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GAZD^LKoDÁsI MENEDZSMENT
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F'ELADATGYurrBuÉxy AZ ÍnÁsg ELI

\/Izscxttoz

KOZEPFOK

Szent István Egyetem

ZöId, Út xye lwi z s g akö zp ottt
Gödöllő 2008
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 oLvÁSoTT SzÖvEG ÉnrÉsp
(gazdálkodási menedzsment szaknyelv)

1. Marketing research

ln marketing research no t\ilo tasks are exactly alike, nor is there any single procedure that
can be followed in all investigations. Some of the steps listed here are intenelated, some
overlap and some are not needed in every project.

Researchers should have a reasonably clear idea of what they are trying to in a research
job. Usually this means defining a problem. However, the objective of a research job is
not always to solve a problem. Often the purpose of a sales analysis is to determine
whether the company has a problem and, if so, in what territory, product, or class of
customer it lies.

The situation analysis involves getting acquainted with the company and its business
environment by means of library research and extensive interviewing of company
officials. The researchers try to get a "feel" for the situation surrounding the problem.
They analyze the compann its market, its competition, and the indusüry in general.

Having gotten the feel for the problem the researchers are ready to conduct an informal
investigation. To some extent this step overlaps the proceeding one, which involves
getting background information from within the company or from a library. The informal
investigation consists of talking to people outside the company - middlemen,
competitors, advertising agencies and customers.

If the project is economically feasible, the company determines what facts are needed,
and how and where to get the desired data from. An investigator may use primary dat4
secondary data, or both. Primary data are original data gathered specifically for the project
at hand (personal-, telephone-, mail interviews, customer observation). Secondary data
are those already gathered, having been collected originally for some other purposes
(company recordso state and local government data, research results, library data). To be
useful, the data must be relevant. Secondary information also must be reliable. That is, it
must be based on a sampling procedure which is statistically sound.

Today the availability of sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a

researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly and relatively inexpensively.
The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusions and
recommendations, supported by any necessary analyses, and submitted in a written report.
For their own best interests, researchers should follow up their study to determine
whether their recommendations are being followed, and if noto then what are the roasons.
Too often the follow-up is omitted.

Source: Dick Warren Twedt, Survey of Marketing Research, 1973

Első feladat
olvassa el a "Marketing research'' című szöveget és pótolja ki jegyzeteléses technikával
(6 _7 szóval) afolyamatábrahiányző lépéseitapélda(0) szerint.

0. DeÍine the problems

1.

2.

J.

4.

5.

6.

Második feladat
Olvassa el újra a szöveget és döntse el, hogy az állítások igazak vagy hamisak.
Megoldasait trja atáb|ázatba, a pelda (0) szerint.

Ár,lÍrÁsox IGAZ TIAMIS

0. Áll steps ín market research investigation are thó same. x
7. In the situation analysis the researchers try to define ihe
problem more clearly and develop hypotheses for fuither
testing.
8. When researchers stand in a supermarket and observe
whether people use shopping lists, they are collecting primary
data.
9. The goal of a research job is to solve a problem.

10. During the course of informal investigation the researchers

select the methods for gatherins data.
 2. Designíng a logo

UK.
How do we know that a Mercedes is a Mercedes.and not another make of automobile? Well,
the features of the caÍ are no doubt familiar to us, but we could stilltetl from the sign outside
a showroom or a symbol on the Daimler-Benz letterhead that we are dealing with this
particular make and no other. tn the UK the special symbol, the trade mark, by which we
identiff the company and its brands can only be used with the authority of the firm which has
registered it through the Trade Marks Office, in accordance with rules laid down by the Trade
Marks Act 1938.

Trade marks take the form of decorative design often using phonetic characteristics - such as
misspellings - as well as visual appeal. These designs, commonly called logos, can appear on
the goods themselves, advertisements, packaging, letterheads, visiting cards, catalogues,
promotional gifts and shop and factory signs, thus building up a consistent house style
exclusively associated with that particular firm, its goods and brand image.

Services such as dry-cleaners and garages do not qualiff for registered trade marks, although
there is nothing to stop the owner designing an unregistered logo for the purposes of
advertising and communication. In fact, many companies use a logo without registering it as a
trademark.
There aÍe many rules, goveming the registration of trade marks. For example, applications
must be limited to a particular class of goods within a specific product range as
pharmaceuticals, musical instruments, vehicles, clothing or games and sporting items: an "a11
goods" description will not be accepted. Furthermorc, it is forbidden to have symbols
suggesting characteristics which the goods themselves do not possess. Words connected with
royalty cannot be used to convey the false illusion of royal patonage, And symbols similar to
those ahdady in existence are also restained - previous A.rignr .utib. checked by looking up
the records of the Trade Marks Journal.
Kenneth L. Robbins, SSC&B Lintas Worldwide
USA.
There are 1.5 million trade marks registered in the United States, 900,000 of which are in
actual use. A small business cannot reserve a trade mark in advance of use, and a company
must establish its right to a trademark by actually using it. A registered trade mark cannot
keep competitors from producing the same item or from selling it under a different trade
mark. It merely prevents others from using the same or confusingly similar trade marks for
the same or similar products.

Similar protection can be granted to the suppliers of services when they register a service
mark. If a trade or a service mark distinguishes a product or service from others, but does not
identiff the manufacturer, it is known as a real mark. On the other hand, a mark that identifies
a particular good or service and identifies its manufacfurer distinctly from all otherS is called a
strong mark.

An owner may lose the exclusive right to a trade mark if it loses its unique character and
becomes a generic name. Aspirin, escalator, thermos, yo-yo were all once enforceable
trademarks that become coÍnmon words in the English language' Such generic terms can no
longer be licenced as a company's trade mark.

Scarborough -Zimmerer : Effective Small Business Management, 1 99 1, p.6 I 8

Első feladat
A szövegelolvasása után töltse I<t atablazatot a példa (0) szerint.

KORLATOZASOK OKOK
0. All goods descrÍption is too general

1. the goods do not possess them.

2. not to mix them up with the original

J. convey false illusion

Második feladat
Döntse el, hogy az állítások igazakvagy hamisak, a megadott példa (0) szerint.

ÁLLITASoK IGAZ IIAMIS

0. The symbols taking the form of decorative design are usually x
known as loeo.
4. \\e Act governing the regisÍation trade marks became law
before 1938.
5. A company trade mark often appeaÍs on the label of goods.

6. The symbol of a dry-cleaning business can be registered as a

kade mark.
7. Misspellings can also be logos.

8. Generic terms such as aspirin and thermos are trade marks.

9. Service marks distinguish products from services.

10. There are 900,000 trade marks in the United States.

 ffi1
w
aign:
*9#

E
's
}T

.€
E
F
3. Lots of $'orkers are still getting raises c
Despite unemployment, productivity is protecting pay hikes
k

When a downturn hits' companies cut costs like a helium balloonist ditchíng
ballast to avoid an ocean
ianding. In the 2001 recession, U.S. corporations slashed capital spending
and cut millions of jobs.
Curiously, though, one thing didn't suffór _ pay raises. In the frsi quartei' wages
and salaries after
inflation rose at a strong annual rate of 2,8d/r. That's a bigger inflation-adjusted gain
than in any
calendar year ofthe 1990s.

one reason thatpay gains remained strong duríng the recession was that unemployment
remained low,
averaging under 5%o fot all of 2001. But even though the economy ís recovering,
tíe jobless rate is still \
going up, hitting 6% n April. That's the highesitevel in eight years _
and íiti' j"';J; I
continuing, many economists believe it could go higher later tús year. Auto-parts "o.poát"
makei Delphi Corp., r
for instance, said last
ryonth it's laying off more-than 6,000 workers. Teleco4 companies such as
Qwest communications Intemational Inc. And SBC Communications Inc. Continue to slash thousands
more.

Does this mean that most workers' good luck has run out?
Probably not. There's a good reason to believe that workers will continue
to earn healthy pay raises for
the rest of 2002, albeit not quite as strong as over the past year.
That's because of contínueá growth in
productivity, which measures how mucheach worker proáuces peÍ hour. Although
companies will no
doubt hold onto a big share of those productivity gains to boister profit margins,
some will likely be
pT_'"d on in pay raises to workers. And competition will force companies
to share some of Íhe savings
with consumers in the form of lower prices, predicts James W. Paulsen, chief
investment officer at
Wells Capital Management Minneapolis.

The bottom line: contínued gairrs in inflation adjusted pay. Macroeconomic

Advisers LLC, a St.
Louis-based economic consulting firm, predicts real wagá gains or
rcv' iái ai ot zooz. Says Chris
Varvares, the frrm's presidenl *We'd bavery fortunate to'tta"ve tha! year
after year after year.,,
Productivity is the key.^Th9l-abor Dept. Reported on May 7 that U.i. workershourly
ourput rose at a
stunning annual rate of 8-6% inthe first qourt".. Because employees produced
moie while working
fewer hours, the labor cost for companies to produce each unit
óf oupuiplunged at a S.4%oannua1 rate.

However in many tech companies, raises are well below historical standards.
oracle Corp., for
instance, says its average pay raise this year is in low single digits-;The
says Jeffrey o. Henley, oracle's chief fmancial ofÍicer. {vouoay'' giving -*t"i'ir "*";; il;i1,r,,"
out bíg raises right now
because tliey don't have to."

Of course, some industries remain hard-pressed for help, and their workers are doing just
fine.
Nationwide, pay in hospitals rose 5.2Yo after inflation for the year
ended in the Íirst quarter of 2002.
Tenet Healthcare corp. Says a nursing shortage is 'putting p."r.*"
;; even though irs
overall labor costs are flat as a sharaof revenue. Pay alű^rose3.6% ";;";;i";;J'
in finance, insurance, and real
Ttt" - including a70Á nse at banks and savings-and-ioans. And throughout the economy' says Steven
E' Gross, head of compensation consulting at Mercer Human Resource Consulting,
companies are
jealously guarding their top performers aná people
with critical skills. Surprisingly, ffiffiY are even
looking for some new blood.

productivity economy, workers lose big in a recession and are

F 1o* slow to recover. But in today,s
high-productivity economy, those who kept théir jobs fared well in the slump _
and should do fine in
the recovery as well.

By Peter Coy in New Yor_k , with bureau reports, Business Week, EU Edítion
May 20,2OO2.
 Első feladat
olvassa el a "Lots of workers are still getting raises'' című szöveget és válaszoljon röviden a
következő kérdésekre . Y áIaszait trja a tábléu'atb4 a péIda (0) szerint.

xÉnoÉsnr vÁLAszoK
Why is it surprisingthat salaries and 0. There is recession
wages grew in 2001?
1

What makes it possible for salaries and 2.

wages to continue to srow in2002?
How will profit gains be used? 3.

4.

5.

Why did nuÍses get a higher pay raise? 6.

Második feladat
olvassa el a újra a szöveget és írja be atablázatba, hogy mire vonatkornak a szÁzalékok, a
példa (0) szerint.

Á RpcnssztÓ rÖvotxrffiíÁZ ÚSÁ_rao

0. salaries and wages went up by2.8Y,

7. under 5Yo

8. 8.60/o

9. r.6%

10. 5.2%
 4. Solutions for a Farming Future

0. Steven Gorelick lays out just a few of the policy changes, priority shifts and new
approaches that could save rural life, and.lead to more sustainable fanning.

1. Firstly, and most obviously, rather than speciaiise their production for export, farmers
should be encouraged to diversify their production for local and regional markets.
More localised food production and marketing systems wou]d be far rnóre diverse than
today'homogenised global systerns, and would more closely reflect the geographical,
climatic, and cultural diversity of the places where food is produced and consumed. If
a greater proportion of the food people eat were to be localiy produced, ecological
niches for food production would be matched by the economic niches farmers need to
survive. A mix of local, regional, national, and intemational production would still be
available - the goal would not be to put an end to the international trade in food, but to
avoid transporting food thousands of rniles when it could instead be produced next
door.

2- Such a shift would help revitalise rural economies decimated by the global economy.
Less money would be skimmed offthe price of food by corporate middlemen, and far
more would remain in the hands of farmers. This would especially be the case with the
direct marketing via farmers' markets and farm stands, bóx schemes and other forms
of community supported agri culture.
!

3- If farmers were not impelled to specialise their production in a few global

I
i
1

I
commodities, the trend towards ever larger and more hrgtrly mechanised farms would i
i
decrease. Since srnall farms use a proportionally higher arnount of human labour t
than
mechanised inputs - UK farms under 4A bectnei, fo. example, provide five times
rnore per-hectare ernployment than those over 200 hectares
- a return to smaller farms
would help bring back sorne of the 700,000 farm jobs the tIK has lost during the last
half-century of agricultural .progress'.

