AC experiment 3 TP031398 UC2F1601TE

Table of contents:

Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Objective ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Software and equipment used ....................................................................................................................... 4
Theoretical Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Results ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Post Lab questions ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 22
References ................................................................................................................................................... 22

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List of Figures:
Figure 1.0. FM signal waveform................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2.0. AM and FM signals .................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3.0. Modulated Audio wave .............................................................................................................. 6
Figure 4.0. Audio Waveform ........................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 5.0. Setting up Sine wave values ....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 6.0. Setting up FM modulator passband parameters.......................................................................... 8
Figure 7.0. Setting up AWGN channel parameters....................................................................................... 9
Figure 8.0. Setting up FM demodulator passband parameters .................................................................... 10
Figure 9.0. Spectrum analyzer settings ....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 10.0. FM communication system .................................................................................................... 11
Figure 11.0. Scope 1 ................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 12.0. Scope 2 ................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 13.0. Spectrum Analyzer ................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 14.0. Spectrum analyzer (magnitude and phase) ............................................................................. 14
Figure 15.0. Spectrum Analyzer result ........................................................................................................ 15
Figure 16.0. Waveform of spectrum analyzer ............................................................................................ 16
Figure 17.0. Scope 1 in saw tooth wave ..................................................................................................... 17
Figure 18.0. Scope 2 in saw tooth wave ..................................................................................................... 17
Figure 19.0. Spectrum analyzer in saw tooth wave .................................................................................... 18
Figure 20.0. Spectrum analyzer with phase and magnitude transfer function in saw tooth wave ............ 18
Figure 21.0. Scope 2 after changing the SNR value of the AWGN channel to 20dB ................................... 19
Figure 22.0. Spectrum analyzer after changing SNR value to 20dB............................................................ 20

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Introduction

Frequency modulation, FM is widely used for many of radio communications. It has been used for
a long time ago, However, However its points of interest were not promptly obvious. In the
beginning of wireless, it was felt that a narrower bandwidth was required to decrease noise and
interference. As FM did not perform well under these conditions, AM prevailed and FM was not
utilized. In any case, Edwin Armstrong, an American engineer took a look at the utilization of
wideband FM for broadcasting and presented the thought against the pattern of the reasoning of
the time.

The most evident strategy for applying modulation to a signal is to superimpose the audio signal
onto the amplitude of the carrier. However, this is by no mean, shape or form the main technique
which can be utilized. It is additionally conceivable to vary the frequency of the signal to give
frequency modulation or FM. It can be seen underneath that the frequency of the signal differs as
the voltage of the modulating signal changes.

Figure 1.0. FM signal waveform

The concept of frequency modulation is that, the amount by which the signal frequency varies is
important. This is known as the deviation and is normally quoted as the number of Kilohertz

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deviation. By giving an example of the signal that may have the deviation of + or - 3kHz. At this
moment, the carrier is developed to move up and down by 3 kHz.

The modulation techniques are the main concept of analog and digital modulation, analog
modulation consists of amplitude modulation, frequency modulation and phase modulation. The
frequency modulation consists of other types also, narrow band frequency modulation and
wideband frequency modulation.

In Narrow band frequency modulation, the carrier frequency can vary up to 5000 Hz as a maximum
deviation, while the wideband frequency modulation, the carrier frequency varies up to 75kHz as
a maximum deviation with modulation index greater than 1. Comparing analog frequency
modulation and the digital frequency modulation, the carrier frequency shifts hardly. This is known
as frequency shift keying. The digital data is formed by each form of the carrier frequency.

Frequency modulation index is the ratio between the frequency deviation and the modulation
frequency. It can be represented using the equation shown below.

Objective

The objective of this experiment is to build an FM communication System and observe the input
and output results of the signals.

Software and equipment used

SIMULINK version 5 or higher

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Theoretical Analysis

An audio signal is a representation of sound, regularly as an electrical voltage, these signals have
frequencies in the audio frequency range of around 20 to 20,000 Hz (the cutoff points of human
hearing). Audio signals may orchestrate specifically, begin at a transducer, for example, a
microphone, melodic instrument pickup, phonograph cartridge, and also amplifiers or earphones
change over an electrical audio signal into sound.

A carrier signal, is a waveform (generally sinusoidal) that is modulated with an input signal with
the end goal of passing on information.

The Figure underneath exhibits the idea of frequency modulation signal and the FM condition.

Figure 2.0. AM and FM signals

In this experiment we examined a modulation and Demodulation of a Frequency. Which it had

been invented after the Amplitude modulation. The main purpose of inventing the FM is the high
resistant to additive noise more than the AM. The change that happen on the FM is the changing
in the frequency over the time F= 1/T according to that the modulation can be absorbed by look
at the circles of the frequency in the carrier waveform the bean modulated with the input wave.
When the frequency is high the waveform will show more cycles on the frequency of the carrier
and when the frequency is low the cycles will be less or slow.
So, if we let , then

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Kw Am peak frequency deviation

So the modulation index is define as: B = Wm = modulating frequency

For Example:
if Fc= 1 kHz,
Fm= 100 Hz.
Fc = 80 kHz,
B= 5,
The graph of the modulated signal will be as shown in (Figure 3.0) if the waveform of the sine
wave (Audio) as shown in (Figure 4.0).

