Data Steps: Linear / Angular Cosine Curves

Scientific Method Uncertainty 1. υ o cos θ o / υ o sin θ o Linear : speed = distance / time  radius matters Y = A cosB (x – C) + D
1. Observation * units (metrics) 2. Find the TIME (check Y) 57. 3deg = 1 RADIAN A = amplitude ( 0) : how much energy it has
2. Define the Problem * measuring 3. Find the height / range 1 rotation = 2 π Radians = 360 degrees CosB = period ( 2 PIE / t) : time, 1 oscillation
3. Test/Experiment * sig. figs. X . Y . Angular: speed = # rotations or revolutions / time C = horz. Shift : human error
4. Hypothesis * Data χ=Vχ t t= 2υo .  radius does NOT matter D = vert. Shift : distance, to x-axis
5. Collect Data/Manipulate Manipulation (Vx = υ o cos θ o) g * by doubling the angular speed Waves
6. Conclusion (V o = υ o sin θ o) you double the # of rotations * Graphed SHM, transfer of energy
Accuracy vs. Precision y max = υ o 2 Linear Angular Vibration : WORK to get energy
Accuracy – closeness of results to a standard 2g χ (m) χ=rθ θ (RAD) Propagates : what energy moves through
Precision – closeness of results to each other --------------------------------------------------------------------- υ (m/s) υ = r ω ω (RAD / s) Mechanical (light) Electromagnetic (sound)
*use same piece of equipment to collect data* a (m/s/s) a = r α α (RAD / s / s) Needs a medium does NOT need a medium
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Force (N) F (N) Ft = τ τ (Nm) More dense – better less dense – better
Qualitative – more on precision than accuracy - Causes a change in motion (causes acceleration) Mass (m) I (mr) Mechanical Waves
Quantitative – numbers count and are important - Is a VECTOR quantity F=ma τ=Iα Transverse : medium vibrates perp. to energy
Equilibrium – no acceleration , forces cancel , “at rest” For linear ω=ωo+αt Most common ex. Guitar string, slinky
Sig. Figs. Newton’s Laws of Motion See other corner θ = θo + ω o t + ½ α t 2 Longitudinal : medium vibrates para. to energy
Addition and Subtraction: 1. An object at rest will remain at rest until acted θ = θ o + ½ (ω + ω o) t Has compressions ex: sound
*least # places after decimal upon by an outside force ω 2 = ω o 2 + 2 α (θ - θ o) Surface : both para. and perp. to energy
Multiplication: INERTIA – directly related to mass Rotational Inertia “physics bob” ex: earthquakes, waves
*places after decimal count as sig. figs. 2. Acceleration is directly related to Force Resistance to begin or stop rotation Principle of Superposition
2 . 5 cm = 1 in indirectly related to mass Constructive Interference : added
 Depends on amount of mass AND where it is placed
F=ma (1 kg m / s2 = 1 Newton) Solid Sphere  2/5 mr2 Solid Disk  ½ mr2 Deconstructive : subtracting (adding negatives)
Vectors 3. Action = equal and opposite reaction Hollow Sphere  2/3 mr 2 Hollow Disk  1 mr2 V= λ_ V = λf
Vectors (velocity) – has BOTH magnitude and direction -can’t have only one force  Velocity is indirectly related to Inertia T
Scalars (speed) – has magnitude ONLY F a, b = - F b, a  Shape of object spinning makes the difference while spinning Standing Wave
*time, mass, volume Normal Force 3 Forces acting upon an object in circular motion A continuous wave train of equal amplitude (RAD), wavelength (m), and
Metric System Abbr. - able to change until breaking point of 1. Centripetal Acceleration (Ac) frequ. (Hz) (/sec) in the same medium creating nodes and antinodes.
