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Presentation by:
Baljinder Kaur
GPS
Stands for Global Positioning System.
GPS is used to get an exact location on or above the surface of the
to public in 1983.
GPS is a very important data input source.
GPS is one of two (soon to be more) GNSS – Global Navigation
Satellite System
GNSS
NAVSTAR – U.S. Department of Defense. (“GPS”)
GLONASS – Russian system
Galileo – European system (online in 2019?)
Compass/BeiDou-2 – Chinese system in development (operational with
10 satellites as of December, 2011; 35 planned)
GPS and GLONASS are free to use!
GNSS comparison
• GLONASS
• 24 satellites (100% deployed)
• 3 orbital planes
• GPS
• 31 satellites (>100% deployed)
• 6 orbital planes
GPS
GPS is worldwide Radio-Navigation System formed from
24-30 satellites and their ground stations.
Satellites orbit earth every 12 hours at approximately
20,200 km.
GPS uses satellites in space as reference points for
that patterns are not linked up at the wrong place on the code.
Received from
satellite at time t1
• Assumption: The code also has to be generated from each source
at exactly the same time. (1/1000th sec means 200 miles of error!)
• So, the satellites have expensive atomic clocks that keep nearly
perfect time—that takes care of their end.
•
SATELLITE TRIANGULATION
Distance measurements from
two satellites limits our location
to the intersection of two
spheres, which is a circle.
A third measurement
narrows our location
to just two points.
A fourth measurement
determines which point is
our true location
DGPS
Base
Rover
other receiver.
Message sent to rover with correction factor for all satellites.
More reference stations becoming available.
GPS Error Sources
•Wave path errors
•Satellite orbit errors
•Multipath
•Satellite Geometry (PDOP)
•Satellite Constellation changes
Atmospheric Errors
Constellation Changes
Satellite Orbit Errors
Atmospheric Errors
Multipath
Dilution of Precision
Dilution of Precision
Differential Correction
•Base Station generates corrections for all satellites in view
•Roving GPS receiver uses corrections to reduce errors
•Differential correction can be performed in either real-time or post-processed
mode
Corrected Results
Possible Corrections
Possible
• Wave path
• Satellite orbit errors
• Satellite constellation changes
Exceptions
• Multipath
• Satellite Geometry
Base Station
Site Requirements
• Clear view to satellites
• Known coordinates
• Clear of transmitters (TV, radar)
• Line of site to rover is not necessary
Elevation Mask (problem)
Elevation Mask (solution)
Sources of Base Data (for Post Processing)
•
•Community Base Stations (CBS)
– government, commercial or public
• Internet Access
• Set up your own
– GPS Base Station
– Rover units used as a base
Errors Removed by DGPS