m%N+ka fj; ,nd oS ;snqkq mx;s jrm%idoj, j;a fjkila we;s jqfka
keye' ld¾ñl ixj¾Okh" fiajd kshqla;sh" wdodhu widOdrK f,i
fn§ hdu hkd§ m%Yak ;j ;j;a Toao,a njg m;a jqkd' fukak fuu
m%Yak ;uhs" miqj ol=fKa iy W;=re kef.kysr wd¾Ól" iudc iy ck
jd¾.sl .egqïj, iajrEmfhka m%ldYhg m;a jkafka'
tÞ ;snqk yeÕSu ;uhs" y¾;d,h È.gu mj;ajd f.k .shd kï"
foaYmd,k n,h w,a,d .kak;a" jevlrk ck;djf.a rchla
msysgqjkak;a" thska uÕ mEosh yelsj ;snqk nj' ck;dj tluq;= fj<d
wr., lf<d;a" fl;rï Yla;shla ;sfío hkak;a thska fyd|gu meyeos,s
jqkd' flfia jqk;a" y¾;d,h w;ruÕ kj;d ±uqkd' w;ruÕ iudÞkh
f;dard .ekSu fya;=fjka" M, m%fhdack wysñ lrk ,o ck;djg n,h
w,a,d .ekSug lÈu wjia:djla wysñ ù .shd'
tfy;a tÞ ;snqkq rch" tu uyck keÕsàu fufyhjQ ,xld iu iudc
mËh j;a" tys kdhl;ajh j;a iuQ,>d;kh lr oukakg" u¾okh lr
oukakg W;aidy lf<a keye' fuu ;;ajhg fya;=ldrl jQ lreKq f,i
fkdfhla idOl olajkakg mq¿jka' y¾;d,h wdrïN l<" th mj;ajd
f.k .sh foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh úiskau" tu y¾;d,h kj;d oud
w;ruÕ iudÞkfha udj; f;dard .ekSu¦ wêrdcHjdoSyq" hg;a úð;j,
mek keÕS ;snqkq ksoyia wr., uev meje;aùfï Wmdh ud¾.h f,i" kj
hg;a úð; we;s lsÍfï ls%hdj,shl ksr; ù isá wjêhl fuu ke.sàu
isÿùu¦ y¾;d,h fufyhjQ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh rcfha foaYmd,k
kdhl;ajh iuÕ mej;s ióm mx;suh" mjq,a iy ixialD;sl iïnkaOlï
fï w;frka jeo.;a tajd f,i ie<lsh yelshs'
tA ld,fha wêrdcHjdofha iajrEmhjQ hg;a úð; jdohg tfrysj 1948g
fmr;a iy 1948g miqj;a f,dalh mqrdu fkdfhla iajrEmfhka wr.,
osh;a fj,d ;snqkd' fojeks f,dal hqoaOhg fmr uyd ì%;dkHh úiska
 10 of 44

hg;a lr f.k ;snQ rgj, ì%;dkH rdcH hka;%h" tys wdrËl yuqÞ
fukau ì%;dkH .e;s wêrdcH .e;s mx;s n,fõ. iyNd.s lrjd .ksñka"
ta rgj, ksoyi iy iajdêm;Hh w;am;a lr .ekSu i|yd igka l<
kdhlhka" iudc n,fõ. iy mqoa.,hka m%pkav f,i;a l=ßre f,i;a
u¾okhg Ndckh l,d' WÞyrKhla f,i" fojeks f,dal hqoaOfhka
miqj ì%;dkHhka úiska flkahdfõ lrk ,o fkdfhla wmrdO úê l%u
tf,iskau 1971 os ,xldfõ ler,s u¾okh lrkakg id¾:l f,i fhdÞ
.; yels njg Tjqka woyia bosßm;a fldg ;sfnkjd'
1953 isg 1960 olajdjQ ld,fhaoS flkahdfõ udjq udjq jHdmdrh mrdch
lsÍu ms<sn|j lshjkakg frluÞre lrk ,o fmd;a ,ehsia;=j w;r
bhka fykav¾ika úiska ,shk ,o —lsuka;s ovhï lsÍu˜ kue;s fmd;;a
;snqkd' fï fykav¾ika lshk hg;a úð; úfYaI ld¾hdxY ks,Odßhd
;uhs tjlg osú /lf.k isá tlu udjq udjq kdhlhd jQ fvvdka
lsuka;s w,a,d f.k we;af;a' ì%;dkHhka úiska 1957 oS lsuka;s j t,a,d
urd ±uqjd' flkahdfõ hg;aúð; úfrdaë wr.,h mrdch lrkakg Þhl
jQ m%Odk mqoa.,hd bhka fykav¾ika nj kef.kysr wms%ldfõ tjlg
isá ì%;dkH yuqÞm;s lshd isáhd' 1963 oS hg;aúð; md,kh flkahdfjka
bj;a j hk úg Tjqka úiska lrk ,o wmrdO ms<sn| f;dr;=re wvx.=
,sms f.dKq oyia .Kkska mq¿iaid oud fyda bkaoshka id.rfha .s,ajd oud
fyda ;sfnkjd'
tfy;a ì%;dkH úfoaY ld¾hd,fha iÕjd ;snqkq we;eï ,smsf.dkqj,ska
2012 oS fy<slr .kakd ,o lreKqj,g wkqj" ì%;dkH yuqÞ úiska lrk
,o wmrdOj,g jkaos jYfhka" flkahka cd;slhka 5228 fofkl=g mjqï
oY ,Ë 20la muK f.jkakg FCO (The Foreign and Commonwealth Office)
wdh;kh tlÕ jqkd' ì%;dkHfha úfoaY lghq;= ms<sn| f,alï ú,shï
fya.a" 2013 cQks 6 jk Þ ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=fõoS ms<s.;a;d" flkahdfõ
udjq udjq jHdmdrhg tfrysj fhdÞ .kakd ,o Wmdh Wml%u ms<sn|j' tu
Wmdh Wml%u w;r yosis kS;sh mekùu¦ foaYmd,k ixúOdk ;ykï
lsÍu¦ kvq úNd.j,ska f;drj mqoa.,hka r|jd ;nd .ekSug kS;s Í;s
mekùu¦ wiSñ; wdldrfhka mqoa.,hka urd ±óu¦ Bkshd mqkre;a:dmk
jev ms<sfj,j,a u.ska mqoa.,hka isr fldg ;nd .ekSu jqkd' ye;a;Efõ
oYlfha ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg tfrysj fhdok ,o rdcH u¾okfhaoS
;a fujeksu Wmdh Wml%u fhdÞ .kakd ,o nj meyeos,s fjkjd'
±kg m%isoaO fldg we;s" ;jÿrg;a ryis.; fkdjk wdldrfha ,sms
f,aLkj,g wkqj" ta ld,fha isg wo olajdu uyd ì%;dkHh ,xldfõ
m%pKavldÍ rdcH foaYmd,k u¾ok ls%hdj,shg os.ska os.gu
l=uka;%KldÍ f,i yjq,a ù ;sfnkjd' fuu f,aLkj,g wkqj ye;a;E
.Kkaj, ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK u¾okh lrkakg" tl, ;snqkq rchg
 11 of 44

