Chapter # 3

Kinematics
Q. Define Kinematics and Dynamics.
Kinematics: It is a branch of physics which deals with the motion of object without
reference of force.
Dynamics: It is that branch of physics which deals with the causes of motion and how they
affect the motion.
Q. Define Rest
Rest: A body is said to be in state of rest if it does not change its position with respect to its
surrounding.
Q. Define motion and its types.
Motion: A body is said to be in state of rest it changes its position with respect to its
surrounding.
Types of Motion:
Translatory or Linear motion: Translatory motion is called linear motion. In this motion
body moved on straight or curved path.
Example: Motorcycle moving on circular road, a car moving on a flat road etc.
Rotational Motion: If a body spins or rotates about a fixed point or axis then it is in
rotational motion.
Example: Moving wheels of car, motion of earth around sun etc.
Vibratory or oscillatory Motion: To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is
called vibratory motion.
Example: motion of simple pendulum etc.

Q. Differentiate between Scalar and Vector quantities.

Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

1. Scalar are those quantities which only
have magnitude but no direction.
2. It doesn't need any type of
representation.
3. These quantities can be added,
subtracted, multiplied and divided by
ordinary law of mathematics.
e.g. Mass, time, length, speed etc.
1. Vector quantities are those quantities
which have both magnitude and direction.
2. It is represented by an overhead arrow.
3. These quantities are added, subtracted,
multiplied and divided by head tail rule.
e.g. Torque, Force, momentum, velocity etc.
Q. Differentiate between Distance and Displacement.
Distance Displacement

1. The space between things without a
perpendicular direction is called distance
denoted by S
2. Distance possesses magnitude only.
3. Distance is a scalar quantity.
1. The shortest distance between two points
is a perpendicular direction is called
displacement denoted by S.
2. Displacement has magnitude as well as
direction.
3. Displacement is a vector quantity.

Q. Define Velocity and its types.

Velocity: The time rate of change of displacement is called velocity.
𝑺
V=
𝒕
Velocity is a vector quantity. In S.I Unit, unit of velocity is m/sec.
Types of Velocity:
i) Uniform Velocity: When a speed and direction of motion of a body do not change the
velocity is said to be uniform.
ii) Variable Velocity: The velocity of the body changes of either its speed changes or
direction changes or both of them such a velocity is called a variable velocity.
Speed Velocity

1. The time rate of change of distance is 1. The time rate of change of displacement is
called speed. called velocity.
2. Distance covered by a body in one sec is 2. Distance covered by a body in one sec in
called speed. perpendicular direction is called velocity.
3. Speed is a scalar quantity. 3. Velocity is a vector quantity.
𝑆 𝑆
4. V = 4. V =
𝑡 𝑡
Q. Define acceleration.
Acceleration: The time rate of change of velocity of a body is
called acceleration.
𝑽
a=
𝒕
Acceleration is a vector quantity. In S.I unit, unit of acceleration is m/sec².
Types of acceleration:
Positive acceleration: If a velocity of the body increases continuously then the acceleration
is said to be positive.
Negative acceleration or De-acceleration or Retardation: If the velocity of a body decreases
continuously then the acceleration is said to be negative acceleration or de-acceleration or
retardation.
Q. Define acceleration due to gravity.
Acceleration due to gravity: All the bodies fall on the ground with same acceleration. It is
due to attraction of the earth. Such acceleration is called acceleration due to gravity.
I) In S.I unit, value of (g) is 9.8 or 10 m/sec².
ii) In C.G.S system, value of (g) is 980 cm/sec².
iii) In B.E System, value of (g) is 32 ft/ sec².
Q. Derive First Equation of Motion.
First Equation of Motion:
Suppose a body is moving with initial velocity Vi and is undergoing uniform acceleration
"a" for a time "t" such that its final velocity became Vf.
According to the definition of acceleration. The time rate of change of velocity is called
acceleration which is given by:
a = change in velocity / time
a = Vf - Vi/ t
at = Vf - Vi
Vf = Vi + at
Q. Derive Second Equation of Motion.
Second Equation of Motion: Suppose a body starts with initial velocity ‘Vi’ and travels with
uniform acceleration ‘a’ for time‘t’. The distance covered by a body in this times is ‘S’ and its
final velocity becomes Vf
Average velocity (v) is given by:
𝑉𝑓+𝑉𝑖
V= -------- eq (i)
2
But we know that
Vf = Vi + at
Putting the value of ‘Vf’ in eq (i)
𝑉𝑖+ 𝑎𝑡+ 𝑉𝑖
V=
2
2𝑉𝑖+ 𝑎𝑡
V=
2
Distance covered by body is given by
S = Vt
Putting the value of V in above equation
2𝑉𝑖+𝑎𝑡
S=( )t
2
2𝑉𝑖𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
S=
2
2𝑉𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑡 2
S= +
2 2
𝟏
S = 𝑽𝒊𝒕 + 𝒂t2
𝟐
Q. Derive Third Equation of Motion.
Third Equation of Motion:
We know from 1st Equation of motion
Vf = Vi + at
Squaring on both sides
(Vf)2 = (Vi + at)2
Vf2 = (Vi)2 + 2(Vi)(at) + (at)2
Vf2 = Vi2 + 2Viat + a2t2
2
Vf2 = Vi2 + 2Viat + a2t2
2
Vf = Vi + 2a( Vit + ½ at2)
2 2

From second equation of motion we have

S = Vit + ½ at2
:. 2aS = Vf2 – Vi2