Mm - km - hm - dkm - m whatever it’s holding 2. Angular Acceleration (α) Boundary : change in medium
dm - cm - mm - Mm(E-6) - nm(E-9) - acts perpendicularly to “holding” object 3. Linear Acceleration ( a ) (part of energy gets reflected, part gets absorbed)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mult. Component - comes from ground (except water) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- rigidity : how much energy gets ABSORBED
Vecctors Newtons close rigidity  more absorbed
1. 18m due S 1 N = 0. 225 lbs. Mass is constant Conservation Laws different rigidity  more reflected
2. 22m, 47deg. S of W F= ma ------ Fw = mg N  kg (/ 9. 8) Momentum ( N s ) Interference in Diffraction
3. 10 m, 78deg. N of W Kg  N (x 9. 8) Moving inertia (Newton’s 2nd law) Crest + crest = antinode Crest + troph = node
4. 30 m due E Friction (Ff) Momentum IS inertia…Inertia is NOT momentum --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

*(W&E) Sum of the 1. two or more things must be touching Momentum is DIRECTLY related to mass and speed Sound
Vχ= (0)+ (-22 cos47)+(-10 cos78)+(30) =12. 9m 2. energy is transferred (heat, sound, etc) p = m υ (N s) A range of longitudinal wave frequ. to which the human ear is sensitive
*(N&S) Sum of the 3. texture matters… NOT SURFACE AREA  causes body to want to fly off tangent Infra sonic sonic spectrum ultra sonic
Vχ= (-18)+ (-22 sin47)+(10 sin78)+(0) =-24. 3m μ = coefficent of friction (Ratio of parallel force to perp. Force) Impulse (below 20 Hz. ) (20 Hz – 20,000 Hz) (20,000 Hz +)
*Resultant υ = μ = Ff (3 decimal places) A change in momentum (how you feel p change) 1. production : needs vibration
((12. 9)2 + (24. 3)2)1/2 =27. 5m FN Force : F = m a  F = m Δ v 2. transition : needs a medium  air
* θ = tan-1(24. 3) Ff = μ m g Ff = Fw (on flat surface) Δt 3. reception : must be heard
(12.9) = 62.0deg μ = tan θ (when υ is constant) Time : * hidden variable* V sound = 340 m/s
R= 28m, 62deg S of E Pressure: P = Force/area FΔt = mΔυ = Δp V sound = 331 + . 6 (Temp.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. opposes motion which causes decelleration Conservation of Momentum Intensity : measurable
5. static – “starting Ff” not moving (rolling) In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system is How loud a sound is * the time of flow of energy per unit area
Kinematics greater force than kinetic constant I = Pow . (P=W)
Displacement kinetic – moving (rolling, sliding, fluid) m1 υ 1 + m2 υ 2 = m1 υ 1 + m2 υ 2 Amp t
If + it’s AWAY Work ( J ) Intensity is DIRECTLY related to amplitude
If – it’s TOWARD * Need to apply force W=Fd Damping : further you get from the center  quieter it will be
Equilibrium Inverse Square Law : I1 r12 = I2 r22
Velocity (m/s) Translational: the sum of forces equal zero * implies motion
Use ONLY when SPEED is CONSTANT Rotational: the sum of torques equals zero Power ( watt -- w )
1. does not include acceleration Complete: must have BOTH P = W . = (F d)
t t Volume (B): subjective (decibels)
2. does not include starting and stopping Center of Gravity : center of distribution of mass Relative Intensity Level  loudness level
in the same place Torque J = 1 w = N m = 1 kg m2
s s s2 Volume is DIRECTLY related to Intensity
Force with leverage causes rotation Volume is DIRECTLY related to Frequency
v= χ Leverage: distance from fulcrum to force 1 horse power = 746 w
Energy f standard = 1,000 Hz.
t *Directly related to torque Intensity Range
Acceleration (m/s/s) τ = F (perp.) l Ability to do work
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mechanical: energy of motion or position Threshold of hearing (Io) = 1 x 10 -12 w / m 2
*speeding up or slowing down Threshold of sound = 1 w / m 2
a= v Circular Motion Kinetic (K) : motion
Moving at a constant speed while accelerating K = ½ m υ 2 (J) β = 10 log ( I )
t 1 x 10 -12 w / m 2
Kinematic Formulas A = v  speed: constant Potential (U) : position
dxn: constantly changing U = m g h (J) (W = F d) ”How many powers of 10 are in that number?”
X Direction Y Direction Decibel = w / m 2 .
υ=υo+at -gt When not given distance…(or force)
Centripetal Acceleration W = ½ m υ 2 - ½ m υ o2 (W = ΔK) w / m2
χ = χ o + Vo t + ½ a t 2 -½gt2 Pitch and Tone
χ = χ o + ½ (υ + υ o) t ------ Inward seeking Ac = υ 2 . (K final) – (K initial)
r Conservation of Energy I  volume f  pitch
υ 2 = υ o 2 + 2 a ( χ - χ o) -2g( Notes and tones : pitch with recognizable frequencies
Change χ (o) to Y(o) Centripetal Force Energy change from one to the other w/o any net loss
Causes centripetal acceleration UTOP = KBOT (mgh = 1/2mv2) Laws of Pitch:
Projectial Motion 1. f is INDIRECTLY related to length
Half Fc = m Ac (F = m a)
Fc = m υ 2 . (N) Wave Motion 2. f is DIRECTLY related to tension (Ft)
* Y determines time in air 3. f is INDIRECTLY related to diameter (d)
*compliment angles of 45deg have same range r Simple Harmonic Motion
You MUST have cent. F to keep something A repeating motion in which the acceleration is directly related to the 4. f is INDIRECTLY related to density (D)
X . . Y . Beats : the resultant interference pattern of 2 notes
χ=Vχt Y=½gt2 moving in a circle displacement (distance away from the equilibrium) and always directed
Centrifugal: body’s interpretation of cent. F towards equilibrium. close in frequency but not exact
T= χ Creat nodes (sharps and flats)
Vχ DOES NOT EXIST  feels inertia
Rotation: spinning on axis within object Doppler Effect : the apparent change in frequency of a sound due to the
Full relative motion of either the observer or the source of both
* 45deg has max. range Revolution: spinning on axis outside of object
f = 1/T Resonate : when you cause something to vibrate at
 its natural frequency
Music  repeating wave pattern
Noise  no repeating wave pattern
Consonance  sounds GOOD
Dissonance  sounds BAD
Decibel:
I B .