ler,s uev meje;aùu i|yd wjYH Wmfoia oSug" tâjâ yS;a wkque;sh oS
;sfnkjd' hqO wdïmkakj,g wu;rj ì%;dkH yuqÞ ks,OdÍka iy
WmfoaYlhka ,xldjg hjd we;a±hs ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=fõ oS 1971 uehs
6 jeksÞ kÕk ,o m%YaKhlg ms<s;=re foñka wdrËl weu;s jhsÜfyda,a
lshd isáfha ,xldKavqfjkA tjeks lsisÿ b,a,Sula lr ke;s njhs' tfy;a
ta jk úg;a fcHaIaG wdrËl WfoaYlhka fofofkl= ,xldjg hjd
;snqKs'
m<uqfjkau tjlg isÿ lrk ,o hqo wmrdO ms<sn| idËs jd¾;d lf,a
The New York Times iy Le Monde jeks ngysr udOH' wdKavqj lE.,af,a t,a,
lrk ,o m%;s m%ydrfha oS w,a,d.;a isrlrejka ta fudfydf;au urd ±óu
ms<sn|j ta udOH wfm%a,a 17 fjksÞ 20 fjksÞ ;ru m<uqfjka u jd¾;d
l<d' tl ks,Odßfhla lshd ;snqkd" isrlrejka ler,slrejka hhs ta;a;=
.sh jydu Tjqka lerfldamamqjg f.k f.dia úkdY lr ±uQ nj' wdKavqj
ta oskj,u fuu fpdaokd m%;sfËam l< nj we;a;' kuq;a ish .Kka
;reK ;reKshkaf.a u< isrere fld<U le<Ks .fÕa mdfjñka ;snqkq
nj;a" msgqmiska fjä ;nd Tjqka urd oud ;snqkq nj;a" yuqÞ Nghka fuu
u< isrere tl;= fldg mq¿iaid ouk ,o nj;a" fndfyda wh isheiska ±l
;snqkd'
fuh isÿ jqfka fld<U osia;s%lalfha muKla fkdfjhs' l=reKE.,
osia;s%lalfha fkdfhla m%foaYj," .d,af,a osia;s%lalfha" ove,a,
lerfldamamqfõ" .sx .fÕa" we,amsáfha" ud;r osia;s%lalfha" ueoaoj;af;a"
wl=reiafia" ks,aj,d .fÕa" wkqrdOmqrfha" fmdf<dkakrefõ" yïnkaf;dg
osia;s%lalfha" .ïmy" l¿;r" r;akmqr osia;s%lalj," fï jf.a fkdfhla
m%foaYj, oyia .Kkla ;reK ;reKshka urd oud" isrere mq¿iaid"
úkdY lr oud ;snqkd' fï wkqj ne¿jdu" ,xldfõ fndfyda m%foaYj,"
;ju t<s orõ fkdjqk fndfyda iuQy >d;k" iuQy ñkS j,j,a ;sfnkjd
we;s'
wfm%a,a ke.sàu iufha ,xld fldñhqksiaÜ mËh iy ,xld iuiudc
mËh fmd,sia ia:dk wdrËd lsÍug;a" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg
iïnkaOhhs iel lrk wh fidhd úkdY lrkakg;a ish ;reK fldgia
(home guards) fhduq l<d' iNd. rch lïlre kS;s fjkia fldg jevg
fkdmeñfkk fiajlhka w;a wvx.=jg .kakg lghq;= l<d' wjir
.ekSfulska f;drj w;a m;%sld fnÞ yeÍu;a" fmdaiag¾ .eiSu;a ;ykï
l<d' fufia jevfmd<j,a l%udkql+,j Y=oaO lrk .ukau" rch jhi
wjqreÿ 35g wvq lsisu flfkla ikakoaO yuqÞj,g n|jd fkd.kakd
f,i ksfhda. l<d' igka fmruqKqj,oS ish .Kkla ifydaor
ifydaoßhka ish Ôú; mQcd l<d' YS;, hqoaOfha foaYmd,k u;jdoh ;=<
mqreÿ mqyqKq lrk ,o yuqÞ fldgia úiska igka fmruqKqj,g msg;
 12 of 44

fmfoiaj,oS w;a wvx.=jg .kakd ,o oyia .Kka i.hka úkdY lr

±ïud'
ler,s u¾ok lghq;= uqjdfjka fm%audj;S ukïfmaß jeks ifydaoßhka ±ä
jO nkaOkhg ,la fldg" ;j;a fndfyda ifydaoßhka ¥IKhg ,la
fldg urd oukq ,enqjd' w;a wvx.=jg .;a miq we;eï i.hka mK msáka
mq¿iaid ±uqkd' noafoa.u ixúOdhl j isá lu,nkaÿ ifydaorhd jeks
we;eï i.hka lsh;aj,ska ;Srej,g lmd urd oud ;snqkd' nKavdrKdhl
w.ue;sksh rchg Ndr fjk f,i l< m%ldYhlg wkqj Ndr jqkq we;eï
i.hkao urd oukq ,enqjd'
ud i|yka l< hq;=hs" wmrdO hqla;s fldñIka iNdjg bosßm;a lrk ,o
f;dr;=rej,g wkqj" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK isú,a jeishka 41
fofkl=f.a urKj,go" yuqÞ Nghka 63 fofkl=f.a urKj,go" yuqÞ
Nghka 305 lg ;=jd, lsÍu iïnkaOfhkao j.lsj hq;=h' tlai;a
fmruqKq iNd.fha fufyhùu u; ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg iïnkaO
hhs iel msg w;a wvx.=jg .;a 5"000 isg 10"000 olajd mqoa.,hkaf.a
urKj,go" 15"000 isg 25"000 l muK isrNdrfha ;nd .ekSu
iïnkaOfhkao rcfha yuqÞ j.lsj hq;=h' fuu isoaëkag iïnkaO ck;d
úuqla;s fmruqfKa ish¿ fokdg tfrysj kvq mjrd o~qjï lrkq ,enqjo"
ta iïnkaOfhka wdrËl yuqÞj, whg kvq mjrd we;af;a b;du;a w,am
jYfhks'
ì%;dkH rcfhau ,smsf.dkqj,g wkqj fujeks hQo wmrdO ta ld,fha
,xldfõ isÿ fjñka mej;s nj ì%;dkH rch ±k isg we;' fld<U
ì%;dkH uy flduidßia ld¾hd,fhka 1971 wfm%A,a 19 jkÞ hjk ,o ÿr
l:k mKsjqvhla yuqÞ iy fmd,sia >d;k n< weKs fujeks ïf,aÉP
>d;k isÿ lrñka isá nj iy;sl lr ;sfnkjd' ,xldfõ foaYmd,k
iy rdcH wêldÍyq ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK iyuq,skau iuQ,>d;kh lr
oukakg;a" ta i|yd ´kEu uD. wdldrfha m%pKav l%shdj,shl ksr;
fjkakg;a" iQÞkïj isá nj 1971 wfm%A,a 20 jkÞ" ì%;dkH uy
flduidßia ld¾hd,h i|yka lr ;sfnkjd'
Tjqka idvïnrfhka hq;=j mjid we;af;a(
—flfia fj;;a b;du;au jeo.;a jQfha uy recskf.a wdKavqj úiska
iEfyk blauKska iy ;SrKd;aul n,mEula we;s lrñka imhk ,o
l=vd m%udKfha wdhqO" fjä fnfy;a" ikakoaO r: iy wfkla wjYH
foaj¿hs'˜ jvd ±ä mshjr .ekSu i<ld ne¿j;a —ld¾ñl iy bosßm;a
lsÍfï fya;+ka˜ u; tjeks mshjr .ekSu w;yer ouk ,oS' ta ld,fha
isá ì%;dkH úfoaY f,alï wef,la v.a,ia fydaï ks.ukh l<d" —kdmdï
 13 of 44