4' Localised food systems would also be far better for the environment, in large measure
because the ecological toll of needless food transport would be eliminated. V/ithin
the
global food system, 'food miles' are immense: today, the food on the typical
AmeÍican family's dinner table has travelled some 1,500 áil"' on averagg and is thus
'ernbedded' with significant amounts of transport energy, pollution, aid'greenhouse
gases. Not all this transport can be explained away by the greater
urruilubility of
'exotic' foods, since countries are often both ímporters and exporters of the same
product. In 1996, for instance, Britain imported +z kilógrammes of butter,
while exporting 49 million kilogramrnes. ''rillion

5' Perhaps the most obvious irnmediate alternative to the conventional fanning
treadmiil
is for farmers to convert their production to organic methods. Over the last-few years,
the consuÍner interest in organic agriculture hÁ shot up dramaticaliy, and
dernand is
currently way ahead of supply. In the UK, for exarnple, up to 7O%o óf organic
food is
currently being imported because the British farmerJ just óannot supply áernand.
The
number of organic farms in EU countries jumped froin 33,00o to sö,oóo in just
three
years between 1994 and 1997.
The Econornist, February 1998
Első feladat
olvassa el a 'Solutions for a Farming Future' címíiszöveget és a bekezdések,hez tartoző
összefoglalókat. Döntse el, hogy melyik bekezdéshez (1-5) melyik összefoglaló (A-E)
tartozik. Egy összefoglaló ftilösleges. Irja megoldáséú. atáblázatba, apé|da (0) szerint.

OSSZEFOGLALOK
A. The ecological factor
B. Shift to organic farming
C. Labour prospects
D. Introduction
E. Financial advantases
F. EU support for organic far:ns
G. Preference for local production

0 1 2 3 4 5
D

Második feladat
olvassa el újra.a szöveget, és döntse el a szöveealapjarr, hogy amegadott állítrísok igaz-ak
vagy hamisak. Irja megoldasát azalábbitábláz.atba, a példa (0) szerint.

Á-r,r,ÍrÁsor ÍGA.7. IIAMIS

0. According to the author the only key to sustainable farming is x
glgbal production
6.International trade should be given more emphasis.

8. The shift to local production would resuliin unemployrnent.

g. The necesJ

l0. The intere

 5. Keeping competition clean, free and fair

In the free market, business is a competitive game and needs a competition authority to act as
a referee. The European Commissión is marrdated by the EU Treaties to act as the EU's
competition authority at EU level, and its job is to enforce rules to ensure that competition
between suppliers, producers, traders and manufacturers throughout the EU _ip free and fair.
The aim otihe EU'competition policy is to deliver benefits to consumers. Without it, phone
charges would sti11 be high, air fáres ridiculously expensive compared to those in the US and
you would not be able to buy a car in the country where it is cheapest.
The focus is on four main areas

for example by
_and companies agreeing with each other to restrict competition,
1. Stopping
cartels, stopping thóm behaving ín ways that abuse a dominant position in a
particular sector.
in June 2001, the Commission imposed a fine of 30 million euro on the car manufacturer
Volkswagen. During 1996 and t991, Volkswagen had sent circular letters to its German
dealers iiciting them not to sell the new VW Passat at discounted prices. This kind of retail
price_fixing iúompletely against competition rules, as it keeps consumeÍ prices artificially
high.
2. Controlling mergers to ensure that the combination of companies does not lead 1o th..
creation or a aóminant position and that the existing level of competition in the market is
maintained.
In France, Totalfina and Elf Aquitanie proposed a merger that would have given the new
combined company control of a number óf petroleum product markets in France. This would
have pushed up cósts for distributors and óonsumers. To resolve the competition problems
identi-fied by the Commission, TotalFinalELf agreed to sell a large proportion 9f the operations
concerned io competitors. For exampleo the new company would have had a dominant
position in motorwáy fuel sales. To keep this market competitive in the interest of consumers,
ihe Commission obúged TotalFina/Elf io selloff some 70 motorway service stations as one of
the conditions for authorising the merger.
3. Ensuring that markets such as postal deliveries, rail transport or electricity
generation are opened up to the greatest possible extent.
í\4'"." national |ubüc aűthoritiei glant a company special rights, in particular monopoly
rights, the Commission must ensure that these special rights do not go beyond what is
nJ."rtury to deliver that service effectively. For example, special rights m1l be justified if
they ensure everyone can enjoy a reasonable quality of service at affordable prices. They
would not be justified if the aim were simply to prevent fair competition.
Legislation tó open up the market in mobile telephony was introduced in 1996. The
Commission found thafthe second largest mobile phone operator in Spain, Airtel Móvil, had
been required to pay around 510 million euro for the right to operate on the Spanish market,
while tóteronita, the state_owned operator, had not paid any fee at all. The Commission told
the Spanish government it must either reimburse Airtel Móvil or propose corrective measures.
The government introduced measures to ensuÍe that the mobile telephone market was
properly open to competition.

4. MonitorÍng public subsidies to ensure that state aid does not finance 'national champions'
or give certaú-companies an unfair advantage over their competitors. However, in certain
circumstances, state aid is allowed - for example, to help the development of backward
regions or to promote environmental goals.
 In February 1998, the Commission approved aid totalling 1.89 million euro for the
development of small tourism businesses in southern Spain. The subsidy was allowed to
provide incentives for investment in new tourist ventures and to create jobs because it
contributed to the sustainable development of a relatively poor area of Europe - Andalusia.
The European Commission, 2002.

Első feladat
olvassa el a Keeping competition clean, free and fair című szöveget, döntse el a szöveg
alapján, hogy a megadott állítísokigaz.ak vagyhamisak. Írja megoldasát atáblázatba apéIda
(0) szerint.

ÁLlÍrÁs TGAZ HAi\dIS

0. The role of the competition authority is similar to that x
of a referee.
1. The Commission is the competition authority within only
the Er4qlean Union.
2. In commercial matters the Commission has powers
relaling to companies but these powers do not extend to
governments.
3. Air fares in Europe and in the US are kept relativd
chgqp by competition.
4. One famous price fixing case was that of Totalfinalr

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a szöveget, és a szöveg alapján jegyzeteljen a tabló,zatba a példa (0) szerint!
Az tires rovatokat töltse ki, ílletve egészítse Éa hianyos jógyzeteket, maximűm 3-3 szóval!

The four areas of competiton Examples of measures taken about them

_regulated by the EU rules
a. F'orming carúels 0. The EU fined Volkswagen

b.(s) The EU made (6) ... sell 70

c. ensuring that special rights
(monopoly rights) are fair to
customers
d.(e)
mgtorway service stations
(7) the Spanish government had to
or (8)
í10) allowing aiÍl Ío

tir
i*
ii
+:
i-i.
!.:l
*.;
t:!:
:t.
i.
&
€-
 6. Europets Airlines Reverse Plans

Iraq War Turns Optimism From 2002 Turnaround Into Gloomfor Carries

With war in Iraq now a reality, Europe's few bright spots in the gloomy global aviation
picture are fading.
A few months ago, some of Europe's biggest carriers were planning to expand service this
year. Following surprisingly outstanáing results in2})Z,Germany's Lufthansa, Spain's Iberia
Airlines and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines talked about adding routes, extra flights and seats-
No longer. During thé past few weeks, almost every traditional European carrier has cut
capacity arrd wamed of tougher times ahead.
'This
year ,,is going to bé a lot uglier than we anticipated,'' KLM finance chief told airline
analysts a few weeks ago.
Lufthansa was the latest to backtrack on wintertime enthusiasm as its prospects for this
year have become dim. Sober predictions for 2003 overshadowed a robust 2002 net profit of
éltl compared with á loss of €633 million in 2001, thanks largely to cost savings.
^ittion,
Even though €488 million of the 2002 ptofttwas one_time gains from asset !4"', Lufthansa's
result were notable because the company's revenue rose only 7.7Yo to erc97 billiorU &om
cl6.69 billion, and revenue from aiiline trafiic fe\I l.8% to €l2 billion. In addition to its
passenger airline, Lufthansa also has a large cargo operation and owns the worldos largest
aviation-catering company, LSG S$Chefs.
Chief Executive Juergen Weber said ,,the end is not in sighf' for the airline industry's
crisis, and the war will prolong it. The warning came as other European airlines are also
turning downbeat about th"i. protpects. According to David Henderson, who handles airline
data aithe Association of European Airlines: ,,'War will almost certainly curtail the recovery".
The situation at Lufttransa and other European carriers still isn't as dire as in the U.S.,
where the shock of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks hit much harder than in Europe.
Europe's economy is faltering badly, though its economic slide hasn't been as sudden or sharp
as thé U.S. decline since 2001. As a result, Eruopean carriers have had a little more time to
begin adapting.
-After
widespread losses among European carriers in 2001, many of the biggest airlines
slashed costs substantially and reoriented their networks. Recently, Iberia reported a net profit
of €157 million for 2002, and even Ireland's state-owned Aer Lingus, which almost became
insolvent after Sept. !I, 2O0l, reported a 2002 net profit of €35.3 million, ttranks to
aggressive cost-cutting. British Airways and Air France expect to announce profits when their
fiscal years end on March 31.
Lufthansa's retreat is typical. The carrier in August raised its full-year profit forecast by
25oÁ, to,,at least €500 million.'' In october it added new frequencies and routes to its winter
schedule, upping capacity Í3Yo fromthe year earlier.
On Feb. 19 tire Luffhansa carrier announced capacity cuts, a hiring freeze and fleet reductions.
Investments were cut and higher cash flow was targeted. The fear of war in recent weeks has
kept many passengers from planning trips, and the outbreak of fighting now could prompt
more cuts, Mr. Weber said.

The Wall street Journal Europe, March 2l'23,2003 by Daniel Michaels

 Első feladat
olvassa el a ,,European Airlines Reverse Planso' című szöveget és töltse l<t táblázatot a
Lltényző információkkal, a péIda(O) szerint.

SZEMPONTOK JEGYZETEK
The Iraqi war turns optimism in aviation 0. gloomy picture
into
Lar;t year results from Lufthansa" KLM and 1.
Iberia Airlines were
When the Iraq war started, these carriers 2.

Lufthansa could have substantial net profit in J.

2002 otv:tnq.to
Besides passenger service Lufttransa has 4.

5.

The slow recovery of airline industry will be 6.

stopped by
European airlines have not suffered so much 7.
loss as

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a szöveget és írja be alttanym adatokat atáblőLzatb4 apéIda (0) szerint.

szÁMoK MIRE VONATKOZNAI(

(0,) 117 o/o
Lufthansats reyenue rose

(8.) 1,8 %

(9.) 157 million Euros

(10.) 500 million Euros

 7" New Jobs through Better Entrepreneurship

0. Valley of the river Mest4 in Southwestern Bulgaria.

and National Employment Service of the Bulgarian Ministry

of Labour and
1. ILO, UNDp
Social Welfare.

Welfare of
2, In November 1995, ILO, TINDP and the Ministry of Labour and Social
Bulgaria formulated a próject aiming at the promotion and support oÍ1'y,.*
well as already
exising, small and meiium_sized eiterprisós in this area,-as part of !1.r9ir income_generating
and employment creating-policies. This was done tbrough the establishment
of a Business
of the region, all
Promotion and Support őenter, in July 1996.It compriseá 8 municipalities
Employment
the relevant local economic oigani*tio*, the local branches of the National
training
Service, as well as representat]ves from the local business community. Through
people to start their own
couÍses' the Centre aimed at motivating and preparing unemployed
business. By linking training with a piop.. fund for small entrepreneurs, the Center
"t"ait scheme will help
hopes to create ,.rr"iul new e-nterprises in^the near future. A tight monitoring
prévent the new1y established businesses from breaking down.

3. Sustainable development of Small and Medium Enterprises especially in the field of

agriculfure, wood processing and togrism' more specifically:
l'ti
o Providing information on credit, markets, business parbrers, machinery, etc';
j:.

o Contributing to a change in the mentality of the local business community towards a more
market-oriented approach;
o Creating better understanding and consensus, among the local actors about the
a
development of 'their' local economy.

4, Since its opening the Center created more than 40 new jobs. It was also asked
and
by the
furniture
mayor of Bansko to sípport the creation of a local association of woodworkers
makers in Bansko (repiesenting more than 600 persons). The Business Center
also helped 14
bakeries in the Mesd Regionio form an assoóiation and become members of the National
Branch Association.
The Business Center organized training activities on topics varying, from bookkeeping Jo
English language courses. to totul *or" Th* 100 people are currently participating in the
courses.

S. Several market links with Bulgarian and foreign companies have been developed.
A twinning with the Chamber of Commerce in the Greek city of Drama is under
preparation.
^
fn. Center will be incorporated in a national network of similar institutions set up by the
pHARE programme and bilateral cooperations, and will be linked with Business Centers from
other European countries.

6. The project has been defined as an answer to a specifically formulated need. It was
prepared'aná written together with a working group of representativ9s- o.f the main local
insiitutions and organi-íior6 who, on the basis óf u óo'''"nsus, defined their own needs and
priorities.
Training has to be conceived as a continuous process to enhance local capacity building.
 ln a country like Bulgari4 which has little experience in the market economy, it is
important to raise public awareness to promote an entrepreneurial culture and create a
favourable and enabling climate for entrepreneurship development.

www. sba.gov/success/success.htrnl

Első feladat
olvassa eI a ,, New Jobs through Better Entrepreneurship'' című szövege! és piírosítsa az
alcímeket a hozzájtlk tartoza szövqgrészekkel. Egy atcím felesleges. Yátasz'ait íqa a
tihlázatbu a példa (0) szerint !

