2

1 3

4 5

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

IS NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
7 9

8
EXAMPLE :

From the periodic table, Ar of nitrogen, N is 14.01

The mass of 1 N atom = 14.01 amu

The mass of 1 mol of N atoms = 14.01 g

The molar mass of N atom = 14.01 g mol-1

The molar mass of nitrogen gas = 28.02 g mol-1

273.15 K 1 atm
760 mmHg
101325 Nm-2
10 11 101325 Pa 12

13 14 15

A compound consisting of 62.02 % C, 13.88 % H and 24.10% N has a relative

molecular mass of 116.21. What is its molecular formula?

16 17 18
 19 20 21
08/16/11 MATTER 20

a. Molarity (M) volume KI moles KI mass KI

M =

M
Vn

22 23 24

Take a hypothetical sample of 1.000 L (1000 mL) of the solution:

=
(1000 mL) x (0.976 g/ml) = 976 g of solution

(1.000 L) x (2.45 mol/L) = 2.45 mol methanol in the solution

=
(2.45 mol methanol) x (32.0419 g methanol/mol) = 78.503 g methanol

(976 g of solution) - (78.503 g methanol) = 897.497 g H2O

(2.45 mol methanol) / (0.897497 kg H2O) = 2.73 m

25 26 27
 Percentage by mass

Percentage by mass/volume

Percentage by volume

28 29 30

31 32 33

Dilution
Add Solvent
= =

+ =
=
=
34 35 36
 The Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases

The theory
Acids are substances which produce hydrogen ions in solution.
Bases are substances which produce hydroxide ions in solution.

The Bronsted-Lowry Theory of acids and bases

The theory
An acid is a proton (hydrogen ion) donor.
A base is a proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor

37 38 39

HCl H+ + Cl- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

HNO3 H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

H2SO4 H+ + HSO4- Strong electrolyte, strong acid HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O
HSO4 - H+ + SO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O
H+ + OH- H2O
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
40 HPO42- H+ + PO43- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
41 42

Titrations Electrolytic Properties

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

M rx M
volume acid moles acid moles base volume base
acid coef. base

43 44 45
nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte
 H2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

46 47 48

HCO3-
Oxidation numbers of all O = -2 H = +1
the elements in HCO3- ?
3x(-2) + 1 + ? = -1
49 50 51
C = +4

6 green used up
6 red left over
52 53 54
 OR

1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3

124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3

55 56
Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3 57

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

x x x =

58 59