fndaïn fjkqjg fn,a fy,sfldmag¾ iuÕ imhk ueIska ;=jlal= fhdÞ

.ekSu úl,amhla˜ f,i'
fufia wdhqO imhdoSug wu;rj tu wdhqO jvd;au ld¾hËu f,i
u¾ok lghq;= i|yd fhdÞ .kafka flfia±hs hkak .ek ì%;dkH FCO
wdh;kfha yuqÞ" fmd,sia iy nqoAê wxY ks,Odßka ,xldfõ rdcH
hka;%fha ks,OdÍkag wjYH Wmfoia ,nd oSu;a l<d' ,smsf.dkqj, wvx.=
lreKqj,g wkqj wfm%a,a 21 isg 28 olajd ld,h ;=, mia osk WmfoaYl
fiajdjla i|yd FCO wdh;kh úiska f;dard f.k ;snqkq WmfoaYlhka
w;r f,dalh mqrd fkdfhla m%foaYj, hg;a úð; úfrdaë wr., u¾okh
lr ±ófï w;a±lSï i;= lr f.k ;snqk l¾k,a frdc¾ fïo" l,ska
W.kavdfõ fmd,sia flduidßia f,i tjeksu w;a±lSï /ia fldg f.k
isá úfoaY lghq;= ms<sn| fmd,sia WmfoaYl uhsl,a uel+ka o jqkd'
fuu ,smsf.dkqj, wvx.= f;dr;=re j,g wkqj" 1971 uehs udifhaoS
uel+ka imhd ;snqkd ,xldfõ fmd,Sishg ,nd .; hq;=j ;snqk hqo
fuj,ï" NdKav iy wjYH;d ms<sn| ,ehsia;=jla' thska fhdackd fldg
;snqkd wkd.;fha we;s úh yels fkdikaiqka ;;ajhkag uqyqK fok úg
w;ruÕ iudÞkhlska f;dr m%fõYhla jeäfhka wkq.ukh lrk
f,i;a" fmd,sia lghq;=j,oS iy uyck úkh mj;ajd .ekSfïoS w¾O
yuqÞ m%fõYhla ^paramilitary approach& wkq.ukh lrk f,i;a'
ud by; i|yka l< wkaoug" tjlg w.ue;sksh jQ isßud nKavdrKdhl
ue;sksh wef.a wdKavqfõ ler,s u¾ok úfYaI{jrhd f,i m;a lr .;a
MI 5 hqo f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO nqoAê wxYfha ðï meÜßla i;=j ;snqkq
m%Odk iqÿiqlu jqfka 1948--¡-1960 w;r;=r ld,fha u,hdfõ úfYaI
ld¾hdxYfhaoS ud´jdoS hg;aúð; úfrdaë wr., u¾okh lrkakg l<
lghq;= j,ska Tyq ,nd ;snqkq w;a ±lSuqhs' u,hdfõ f.k hk ,o ler,s
u¾ok Wmdh ud¾. ì%;dkH úfYaI ld¾hdxYfha lghq;= iuÕ
taldnoaOjhs mj;ajd f.k f.dia ;snqfka'
fï wjia:dfõoS wm wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs" u,hdfõ lrk ,o u¾ok
l%shdj,sfha we;eï w;a±lSï' ulaksido" tjeks w;a±lSï wfma f.da,Sh
fukau foaYSh j¾;udkhg;a wÞ, ksid' fï w;a ±lSï wm ldg;a fmdÿhs'
1971 wr.,hg;a" 88-¡89 wr.,hg;a fukau jir ;sylg wêl ld,hla
;siafia mej;s oñ, igkaldókaf.a wr.,hg;a fuu w;a±lSï fmdÿ ksid'
,xldfõ jir ;sylg wêl ld,hla ;siafia mej;s hqoaOfhaoS oñ, fukau
uqia,sï ck fldgia we;eï .ï m%foaYj,ska úia:dmkh lr ±ïudla
fukau u,hdfõ ,Ë myla muK jQ Ök ck fldgila n,y;aldrfhka
w¿;a .ï 500 l mosxÑ lrkq ,enqjd'
 14 of 44

u,hdfõ;a fndfyda iuQy >d;k flrekd' WÞyrKhla f,i ì%;dkHhka

úiska lrk ,o zñ ,dhsZ >d;kh f,i y÷kajk isoaêh foi n,uq' Scots
Guards kue;s yuqÞ LKavhla úiska zngka ld,sZ kue;s .fï wdhqO
ikakoaO fkdjQ .ï jeishka 24 fofkla wuq wuqfõ urd oud ;snqkd' ud
uq,ska i|yka l< tâjâ yS;af.a wdKavqj 1970 oS fuu >d;kh ms<sn|j
mÍËKhla meje;aùu" wjYH ;rï idËs ke;ehs lshñka w;ruÕ k;r
lr ±ïud' bka oYl lsysmhlg miafia fy<sorõ jqkd" tu >d;kh l<
yuqÞ lKavdhfï fid,aÞÿfjl= úiskau lrk ,o mdfmdaÉPdrKhla tu
mÍËKh isÿ l< wh i;=j ;sî we;s nj' tu mdfmdaÉPdrKhg wkqj
Tjqkaf.a by< ks,Odßka Tjqkag wK oS ;snqkd tu iuQy >d;kh isÿ
lrk f,ig' fuu isoaêhg wÞ, f;dr;=re 2012 fjk f;la jika fldg
;snqkd' wjidkfha oS ta ,smsf.dkq ksryia njg m;a lrkq ,enqjd'
1971 oS ì%;dkHh ,xldfõ wNHka;r lghq;= j,g ryis.; f,i ueosy;a
ùu osjhsk Tjqkaf.a mYapd;a hg;aúð; md,khg k;= lr f.k isàfï
jev rgdfõ fldgila muKhs' ðï meÜßla ,xldfjka msgj .shdg miq
u,hdfõ MI 5 nqoaê wxYfha wOHËlj isá cela fuda¾gka 1979 oS
,xldjg wdjd' 1971ka miqj ,xldfõ ls%hd;aul lrk ,o nqoaêuh
f;dr;=re cd,h mokï jQfha cela fuda¾gka ilia l< —fuda¾gka
jd¾;dj˜ u;hs' fuu cd,h mokï lr f.k ì%;dkHh ,xldfõ
wNHka;r lghq;= j,g lrk ,o w; fmùï ms<sn| f;dr;=re jir 30la
blaujd hk f;la jdrkhg ,la fjkjd' ta flfia fj;;a" nyqck
u¾ok jHqyhla ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS ì%;dkHh úiska bgq lrk ,o uQ,sl
jev fldgi" ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg tfrysj 1983 isg 1989 olajd osh;a
lrk ,o u¾okfhaoS;a" jir ;sylg wêl ld,hla ;siafia mej;s oñ,
igkaldókaf.a wr.,hg tfrysj osh;a lrk ,o u¾okfhaoS;a meyeos,sj
olskakg ;sfnkjd'
1971 wfm%a,a keÕsàu ,xldfõ rdcH n,h w,a,d .ekSu i|yd lrk ,o
wr.,hla o@ ;ju;a ta ms<sn| uf.a u;h jkafka th wfma foaYmd,kh
i|yd" wfma foaYmd,k meje;au i|yd wmg we;s whs;sh /l .ekSug
lrk ,o l%shdjla njhs' wfkla w;g" rdcH n,h w,a,d .ekSu ck;d
úuqla;s fmruqfKa os.=ld,Sk wruqKla fkdjQfha kï tys meje;aug
fjk;a Wmdh ud¾.sl fya;=jla ;snqfkao ke;' tfy;a úma,jh iy
ikakoaO keÕsàu w;r we;s wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djh ms<sn|j wmg
meyeos,s woyila ;snqfka keye' fudlo" lïlre mx;sfha iy jev lrk
ck;dj fjkqjg wm mËh wdfoaY l< ksid'
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK" iajhx wdrËdj fjkqfjka m<uqfjka ikakoAO
fjkakg .;a ;SrKh mokï jQfha" úma,jh hkq ixúOdkh jQ mËhla
 15 of 44

ikakoaO keÕsàula we;s fldg ta uÕska mËh w;g n,h w,a,d .ekSuh
hk ixl,amh u;hs' tneúka ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK mq¿,a nyqck
l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn|j úYajdih ;nd lghq;= lf,a keye'
ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK muKla fkdfjhs" ye;a;Efõ oYlfha muKla
fkdfjhs" wo ojfia mj;sk fkdfhla wdldrfha igkaldó ixúOdk mjd
fuu úhjqf,ka fmf,kjd' iudc úma,jh hkq mËhla úiska
ixúOdkh ù we;s lrk ikakoaO keÕsàulg ,>q lrkjd' úma,jh
hkafkka woyia fjkafka mq¿,a nyqck l%shdldß;ajfha" lïlre mx;sfha
iy jev lrk ck;djf.a iduQysl l%shdldß;ajfha WÉp wjia:djla nj
wm f;areï fkd.ekSu ksid ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK lïlre mx;sh
fjkqjg wdfoaY jqkd'
fï ksid ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK ikakoaO keÕsàu u; úYajdih ;nd
lghq;= l<d' ta i|yd iQÞkï jqkd' fï ksid mq¿,a nyqck;dj" lïlre
mx;sh iy jev lrk ck;dj Tjqkaf.au jQ keÕsàula lrd ixúOdkh
lrkakg ck;d úuqla;s fmruqK wfmdfydi;a jqkd' fuu ;;ajh
OfkaYajr rdcH hka;%hg jdisÞhl jqkd' mq¿,a nyqck l%shdldß;ajh u;
úYajdih ;nd lghq;= l<d kï" we;eï úg ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg
ye;a;Efõ oYlfha mej;s rdcH u¾okhg jvd id¾:l f,i uqyqK
fokakg ;snqkd' zfidhd n,d úkdY lr ±ófïZ rcfha idmrdë
ie,eiaug m%;sl%shd lrkakg;a úfrdaOh mdkakg;A nyqck;d
l%shdldß;ajh u; úYajdih ;nd Woaf>daIK iy úfrdaO;d jeks fjk;a
wkaofï l%shd ud¾.j, ksr; fjkakg;a ck;d úuqla;s fmruqKg yelsj
;snqfkahhs b;sydih foi wdmiq yeÍ n,k úg isf;kjd'
tA iuÕu uu wjOdrkh lrkak leu;shs" wo ;;ajh tÞg jvd
nrm;,hs' wo ojfia OfkaYajr rdcHh" kj ,snr,a jdoS tlla' th cd;sl
iSudjka wNsnjd hk tlla' tys u¾ok hka;%h tÞg jvd m%udKfhkq;a
.=Kfhkq;a úYd, jYfhka j¾Okh fj,d' u¾ok lghq;=- i|yd b;du;a
oshqKq ;dËK l%u fõohka fhdÞ f.k ;sfnkjd' kj ,snr,a jdoh ish
M, m%fhdack wdrËd lr .ekSu i|yd f,dj fld;ekl fyda fmkS
isákafka ksfïIhlska' fï ksid iudc fjkila i|yd lghq;= lrk
ish¿ ifydaor ifydaoßhkag uu h,s h,s;a wjOdrkh lrkakg leu;shs"
fuu kj j¾Okfha we;s nrm;< lu wjfndaO lr f.k ta wkqj ;u
Wmdh Wml%u iSreudre lr .ekSfï wjYH;djh'
iudc úma,jh hkq mËh ikakoaO ù n,h w,a,d .ekSula fkdfjhs'
lïlre mx;sfha iy mq¿,a jev lrk ck;djf.a iduQysl l%shdldß;ajfha
WÉp wjia:djla' ta jf.au iudc úma,jh lshkafk mËhl
wd×Þhl;ajh fyda w;a;fkdau;sl;ajh iudch u; ia:dms; lsÍu
 16 of 44