Alcímek:
A. Description of the project
B. Location
C. Objectives
D. Rules of participation
E. Results achieved
F. Responsible organization(s)
G. Lessons learned
H. lnternational relationships

0. 1. ') 3. 4. 5. 6.
B

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a szöveget és rtividen válaszoljon a kérdésekre , apéIda(O) szerint.

KrnnÉsgK vÁLAszoK
Whichwilne@ 0. Drama (Greece)
Whatwerethm 7.

now will they prevent the new coápanies 8.

Íiom going bankrupt?
\Yh.hproc_
9.
alm to support?
10.
 peers
8. Hungarian women entrepreneurs more independent than European

Women in Business and Decísion_Making survey by Eurochambres

and going it alone in life

women entrepreneurs in Hungary are more likely to be self-starters
Decision-Making survey by
compared to their pee6 orroídrűg fu the Women in Business and
is to find out what problems
Eurochambres. 1he purpose of tlíe survey released last Thursday
_from taHng part in economic deeision-
hinder women - in this case, wome, ,rírrprrreurs
making processes.

enffepreneurs in 14 counties'
The voluntary submitted survey draws input fiom 1,356 women
It questioned them about the problem' tt'"v face, their ryTity
backsr9ynd and qualiÍications'
chamber of
Maria stark, head of department for Intemational Affairs of the Hungarian
Commerce and Industry said Hungary:'s Zl chambers were asked
to participate and all
respondents ran micro-businesses.
enterprise (nine or
The typical EU female entrepreneur is well educated, runs a micro
at home'
fewer wóikers;, and has a husband and children but has no trelp
Hungary is one ;i"Jt*" countries where the majority of women do nlf have a partner
they have
at home, with two ;"*Á being single Q5% in the Btl. at the same timc' all said
children, while half receive help at home, about average' .a
Hungary to
st"rt agrees with the widely held assumption thatlt is.difficult for mothers in
the truth a single
find worlg which *uí ú" the ieason ro' má entrepreneurial spiri1 "T9.9l
in a difficult situation if she
woman or even a married woman with a small child or children is
background tbere is a
would like to find a job. Even with the best educational and professional
danger that if the child gets ill she has to stay at home. If she
has a male counterpart who
would like to get the same job she might fail."
Hungarians seem more entrepreneurial, with none inheriting
(EU ZZ'|y;.,) or purchasing
respondents said their current
@U 7.ő%) their businesses. Some 80% of the Hungarian
üusiness is not their first one' compared to an EU average of 14Yo.
by June 30,
A Central Statistical Office ,,r*.y this month sud t4.S% of retail stores closed
situation: "The
while stores totalling 15.3% wers added. Stark's take on the Hungarian
the clranges of
characteristic of small- and medium-'i".á enterprises is that they can
answer
market very flexiblY.
backgrounds-, th91 -don't have large
o,ln case of women entrepreneurs having similar
financial reserves to maintain an activity if it is not profitable. Often
if they have a stable
job."
farnily background they start a new business or try to find a
across
ln a second ,u*"y, E*ochambres looked at the makeup of chambers of commerce
women do not sit on
Europe. Hungary *á'Multu are the only countries in the iurvey where
chamber president, so I
elected boards. Stark said: "In fact i'' Éungary there is one woman
;il;;;iáé figure. But this ,iill''ho*' a very low representation. I think
the
'u*"y
reason might be that beside the management of a company and running
the family life they do

not have too much capacity left to p.iro.* voluntary áctivities.

We are going to have chamber
elections next month, so the situation might change somewhat.o'
The Budapest Times, 20 September, 2004
EIső feladat
olvassa el a ,,Hungarian women entrepreneurs more independent than European peers'' címii
szöveget, és a szöveg alapjánröviden válaszoljon a kérdésekre,apéIda(0) szerint.

xÉnnÉsnx vÁI'AszoK
What kind of businesses do all the 0. microbusinesses
respondents run?
How do most Hungarian women obtain their 1.
businesses?
How do women in the other EU countries 2.
become entrepreneurs?
J.

Why are women not represented in chambers 4.

of commerce in Hunsary?
Why do Hungarian women become 5.
enüepreneurs, according to Maria stark?

Második feladat
olvassa el újra szövege! és a szöveg alapjan döntse el, hogy az aLábbi ríllítísokigazakvagy
hamisak. Válaszait írj a be a tablázatb4 a péIda (0) szerint.

Ár,r,ÍrÁsox TGAZ IIAIVIIS

0. Thís surTey was voluntary. x
6. The second survey examined the activities of chambers of
coÍnmerce.
7. In Hungary, small enterprises find it difficult to adapt io the
chanltqg market needs.
8. More Hungarian women can count on tretp in ttreir nousetrota
tasbÉan their peers elsewhere in the EU.
9. By this June, in Huttguty more itr

10. Hungarian women enfuepreneurs take part in economic

decision-making iust as often as their European Deers.
 9. Formula to refuse the 'wrong sotr of immigrant'

Highly skilled workers and young entrepreneurs will be given priority to find- jobs in Britain
and settle permanently *á.' u .r"* points-based immigration scheme detailed by the
Government yesterday.
But the unskilled *d lo* skilled will find it harder to obtain work and will have no rights to
stay on or apply for citizenship. Tony McNulty, the Home Offrce ministero said it would
reduce immigration by the "wrong" sort of people.
Under the scheme, nón-EU apptóants to work in Britain will receive points based on factors
such as qualifications, work éxperience and language skills. They witl 1eed'a certain number
ofpoints'to be considered for a work visa, though details have yet to be finalised.
ffigny skilled workers such as doctors, engineers and IT experts would get-+e most points
uoá"itt" system, due to be futly op"'utio''á from the middle of next year. They wíll be the
only group able to come to Britain without a job offer to look for work.
suirea wórkers, such as nurses' teachers and plumbers, would be able to come to Britain only
if they were needed to fill gaps in the worldorce.
granted
Peopíe applying for low-&iiled work in a restaurant or domestic service would be
entry to fiil speciÍic job vacancies for fixed periods, but must then leave.
to Áate suró they do, they may be required to have open refum tickets, submit to having their
biometrics taken or post a refundable bond before coming.
years
The current system, whereby any worker, skilled or not, who is in the country for four
can apply foi perrnanent leave to stay, will end, though family reunion immigration will
continue.
The work scheme will have five tiers to replace 80 routes into Britain to work and study.
Every migrant except those in the high-skilled tier will need a sponsor.
companiós, universities, college, *á organisations involved in youth exchanges will be
.*p"öt.d to take more responsibility "u.n for ensuring that migrants leave T|* their permits
and tell the Home ófÍi"" when students do not attend courses and/or stop attending
lil
li
"*pi'.
classes or leave work.
Low-skilled migrants would be allowed into Britain onty for a specific. p"1od and would be
lrl
;i
!::i
banned from bringing in dependants and from switching into another tier. But most of these
jobs should in future be filled by British or European workers.
A do.o-"nt setting out the áetails of the '"h"*. - first announced a_yeaÍ ago - said:
"Employers shoddlook first to recruit from the UK and EU before recruiting migrants from
outside the EU.
"The system should therefore be focused primarily on bringing in migrants who are highly
skilled or to do key jobs that cannot be filled from domestic labour or the EU."
Business leaders wólcomed the replacement of the ''overIy complicated'' permit scheme but
said it should be for the Home Office to police immigration and not employers.
But Sir Andrew Green, chairman of the Migrationwatctr UK think-tank, said a scheme with
no limit on settlement, unlike in Australia or Americq was useless.
"It will do nothing to meet public concern about the levels of foreign immigration' now
running at a third oia million ayear,which this government has stimulated," he said.
The Govemment said that it ro,ttd not put a figure on the numbers who would come to Britain
under the new system.

By philip Johnston, Home Affairs Editor, Electronic Telegraph, 08lB/2a06

 Első feladat
oFormula
olvassa el a to refuse the wrong sort of immigrant' című szöveget, és egészítseki az
aÍábbitÍhlázatot rövid jegyzeteivel (max. 6 sző) a megadott szempontok alapjan, a példa (0)
szeint.

SZEMPONTOK JEGYZETEK
Prefened group of immigrants 0. highly skilled workers

1.

Group of workers to filIsome gaps in 2.

workforce
Group of workers to fill specific 3.
vacancies for a limited time
Requirements forpeople coming to 4.
work to Britain for a shorter time
5.

6.

7.

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a szöveget és döntse el a szöveg alapjáÍr, hogy a megadott állítasok iga?ak
vagy hamisak. Válasát iq a az alábbi tablázatba, a példa (0) szerint !

ffior IGAZ HAN{IS

0. Thís new immigration system is exactly the same aj x
in Áustralia or AmerÍca.
8. Highly skilled workers can come to gritain fÍeely
without having any fixed job.
9.Relativesorló
the duration of their work.
10.Thenumté
with the new system.
 10. Preventing card fraud
1.
A great deal of fraud arises from teams of thieves stealing cards and then going on a spending
spree before their owners wake up to the fact that they have been robbed. But picking peoples'
pockets is a high visibility crime and there is a reasonable chance of being caught. Many
fraudsters prefer to employ more sophisticated techniques to commit their crime.
2.
In short, be very alert any time that someone wants to take your card out of your sight. During
recent years, the major way that fraud has been canied out has been by card "skimming".
Skimming is a process whereby the data from a card's magnetic strip is electronically copied
onto another card. This fraud is often caried out in restaurants, shops and petrol stations - you
hand over your card and a replica card is produced and used, sometimes on the other side of
the world.
3.
The Cardwatch site, set up by Association for Payment Clearing Services (Apacs) to inuease
awareness of card fraud, calls on people to be vigilant. Cardwatch advises consumers never to
let cards out of sight and to check receipts and bank statement thoroughly. What is more, they
advise consumers to go to the drastic step of shredding all their card receipts. Disturbingly, a
card receipt is all a clever fraudster needs to reproduce a replica card. You arc atmost at risk
when the fraudster can easily guess your card Pin number. Avoid using easily üaceable facts
about you - such as your date of birth - as your Pinnumber.
4.
Common cash machine fraud includes using skimming devices, which copy card details, and
miniature cameÍa devices, which record cardholders'Pins. often fiaudsters hover around cash
machines, spying on users in a bid to capture their PIN numbers. In response consumers are
advised to cover the hand they are using to enter their Pin.
5.
The law states that cardholders are not liable for fraudulent fuansactioÍrs as long as the original
card is still in their possession. The problems arise when a card is stolen or lost and is then
used fraudulently. Under these circumstances according to the terms of the Consumer Credit
Act and the Banking Code you are liable for damages up to a maximum of f50.
0.
If the banlrs end up shouldering most of the bill for fraud why haven't they cracked down
hard?
Chip and pin cards aim to cut fraud by including a smart chip, which can store more.
information than the usual magnetic strips, and also by having users verifu transactions by
keying in a pin number rather than signing a receipt.
The aim is to switch al1 UK cards to Chip and Pin by the end of 2005. A similar prograÍrme
was launched in France more than a decade ago and card fraud fell by almost 50%.
6.
Apacs has suggested that the surge in fraud represents a last hunah for the card fraudsters.
Chip and Pin is going to make life a lot harder for the fraudsters and they have stepped up
their activities to exploit the weaknesses of the cunent system. However, the hope that ail
fraud will be brought to a sudden stop once all cards are Chip and Pin may prove fa1se. Apacs
revealed in June that fraud following cards being lost or stoien in the post had risen by more
than a half in the past year. Many of these cards were Chip and Pin and were stolen along
with their Pin numbers.
htto:1news.bbc.co.uk, 2005 /03 I 08
 Első feladat
olvassa el a'Preventing card fraud' c. szöveget, majd áIlapítsameg, melyik kérdéshezmelyik
válasz illik. Válaszait írja a táblazatba a megadott példa (0) szerint.

t. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0. 6.
A
If the banlrs end up shouldering most of the bill for fraud why haven't they cracked
down hard?
B. Is preventing fraud just a case of keeping my credit and debit cards safe?
c. What steps can I take nowto stop myself falling victim?
D. So if the main threat isn't teams of pickpockets, what should I be on the lookout for?
E. What are the main areas of card fraud?
F. What happens if I do fall victim to credit or debit card fraud?
G. What about protecting myself while using a cash machine?
H. If this system is so wonderfi.rl, why has cash machine fraud nearly doubled?

Második feladat
olyasja el újra a szöveget, és válaszolj on az alábbi kérdésekre néhtíny szÁva7ojegyzetelési
technikával.Yalaszait qa atabtázatba a megadott példa (0) szerint.

ffinoÉsÉr vÁLAsZoK
Why do crÍmínalsprefer more 0. picking pockets has a reasonable
sophísticated techniques? chance ofbeins causht
What might happen if your card is taken 7.
out of sight, e.g. when paying?
When is the customer still liable for 8.
fr audulent trans actions ?
How can banks confront fraudsters? 9.

