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Solutions:
2
a)
δ =
;
µ
=
(4πx10-‐7)(900)
;
σ
=
3.3x106
mhos/m
ω
µ
σ
2
δ=
=
0.92
mm
(6.3)(100)(4πx10-‐7)(900)(3.3x106)
b)
For
a
single
bar
of
width
w,
thickness
d,
and
length
l,
the
power
dissipation,
w
L
d3
ω2
B2
Pec,
due
to
induced
eddy
currents
is
Pec
=
.
24
ρcore
Single
lamination
in
the
specified
core
is
equivalent
to
a
bar
of
length
L
=
12
cm.(see
figure
shown
below).
2 cm
Effective length L = 12 cm
4 cm 4 cm Width W = 1 cm
Thickness d = 0.25 mm
2 cm
(0.01)
(0.12)
(2.5x10-‐4)3
(2πx102)2
(0.5)2
Pec
=
-‐7
=
2.6x10-‐4
W
(24)
(3x10 )
With
40
laminations
in
the
core,
each
lamination
dissipating
2.6x10-‐4
W,
gives
a
total
power
dissipation
in
the
core
of
Pec,total
=
(40)
(2.6x10-‐4)
=
10.4
milliwatts
2.
Assume
that
the
maximum
surface
temperature
Ts
of
the
core
of
the
previous
problem
cannot
exceed
100°C
and
that
the
ambient
Ta
never
exceeds
40°C.
Model
the
core
as
a
solid
rectangular
parallelpiped
whose
outer
dimensions
are
those
given
in
the
previous
problem.
(a)
What
are
the
maximum
allowable
core
losses
per
cubic
centimeter?
(b)
What
is
the
allowable
B
at
a
frequency
of
800
Hz?
Solution:
a)
Core
dimensions:
4
cm
x
4
cm
x
height
h
(40)(2.5x10-‐2)
h
=
0.95
=
1.05
cm
;
kstack
=
0.95
;
dvert
=
h
=
1.05
cm
Surface
area
A
=
2(4
cm)2
+
4(4
cm)(1.05
cm)
=
48.8
cm2
≈
50
cm2
Rθsa
=
1/[(10)(5x10-‐3)]
=
20
ºC/W
Pcore
=
[Ts
-‐
Ta]/
Rθsa
=
[100
-‐
40]/20
=
3
watts
Vcore
=
(4)(4)(1.05)
=
16.8
cm3
;
Pcore.sp
=
Pcore/Vcore
=
3/16.8
=
0.18
W/cm3
=
1.8x105
W/m3
Pec w
L
d
b.
Psp
=
V
;
Vlamin
=
k
lamin stack
w
L
d3
ω2
B2 kstack kstack
d2
ω2
B2
Psp
=
w
L
d
=
24
ρcore 24
ρcore
24
Psp
ρcore (!")(!.!!!"! )(!!!"!! )
B
=
=
kstack
d2
ω2
(!.!")(!.!!!"!! )! (!!)! (!!!"! )!
B
=
0.95
T
3.
An
inductor
is
to
be
designed
to
meet
the
following
specifications.
L
=
1
millihenry
;
Irms
=
3
A
sinewave
;
f
=
200
kHz
;Ts
=
90
°C
and
Ta
=
30
°C
.
The
inductor
is
to
be
fabricated
on
a
double-‐E
core
made
from
3F3
ferrite.
The
windings
are
to
be
made
with
copper
foil
conductors
whose
thickness
is
one
skin
depth
and
which
have
kcu
=
0.6.
The
only
core
size
available
is
a
=
2
cm.
Some
useful
nformation
is
listed
below.
Pc,sp
=
1.5x10-‐6
f1.3
[Bac]2.5
mW/cm3
;
f
in
kHz
and
B
in
mT
Pw,sp
=
kcu
ρcu
(Jrms)2 ; ρcu
at
100
°C
=
2.2x10-‐8
ohm-‐m
Characteristic
Relative
Size
Core
area
Acore
1.5
a2
Winding
area
Aw
1.4
a2
Area
product
AP
=
AwAc
2.1
a4
Core
volume
Vcore
13.5
a3
Winding
volume
Vw
12.3a3
Total
surface
area
of
59.6
a2
assembled
core
and
winding
a.