fkdfjhs' lïlre mx;sh iy mq¿,a jev lrk ck;dj úiskau Tjqkaf.a

jev lrk wdh;k ;=, Tjqkaf.a m%cd;ka;%jdoh ia:dms; lsÍuhs' th
msgia;r wdh;khla u.ska wdfrdamkh l< yels fohla fkdfjhs'
flfia fj;;a" ye;a;Efõ oYlfha l%ufhka by< keÕ=k= m%pKavldÍ
lghq;= úIu pl%hlg uÕ mEÿjd' we;eï nqoaêu;=ka ;ju;a fuu
keÕsàu fkduÕ .sh ;reK mrmqf¾ fkdukd yeisÍula" msiaikaf.a
jevla f,i y÷kajd th fy<d ±lSu lK.dgqjg lreKla' fï nqoaêu;a;=
ld,fhka ld,hg ,xldfõ mek keÕ=kq m%pKavldÍ ;;ajhkag
fya;=ldrl jQ m%Odk wd¾Ól" iudcuh yd foaYmd,kuh lreKq foi
ne,Sfï oS wkaOhka f,ihs l%shd lrkafka' ta wkqj .;a úg fuu ¥Is;
iudc l%uh /l .ekSug Tjqyq iudjg lreKq bosßm;a lr isákjd' wl%Sh
iudc ia:r ksfhdackh lrk Tõyq iudc m%.;sh yuqfõ Bg ndOd
muqKqjkakka njg m;aj isákjd' tjeks whf.ka wmg b,a,d isáh
yelafla ikakoaO yuqÞj, foaYmd,k u;jdoh fkdj,yd olajk m%ldY
foi ;u oEia o,ajd n,k f,ihs(
fï uyd ì%;dkHfha iEkaây¾iaÜys mqyqKqj ,o" lE.,a, osia;%slalfha hqo
iïnkaëlrk ks,Odßhd jYfhka isá" miqj úfoaY ;dkdm;s flfkl=
f,i m;a lrk ,o f,ÌaákkaÜ l¾k,a isß,a rK;=x. f.a m%ldYh hs(
—wms úfhÜkdufhk=;a uef,aishdfjkq;a jqjukdjg;a jeä ;rï
mdvï bf.k f.k ;sfnkjd' wms Tjqka iyuq,skau úkdY lr ±ñh
hq;=hs'˜2
tl, iNd. wdKavqfõ ikaksfõok lghq;= ms<sn| weu;sjrhdj isá"
iuiudc kdhlfhl= jQ f,ia,s .=Kj¾Ok uy;d fufia mejiqjd(
yosis wjia:dj m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,oafoa —leìkÜ uKav,fha
iïmQ¾K iyfhda.h we;sj˜¦ ikakoaO yuqÞj,g —wjYH n,;,˜
,ndoS ;sfnkjd" —lvdlmam,aldÍ fldgia w;=.d oud kS;sh yd
iduh mj;ajd .ekSug'˜3
Tn ish¿ fokdg fndfydu ia;=;shs'

2
International Herald Tribune, 20 April 1971
3
Ceylon Daily News. 19 March 1971
 17 of 44

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 18 of 44

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 19 of 44

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 20 of 44

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 21 of 44

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 23 of 44

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-e<jxb!fitqz<!-br<Gl<!hz<OuX!uqklie!Ohivim<m!njlh<Hgt<!%m!!
-f<kg<!Gph<hk<kqz<!kuqg<gqe<xe/!s&gh<!Hvm<sq!we<hK!gm<sqobie<xiz<!
ye<Xhm<M!Wx<hMk<Kl<!NBk!wPs<sqg<G!yh<higiK/!!Hvm<sqobe<hke<!ohiVt<!
we<eoue<xiz<!hvf<k!hz<zqe!osbx<him<cz<?!okipqzitv<!uv<g<gl<!lx<Xl<!
djpg<Gl<!lg<gtqe<!ye<xqj{f<k!osbx<him<ce<!ds<s!sf<kv<h<hl<!we<hjk!
fil<!Hvqf<K!ogit<tikkiz<!lg<gt<!uqMkjz!Le<e{q!okipqzitv<!
uv<g<gk<Kg<gig!-j{f<K!ogi{<mK/!!
-ke<!giv{lig!!lg<gt<!uqMkjz!Le<e{q!NBkl<!kir<gqb!wPs<sq!lQK!
fl<hqg<jg!juk<K!fmucg<jggjt!Olx<ogi{<mK/!nkx<gigk<!kbivigqbK/!
-ke<!giv{lig!!hvf<k!hz<zqe!lg<gt<?!okipqzitv<!uv<g<gl<?!djpg<Gl<!
lg<gt<!nuv<gTg<Ogbie!wPs<sqjb!Ofig<gq!ye<X%m<m!lg<gt<!uqMkjz!
Le<e{qg<G!!Lcbilx<!OhieK/!-f<k!fqjz!Lkzitqk<Ku!nvs!
 33 of 44