10.

Whatwastheinit@ 11.
combat c4rd frauds?
Whicharethe@ 12.
replica produced about your card?
13.

14.

What is 15.
 oLvAsoTT szovpc ÉnrÉsB
(környezetvedelrni szaknyelv - közös rész)

1. A bit green about the envíronment

Researchers find there is wide ignorance of the science behind ecology

0. Do you recycle your bottles? Buy CFC-free aerosols? Take the bus instead of the car? A
lot of people have changed their habits as a collective green conscience has swept Europe
over the past decade - but a new survey suggests that many do not understand the reasons
for their behaviour.
I- ln a two-year study University of Chicago researchers asked 25,000 people from 20
countries, including 15 in Europ e, a dozen basic questions on the environment and related
issues. The answers provide an unusual insight into the public's acquaintance with - or
ignorance of - current scientific thinking. The researchers found, for instance, that many
people still do.not know where radioactivity comes from or how environmentally harmful
the car is.
2. There is even widespread confusion over two of the most widely debated environmental
topics: global warming and ozone depletion. "It is not too surprising that people confuse
them, although they are very different problems. People see a threat to the air they breathe
as a singleproblem", says Raymond van Ermen of the European Environmental Bureau in
Brussels.
J. While the confusion over global warming and ozone holes was shared by rnany people,
in overall knowledge there were sharp differences between countries. With the exception
of eastem Germany, the old Soviet bloc countries fared badly on most topics, a fact that
van Ermen atkibutes to the absence of awareness campaigns and a lack of coverage in
media more concerned with crises at horne.
4. "But even their knowledge of radioactivity is bad, despite the events in Chemobyl," he
larnents. Only t4% of Poles and 23% of Russians knew that radioactivity occurs
naturally as well as being man-made. Elsewhere, national concerns influence people's
knowledge. Spain was bottom of the class in westem Ewope, with Italy just ahead. Both
li, fared badly on the question of radioactivity, probably because neither countqr has a
nuclear industry. But while only one{hird of Spaniards knew that the car was an
environmentalhazard,most did know about the extinction of plant and animal life because
of threats to the environment in Spain's rnountainous regions.
5. Everyone seems to know about the long iife of dangerous radioactive rnaterials, but this
was attributed to the number of futuristic American films that feature such facts.
6. Not sqprisingly, says van Ermen, overall knowledge was directly linked to the level of
education. Norway, the UK and the Netherlands, where environmental matters are taught
in all schools, came out ahead of other European countries. Now the European
Commission is working on legislation to make study of the environrnent a compulsory
part of the curricuium in the EU.
The European Magazine, l4-20 July 1995
 't I

Első feladat
olvassa el az ,,A bit green about the environment'' című szöveget, és írja be az a|ábbitab|ánatba,
hogy a szöveg melyik bekezdéséhez mellk alcím tartozik, a példa szerint (0) Az egytk alcírn
ftilösleges.

ALcÍMEK
A. Two main environmental issues
B. The role of fossil fuels in the sreen house effect
C. European peoples' views on radioactivity
D. Unsatisfactory knowledge dueto the lack of green campaigns and economic
oroblems
E.Ignorance of ecological science
F. Lone lastine effect of radioactive waste
G. Environmental subjects compulsory in EU schools
H. Increase of environmental protection awareness

0. I 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
H

IWásodik feladat
olvassa el újra az ,,A bit green about the environment'' című szövege! és döntse el a szöveg
alapjan, bogy az alábbi állítrások igaz*-e vagy hamisuk. Í.ju a megoldasát atth|ázatba, apélda
(0) szerint.

Ár,r,ÍrÁsor IGAZ TIAMIS

0. The Univ.of Chicago conducted a study on environmental issues. x
7. An environmental organisation is described in the text.

8. The research showed that people are confused over environmental

topics.
9.National concerns on environmental issues depend on peopleos
knowledge.
10. All radioactivity is made by hurnans'.
 2. Certified Organic

warn his toddlers to keep

Otto Kramm used to come home from work at night and
As a vegetable r*.':: h
0.
their distance until he'd bathed and changed his ólothes.
California's Salinas Valley, Kramm Jpent his 6aY! covered
in pesticides'
on young children' "I
herbicides and fungicides, and he wonied about their effects
it migbt affect the.kids
didn't know what was oí *y clothes, " he says, "or how
15 years down the road." fh" *or. he thought about
it, the less he liked the
feeling. rL^+ ..,^- r.o.
into a -c--^
farm that was being
1. So in 1996, Kramm did something radical. He bought
fall back on the tools
:i cultivated organically. "It was scaÍy," h" ,uyr. "I couldn't
he worked out a new
ilIl I,d always uled to fight the pests and the weeds." But
more prosperous'
t"iutioorlip with the ioil and-ended up not onlr clealer but
t!
l:!

largest organic-produce
Today Kramm tras 6,0ó0 acres on three'farms. Aáerica's
'ii

distríLutor, Earthbound Farm, is buying up everythi$

h: can grow'
gíants. In the United States'
2. organic farms *" ,titt ,p-.rt. in a forést of inóustrial
tfr"i ptouia" less than 2^percent of the food supply Td ttt up
less than 1 percent
of its cropland. But theyore flourishing * n.*]' üefore.^over
the past decade ttre
20 percent every y:T - u
American market for oiganic food has grown by 15 lo
the worldwide
pace that's matched internationally. őetrveen Ig97 and 2001
to $21 billion'
market for organic food has more than doubled from $lO-billion
3. But what exactly are consumers getting out olthe
de{t.tt can be tough 1o,t"1]'*
they d1d' 1ould do little
few countries regulate their organic inÍustries. Even if 'j Sure, devotees
food.
to settle the debate over the *tout health benefits of organic
you?
and even some top say organic food tastes better, but is it better for
"hÁ
Unfortunately no one knows foi sure. Research has
yet to prove that pe9Ple. eating
conventional ones'
well-balanc"a org*i"-diets are healthier than those eating
pesticide- residues that
True, no one aenies that nonorganic produce contains
that pesticides cause ill
would be toxic ut high doses. But-there is still no evidence
health at the doses found in food.
matter' In
4. The environmental benefits of organic farming, however' are a different each year' The
the United States alone, pesticIdes now kiÍ 67 million bird
of Mexico to
Mississippi River dumps enough synthetic fem\ue1i"l9 m: Gulf
algae to support fish'
maintain a 60-mi1e-wide "dead zőn€'too choked with
food"' says Fred
"Conventioout ugri".tttot" still delivers cbeap, abundant
Kirschenmann of"the Leopold Centre for Sustainable Agriculllt
io Ames' Iowa'
,.But when you factor in the government subsidies and the environmental costs, it
gets very expensive. We're diawing down ogl gcgloeical capital'
But as
5. Can organic agriculture save the dJy? Not if it's just.a boutique alternative'
demand grows' more and more faÁers are taking a leap
backwards - and.landing
and manage the pests
on their feet. They are discovering they can enrich the soil
often control
simply by rotating their crops. They are learning jhat they can
conventional ones
insects with other insects. Well-run órganic farms often match
a sustainable food
for productivity, even beat them when íater is scarce' Creating
supply -uy *"il require advanced technology as well as
ecological awareness'
iliá organic ethic could be the key to our survival'
Newsweek, 7 Octobet, 2002
Első feladat
olvassa el a 'Certified organic' című szöveget, és döntse el a szöveg alapján, hogy
melyik bekezdéshez (0-5) melyik alcím (A-G) illík. Írja mego1dását az aLábbi
téhléaatba,apéIda (0) szerint.

ALCÍMEK
A. The conventional method
B. The possible benefits of eatins orsanic food
C. Kramm's transition to orsaníc farmins
D. The efftcts of conventional farmins oÍi the environment
E. The most popular types of orsanic food
F, Prospects for aericulture
G. The situation of orsanic farms in the US

0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a szövege! és döntse el a szöveg alapján, hogy a megadott ríllítasok
igazakvagy hamisak. Írja megoldrísát azaLáfJbiúat*Átau,u péiau (0) szerint.

ÁLLITAsoK IGAZ trÁMIs

0. Kramm's children had health problems related with X
gglicultural chemícals.
6. Earthbound Farm was set up by Kramm.

7. only a small proportion of food súppty is prwiaea uy

- US.
organic farms in the
S. The health Uenent
been proven.
9. Convention
take the ecological factors into account.

10. O.g*i"
farms.
 3. Deluge of criticísm greets irrigation plan

its western Deserl' But

Ecypr plans to divert up to the tenth pf the flow of the Nile to irigate
will eost some f1'2 billion
hydrologists say that this mammoth engineering project, which
and take twenty years to complete, is a waste of water and
money'

High Dam' The dam can hold

Currently, Egypt controls the flow of the Nile at the Aswan *
cubic kilometres of water and
back the rains that come with the summer flood - around 85
and its delta to grow crops all year
release it gradually. This allows farmers in ttt" Nile valley
round.

Desert's New valley' Between 2

The new scheme aims to repeat that success in the western
out of the reservoir, tbrough a 5_
and 9 cubic kilometres of water ayeú would be pumped
raised 55 metres, requíring the
kilometre tunnel, into a cana:. The water would liave_to be
week by President Hosni
world's largest pumping station. The scheme was unveiled last
the Aswan Dam"
Mubarak at Toshk4 *ftiift lies on thebanks of thereservoirbehind
decision''' This scheme is
Hydrologists familiar with the area caÍrnot understand Mubarak's
of London's School of
unfounded, a national fantasy'', says Tány Allan o{ q"^ University
first time since 1980' So they
Oriental and African Studies. "The reservoi, i, ,ro* full for the
that as recentiy as 1987' a
feel they have to use every drop of water." But he points out
came withil a few weeks of
drought meant that a quarter of the farmers in the Nile valley
being denied water for irrigation. "Both Sudan and Ethiopia
areplannilq to build more dams
adds Declan Conway' a
upstream, so Egypt is goiíg to have less water, rather than more,''
hydrologist at the University of East Ang1ia in Norwich'
in the US-' says it makes
Farouk El-Baz,an Egyptian hydrologist now at Boston University
sense to irrigate gooá'soils cióse to th" ,.."*oir. But he
does not believe that the canal is
at El Kharga
justified" The plan is to build an S0o-kilometre canal running north t9 th9 oasis
.. losses. Even worse'
and then northwest to Farafra. The canal would suffer big
evaporation
an enorrnous proglamme to stop
this is an area of very iarge moving dunes. You would need
the canal filiing with sand," says Ei-Baz.

1960s. But the results have

Egypt has made repeated attempts to irrigate its deserts since the
tend to become waterlogged'
been a disappointment. A rnajor problem"is that irrigated areas
west of theNile
one scherne was tried in the 1960s, in an area callá Liberation Province,
a third of this area was stiil
delta, brought water to 350,000 hectares of desert. But only
producing crops by the end ofthe 1970s.

because most of the New

El-Bazwams that the new schetne is iikely to face similar problerns
waterlogged and
Valley oases are in depressions with poor draioage. Fields would become
pools would become breeding grounds for mosquitoes," he says.

b.e better advised to

Allan and other experts consulted by New Scientist say that Egypt would
irrigated areas in the
invest in efforts aimed at using water more efficientíy in thá existing
Nile delta, where soils and drainage are better'
New ScientisÍ' 1997
Első feladat
olvassa el a "Deluge of criticism greets the Nile inigation plan'' c. szöveget, és döntse el a
szöveg alapján, hogy a megadott állítások igazak vagy hamisak. Írja megoldását atablézatb4
apélda(O) szerint.

Ár-r,ÍrÁsox IGAZ EAN{IS

0. The article is agaínst the new NÍle irrigation plan. x
1,. The interviewed hydrologists agree in their criticism
of the plan.
2. The biggest problem is the huge cost of the scheme.

3. The solution ís to manage inigation more efficiently.

Második feladat
olvassa el újra "Deluge of criticism greets the Nile inigation plan'' c. szövege! és a szöveg
alapján egészítsektazúábbitablazatot maximum 5-5 szóval,apéIda(0) szerint.

A PROJEICT PÁRÁI/ffiTERE-
location of the new dam 0. New Valley, Western Desert,
Eevpt
expected volume of water lyear 4:

height of water elevation 5.

vÁngarÓ PRoBi ,EMÁK

regarding the Nile 6.

regarding the canals 7.

8.

regarding the soil 9.

regarding the remaining pools 10.

 4. The Quest for the Herbal ff"fiaty

A hydrotherapist wearing an apron empties a glass of what appears to be good Bordeaux into my
.rrio" extracts, to help circu1ation.'' Following the bath, you
whining Jacuzzí.,,This,'' she sáys, ,,is
'ád
are wraiped in a sticky blend ofiocal honey and wine yeast, then scrubbed with grape seeds. And after
a swimln an indoor pool filled with thermal waters, you feast on a four-course dinner in a restaurant.