Show
that
this
core
can
be
used
to
make
the
inductor.
You
may
assume
that
the
surface-‐to-‐ambient
thermal
resistance
Rθ,sa
of
inductors
wound
on
double-‐E
cores
is
given
approximately
by
Rθ,sa
≈
600/A
where
A
is
the
surface
area
in
cm2.
b.
Approximately
estimate
the
number
of
turns
N
and
conductor
area
Acu
required
for
the
inductor.
What
percent
of
the
winding
window
is
occupied
with
conductors?
Solutions:
a.
LIIrms
=
(10-‐3H)(3A)(3 2
A)
=
0.0127
Joules
Check:
kcuAwAcBacJrms
>
LIIrms
;
Aw
=
(1.4)(4)
=
5.6
cm2
;
Ac
=
(1.5)(4)
=
6
cm2
Vc
=
(13.5)(8)
=
108
cm3
;
Vw
=
912.3)(8)
=
98
cm3
;
Asur
=
(60)(4)
=
238
cm2
600 90
-‐
30
Rθsa
=
238
=
2.5
°C/W
;
Psp
=
(2.5)(108
+
98)
=
117
mW/cm3
117
Jrms
=
(0.6)(22)
=
3
A/mm2
0.4 117
Bac
=
=
91
mT
(1.5x10-‐6)(200)1.3
kcuAwAcBacJrms
=
(0.6)(5.6x10-‐4)(6x10-‐4)(3x106)((.091)
=
0.055
0.055
>
0.0127
required
value.
Core
can
be
used.
0.055
b.
LmaxIIrms
=
Lmax(3)(3 2
)
=
12.7
Lmax
=
0.055
;
Lmax
=
12.7
=
4.2
mH
Only
need
L
=
1
mH
(0.001H)(3 2A)
LI
=
NBcore
Ac
;
N
=
=
78
(0.091T)(0.0006m2)
N
Acu 3A
%
filled
=
k
A
(100)
;
Acu
=
2
=
1
mm2
cu w 3A/mm
(78)(1mm2)
%
filled
=
(100)
=
23%
(0.6)(560mm2)
4.
Consider
the
inductor
wound
on
the
double-‐E
core
in
the
previous
problem.
The
inductor
is
to
have
two
airgaps,
one
in
the
central
leg
of
the
course
and
one
on
each
of
the
outer
two
legs.
The
gaps
on
the
outer
two
legs
taken
together
are
eauivalent
to
the
single
gap
in
the
central
leg
since
the
outer
legs
only
have
half
the
core
area
of
the
central
leg.
Each
gap
has
the
same
length.
a.
Determine
what
the
gap
length
should
be
so
that
the
peak
flux
density
occurs
at
the
peak
current.
b.
What
is
the
ratio
of
the
magnetic
energy
stored
in
the
gap
compared
to
the
magnetic
energy
stored
in
the
core?
Assume
the
core
permeability
µm/µo
=
200
Solution:
Acore
a.
Σg
=
A
;
Ng
=
2
;
a
=
2
cm;
d
=
(1.5)a
=
3
cm
coreBcore a
+
d
µoNI
-‐
Ng
From
previous
problem;
Ac
=
(1.5)(4)
=
6
cm2;
Bac
=
91
mT
Convert
all
values
to
MKS
units
µoNI
=
(4πx10-‐7)
(78)(3)(1.4)
=
4.15x10-‐4;
AcoreBcore
=
(0.06)(0.091)
=
5.5x10-‐3
;
AcoreBcore/[
µoNI]
=
=
5.5x10-‐3/4.15x10-‐4
=
1.32x10-‐1
(a+d)/2
=
(.02+.03)/2
=
2.5x10-‐2
Σg
=
6x10-‐4/[1.32x10-‐1
-‐
2.5x10-‐2)
=
5.5
mm
or
g
=
2.8
mm
[Bg]2
b.