-bf<kqvk<Kg<G!sikglig!njlf<kK/!hvf<k!hz<zqe!lg<gtK!!osbx<him<ce<!
lQK!fl<hqg<jg!juk<K!fmucg<jg!Olx<ogi{<cVf<kiz<!sqz!Oujt!lg<gt<!
uqMkjz!Le<e{qg<G!wPkiuK!ksih<kk<kqz<!-ml<ohx<x!nvs!
nmg<GLjxg<G!Ole<OlZl<!sikglie!Ljxbqz<!Lgl<!ogiMk<kqVg<gzil</!
#Okcbpqg<Gl<#!nvsir<gk<kqe<!nfQkqbie!kqm<mk<Kg<G!wkqv<!osbx<him<jm!
Olx<ogit<tUl<?!wkqv<h<H!okvquqg<gUl<?!hz<zqe!lg<gtqe<!osbx<him<ce<!lQK!
fl<hqg<jg!juk<K!Nvl<him<mr<gt<!lx<Xl<!wkqv<h<H!fmucg<jggt<!Ohie<x!
OuX!likqvqbie!osbx<hiMgtqz<!=MhmUl<!lg<gt<!uqMkjz!Le<e{qg<G!
LcBliguqVf<koke<hjk!!svqk<kqvk<jk!kqVl<hqh<!hiv<g<Gl<!OhiK!fqjeg<gk<!
Okie<XgqxK/!!
nk<Kme<!fie<!yV!uqmbk<jk!uzqBXk<k!uqVl<Hgqe<Oxe</!-e<jxb!fqjz!
ne<jx!uqm!lqg!OlisligUt<tK/!-e<jxb!fitqz<!Lkzitqk<Ku!Nm<sq!
zqhvz<!uikk<jkg<!ogi{<mK/!nK!Oksqb!wz<jzgjtBl<!lQxq!osz<zg<!
%cbK/!nke<!nmg<GLjx!-bf<kqvl<!ne<jx!uqm!ntuqZl<!G{k<kqZl<!
ohVltuqz<!nkqgvqk<K!gi{h<hMgqe<xK/!nmg<G!Ljx!fmucg<jggTg<gig!
lqgUl<!Le<Oex<xgvlie!okipqz<Fm<h!upqLjxgt<!!Olx<ogit<th<hm<Mt<te/!
Hkqb!zqhvz<uikl<!keK!-Vh<jh!hiKgik<Kg<!ogit<t!dzgqe<!
wh<hGkqbqZl<!yV!uqeicbqz<!fmucg<jggjt!Olx<ogit<Tl<!sg<kqjbg<!
ogi{<Mt<tK/!weOu!s&g!lix<xk<Kg<gig!fmucg<jg!Olx<ogit<Tl<!
sOgikv!sOgikvqgt<!-f<k!fqjzbqz<!-jkh<!Hvqf<K!ogi{<M!
nkx<Ogx<xix<Ohiz<!dhibr<gjt!!uGk<K!osbx<hm!Ou{<Mole!fie<!
nxqUXk<KgqOxe</!
s&gh<!Hvm<sqobe<hK!gm<sq!NBkl<!kir<gq!Nm<sq!nkqgivk<jk!
jgh<hx<Xukz<z/!okipqzitv<!uv<g<gl<!lx<Xl<!!hvf<k!djpg<Gl<lg<gtqe<!
ye<Xhm<m!osbx<him<ce<!ds<s!sf<kv<h<hl</!nOkOhiz<!Hvm<sq!we<hK!
gm<sqobie<xqe<!Nj{jbObi!nz<zK!Ljxbx<x!ke<jljb!s&gk<kqe<!lQK!
fqjz!fqXk<Kukz<z/!!okipqzitv<!uv<g<gl<!hvf<k!!djpg<Gl<!lg<gtiOzOb!!
nuv<gt<!okipqz<!HvqBl<!fqXuek<Kg<Gt<!nuv<gtK!\efibgk<jk!fqjz!
fqXk<KuOkbiGl</!!-K!outqfqXueolie<xiz<!Olx<ogit<tg<%cb!
okie<xz<z/!
wh<hcbqVf<Kl<!wPkiuK!ksih<kk<kqe<!OlozPh<hqb!ue<Ljx!fmucg<jggt<!
hz<OuX!!uqlv<ser<gTg<G!upquGk<kK/!sqz!Hk<kq\Quqgt<!-e<Xl<!-f<k!
wPs<sq!upqkuxqs<!ose<x!-jtRv<!s&gk<kqe<!Ljxbx<x!osbx<hiM?!
jhk<kqbg<givv<gtqe<!Oujz!weg<!%xq!njkg<!g{<ch<hK!gujzg<GxqbK/!
-f<k!Hk<kq\Quqgt<!gizk<Kg<Gg<!gizl<!-zr<jgbqz<!Wx<hm<m!ue<Ljx!
fqjzg<Gg<!giv{lie!ohiVtikiv?!s&g?!nvsqbz<!fqjzjl!Gxqk<K!
hiv<g<Gl<!OhiK!GVmv<gjth<!Ohiz<!osbz<hMgqe<xev</!-ke<hc!wMk<Kg<!
 34 of 44

ogi{<miz<!-f<k!Olislie!s&g!Ljxjb!hiKgig<g!nuv<gt<!
fqbibh<hMk<k!uqmbr<gjt!!Le<jug<gqe<xev</!osbx<himx<x!s&gk<jk!!
fqvf<kvlig!hqvkqfqkqk<Kuh<hMk<Kl<!nuv<gt<!s&g!Le<Oex<xk<Kg<G!Le<eiz<!
nkx<G!-jmB,X!uqjtuqh<huv<gtig!-Vg<gqe<xev</!-h<hcbieuv<gtqml<!
fil<!Ogm<g!Lcf<kK!NBkh<!hjmgtqml<!nvsqbz<!gVk<Kg<gtmr<gqb!
hqvSvr<gt<!lQK!klK!g{<!hiv<jujb!osZk<Kr<gt<!we<hOk/!
Hqvqk<kieqbiuqZt<t!ose<mav<^<m<cb<!hbqx<sq!ohx<x!Oggijz!lium<mk<kqe<!
-vi[u!-j{h<hkqgivqbiguqVf<K!hqe<ehv<!outqfim<M!K~Kuvig!
fqblqg<gh<hm<m!ozh<cee<m<!gv<{z<!sqvqz<!v{Kr<g!-u<uiX!okvquqk<Kt<tiv</!!

“fir<gt<!uqbm<eilqmlqVf<Kl<!lOz]qbiuqmlqVf<Kl<!Okjug<gkqgligOu!!
himr<gjt!hck<kqVg<gqe<Oxil</!Fil<!nuv<gjt!Lx<xig!ypqk<Kg<!
gm<mOu{<Ml<”!!
ng<gizk<kqz<!%m<mvsir<gk<kqz<!okijzokimv<H!fmucg<jg!okimv<hie!
njls<sviguqVf<k!slsli\g<!gm<sq!kjzuv<gtqz<!yVuv<!oz^<zq!G{uv<ke!
-u<uiX!%xqBt<tiv</!!

“nusv!gizs<!sm<ml<!njls<svjubqe<!LP!NkvUmOeOb!
nLz<hMk<kh<hm<mK/!Gqtv<s<sqbitv<gjt!Kjmk<okipqk<K!sm<mk<jkBl<!
yPr<jgBl<!fqjzfim<m!NBkh<!hjmgTg<G!LP!nkqgivl<!ohx<Xg<!
ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK”!
dr<gt<!njeuVg<Gl<!weK!fe<xqgt</!!
 35 of 44

Nature of State Repression in the Seventies

Lionel Bopage
At the outset let me express my gratitude to the comrades of the 71 Fraternity, for having invited
me to express a few ideas on the Nature of State Repression in the Seventies, at the 46th
Commemoration of the 1971 April Uprising.
Each time we speak of the 1971 April Uprising, the topic that always comes up is that the
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna had been bent towards violence from its inception. To find answers
to this, I like to pose a parallel question. That is, did the international and local political power
camps that existed then, provide a peaceful path to fulfill or achieve the aspirations of young
people? The answer is a resounding no; all they faced were discrimination, social inequity and
state repression. To explain this, we need to discuss the international and national political
climate, and the nature of the state repression that existed at that time. I am using this
opportunity today, only to express a few ideas on the nature of state repression that existed in the
seventies. This does not mean that I intend to exonerate the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or
myself from the responsibilities associated with the 1971 April Uprising.
Capitalism from the 1950s, in the guise of neo-colonialism was spreading its tentacles
throughout the world. The United States of America and the CIA, covertly and or covertly were
working to either overthrow or to destroy governments and powerful political movements,
considered to be either socialist or supporting socialism throughout the world. For example, in
Asia, Africa and Latin America several totalitarian regimes and military dictatorships had been
established; or were being established. Murdering hundreds of thousands of communists,
toppling the government of Sukarno in Indonesia and establishing a military dictatorship under
the leadership of General Suharto, was a very deep negative experience to the Left in general,
and specially to the “Movement”, which later came to be known as the Janatha Vimukthi
Peramuna.
In the meantime, the Cuban independence struggle was victorious, having fought against the
pro-American Batista administration. Various types of liberation struggles t were being launched
in Asia, Africa and Latin America; they were inspired like us with the example of the socialist
countries around the globe.
In 1964, the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party and the Ceylon Communist Party, entered into a
bourgeois coalition with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. Following on this, the Mahajana Eksath
Peramuna joined the bourgeois coalition of the United National Party. This bourgeois coalition
under the leadership of the United National Party, specially Mr. J.R. Jayawardena, the Finance
Minister representing the needs of neo-colonialism, proposed to fold the electoral map of Sri
Lanka for twenty years.
In 1968 the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party and the Ceylon
Communist Party formed a United Front. This United Front became the major combined
capitalist force during the next decade. This deterioration of the traditional Left provided a great
opportunity to the ‘movement’ that became the new Left, to approach the ranks of the traditional
left and win over their members as well as well-wishers to the ‘movement’. Most of the
members and sympathisers within the ‘movement’ were those who had joined it from the ranks
of the traditional left.
 36 of 44