At Les Sources de Caudalie spa, nestled in the vineyards of Bordeaux, a week's stay - complete with
iir four treatments a day and meals - Íuns about 2,000 EU per person' double occupancy. Since its
opening two years ago, Caudalie has become one of France's hottest vacation destinations for the rich
ii:'

it,'

iri: and overworked. Cauáalie specializ es in vinothérapie _ using the discards of vinemaking for the
benefits of the body. Grape-seed oil slows down the skin's aging process. Grape,seed products and
ii:ri,

i:!.
iiii
itii thermal waters from a source on their property are the basis for their menu of vinothérapie treatments.
ji:ir
Between sessions, guests can bike-ride tfuough the vineyards and forests, tour the vine cellars.

Today's vacation spas focus simply on pampering both body and spirit. ,,Spas are no-longer fat farms
forthe rich and famous," says Lynne McNees, executive director of the International Spa Association.
There has been a veritaüle ,ipa lxplosion'' around the world in the last two years' As a result, spas are
quicHy becoming a popular family-vacation destination.

The Four Seasons Resort Maui actually encourages stressed working couples to bring the children
along. While the young are leaming the hula on the beacli, parents can head into the surf for an
Aquácranial.u''ág". The therapist cradles your legs, using gentle massage at key pressrrre points to
relieve tension.

Day spas in cosmopolitan city centers are also growing more popular" In Moscow, Russians and
foreigners alike Í[ock to the banya, an outrageously hot steam bath in a wooded room. The banya is
said to ímprove circulation, clean pollutants from the skin.

In South Korea, the hot spot - literally - is Myongdong Hanjeungmak, one of Seoul's several dozen
traditional Korean ,u.rour. It consists of a cavelike dome made of special stones and heated by pine,
creating an almost unbearable heat. Koreans believe that sweating in a hanieungmalr heips detoxify the
body. The Myongdong basic package includes the traditional sauna, a cucumber pack and a massage
with milk and oil.

Japanese have long retreated to onsen,the natural thermal baths fonned by one of the country's many
,rú"uno"'. The móst popular at the moment is Tsukino Usagi in Ito, on tbe Izu Peninsula. opened in
December 2001, the inn consists of a main building and eight cottages, rnodeled after an old Japanese
folk house. Eacb comes with an outside batJq affording a magnificent view of the ocean of the Izu
Peninsula. Tsukino Usagi is so popular that weekends are booked through May 2003.

Few spa experiences are more exotic than ayurvedic treatments. Developed in India more than 4,000
years ago' ayurveda is a holistíc approach that deploys herbs, diet and hydrotherapy to promote
general wellness. It's especially popular in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Treatment at the
Íruu"r'"or" Heritage."s-t, begins with two attendants massaging the body with herb-infused oil to
tone muscles and eradicate sleeplessness. Then rnilky oil is poured from an earthen pot onto the
forehead in a rhytlimic fashion for 45 minutes. After a steam bath, the oil ís washed off u'ith a special
ayurvedic po*d".. Between or after treatments, clients sip coconut milk whiie overlooking gardens
with palm trees.

Newsweek.Iuly 2002 by Dana Thomas

 Első feladat
olvassa el a ,,Herbal holiday'' című szöveget és a számozott helyelae írja be a megfelelő
megoldást legfeljebb 6 szőban, apéLda szerint (0).

r{JRDOIIELYEK NMVE AJÁNLoTT POZITTII IIATASOK

szoLGÁLTÁTÁSoK
0. Four Seasons Resort Maui Aquacranial massage at key To relieve tension
Dressure noints
Caudalie Spa . wrapped in blend of honey . helps circulation
and yeast
o l.
o swimmins in thermal waters
Moscowbanya o), a 3.

o cleans pollutants
from the skin
Myongdong Hanjeungmak o traditional Korean sauna r5.
o cucumber pack
o!.
Tsukino Usagi o6. o Relaxation

Travancore Heritage Resort o herb-infused oil massage . tones muscles

o J,
o eradicates
o steam bath /oil washed off sleaplessness

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a szöveget és döntse el, hogy az állritÍsok igaz.ak vagy hamisak, a példa (0)
szerint.

ALLITASOK IGAZ HÁMIs

0. Holidaymakers have leamt the value of being pampered x
8. Families are welcomed at these resorts and spa$

9. Vinotherapht
forests.

l0.Ayurvedaist@y.
 5. Red alert over rare sPecies

The well-known ,,Red List" that details which species are threatened with extinction is
the true threat
inaccurate, according to a new assessment. It concludes the list fails to reflect
to species, by not taking full account of the threat posed by people.

The Red List, which is compiled by the world conservation union (IUCN)' estimates
a
species' risk of extinction mainly on the basis of its population size, rate
of decline and
geographic range.

But Alexander Harcourt and Sean Parks at the University of Califomia, Davis,
argue that thi-s
unlocked'
is not enough. They compare an endangered specíes to a house that has been left
when there is a btrglar
The house is vulnerable io burgl*y, b;t it only becomes threatened
nearby. In the same way, u i*utí population of animals susceptible to
extinction only
Harcourt and
becoáes actively threatened when it is being poached or its habitat is destoyed'
parks advocate modiffing the Red List crite;; to include local human population density'

Although a latge number of people nearby-fo,may not in itself be a threat, t'bey argue
that
eiample, are all likely to increase as people
huntin{ poiluti-on and habitat-deitructioo,
have the
on wildlife. what is more, data on human dinsity is readily available. ''We
"rr".uií,
numbers, why not use them?" says Harcourt"

Lowto high

To illustrate their poin! the researchers reassessed20O primate species from the 1996 Red
List. They found that L':t species designated as being at relatively low dt ty the Red
List
should now be reassigned as high priority. Two such species are Wied's tufted-ear
marmoset
(Cal1ithrix kuhlii) *á m. goldJn íion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) from South America'
öonnary to the expectations of many, the researchers also found that two high_profrle species,
level of
the goriita and the pygmy chimpanzee, or bonobo, should be downgraded to a lower
threat.

But Craig Hilton-Taylor, Red List Programme Officer based in Cambridge, England, says that
the IUCN has already introduced a specific classification system for threats such as
human
part of the
density. The system iu* i" parallel io the main Red List classifrcation. Besides,
Red List's value is that you c* make comparisons with past assessments, he says, and
modi$ing the criteria would make this impoisible. "We've been asked by everyoneo please
don't change the system again," says Hilton-Taylor.

Harcourt maintains that making explicit threats part of the criteria is not only more accurate,
it
;;t ;r" help highlight future pioblems. Mau Watpole, i'Where
a conservation researcher at the
University of f""t at-Canterbury, Englando agrees: [population] data is lacking, it
might be a useful way of flagging up potentially threatened species."

James Randerson, New Scientist, 16 January 2003

 Első feladat
olvassa el a 'Red alert over rare species' című szöveget, és döntse el a szöveg alapján,hogy a
megadott állítások igazak vagy hamisak. Írja megoldását az a|ábbi tablazatbq_a példa (0;
szeint.

Ár,r.iTÁsox TGAZ HA1VIIS

0. AccordÍng to American researchers, the Red List x
needs to be re-assessed.
1. Harcourt and Davies would like to add one more risk
factor to the Red List.
2. Researchers in Cambridge, IJK, oppose the changes only
because they claim it unnecessary.
3. As a result of the new classification, all endangered
species had to be put into a higher risk catesory.

Másodikfeladat
olvassa el újra a 'Red alert over rare species' című sziveget, és töltse el a szöveg aIapján az
alábbi tab!ázatot, jegyzstelési technikával, maximum 44 siővat, apé!da(O) szerini.

SZEMPONTOK JEGYZETEK
Previous criteria for assessing 0. its population size
the risk of a species' extinction
4.

5.

New criterion to be included 6.

Advantages of new criterion more exact

7.

Forms of danger humans can 8.

:canse to wildlife
9.

10.
 6. The Rain Farm

r99fs' man-eating
(0) Northern Queensland, Australia, is known for its beautiful ocean
highest am9unts
and virgin rain forests. This East_Coast area receives Australia's
"ro"oáil.r, the worldos first rain farm'
of rainfall. The region has also been making headlines as home to
and protected by^
Close to Innisfail, Queensland, where the r;n forest areas remain untouched
the World Heritage Authority, a group of private investors run a
rain farm on 580 acres of
mountainous terrain.
(1) ..Simply pu! we collecJ rainwater at our farm and_bottle it to
sell to customers, mainly
Ltd' "However
in Australia,o' says Perry Grewar, managing director of-Rainfarms Australia from
collect downpours
we aÍe very particular about the Éndof rliriwater we gather. We on1y
Moisture-laden clouds
tropical showers that come in off the ocean along Jur Bast Coast."
travel over thousands of miles of ocean untilthey with Queensland's Tgh"'t T"Ttu'l
"óuia" collect water from rain clouds
range and unload their bounty over the rain foróst. "We don't
from traveling over
that come in &om the west because the rain might have dust contaminants
..We also don't coílect rain that results from cyelones, because it
the land,,, Grewar explains.
might have a high soáium content that would be undesirab1e''.
designed
(2) To gather the rain, the company has instatled more than 5'000 specially
col[ectors up the siáe of a mouotain Made &om food_grade
plastic, each collector panel is
about six feet long. The collectors, which are all d, are tumed upside do* when not
"o*""t imnwilies from
in use. This keeps foreign material such as leaves, bird droppingg an$.d1s!
the right kind of rain comes
settling in the collection bins and contaminating rainwater. When
to catch rain' Each
along, the collectors are turned over, either rianually or automatically,
water is passed
panel collects two pints of rainwater for each millimetre of rainfall. The
furr*gft an initial ntier to remove any foreign matter b"P* entering
the collection system'

1:; rnis water then enters foodgrade

pótypip" and flows by gravrty doylto a pre-storage
Water is held in a
filtration system that removes particle. *ot" itt* tO microns in size'
out of the water' Upon
660,000-gallon storage system. Next, 5- micron particles are filtered
entedng the bottling-tactory of Raini'arms Austrália, filters remove
foreign material sized to
0.2 microns. ..This"is *t*tty a high level of filtration that removes virus and bacteria
contamination," GÍewaÍexpláins. "It's quite an incredible proces'.
I:l ugdition, we use
foreign gets through'
ultraviolet light to ozonise the water to absölutely guarantee ttrat nothing
Consumers get I 0O-percent natural rainwatero'.
collect, bottle,
(4) ..From the time rain falls from the sky in north Queensland'-we can
we
pu.tu!" and place the water in the back of a truck in 20 minutes," Grewar adds' "Then
ilegin?te.'oU'of aistriUuting it to our fast-growing list of customers"'
BY Dennis McClintic,
The Furrow, Spring 2002. Vo1.107. Issue 2
 EIső feladat
olvassa el a szöveget! A szöveg a|apján döntse el, hogy melyik bekezdéshez
Q-$ melyik
összefoglaló (A-F) illik! Egy összefoglaló felesleges.-YáIaszÁt a példa (0) szerint íaá a
tablázp;tba.

ÖsszrroGLALÓK
A. To produce drinking water is a fast process
B. The progedure to guarantee good quality water.
a.mq te4nology to collect the rieht tiina of rain
D. Northem Queensland boasts a privately run rain farrn
E. The health benefits of rain water.
F. The collected rain is carefully controlled.

0. 1. z. 3. 4.
D.

Második feladat
olvassa el a szöveget még egyszer! Válaszoljon röviden a kérdésekre) Yá|asz.at
tablazatbU a rtlda (0) szerint!
úa a

KÉffi vÁLÁszoK
Who runs Úhe farm? 0. A group of private investors

Why have they chosen Queensland to 5.

house the rain farm?
6.

What sort ofraínwater do they 7.

collect?
What sort ofrainwater is not 8.
collected?
9.