Egap
=
Vgap
;
Vgap
=
Ag
Σg
;
µo
(!.!"#)! (!.!"#$!!! )
Bc
=
0.091
T
;
Ecore
=
=
3.55x10-‐3
Joules
(!!"!!!! )(!"")
Egap
Ecore
=
0.018/0.0036
=
5
5.
A
transformer
with
a
step-‐down
ratio
5:1
is
to
be
fabricated
using
a
double-‐E
core
with
a
=
0.5
cm
and
made
from
a
ferrite
having
a
specific
loss
given
by
Psp,core
=
1x10-‐6f
B2
[mW/cm3]
with
f
in
kHz
and
B
in
mT.
The
transformer
is
to
operate
at
a
frequency
of
100
kHz
(assume
the
waveform
is
a
sinewave)
with
a
maximum
temperature
differential
ΔT
=
Ts
-‐
Ta
=
30
°C.
Leitz
wire
(kcu
=
0.3)
is
used
for
the
windings.
The
smallest
available
Leitz
wire
bundle
has
an
area
of
2x10-‐5
cm2.
The
minimum
number
of
turns
is
one.
Useful
information
about
the
double-‐E
core
is
shown
below.
You
may
assume
Rθ
=
1/[hAs]
where
h
is
the
heat
transfer
coefficient
and
As
is
the
surface
area.
h
=
10
W/[m2-‐°C]
;
ρcu
at
100
°C
=
2.2x10-‐8
ohm-‐m
Characteristic
Relative
Size
Core
area
Acore
1.5
a2
Winding
area
Aw
1.4
a2
Area
product
AP
=
AwAc
2.1
a4
Core
volume
Vcore
13.5
a3
Winding
volume
Vw
12.3a3
Total
surface
area
of
59.6
a2
assembled
core
and
winding
a.
Estimate
the
maximum
allowable
current
density
Jrms
in
the
winding
and
peak
ac
core
flux
density
Bac.
b.
What
is
the
maximum
output
current
(base-‐to-‐peak)
that
the
transformer
can
be
designed
to
produce?
Solutions:
2 2 103
a.
AS
=
(59.6)(0.5)
=
14.9
cm
;
Rθ
=
14.9
=
67
°C/W
AwAc
=
2.1a4
=
2.1
cm4
=
2.1x10-‐8
m4:
As
=(1)2(59.6)
=
60
cm2
Rθ
=
1/[(17)(6x10-‐3)]
=
9.8
ºC/W
;
Ptotal
=
(100-‐40)/9.8
=
6.1
watts
Total
volume
=
25.8
(a)3
=
26
cm3
;
Psp
=
6.1/26
≈
240
mW/cm3
⎡ 240 ⎤
Bcore
=
⎢ ⎥
=
0.1
T
;
from
loss
equation
for
3F3
ferrite
⎣(1.5x10-‐6)(300)1.3⎦
240 2 6 2
Jrms
=
(22)(0.6)
=
4.3
A/mm
=
4.3x10
A/m
2.2kcuf
AwAcJrmsBcore
=
(2.2)(0.6)(3x105)(2.1x10-‐8)(4.3x106)(0.1)
=
3580
watts
1000
W
<
3580
W
;
Core
can
be
used
for
the
transformer.
b.
Ac
=
1.5a2
=
(1.5)(10-‐2m)2
=
1.5x10-‐4
m2
;
Npri
=
Vpri,rms(1.4)/[2πf)(Bcore)(Acore)]
(200)(1.414)
=
=
10
;
Nsec
=
100
(2π)(3x105)(0.1)(1.5x10-‐4)
Ipri 5A
Acu,pri
=
J
=
2
=
1.2
mm2
;
Asec
=
0.12
mm2
rms 4.3A/mm
c.
Transformer
has
substantial
overcurrent
capability.Winding
window
only
partially
filled.
Hence
winding
losses
at
Ipri
=
5A
much
less
than
allowed
max.
Aw
=
1.4
cm2
Percent
of
area
of
winding
window
occupied
by
winding
=
2Npri
Acu,pri/{kcuAw)