As a result, a hostile political attitude existed between the traditional Left and the ‘Movement’.
They slandered us by spreading a number of patently erroneous claims, the most famous one
being that we were agents of the CIA!As a result the state machinery began to focus on the
‘Movement’. Firstly, Comrade Rohana Wijeweera, and a few other political activists were
arrested and imprisoned in 1970. It was a few comrades such as Ananda Premasinghe, Marshal
Perera of the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party and Sarath Muttetuwegama of the Ceylon Communist
Party who came forward to challenge the charges laid against the comrades in custody and
provided help. Government intelligence services such as MI 5 (Military Intelligence 5) were
alarmed at rise of this new left tendency they were discovering.; The government intelligence
services and the news media named our movement the “Che Guevara” movement.
The main objective of the ‘Movement’ during this time was, to prevent the establishment of a
pro-American neo-colonialist dictatorial regime like Indonesia. It was clear that even the Sri
Lanka Freedom Party had realized the serious nature of the danger that existed then, as its
leadership spoke openly against it. The ‘Movement’ took into consideration the toppling of
governments that had taken place and were taking place at the international arena and the
destruction of political movements, and the potential for establishing a neo-colonialist
authoritarian government in Ceylon under the leadership of the United National Party. The
‘Movement’ had decided that only by beginning to arm themselves that such a military
government established with the neo-colonial support and encouragement, could be faced.
The capitalistic United Front Coalition consisting of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, the Lanka
Sama Samaaja Party and the Ceylon Communist Party contested the 1970 general election,
based on a series of strong anti-imperialist policies. The United Front Coalition which received
the support of the ‘Movement’ , won the elections with a two third majority. Yet before long, the
leaders of the coalition, especially those of the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party, were saying that the
anti-imperialist policies put forward by the United Front Coalition could not be fulfilled either
short term or even during the whole term of the new government. The comrades of the
‘Movement’ who were in custody were later discharged from all charges. The first public lecture
given by the Movement in July 1970 was dedicated to respond to the slanders and mud-slinging
such as CIA, made by the Ceylon Communist Party and the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party.
Public displeasure was rising towards the end of 1970, over the implementation of the same old
anti-people policies, the evasion of promises made to people at the general election. In the face
of this displeasure, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna though small was able to build itself up as
the main Leftist political force in the country. At the first public rally held on 10 August 1970,
the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna stated that it would support the government if the promises
made to people at the elections were fulfilled4'
Yet on the same day, the newspapers published a joint statement issued by the secretaries of the
Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Lanka Sama Samaaja Party and Ceylon Communist Party. This
statement appealed to the people that the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna was a right-wing
reactionary force, and to fight it. The then permanent secretary to the Ministry of Defence Mr.
Arthur Ratnavale stated that the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna was the number one enemy of the
people and that it should be totally eradicated.

4
'We will support Govt. but want result, says PLF leader' Ceylon Daily News, 11 August 1970
 37 of 44

By the early half of 1971, the coalition government saw the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna as a
highly imminent threat and was making plans to destroy it. The Army and the Police
commenced establishing ‘anti-riot units’ for coordinating the activities against the Janatha
Vimukthi Peramuna. The major part of this work was done by Mr. Peter Keuneman who was
then the secretary of the Ceylon Communist Party. He was the Minister of Housing of the
capitalist coalition government and also acted as the chairman of the political committee
established for leading the repressive operations against the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna.
The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna made certain attempts to stop this vicious cycle from
developing further. For example, I recall Comrade Rohana Wijeweera requesting a discussion
with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party through Ms. Sunethra Bandaranaike. What we wanted was to
explain that as parties to the coalition government, the traditional Left was using its influence to
repress the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, and to stop this vicious cycle. But there was no
opportunity given for such a discussion. I know such efforts were made through other means
too.
Apart from this, Comrade Seelawathi, the deceased mother of Comrade Osmund from Borella
who is here in the audience, was a leading comrade who joined the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
after being the chairperson of the women’s organisation of the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party.
Under her leadership, a delegation representing the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, made attempts
to hold discussions with the leadership of the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party in order to establish
some understanding. But at that discussion, the leader of the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party, Dr.
N.M. Perera who was the Finance Minister of the coalition government stated that they had in
their possession a cheque sent by the CIA movement to the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna.
Though Comrade Seelawathi challenged Dr. N.M. Perera to publish that cheque in the
newspapers, until this day we have not seen such a cheque. We also discussed this situation with
some comrades of the politbureau and the central committee of the Ceylon Communist Party.
Through such discussions, we were unable to develop the kind of understanding we expected.
According to the information received the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna at the time, the Attorney
General was preparing special legislation necessary for destroying the Janatha Vimukthi
Peramuna. In the name of protecting ‘law and order’, the agencies implementing law such as the
Police and the Courts, violated the rights the youth movement had, for carrying out lawful
political activities. They worked towards disrupting activities such as holding of public meetings
and lectures, private political discussions, printing, sale and distribution of party newspapers and
leaflets, putting up posters, and engaging in publicity activities of the party.
On 06 March 1971, the ‘Mao Youth Front’ held a march in front of the American Embassy in
Colombo demanding an immediate end to the CIA funding that the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
was said to be receiving. A Police Officer died during this incident. Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
had heard of the relationship the leaders of this protest group had with the coalition government.
The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna immediately issued a statement to the effect that they had
nothing to do with this incident. Yet, what the collation government did was to use this incident
to declare a state of emergency. Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna was proscribed. On 13 March
1971, some comrades including Rohana Wijeweera and Kelly Senanayake were taken into
custody.
On 16 March 1971, the government declared that it has found out about a conspiracy by Janatha
Vimukthi Peramuna to overthrow the government. A state of emergency was declared. Power
 38 of 44

was bestowed on the state machinery of Ceylon to arbitrarily arrest anyone. As I recall, on 21
March, Part 3 of the State Emergency Law, Section 15 of the Emergency Law was declared.
Permission was given to the security forces to destroy dead bodies without holding post mortem
examinations, and even without informing relatives of those killed.
There was no Prevention of Terrorism Act then. The Public Security Act of 1947 was used as
the basis for Emergency Law. The Public Security Act was the last of the laws passed by the
British imperialists to suppress and control political opposition. Section 15 of the Act was an
old order that came down from the colonial times. This had been used during the colonial times,
especially to prevent the spread of diseases. This was the first time this law was used in Ceylon
after the Uva and Kandy rebellions in 1818 and 1848.
Obviously Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna saw this as the first step of the government’s declaration
of war. As a launch of the strategy of ‘search and destroy’. Later, a 24-hour curfew was also
imposed in Colombo. Comrade Bala Tampoe presented to the Criminal Justice Commission that
by the end of March, around five thousand suspected of belonging to the Janatha Vimukthi
Peramuna had been under arrest. This is how the situation imploded in April 1971.
I see it as a shortcoming, not to mention about the Criminal Justice Commission (Special
Provisions) Act enacted by the coalition government in 1972. Why? This Act is an extension of
the State repression that existed at that time. This Act violated not only the Constitution that
existed then; it also violated separation of powers of governance and the independence of the
judiciary. The instigator of this law, Mr. Felix Dias Bandaranaike who was the Minister of
Justice, said in parliament:
“The first of these is to lay charges under the law currently in force. That is one way. If
we go to act according to that, you will never be able to prove even a single case. If you
want all to be set free there is nothing wrong in following that procedure.” (04 April
1972, Hansard, P.107).
It is clear from reading these Hansard reports it, how threateningly the Minister of Justice has
acted then towards the Members of Parliament to get this Act enacted.
The Evidence Ordinance was unilaterally changed. An accused was considered innocent until
the prosecution proves his or her guilt, but under this law until the accused proved his or her
innocence, he or she was considered guilty. A so-called confession extracted under whatever
circumstances from an accused was used against the accused as well as others. The Criminal
Justice Commission during its trials prevented from being called the witnesses the accused
wanted to call to confirm their innocence. For the first time in the history of Ceylon, after an
incident had taken place (post facto), after unjust investigations on that incident had been carried
out using torture, a law was passed in Parliament under threat, to suit that incident, those
investigations, and the results of those investigations. How just such a process could be?
Several countries including the United States of America, Great Britain, Singapore, Pakistan,
India, Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China provided military assistance to the
government of Sri Lanka. Such military assistance provided included officials and consultants
on military, police and intelligence activities.
I consider it important to deal with the role the government of Great Britain played in order to
repress and exterminate the 1971 April Uprising, rather than speak of countries such as India
using Air Force units to protect the Katunayake Airport, the use of Air Force personnel to ride
 39 of 44