Why are the collectórs t"pt upsiae 10.

doun when not in use?
 7. Future of Sellafield plant in doubt

British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) has acknowledged that the Sellafield nuclear plant in
Cumbria is to shift focus from ieprocessing tp"nt nuclear fuels to managing radioactive
that Sellafield's
waste. Its statement comes in response to a newspaper report which suggested
Thorp reprocessing plant _ which converts fuel rods into uranium arrd plutonium
_

'pé''í for the

*orríd clöse by zoto. Closure would have boih symbolic and practical implications
future of the nuclear industry in Britain.
Nuclear reprocessing was once seen as the key to almost unlimited power
generation'
counties -
Britain has built its n;clear industry largely oo iepto""ssing waste for gtlrer
industries, as they
countries which may now have to reconsidér ú'" n't'.ó of their own nuclear
cannot deliver their waste to Britain.
Hopes dashed
to 2010 - but
In its statement, the BNFL said its current order book of contracts extends
refused to confirm that was the date envisaged for the closure of Thorp's reprocessing
reprocessing
activities. "Although the focus of the sellafield site is shifting from commercial
it absolutely clear that all
to clean up and managing the historic legacy, BNFL has made
cóntracts will be honowed and firlfilled,'' it said'
existing reirocessing"for
a"li n'irrre role Thorp, it said, will depend ''uPol the wíshes of our customers, the
of the {te in^
Nuclear Decommissioning aít'o'ity (NDA) wirich wili take over the ownership
zóos *a ultimately the ianctior, óf gor,"*-ent''. David Bonsor, acting chief executive of
British Nuclear Fuóls, told BBC News 24 that 2010 was ''ouÍ current planning assumption
limit-. He said: "If customers want business beyond 2010, then that's a decision for them
to
come to us and ask us for that business and we'll talk to the NDA.U
The great hopes once invested in nucleil power generation from reprocessing have
diÍficulties in
foundere? on higír relative costs, public fears aboút safety and proliferation,_and
at f,4lbn -
disposing of higtrly radioactive waste. BNFL itself has liabilities now estimated
forcing it to hand over ownership to theNDA.
Anger
Cuiently there are two reprocessing plants at Sellafield - the Magnox reprocessing plant, for
fuel from the first generation or Éritisrrreactors, and Thorp, which opened as a nuclear
reprocessing plant iú994, used mainly for recprocessilg waste delivered from
abroad'
(Core),
Martin Forward, spokesman for Cumbriansbpposed to a Radioactive Environment
said the Thorpe plani was hailed as having a lifespan of at least 25'30 years. He said: "We
would be p1easeá if reprocessing stopped sóoner ttran BNFL wanted it to and moved towards
a clean-up, which is desperately needed.
"We are angry *"tt. Whln the plant was in the planning stage, BNFL said there was a
massive amount of^business out there, but the reality ii that they have never managed to
pick
up more business for the Plant."
BBC News, 25 August 2003
Első feladat
olvassa el a
',Fufure
of Sellafield plant in doubt'' című szöveget, és röviden válaszoljon a
feltettkérdésekre.Yálaszattqaualábbitáblézatba,apélda(O)szerint.

xÉnnÉsrr vÁLÁszoK
0. How many nuclear plants are Two.
there in SellaÍield?
1. Which plant is going to be closed
down?
2. How are foreign countries affected
bv the closure?
3. Howprofitable is nuclear industry
in Britain?

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a szövege! és jelölje be atablazatba apélda (0) szerint, hogy melyik érintett
szervez,ete vonatkoznak azaIábbi állítasok. (A pélrárr kíviil összesen hétjó válasz van.)

ALLITÁSoK Bil[FL NDA COBE GOVERNMENT

0.Opposes nuclear x
Dower stations
4. Wants to stop nuclear
reprocessins
5. Seller of the nuclear
plant
6. Buyer of the nuclear
plant
7. Made false business
promises about benefits of
nuclear power station
8. Decision about the plant
will be in their hands
 8. Protection needed for'marine Serengetís'

Efforts to conserve threatened marine creatures such as sharks and turtles should concentrate
on so-called hotspots of biodiversity, according to a new scientific study.

Researchers from Germany and Canada discovered tl:ott cer:tatn areas of the ocean seem to
teem with many different species and that these locations should be developed as marine
reserves.
The scientists' modelling shows that preventing tishing in these "pa.ks" would be the most
efficient way of enhancing the survival prospects of those fish and other marine animals now
threatened with extinction.
The team, led by Dr Boris Worm from the Institute for Marine Science in Kiel, publishes
its findings in the jóurnal Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Plundered seas
It is well known that on land, some places are far richer in species than others; a couple of
examples are tropical rainforests and savannah watering-holes. Many of these areas have now
been turned into protected parks.
But Dr Worm and co[óagues have shown this concentration of life to be true also of the
oceans. Although scientists have long suspected this to be the case, the new study is said to be
one of the first to put some hard datato the idea.
''This is like the watering-holes in the Serengeti, where you have líons and leopards and
gazelles and wildebeest and all species congregating at a relatively small spot"' Dr Worm
said.
"We've looked for these spots in the open ocean," he told BBC News Online.
And they found them. By using records compiled over many yeaÍs by scientific observers
on !ong_[nó fishing boats, Dr Worm's team discovered that there are places in the ocean that
really áre the -*ii" equívdents of the Serengeti, rich in species like tuna' swordfish, shark
and billfishes.
Many of these organisms are under threat of extinction - some of the large predatory
species have seen their numbers decline by 90% in living memory.

Wasted effort
The hotspots tend to lie in regions where the tropical and temperate oceans mee! and coincide
with features like reefs and underwater mounts where there is a1so a díversity of plankton and
smaller fish.
"We see the ocean as a seemingly uniform, monotonous landscape which is just piain
water," Dr Wonn said.
"We find out more and more that this is not true. The ocean has strucfure; this structure is
imposed by differences in temperature, in salinity, in different hydrographic features."
Dr Worm's team has run computer models showing that locating marine reserves in
hotspots would be a highly efficient way of preserving the spectacular predators of the open
ocean.
"If you preserve the wrong arca, if you close it off from fishing - fishermen go elsewhere
and thón they may go to an area which has high diversity and where they cause increased
harm.
"If you protect the right areas, you do conservation most efficiently."

By Richard Black BBC science correspondent, BBC News online, March 22,2A03
 Első feladat
olvassa el a,,Protection needed for 'marine Serengetis' ''címí;- szöveget, és döntse el a szöveg
alapján,bogy az állítasok ígazakvagy hamisak, a példa (0) szerint.

Ár.r,ÍrÁsor IGAZ HAMIS

0. Á lot of people thought that the fauna of the x
ocean is the same evervwhere.
1. Some species of ocean predators are nearly
extinct.
2.The best way to protect the oceans' wildlife if
the same proteotion is siven to all the tenitories.
3. Computer models help to locate hotspots in the
ocean.

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a szövegeto és röviden válaszoljon a feltett kérdésekre . Yálaszait úa u atábbi
tÍhlázatba, a péIda (0) szerint.

KÉRDESEK ' vÁLAszoK

What territories are mentioned as 0. Ocean hotspots
areas especially rich in wildlife?
4.

5.

Where can we find areas of high 6.

biodiversity in the ocean?
7.

8.

9.

,What do differences in water salinity, 10.

,tenrperature and in hydrological
, tures determine?
 9. Hitting a Handy Villain

Activists boycott Esso over global warming

0. The campaign had all the essential ingredients of a high-visibility environmental

crusade: a fashionable causeo an accessible villain and Bianca lagger. Earlier this month,
outside an Esso filling station in London, Iagger helped to launch a "Stop Esso" campaign.
She urged consumers to shun Essoos products until its Texas-based parent company, Exxon
Mobil, changes its position on global warming. "This is a way to tell Esso that it's not all right
for them to be claiming that there is no connection between carbon-dioxide emissions and
climate chairge," Iaggu said as she unveiled a billboard proclaiming BOYCOTT ESSO.
t. Global warming is Exxon's fault? The Stop Esso campaign, a co-production of
Greenpeace and Friends of the EaÍth, doesn't go that far. But it assigns Exxon part of the
blame for the decision by U.S. President George W. Bush not to sign the 1997 Kyoto
agreement on global warming, which called on industrialized nations to reduce their carbon-
dioxide emissions to 5,2 percent below 1990 levels by 2012. Exxon has run advertisements
criticizing the Kyoto accord, and the Stop Esso says people connected to the company
contributed more than $1 million to Bush's Republicans during American elections.
Greenpeace executive director Stephen Tindale singles out Exxon's proprietors as "the
world's No. I global-warming villains." Campaign spokesman Rob Gueterbock says:
"They're still denying a link between their fuels and global warming. That's liko the position
that the tobacco industry was in a few decades ago, denyingtbattheir product led to cancer."
2. The attack on Esso - and Bush - is spreading. "There's a lot of anger in Europe about
the way Bush said'no' unilaterally " says Friends of the Earth's Roger Higman. "Esso is seen
to be one of the goups most responsible for his policy." Last week 50 members of the British
Parliament signed on in support of the Esso boycott. In Strasbourg, members of the European
Parliament joined the campaiBn. l'We are encouraging people to use the market, their
purchasing power... to try and get action on climate change," says Sarah Ludford, a British
Liberal Democrat member of the European Parliament.
3. So far, Exxon wasn't backing down. "President Bush's decision on Kyoto has opened
the way for debate on more effective ways than Kyoto to address the challenge of climate
change," said an Esso statement. "The call for a boycott of Esso service stations can only be
counterproductive," the company said, warning that independent retailers could be hurt.
Exxon maintains that carbon-dioxide emissions can best be reduced by new technologies, not
by Kyoto's mandated curbs. It also oomplains that Kyotoos solutions are too expensive,
imposing "significant costs on the developed world".
4, One reason Brits are so upset is that their own oil companies take a different line. In
recent yeaÍs' BP Amoco and Royal Dutch/Shell, both of which support Kyoto, withdrew from
membership in the Global Climate Coalition, an industry group opposed to the agreement.
Both companies have shown a commitment to renewable energy resources, they continue to
invest in solar power - something Esso hasn't done since the 1980s.
5. The Stop Esso campaigners are prepared for a long fight. "'We're talking years, not
months, says Gueterbock. The campaign's next target : Essoos industrial customers. The
global talks on climate change, which broke down last fall, will resume in Bonn in July. If the
activists have their way, the weather will be stormy.

28/5/2001, Newsweek
 Első feladat
olvassa el a 'Hitting a Handy Villain' című szöveget és röviden válaszoljon a feltett
kérdésekre.ÍrjaváIaszaitazalábbitáblénatba,apéIda(0lszerint.

rrnoÉsBr vÁLAszoK
Why was the campaign launched? 0. to boycott Esso products

Why was Exxon ct'rlticizsd by the 1.

environmentalists, with relation to
American politics?
Which gIoups of políticians supported 2.
the anti-Esso campaign?
3.

What does Esso suggest to solve the 4.

problem of high emissions?

Which companies have a positive 5.

attifude to environmental issues?
6.

Második feladat
olvassa el újra a'Hitting a Handy Villain' című szöveget, és döntse ela sliveg atapjan, hogy
a megadott allítrások igaz,ak vagy hamisak. Írja megoldasát az aLábbi táblaza{ba, á-pen"
col
szerint.

ALLITAS IGAZ HAMIS

0. Esso suggests Exxon Mobil shouta x
warming.
T. According to the boycott
tom theif fuel do not cause global warmins.
8. In 1997 U.S. president pio
2an.
v. trxxon thinks that the Kyoto agreement will not solve the issue
éffectively.
lu. lhe members of the Global climate coalition support the Kyoto
agreement.
 10. Britons 'in favour of wind farms'
for energy' a
Three-quarters of Britons believe wind farms are necessary to help meet demand
the vast majority of
survey by the British Wind Energy Association suggests. ih. body claims
also suggests 70Yo
the public feels the need for c|ean sources of reneíable energy. The sfudy
opponents of wind
of those polled *oJa support the creation of a wind farm in their area. But
power'
farms ,uy th"y are unsightly and point out that wind is an unreliable source of
on behalf of BWEA'
Two surveys have been merged into the study: one by World suÍvey
out in the month
and one by ICM Research on behalf of Greenpóace. Boih polls were carried

"|##:'i:*il::lix:]'$TÍ::i*: ,'Time is running out on climate change and wi1d

resource in
power is essentiai to averting its potential impacts. Britain has the best wind
wind' we will
Europe - it's everlasting, on our doorstep and ready to ule now' By embracing
jobs in Britairr" but we need
increase our nation,, .riórgy security aná create thóusands of new
to act ÍIow."
The chair of campaign group Country Guardian, Angela Kelly, told Bqg
News Online:
,,Most of the public ta:rreiot studied t}re facts. But thó more the public discover the truth
power is you cannot
about wind farms, the less they want them. The Achilles' heel of wind
predict it even l0 minutes in aávance, so it has to be backed up at allt''*"'by a
secure supply
ir"t""t'i"ity and you cannot afford to shut down any existing poweÍ plants-'
,'We alreády háve more than 1,100 wind turbines in this country and they do not even
cost that it-is
produce enough juice to run one factory. The power generated ís at such a high
only economically viable by virtue or u pu"tug. ór subsidies that, according to
official
consumer to boost
figures, will be *ó'rt' flbn in 10 years'timá. nris must be found from the
tti" ptontt of a few multinational corporations and shrewd investors'"
U, f"Uy added: "I am not preparid to see inappropriate and unnecessary industrialisation
reduce the UK's unique va'yi"g landscai" tó u common denominator of cloned
mechanical monsters."
"ná
a petition at
Members of the public sympathetic to wind power stations will be able to sign
the Embrace The Revolution-website, and the-names of every supporter will
go on four new
turbines to be set up in 2005.
they believed
The architects behind the London Eye, David Marks and Julia Barfield, said
and
the current wind tgrbine technology ,"p.".ented the best environmentally sustainable
economically viable source of renewable energy.
uThat is whv we aÍe actively exploring *uy' to incorporate wind turbines within landmark
buildings that we are designing today," they added.
TV botanist David Betl-amy recently led a march in south Wales to oppose plans to build
wind twbines on a mountain. The protest was led by campaigning group Save Our
Common
Mountain Environment (Socme), which claims thai wind farms will push up energy
prices
and that they ruin landscapes and kill birds and bats.
power, and
Ttrey also say that wind is an unpredictable and therefore unreliable source of
that turbines can be damaged or even knocked down by storms.
to the introduction of the turbines'
But some local communities have reacted positively-Ayrshire,
Margaret Munn, a councillor in Ardrossan, said her community had
and wishes'
"ove-rwhelmingly accepted" a new wind farm, contrary to her expectations
,,Instead or spóiiing the landscape, locals believe it has been enhanced,'' she said, ''simply by
contrary to the
being impressiveJooking. They also bring a calming effect to the town and,
uetertrrat they would búoisy, severai people find them to be silent workhorses.''
http://news.bbc.uk
2004109/24
Első feladat
olvassa el a "Britons 'in favour of wind farms'''című szövege! majd jelölj e be táb\ázatba a
példa (0) szerint, hogy a felsorolt emberek támogatjrík vagy ellenzik szélerőmiiveket!