Figure 3.0. Modulated Audio wave

Figure 4.0. Audio Waveform

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Procedure

1. The sine wave was chosen from the SIMULINK and the values of the sine wave were input
by double clicking on the block as follows

Figure 5.0. Setting up Sine wave values

2. The sine wave was connected to the scope 2 and to the FM modulator passband.
3. The FM modulator passband was then connected to 3 blocks (i.e. Scope 1, Spectrum
analyzer, and AWGN channel). The values to the parameters were then added as shown
below.

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Figure 6.0. Setting up FM modulator passband parameters

4. The AWGN channel was then connected to the FM modulator passband and the
parameters were then filled in through double clicking of the block as shown below.

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Figure 7.0. Setting up AWGN channel parameters

5. The FM demodulator passband is hence connected to scope 2 and to the spectrum

analyzer. The settings for FM demodulator passband is shown below.

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Figure 8.0. Setting up FM demodulator passband parameters

6. The Spectrum Analyzer was then set as follows:

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Figure 9.0. Spectrum analyzer settings

7. The program was started, and the values were set as required.
8. After running the system, the results obtained from scope 1 and scope 2 were analyzed.
9. Results were obtained and discussed.

Figure 10.0. FM communication system

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Results

Figure 11.0. Scope 1

Figure 12.0. Scope 2

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Figure 13.0. Spectrum Analyzer

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Figure 14.0. Spectrum analyzer (magnitude and phase)

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Post Lab questions

Q1. Show the complete procedure when building the FM communication system.
Ans. The complete steps of building the FM communication system is written in the procedure
with pictures provided of the values that were put in this experiment.

Q2. Observe the waveforms on scope 1 and scope 2.

Ans.
The following was observed:
- Scope 1 displayed only 1 waveform while scope 2 displayed 3.
- Scope 1 is very distorted compared to scope 3.

Q3. Observe the frequency spectrum on the Spectrum Scope.

Ans.

Figure 15.0. Spectrum Analyzer result

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Q4. Observe the waveforms on the Spectrum Analyzer.

Ans.
The waveforms of the spectrum analyzer were observed as follows:

Figure 16.0. Waveform of spectrum analyzer

Three different signals were obtained, namely:

1. Time History
2. Transfer function (magnitude)
3. Transfer function (phase)

Q5. Change the message signal to a square wave and sawtooth wave and run the simulation
again and observe input and output waveforms.
Ans.
The sine wave was changed to saw-tooth wave and we ran the simulation again and the
waveforms were observed as shown in the figures below:

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Figure 17.0. Scope 1 in saw tooth wave

Figure 18.0. Scope 2 in saw tooth wave

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Figure 19.0. Spectrum analyzer in saw tooth wave

Figure 20.0. Spectrum analyzer with phase and magnitude transfer function in saw tooth wave

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Q6. Observe the output waveform by varying the filter order in the FM Demodulator
Passband block.
Ans. After changing the filter order in the FM demodulator passband the output was still the same
as before.

Q7. Observe the output waveform by varying the SNR value in the AWGN block.
Ans. The SNR value was changed from 10 dB to 20dB as follows:

Figure 21.0. Scope 2 after changing the SNR value of the AWGN channel to 20dB

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Figure 22.0. Spectrum analyzer after changing SNR value to 20dB

Q8. Build the Simulink model of the FM transmitter using the FM equation.
Ans.

Let Carrier Signal be: 1.sin 2πfct

Let Audio Signal be: 1.cos 2πfat

Therefore, X1 (t) = cos 2πfct * cos 2πfat

1
= [cos (fc-fa)t + cos (fc+fa)t].
2

X2 (t) = sin 2πfct * sin 2πfat

1
= [cos (fc-fa)t - cos (fc+fa)t].
2

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Q9. Discuss the results and conclude your findings.

Ans.
The results were discussed in the discussion section and the findings were concluded.

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Discussion

The FM communication system was built using SIMULINK. Block like sine wave, FM modulator,
AWGN channel and other blocks were used to build the system. Scope and scope 2 varied from
the number of waveforms obtained. Scope 1 had 1 waveform while scope 2 had 3 different ones.
Upon running the simulation, it was observed that the frequency kept changing for a while until
the spectrum analyzer stopped and 3 final waveforms were displayed. The spectrum analyzer had
3 parts, namely the time history, transfer function (magnitude and phase). It was also observed
that the transfer function (magnitude) was steady until it reached to 1 specific point while transfer
function (phase) kept going up and down.
The sine wave was then changed to a saw tooth wave which generated different signal waveforms
compared to the sine wave. Scope 1 was almost similar while scope 2 seemed more distorted.
The SNR value in the AWGN channel was changed to 20dB and the changed were recorded. It
was observed that the waveforms were completely different and more distorted than before.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, the objective if the experiment was met and results were recorded into the result
section of this report. Through this experiment, I learned how to build an FM communication
system and how to connect the blocks and input the correct parameters. The most challenging part
was to generate the wave through saw tooth.

References

Electronics-notes.com. (2017). What is FM | Frequency Modulation | Electronics Notes. Available

at: https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/radio/modulation/frequency-modulation-fm.php
[Accessed 14 Dec. 2017].

Fas.org. (2017). Frequency Modulation. Available at: https://fas.org/man/dod-

101/navy/docs/es310/FM.htm [Accessed 12 Dec. 2017].

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