helicopters that dropped bombs on certain villages, use of war ships as well as the Navy to
provide naval protection around the Indian Ocean. Firstly because, even then Sri Lanka was
being governed as a Dominion under the Soulbury Constitution; secondly, because of the role
the British state machinery and its security forces had played using pro-imperialist local forces
in the recent past relating to the 1971 April Uprising, to suppress the struggles launched against
colonialism in Asia, especially, in Malaya.
Comrades might remember the head office of the military intelligence Unit MI 5, which was
then situated in Colpetty, Colombo. It was from that office that e Mr. Sherny Wijesuriya and
Mr. Jeganathan, Inspectors of the CID operated. CID Inspector Upali Seneviratne operated from
the 4th Floor of the CID Headquarters in Fort.
According to the information that has been published recently, with the approval of Edward
Heath, who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974, the military
intelligence unit MI 5 of Great Britain, throughout the seventies, had secretly provided advice on
repression of riots to Ceylonese authorities. Though the security coordinating officer of MI 5
who was in Ceylon had maintained an excellent relationship with the Inspector General of
Police in Ceylon, it appears that he either did not like or was unable to prevent the brutal acts
which they knew were being carried out in the country.
Apart from this, Ms. Sirima Bandaranaike, who was the Prime Minister then was so impressed
with the work of MI 5, she had appointed as her government’s counter insurgency specialist, Jim
Patrick. He had been an officer in the military intelligence unit MI 5 - placed in the Office of the
British High Commission in Colombo, to assist in the training activities of several relevant
personnel from the Special Unit in Ceylon.
To understand the nature of State repression associated with the 1971 April Uprising, it is
necessary to speak at least briefly about the history of State repression in Ceylon. Regarding
this, what first comes to my mind is the general strike known as the Hartal of 1953. This
struggle was totally different from the 1971 April Uprising. The Lanka Sama Samaaja Party
called for this hartal. The other parties of the left and trade unions supported this strike or
endorsed it. The Prime Minister then was Mr. Dudley Senanayake. Mr. J.R. Jayewardena was
the Minister of Finance.
Workers in Colombo held demonstrations. The strike spread. Major strikes were launched at the
Colombo Harbour, Bogala Mines, and Wellawatte Textile Mills. The major issues of the day
were the price increase of rice; cutting down on various subsidies and payrolls; reducing the
number of workers and sacking them. This struggle was not limited to strike actions only. Rural
workers too joined hands with their urban brethren. I recall villagers in the South, especially in
Galle district disrupting railway transport. Protests were launched in the form of strikes,
demonstrations, disrupting transport services, closure of shops and boutiques, holding protest
meetings, raising black flags, etc. Protests spread from Colombo to Matara, to Ratnapura, to
Jaffna - the exceptions being the remaining central areas of the country.
For the first time in the island’s history workers rose unitedly with farmers against the capitalist
system; the government got scared and declared the strike to be unlawful. They began to arrest
workers who had gone on strike. The Police fired at the demonstrators in Colombo, and killed
several striking workers including comrade V. Kandasamy. Many others were wounded. Fearing
an imminent revolution, the Cabinet met in a war ship that had anchored close to the Colombo
harbour.
 40 of 44