NEVEK TAMOGATJAK ELLENZIK

0. Marcus Rand x
1. David Bellamy
2. David Marks
3. Julia Barfield
4. MarsaÍet Munn
5. Ansela Kellv

Második feladat
olvassa el ismét a szöveget, majd válaszoljon a kérdésekre röviden (3 _ 4 szóval) a példa (0)
szerint!

rÉnoÉsrr VALASZOK
Who took part Ín the study? 0. BWEA and Greenpeace
What is the most serious technical argument 6.
asainst wind oower stations?
How do architects plan to design new landmark 7.
buildines?
What will happen if somebody signs the 8.
petition in favour of wind poweÍ stations?
Why can wind turbines improve the landscape? 9.

rWhy does
Ms Kelly say that multinational 10.
companies will benefit from generating wind
power?
 DIREKT ÍnÁspBl,ADATOK

t. Í4on levelet l20-I4O szó terjedelemben, a megadott trányitási szempontok alapján a Bauer
Securíty Systems Ltd.-nek, melyben érdeklődik váLlalata (J.C. Retail Ltd.) nevében a
legujabb biztonsági rendszerük iránt. Ön (Smidt lőzsefllozefin) a cég biztonsági ügyekért
feielős menedzserá (safety marrager). A szempontokat, melyek sorrendje nern kötött, egészítse
ki önálló gondolataival is.

In your letter ask about

c tenns of payment
o guarantees
. deadline for installation
. and conkact for servicing.

2. Ew nemzetköá, közép-európai orszagokat is tömörítő termeltető és forgalmaző cég

alkalmazottjaként (sales managed mátr aharmadik évet tölti Lengyelországbaa. Írjon levelet
l2O-I40 szoban a eég hol|and Íőnökének (General Manager, Mars Inc, 25,Paciftcatstraat
Amsterdam 3318, ThJ Netherlands) a munkakÓriilményekkeI és az előléptetéssel kapcsolatos
problérnairó1 a köv.etkező szempontok figyelembevételével, melyeket saját gondolataival is
egészítsen kí. (Az Ön neve és címe ebben a szerepben: Szabó Gábor/Gabriellq Mars Inc, u.
S olidarnosc, Krakow 6200, Poland.)

In your letter you should cnmplain about the

o long working hours/weekends
. lack of a proper holiday
o no professional development courses
. no promotion, though it was prornised
 3. A kereskedeimi-és Iparkamara Hírlevelében az alábbt hirdetés jelent meg az üzleti
partnereket közvetítő rovatban:

A Colouyt belga cég' amely a belga piac hirm

, vegyes szál|ítást vállaligen kedvező áron.

Erdeklődés : Jean-Píerre Wauters, Export S ervice
Fax:32-2-360-0i207
Cím:2l-23 Bodenstraat, Antwerp 2l3O, Belgium

Egy magyarországi vegyipari uzem rizletkötőjeként (Szabó Gábor/Gabriell4 Hungarochem

Ltd., Kazincbarcika, Béke u. 7.), ífion egy L2O-140 soros levelet a belga cégnek az1rényítási
szempontok alapján, melyeket saját gondolataival is egészítse ki. Tartsa be a hivatalos levél
formai követelményeit.

ln your Ietter

o introduce your firm

Enquire about:

o terms of payment
. modes of transport

4. on kisvállalkoz-okéntpanasszal fordul egy irodabútorokat forga\maző cégltez,mivel a

rnost
nyíló irodájához tőltik rendelt bútorok kisállításakor több hibát is ésáelt. i
címzett:Manager
of Customer Services, office-Art Ltd., Adam Street, London wC2N 6EZ. Az 01 n"'""é,
címe ebben a szerepben: Johrr/Jane Williarrrs, 36 Rosebank Drive, Reading R66 lrY. A
panaszlevelében (120-I40 sző terjedelanben) térjen ki az aláhbi iranyítasi
számpontokra, és
saját gondolataival is egészítse ki azokat-

In your letter of complaint, include the following:

. delayed delivery
r damaged goods
r missing iterns
r the action you would like them to take
5. Ön friss diplomásként kiilft'ldön szeretne dolgozni MagyarországEurópai Unióhoz való
csatlakozása után. Pá|yázza meg az a|ábbí hirdetest (The Independent), vagyis írjon 1?0_1a0
szavas kísérőlevelet tineletraj zaÁe\Ié, a megadott iranyítási szempontok alapjan- Az on
neve
és címe ebben a szerepben: Gyáli Imre/ Ildikó, 2100 Gödöllő, Erzsébet park I},IJI/7.

Business analyst - London

of
Developing computing company requires graduate with previous work experience for the analysis
proőesses to'r"corrímend changes in management. Business related degree
current business an'd
essential togethei with some previous experience in business ánd financial analysis; excellent
-problem
solúng required; good communication skills essential.'

Salary: €20'000 per annum

Please reolv in writinq with CV to: Peter Brown, pilsry Studios Ltd, 104 High Road, London, N15 6JR

In your letter, include a short description of

. your sfudies
o youÍ work experience
. why you are suitable for the job

and ask
o what documents you need

6. on egy cég vezéngazgatójának személyi asszisztense, aki egy menedzsment tréninget

szeyez. Előzetesen mrár érdeklődött egy hotelben a feltételek iránt, és most véglegesítia
megrendelésiiket. Írjon 120-140 szavas áegrendelő levelet a megadott irányítasi szempontok
auijao, amelyeket saját gondolataival iJ egészítsen ki. Az ott neve és címe ebben a
r""r"pb"tu Mark I Maia Gr""r1 Wilkins Computing Services, 25 Leigh Road, Bristol, BR16
S21; és acimzettz HotelResidence, 36 High Street, Bath, BH25X25.

In your letter,

o refer to your telephone call

o book
o accommodation for 12 managers
o conference room and equiPment
. ask about the price
7. Ón Koós György/Györgyí, a sikeres Hungarosped vállalat (1019 Budapest, Úri u.z;
logisáikai menedzsere. Önt meghíwák előadónak a jövő évi International Transport and
Distribution Conference nevííeseményre, de csak az e|őadői díjat közrilték Önnel, (f100)
egyéb feltételek biaosítrásráról nem esett szó. Írjon válaszIevelet t20-l40 szóban a következő
szempontok alapján, amelyeket saját gondolataival is egészítsen ki. A konferencia szervezője
Mrs Glenda Brandon, Speaker Orgarize4 Prime Conferences Ltd, 120 High Street, Chelsea,
London SW10 1TE.

ln your letter, you should include the following points:

o Accepting invitation
o Asking them to províde
o travel costs
o accommodation
o equipment

8. Ön a Szent Istvrín Egyetem Közgazdasági Intézetében dolgozik. Hrvja meg angol

kolLégáját, aki hamarosan Magyarországrajön egy konferencia miatt, hogy tartson előa&ást
szakteríilete akturílis kérdéseiről amagyar hallgatók részrta (Az előadas címe: Topical issues
in economic studies.) I'jon 1z0-l4o szó terjedelmti meghívólevelet az aIábbi irrínyítr{si
izempontok alapjan.
Az on neve és címe ebben a szerepben: Dr. Mécs LaszLő lLívia"szIE,KözgazÁaságiIntéze|
zl03, Gödöllő, Páter K. u.1. Az angolkolléga Susan cartwright professzorasszony' akinek a
címe: Economic Studies Deparfinent, University of Manchester, 51 oxford Road,
:Manchester,
Ml3 9PL.
In your letter,

write about
o the date of the lecture
o the fee you can pay for the lecture
o the students' language knowledge

ask about
o the equipment she needs
 9. Ön egy sports zercket forgalmaző vállalat igazgatőjának személyi asszisztense. Főnöke
(Várhelf- Noem1 a közeljövőben Londonbá utazik egy wl7t1 szerződés aláírásfua'
iajetoáu'sa tizleíi partnerukl! John Wesley igazgat(ft(Wesley and Son,-l3 -Timothy S|9et'
London w2 3H1) iorrok" étkezésérőI,az-előzetes telefonos megbeszélések alapjan' Irjon
gondolataiva|
hivatalos levelet 120-l4O szóban, az atiaaiszempontok szerint, amelyeket sajat
is egészítsen ki. Az onneve és címe ebben a szerepben: Erdős Viktor / Viktória, Fittisport
Ltd,2100, GödöIlő, Köáarsaság út 1"

In your letter,

o inform him about

o her arival (date, Place)
o the lengÍh of her stay

. ask hím about

othe accommodation
osocial programme

10. Ön a,,Team Consultancy Kft.'' (1118 Budapest, Nagykereki ifi 72).Továbbképzési

osztáÍyanáo[ozik, amelyik tóvábbképiéseket ajránl (csoportépítés,vezetesi ismeretek stb.) a
ú'gdÁÁí"^ működő nemzetköii' cegeknék. (A" Öo szerepe: Nagy Andras/Annq
iil
il'

Assistant to the Training Manager). Írjon 120_140 sző terjedelmű válaszlevelet arca az
érdeklődő levé1reu amit ely vfllJat (a"á'i' Metering Systems, 2100 Gödöllő, Táncsics
M'
u.l1) szeméIyzetivezetoje-@is Miklós) írt, kifejtve azalább felsorolttémaköröket:

In the letter you should write about:

o the time and lengÍh of the training your company usually offers,
o the detailed programme
o the venue of the training (inhouseihotels/other conference rooms etc.)
o the payment terms

t:
,
É|:

i.,
i'

;'i,
 FORDÍTÁSoK
L Egl napilapfelkéri, lrcgyfot"dítsa le a következő szöveget a lap gazdasági oldala számára.

A fenti szituációnak és célnak megfelelően fordítsa le az a|ábbi szöveget magyar nyelvre.

Asia and the Pacific

REGIONAL OVERVIEW

Despite the financial crisis in East and Southeast Asia and the effects of the El Nifro
phenomenon' economíc growth in developing Asia and the Pacific in 1997 again exceeded
that of any other region and contributed to a rising per caput income in most countries.
However, the regional growth rate of 6.1 percent was iówer than the 7-5 percentrecorded in
1996 (in tum lower than the 8.2 percent of 1995), and all subregions of Asia (except for the
central Asian republics) shared in the slowdown. There was a substantial variation acÍoss
counkies, with Southeast Asia and the Republic of Korea being particularly affected by
curency and financial turmoil in the second half of the year. In Southeast Asia as a whole,
economic growth declined by almost half. Economic growth in Thailand and a number of
Pacific Island countries was actually negative. Average growth across the newly
industrialized economies of Hong Kong, the Republic of Kore4 Singapore and Taiwan
Province of China slowed but remained substantial at 6 percent. Economic activity in China
continued to cool down but stiit expanded at an impressive 8.8 percent. kr India" GDP growttr
slowed from 7.5 to 5 percent. As the fulI impacts of the curency and fi.nancial crisis take
hold, real eqonomic growth ín developing Asia is expected to decline to about 4 percent in
1998 beforemaking a slight recovery to a líttle more than 5 percent in 1999.

Source: The State of Food and Agriculture, FAO, Rome, 1998.

2. Egy gazdasági elentző felkéri, hogl fordítsa Ie a kovetkező szöveget számára,
lláttérarylagkéttt.

A fenti szituációnak és célnak megfelelőerr fordítsa le az a|ábbi szöveget magyar nyelvre.

German gloom starts to tift

The state of the German economy may not be as bad as it looks. Two indices of business and
consumer confidence suggest that the descent into pessimisrn has halted.
This contradicts the anecdotal evidence from a meeting between French and German
industrialists in Cologne last week, when the Germans were full of doom and gloom.

Ttre analysts at Union Bank of Switzerland concurred: "While conrern about the contraction
in the first quarter dominates the public debatg there have been signs of a recovery in the
second quarter. New orders and production rose in March, unemployment declined in April,"
said a UBS economist.
The mood shift was also noted by a Paribas Capital Markets report. For this year Paribas
expects the German economy to grow 0.8 per cent, implying"a rather solid growth profile",
before accelerating to two per cent growth next year. UBS is more optimistic: it forecasts one
per cent growth this year and2.5 per cent next year, compared with two per cent last year.