1 x 10 –12 0 db Subtractive
1 x 10 –11 10 db Primary Secondary
1 x 10 –10 20 db YELLOW BLUE
--- --- CYAN RED
1 x 10 –2 100 db MAGENTA GREEN
1 x 10 –1 110 db * only one light source
1 120 db * darker colors
Natural Frequencies l = 170 / Hz Shades of Colors
Brass/String n name synm wavl (λ) l f Hue: proportion of color
f fund. 1st har. 2l ½ λ v/2l Saturation : amount of white mixed with color
st
f 2 1 ov. 2 har. nd
l λ v/l Brightness : amount of black mixed with color
f 3 2nd ov. 3rd har. 2/3l 3/2 λ 3v/2l Reflection
f 4 3rd ov. 4th har. 1/2l 2 λ 2v/ l Smooth : θ i = θ r
fn= n υ hn = 2 l fn = Nf1 Diffuse : “scatters light” obeys laws still
2l n Refraction
If you have this Do this To get this
Woodwind n name synm wavl (λ) l f Index of Refraction n = 3 x 10 8
f fund. 1st har. 4l 1/4 λ v/4l v N × .225 lb.
f 2 ------ ------- ----- ----- ---- (speed in whatever medium)
f 3 1st ov. 2rd har. 4/3l 3/4 λ 3v/4l Air : 1. 00 Water : 1. 33 Glass : 1. 52 lb. ÷ .225 N
f 4 ------ ------- ----- ----- ---- Snell’s Law
f 5 2nd ov. 3rd har. 4/5l 5/4 λ 5v/4l * n is INDIRECTLY related to θ N ÷ 9.8 Kg
fn=nυ hn = 4 l * n is INDIRECTLY related to speed
* υ is DIRECTLY related to θ Kg × 9.8 N
4l n
Instruments n1 sin θ 1 = n2 sin θ 2 lb. × .454 Kg
String Lasers
Produced by: plucking string, bowing Critical angle (θ c): the θ I that produces the angle that is larger than θc . Kg ÷ .454 lb.
Change pitch : length, diameter, tension, density Total Internal Reflection: no refraction
Brass Optics
Produce by : buzzing mouth piece Reflection: mirrors
Change pitch : length of pipe (valves), buzzing Refraction : lenses
Woodwind Mirrors
Produced by : reed vibrating Concave : converging and upside down after foc. pt
Change pitch : pads, holes Convex : diverging, upright and smaller
Edge tones: narrow streams of air split by edge Magnification : M = hi . M>1 = big
ho M<1 = small
Incline Graphs
Helmholtz Resonance: edge tone with bottle (open hole)
--------------------------------------------------------------------- hi = ho di f = do di do = di f di = do f
Light do do + di di - f do - f
Particle Wave
+ Newton said so + Thomas Young – 2 slit ex
+ Beams / Waves + reflection, refraction,
+ travel in straight lines diffraction, interference
+Hertz – light is energy
+ Einstein – wave particle duality
Polarized Light: Light oriented to one plane (calc.)
Liquid Filter Display : lets only one degree of light in
Visible Spectrum :
Radio * Micro * Infrared * Ultraviolet * Xrays* Gamma
Big wavelength  Small wavelength
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
Transparent: see through it and light passes
(Windows, glass)
Translucent: can NOT see through it, light passes
(frosted glass)
Opaque : can NOT see through it, NO light passes
Source: makes and emits light
Luminous: sun
Luminate: moon
Light Year: takes 8. 3 min. to get light from sun
Dispersion: breaking up light into colors (prism)
Colors
Cones in eye pick up 3 primary colors of light
Additive
Primary Secondary
BLUE YELLOW
RED CYAN
GREEN MAGENTA
* More than one light source
* Brighter colors Lenses
Concave : corrects nearsightedness diverging
Convex : corrects farsightedness converging