The workers fought vehemently, demanding the government withdraw some of its decisions.
Due to this, Mr. J.R. Jayawardena was removed from the post of Finance Minister. The price of
rice was reduced; and the rice ration was increased. Yet there was no change in the economic
policies followed by the government or the class privileges given to the elite. Issues such as
industrial development, employment, unequal distribution of income, got more and more
embedded. These were the issues that came up later in the South and the North East in the nature
of economic, social and ethnic conflicts.
The feeling that existed at the time was that if the hartal had been continued, it would have
paved the way to capture political power and for establishing a working people’s government. It
became very clear if people unite and struggle, how much of strength they have. However, the
hartal was given up half way through. Due to the compromises made, people who were at the
receiving end, lost a fine opportunity for capturing power.
Yet the government, did not try to repress or exterminate either the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party
that led the public uprising, or its leadership. Various factors can be attributed as the reasons for
this situation. The political leadership f that began the hartal, stopped the hartal before its
revolutionary potential was realized and made compromises. This uprising took place at a time
when imperialists were engaged in a process of forming neo-colonies, as a strategy for
repressing the independence struggles that had arisen in the colonies. This factor would have
also played a part in the government’s strategy. The close class, family and cultural relationships
that existed between the political leadership that led the hartal and the political leadership of the
state, was also a factor.
There had been struggles launched throughout the world in various forms prior to and after
1948, against colonialism which was the form of imperialism at the time. The British State
apparatus in countries that Great Britain had conquered prior to World War II, with the
collaboration of their security forces as well as pro-British, pro-imperialist class forces, had
developed a suite of strategies to repress the progressive forces of the colonized countries. These
strategies included developing and nurturing sections of the local elite, and the use of violence
that they used in Kenya to suppress insurgencies. Strategies that came in handy to repress the
struggle that developed in Ceylon in 1971.
Among the list of books recommended for reading on the defeat of the Mau Mau Movement in
Kenya from 1953 to 1960, was the book “The Hunt for Kimathi” by Ian Henderson. It was this
officer of the Colonial Special Force called Henderson who had captured the only surviving
Mau Mau leader Dedan Kimathi. The British hanged Kimathi in 1957. The British Army
Commander in East Africa at that time had stated that Ian Henderson was the major person who
contributed to defeat the anti-colonial struggle in Kenya. In 1963 when the colonial rule was
withdrawing from Kenya, thousands of files containing information on the crimes committed by
them had been either burnt or drowned in the Indian Ocean.
Yet, as per the information revealed in 2012 from certain files kept hidden in the British Foreign
Office, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) had agreed to pay around 20 million
pounds to 5228 Kenyan natives in retribution for crimes committed by the British armies. On 6
June 2013, the Foreign Affairs Secretary in Britain, William Hague, accepted in the British
Parliament the strategies used against the Mau Mau Movement in Kenya were illegal. Among
the strategies were: declaration of emergency law; prohibiting political organizations; imposing
laws to detain people without trial; unlimited killing of people; and keeping people imprisoned
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through so-called rehabilitation programmes. It becomes clear that the United Front government
used similar strategies in repressing the activities of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna.
As per documents that are not secretive any more, Great Britain has continuously involved from
that time onwards, in a conspiratorial manner, in the violent political repression process of the
state in Ceylon. Edward Heath had given approval to provide necessary advice to the United
Front government to crush riots, and to repress Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna in the seventies. In
answer to a query raised in the British Parliament on 6 May 1971, on whether British army
officers and consultants had been sent to Ceylon in addition to armaments, Defense Minister
Whitehall had said that there has been no such request from the government of Ceylon. Directly
contradicting this statement was the fact that the British had already sent two senior defense
consultants to Ceylon.
The New York Times and Le Monde t first reported on the war crimes that had been committed
during that time. Around 17th and 20th April they reported that prisoners captured during the
counter attack launched by the government in Kegalle had been killed instantly. One of the
officers had said that as soon they were convinced the prisoners were rebels, they were taken to
the cemetery and destroyed. It is true that the government denied these allegations. But many
had seen with their own eyes hundreds of dead bodies of young boys and girls floating in the
Kelani river in Colombo, that they had been shot at the back and killed, and that army soldiers
had collected these dead bodies and burnt them.
This did not happen only in Colombo district. In various areas in Kurunegala district, Galle
district, Dadella cemetery, Ging river, Elpitiya, Matara district, Meddawatte, Akuressa, Nilwala
river, Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Hambantota district, Gampaha, Kalutara and Ratnapura
districts, and in several other areas thousands of young boys and girls had been killed, their
bodies burnt and destroyed. Seen in this light, there may be in many areas in Sri Lanka, mass
killings and mass graves that have not yet been unearthed.
During the April Uprising, the Ceylon Communist Party and the Lanka Sama Samaaja Party
directed their youth groups in the form of home guards to guard the Police Stations and to search
and destroy those suspected to have links to the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna. The coalition
government acted to change labour laws so that those not reporting to work could be taken into
custody. Distribution of hand bills and display of posters were prohibited. Thus, while cleansing
the work places, the government ordered that those under the age of 35 could not be recruited to
armed forces. Hundreds of comrades laid down their lives at the battle front. Army troops
trained within a cold war political mindset destroyed thousands of colleagues who had been
arrested out of the battle fronts.
Under the guise of riot control activities, comrades such as Premawathie Manamperi were
severely tortured and killed and there were many other comrades who had been raped and killed.
Certain colleagues taken into custody were burnt alive. Certain other colleagues such as
Comrade Kamalabandu who was the organizer for Baddegama were sliced into strips with saws.
Some who had surrendered following a statement made by Prime Minister Ms. Bandaranaike
had also been killed.
I must state that, according to the information presented to the Criminal Justice Commission, the
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna was responsible for the deaths of 41 civilians, deaths of 63 army
personnel, and the wounding of 303 army personnel. The government forces were responsible
for the deaths of 5,000 to 10,000 people arrested on suspicion of having links to the Janatha
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Vimukthi Peramuna, and for imprisonment of around 15,000 to 25,000, under the political
direction of the United Front Coalition. Though cases had been filed against all those of the
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna related to these incidents, and punished, cases filed against those
from the security forces have been only minimal.
According to the published documents, the British government had known that war crimes had
been committed in Ceylon at that time. A telephone message sent from the British High
Commission in Colombo on 19 April 1971 has confirmed that Army and Police troops had been
carrying out such brutal murders. The British High Commission has stated that the political and
state authorities in Ceylon were going to totally exterminate the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna,
and for this purpose were ready to engage in any type of brutal violent process.
They stated proudly that:
“ … what was most important was the small arms, gunpowder, armed vehicles and other
necessary things supplied by the Queen’s government making a considerably quick and
decisive impact.” Even though taking stricter measures was considered, such measures
were abandoned based on “technical and presentation reasons”. Alec Douglas Home
who was the British Foreign Secretary during that time decided on “the use of machine
guns supplied together with Bell helicopters as an alternative to Napalm bombs.”
In addition to the supply of weapons in this manner, the Army, Police and Intelligence Officers
of the British FCO had provided necessary advice to the officers of the State of Ceylon on
efficient use of these weapons in acts of repression. According to the facts contained in the files,
among the consultants selected by the FCO for a five-day consultancy service from 21 to 28
April, were Colonel Roger May, who had gained experience from repressing anti-colonial
struggles in various places around the world, and Police Consultant on Foreign Affairs, Michael
Macone who had gained similar experience as the former Police Commissioner in Uganda.
The information contained in these files shows that Macone had supplied a list of war
equipment, goods and needs that should be obtained by Ceylon Police. It had been proposed that
when faced with situations of unrest to follow an approach that is increasingly devoid of
compromises and a paramilitary approach in Police activities and maintaining public order.
As I stated earlier, the major qualification of Jim Patrick of the British MI 5 Unit, whom the then
Prime Minister Ms Sirima Bandaranaike appointed as the counter-insurgency expert, was the
experience he had gained from activities in repressing Maoist anti-colonial struggles in Malaya
from 1948 to 1960. The strategies of repression of struggles carried out in Malaya had been
carried out in unison with the British Special Bureau.
At this point we should not forget certain experiences of the repression carried out in Malaya.
Because such experiences are relevant to our global as well as local present. These experiences
are common to all of us, because these experiences are common to the 1971 struggle, to the 88-
89 struggle as well as the struggle of the Tamil militants that lasted for over thirty ears. Just as
the Tamil as well as Muslim communities were displaced from their villages during the war,
about five hundred thousand Chinese in Malaya were forcefully settled in 500 new villages.
In Malaya, too there had been many mass killings. For example, look at what is known as the
‘Mi Lai’ massacre carried out by the British. In the village called ‘Batan Kali’ 24 unarmed
villagers had been murdered in cold blood by an army unit known as the Scots Guards. The
government of Edward Heath, whom I mentioned earlier, stopped the investigation in 1970
saying there was not enough evidence for the trial to continue. A few decades later it was
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revealed, that those who did the investigation had with them a confession made by a soldier in
the army unit that carried out this massacre. According to that confession, their higher officers
had ordered them to carry out the mass murders. Information on this incident had been kept
hidden until 2012. In the end, these files were made open to public.
Britain intervened secretly in Ceylon’s internal affairs in 1971 was only a part of the work
pattern of keeping the island under colonial control. After Jim Patrick left Ceylon, Jack Morton
who had been the director of MI 5 Unit in Malaya came to Ceylon in 1979. After 1971 the
intelligence network that operated in Ceylon was based on the “Morton Report” that Jack
Morton prepared. Information on British interference in Ceylon’s internal affairs based on this
network was kept secret for a period of 30 years. However, the basic role the British had played
in creating a structure of mass repression, can be seen clearly in the repression launched against
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna from 1983 to 1989, and then against the struggle of Tamil militants
of over thirty years.
Some pose the question, whether the 1971 April Uprising was a struggle to capture State power
in Ceylon? My view still is, that it is an action to protect our political existence. On the other
hand, if capturing state power was not a long-term objective of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna,
there was no other strategic reason for its existence either. But we did not have a clear idea about
the mutual relationship between revolution and armed uprising; as we substituted the party for
the working class and the working people.
The basis for the first decision taken by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna to be armed for self-
defense, was based on the concept that revolution means an organized Party capturing power by
staging an armed uprising. Therefore, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna did not rely on broad
mass action.
It is not only the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, even militant organizations of different forms that
exist today are suffering from this confusion. Social revolution is reduced into an armed uprising
carried out by an organized Party. Since we did not comprehend that revolution means a climax
of broad collective mass action of the working class and working people, the Janatha Vimukthi
Peramuna substituted itself on behalf of the working class.
Therefore, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna placed its confidence on armed uprising, and
prepared for it. As a result, Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna was unable to organize the broad
masses, working class and working people towards an uprising of their own. This situation was
advantageous to the capitalist state apparatus. If Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna had placed its trust
on broad mass action, it would have been able to face the State repression that existed in the
seventies more successfully. Looking back, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna would have been
able to respond and oppose the government’s criminal plan of ‘search and destroy’ by engaging
in other types of actions such as agitations and protests, by placing its confidence on mass
action.
At the same time, I would like to emphasize that today’s situation is more serious than in the
sixties and seventies. The capitalist state today is a neo-liberal one. It surpasses national
boundaries. The repressive machinery has grown larger both in quantity and quality. Highly
developed technologies have been used for repressive activities. Neo-liberalism stands up
instantly anywhere in the world for protecting its interests and privileges. Therefore, I like to
emphasise over and over again to the comrades who are working for a change in society, to
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understand the seriousness of this new development and the need for adjusting our strategies
accordingly.
Social revolution does not represent a Party getting armed and capturing power. It is a climax of
collective action by the working class and broad working masses. Similarly, social revolution
does not mean establishing the dictatorship or the autocratic rule of a party on society. It
represents the working class and the broad working masses themselves establishing their
democracy within their places of work. It is not something that can be imposed by an external
agency.
However, the violent actions that increased gradually in the seventies paved the way for a
vicious cycle. It is sad that certain intellectuals are yet denouncing this uprising identifying it as
a misconduct of youth who have been led astray, or the work of some mad people. These
intellectuals are politically myopic when looking at the major economic, social and political
factors that were the triggers that led to violent situations that have arisen from time to time in
Sri Lanka. They have become apologists for safeguarding this corrupt social system.
Representing the inactive strata of society, they have become obstacles to social progress. We
can ask such people to open their eyes wide and see the statements that incessantly reveal the
political ideology of the armed forces.
In conclusion, I would like to quote a statement made by Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Ranatunga,
who received training at Sandhurst in Great Britain, was the Military Coordinating Officer of
Kegalle district in 1971 and later appointed as a foreign ambassador:
“… We have learnt more than enough lessons from Vietnam and Malaysia. We should
destroy them completely.”5
In political tandem, a Sama Samaaja Leader Mr. Leslie Gunawardena who was the Coalition
Government’s Minister of Media and Communications, said:
The state of emergency was declared “with the fullest cooperation of the Cabinet”; the
armed forces have been given the “necessary powers”, “to wipe out the disruptive
sections and maintain law and order.”6
Thank you very much.

5
International Herald Tribune, 20 April 1971
6
Ceylon Daily News. 19 March 1971