One reason for the deep gloom has been a construction slump in the first quarter of 1996. Bad
weather in February and March was chiefly to blame.

The statistics seem to validate economists' expectations that the pace of German business
would pick up again in the seeond quarter. Cornpany inventories are being restocked, and the
rebound in the construction industry helped the unernployment total to fall by 7,000 in May to
3.926 million.

Thierry Naudin and David Brierley, June 1996

 3. Eg vállalatlezető felkéri, hogy egyéb tanulntányokkal eg1,lütt
fordítsa le a kovetkező
szöveget is számára háttéranyagként, Ingy eldcinthesse, érdentes-e a vállalatnak
Tö rö ko rs zá gb a tetj es zkeúú'

A fenti szituációnak és célnak megfelelően fordítsa |e az alábbi szöveget magyar nyelvre.

Turmoil at the Top

This was meant to be the year Turkey fumed around, when sensible policies and an
ambitious program of refonn would heal a deep economic crisis and""noo*i"
put the country on track
for membership in the European Union.

Until recently the77-year-old Bulent Ecevi! Turkey's prime minister was doing a good job of
pushing forward with reforms demanded by the EU aná the InternationalMonetary Funá. But
in May Ecevit fell ill and opponents and supporters alike called forhim to step down.

The political uncertainty is sure to depress the markets and the already hlperinflated Turkish
. lira (which hit a historical low of 1.7 million). Worst of all, the turrroil io_Aoku.u wíll.likely
brils t9 1lult the political and economic reforrns designed to qualifu Turkey for the first run!
on the ladder to EU accessíon.

The timing of this political crisis couldn't have been worse. Thanks to a $ 16 billion bailout
from the IMF, things were finally starting to go right for Turkey. The economy looked set to
glow 4 percent this year (after falling 10 percent in 2001), the lira was finjly stable after
losíng half its value in the past 18 months and inflatioo ** approaching the IMF's target
of
35 Percent. The governing coalition had suddenly gotten serious about Jomplying wittr
strict
IMF economic criteria. Now those achievements could easily be reversed

Newsweek luly 2002 by Owen Matthews and Sami Kohen

4. Egy gazdasági elemző felkéri, llogy fordítsa le a kölletkező szoveget számára,
háttérarylagként"

A fenti szituációnak és célnak megfelelően fordítsa Ie az alábbi szöveget magyar nyelvre.

French Buyers Fuel European Growth

París _ h's tlle salne story in tlte euro zone as 2002 winds to a close, witll resilient French
consunxers brightening an outlook that's clouded by wealarcss in Gernnny.

German GDP grew just 0.3% in the ttrird quarter from"the second quarter, the finance ministry
reported, weaker than the 0.4%o quarterly pace economists had expected.

There's little sign of demand in coming rnonths for the German economy, analysts said. ,,The
outlook for consumption is mixed because of the budget-restrictive measures and increasing
unemployment" said an economist at bank CDC, referring to measures the federal
government has proposed to rein in Gerrnany's budget gap, such as tax increases and
spending cuts.

But French shoppers could continue to drive the euro zone's ecpnorny. The government
statistics institute said: spending on manufacfured goods climbed IoÁ in october from
September, tiple the expected gain. French spending on automobiles and goods such as
jewelry, pharmaceutical items and newspapers offset weakness i4 appliances" FurthennÖre,
tax cuts enacted this summer shouid set France up for a strong holiday season.

Jean-Philippe Cotis, economist at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development noted that it is problematic that domestic demand in France is 7.7 percentage
points higher than ín Germany. The OECD expects France's IoÁ rate of growth n 2002 to
beat Germany's expansion by 0.6 percentage point. The gap should persist in 2003, keeping
economic growth in the euro zone at just l.8o/o.

The Wall Steet Journal Europe, November, 2002by Brian Blaclstone

5. Eg kereskBdelmi vállalat vezetője fellreri, hog eg,léb tanulmónyoklral epütt fordítsa le a
k)vetkező cikket is számára háttéranyagkent, hogl képet allrothasson a Kínában zajló
gazdas ági folyamatolrr ó l.

A fenti szifuációnak és célnak megfelelően fordítsa te az alábbt szöveget magyaÍnyelvre.

Brands ín Asía

An interesting phenomenon is at work in the world's largest emerging consumer markets. The
rucing economies of the emerging economic superpowers - Chinq Indonesia, Malaysia and
India - are exporting everything from toys to tractors to the West from their low-wage
factories - and recording double digit economic growth.

So far, so good. But here's the interesting bit at the same time, a class of consumer has
emerged in ttrese Asian markets that can afford high quality western consumer goods. And
they're buying them like crazy. Suddenln China has become the world's largest buyer of
cognac, and is well on the way to becoming the largest market in the world for chocolate,
spirits, cigarettes and fast food. Furthennore, the 200 million-plus inhabitants of the Malay
peninsula and the islands of Indonesiaarc set to follow suit.

The East is sucking in westenr coÍlsumer culture wholesale _ and providing entrepreneurs
with unprecedented opportunities to get into a booming market early. Very suddenly, ít's a
big opportunity for westem brands in the East. British consumer products have been
particularly blessed.

This is fortunate for some - including those that are either stagnant in their home market or in
terminal decline. Others are hoping to revive longdead brand names.
In many ways, the popularity of British goods in Asia is not new - indeed, much of the
current growth can be attributed to the long-term presence of many well-known British
products in Asian markets since early this century.

BusinessAge, August l999,by Richard Halstead

6. Eg fog,lóhűrás ételelret glártó cég vezetője felkeri ont, hogl fordítsa le a következő
szt)ve get számára, háttéranyagkent"

A fenti szituációnak és célnak megfelelően fordítsa Ie az alábbi szöveget ÍnagyaÍ nyelwe.

Dieting industry'will be worth I'64bn'

The market in diet food and drink products is expected to increase tot 64 billion over the next
four years, new research shows.

A report from Datamonitor says one-third of western Europeans are overweight, and this will
increase to almost half by 2006. The cornpany analysed the dieting industry in a study called
Die! Exercise and Physical Appearance. The flrrm says the rise in value of the industry will
stem mainly from the increase in people's weight. Media images of the ideal body and
marketing strategies will also help, the report states.

Andrew Russell, consumer markets analyst for Datamonitor and the report's author, said:
"Both those who find themselves overweight and those who want to avoid it are increasingly
interested in using both exercise and diet to manage their shape. As a result, the diet food and
drinks market will be L64bnby 2006."

Datamonitor predicts that "normal" weight coÍrsumers will be the most profitable group for
diet product firms to target because they pay attention to their diet.The overweight are the
next bes! because, as the ufastest growing consumer segment", the numbers of people
consuming small amounts of healthy foods to feel better will rise.

Drinks manufacturers could expect a decrease totr3.3 billion by 2006 as shape conscious
consumers give up alcohol, the research finds.

Ananov4 3t't May 2002

7. on előadóst keszül tartani a Kereskpdelmi Kamara megbízósából a tartós foglasztósi
ciklrek azsiai piacairól. Ehhez lefordítja a lúvetkező cikket, háttéranyagkent.

A fenti szituációnak és célnak megfelelően fordítsa Ie az aÍáhbi szöveget magyar nyelvre.

Foreign appliance makers head for rural markets

Chinese companies may be flooding the world with ever-less-expensive washing machineso
refrigerators and air conditioners. But there is also hope for the world's appliance makers:
they are increasing market share in China.

Last year foreign brands made up 42%- from 15 %o in tggg - of China's nationwide market
for fully automatic washers. Companies, such as Whirpool Corp. of the USA, LG Electronics
Inc. of South Korea and Siemens AG of Germany have carved out a chunk of the market in
China's affluent coastal cities, and now many are trying to push inland into the tougher but
larger parts of the Chinese market.

Whirpool already has double-digit shares of the market in several richer provinces, including
18% in the commercial center of Shangbai. 'Every market is on our map, except Tibeto, says
Ko-Lin Feng, the Shangbai-based commercial director of Whirpool China. For Whirpool,
China makes up only a small part of overall revenue, but the growth potential is clear.
Whirpool Asia President Ganick D'Silva points to 35% annual revenue glowth during the
past three years. 'The sort of growttr rates we are seeing in China we are not seeing in our
operating portfolio anywhere else in the world', he says.

The Wall Steet Journal Europen February 21-23,2003

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a
8. Eg
speciális járműveket glártó vállalat vezetője felkeri, hogl egtéb tanulmónyokkal
egűt főrdítsa lb a kt;vetkező cilcket is szőmára háttéranyagkent, hogt árnyaltabb kepet
itk thor'on az iparóg nemzetkozi helyzetéről és jÓvedelmezőségérőL

A fenti szitrrációnak és célnak rnegfelelően fordítsa Ie az alábbiszöveget rÍrrgyúnyelvre'

Euro blamed for job losses

Thirty workers have lost their jobs at a German company based in Anglesey, Britain'

FAUN Municipat Vehicles on the Welsh Bryn Cefiri industrial park in Anglesey announced
the redundancies on Monday.

They blamed the euro for the decision to make the workers redundant.

The company make refrrse lorries, road sweepers and sewerage maintenance equipment.

Anglesey Council said there were no plans to stop production at the plant and claimed the
reoundancies would secure the future fór the remaining 80 employed workers'

FAUN's order book remained very strong, but the adverse movement of the euro had resulted
position.
in added cost pressures, and the company-had to take action to protect their trading

Anglesey council's head of economic development, Hugh Griffiths, said: "We have been
*oitiog .r.ry closely with the company over the past weeks to ensure the best possible answer
forthem - but most importantly for Anglesey."

"The loss of 30 jobs is something that we worked very hard on to avoid, but with the
current
economic climate, it could have been a lot worse."

Economic development portfolio holder, Councillor Gareth Roberts, added: "Naturally, we're
disappointed to söe .o-".!ob' go, but what we have to understand is that the current market
can be quite volatile.

"'We are, of course, very pleased that the company is staying on Anglesey."
BBC Online, Nov 10,2003
9. on előadást keszül tartaní szalcfordító szemináriumán a gazdaságí embargók
Iehetséges hatásairól. Ehhez lefordítja a következő cilrlcet, háttéranyaglrent.

A fenti szifuációnak és célnak megfelelően fordítsa le azalábbi szöveget magyar nyelvre.

Dollars not accepted at Cuban businesses

After a decade as the dominant currency to buy everything from shampoo to canned food to
furniture, the U.S. dollar is no longer accepted in Cuba.

Cuba's communist government announced the decision to eliminate the dollar from
circulatioq prompting thousands of Cubans to flood banks and exchange houses to tum in
their dollars for Cuban convertible pesos.

Cubans and tourists in Old Havana lined up outside exchange houses and banks to convert
their dollars.
Cubans also appear to have accepted the government measure with little complaint.

"For me, it's the same, whether I use the dollar or the convertible peso,rr said Javier
Fenrandez, 50, a self-employed handyman. "Al1 I need is the ctlÍTency that will allow me to
eatt'.

Cubans will now use the convertible peso to purchase goods they have been buying with
dollars since they were made legal tender in 1993.

Cubans can still hold the American currency. Some independent analysts believe many with
savings will continue hoarding some of their dollars at home.

"Nobody really knows how much U.S. money Cubans have, but it is substantial," said
Paolo Spadoni, a Cuba economy expert from the University of Florida.

A report authored by Spadoni last year roughly estimated thatatleast $500 million was being
stored in Cuban homes, most of it money received from relatives in the United States.

www.msnbc.msn.com
!0. A munkahelyi ártalmalq.ól és azok gazdasági hatásairól gtűjt anyagot egl civil szervezet.
Ehhezfellrerik ont, hogtfordítsa le a k)vetkező szöveget számulra, háttéranyagkent'

A fenti szituációnak és célnak megfelelően fordítsa Ie azalábbi szöveget magyaÍ nyelvre.

When stress causes a big headache for employers

When an employee goes on sick leave because of a broken leg, it is relatively simple for a
company to predict when that employee might return to work. But these days it is the far less
glearly defined condition of stress that is causing problems for empioyers.

Figures from a recent British survey show that more than 500,000 people said they were
affected by stress at work and that 13.4m working days were lost because of stress and related
conditions.

'''We'Íe seeing stress becoming a recognised form of illness,'' says Jo fuck, the author of the
report.

"It's a part of our everyday language, which is good. On the other hand, lots of situations are
attributed to stress, maybe accuratelyo maybe not."

If a few days taken off to cope with stess turn into long-term absenceo the problem can
become serious.

"Long-term absentees are not too likely to return to fuli-time employment, because they
change their behaviour," says Paul Roberts of IHC, the UK healthcare consultancy.

"The longer you leave it, the more their behaviour pattems will change and the harder it will
be to reintroduce them to the workplace."

This ís extremely expensive for corporations. The annual absence survey of British employers
showed that companies paid fl1.6bn to cover salaries of absent employees lnr2002..

Whatever the reasons for absenteeism, companies need first to be able to identify the problem.

The most useful thing the organisation could do is invest in a development programme for
managers which will help them to understand the causes of absenteeism.

Financial Times October27 2003.