Northern Border Trade and Foreign Policies: Relationship between Thailand and Lao

People’s Democratic Republic in the Greater Mekong Sub-region

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction
This chapter of the study consists of the research methodology through which the overall
research has been conducted. This chapter consists of a concise discussion, in which the data
collection, analysis and evaluation is presented using a certain approach with keeping in mind
the research aims and objectives. At first, this chapter includes a brief discussion about the
research philosophy by using onion research (fig. 1) (Saunders, 2011), specific approach and the
method of investigation. An in-depth description of the techniques adopted by the researcher to
analyse the data collected is also discussed. In a research study, the data analysis and evaluation
is an inevitable part of the research and the reason is that it facilitates the researcher with the
study results and findings. Last of all, all the research limitations faced by the researcher while
performing the research is stated with a concise summary of all the parts of this chapter.
 Fig.1: The Research Onion
Source: (Saunders, 2011, p.138)

3.2 Research Philosophy

Research philosophy has been defined as a means through which data is accumulated and
then analysed by the researcher. Various research philosophies have been found, such as
constructivism, modernism, interpretivism, post-modernism and realism and they are based on
the type of research (Knox, 2004).

3.1.2. Constructivism
Constructivism has been emerged in the 20th century in various disciplines (philosophy,
mathematics, sociology, architecture, etc.), according to which its use and its meaning vary. This
heterogeneity of reflections has contributed to confusion with what is meant by terms such as
"constructivism", "social construction" or "reality", the meanings of which may vary
considerably from one author to another (Moghaddam, 2007).
 Historically, constructivism comes from the philosophy of science. This field of study
seeks in particular to comprehend the foundations of knowledge and in particular the criteria that
make an activity known as scientific (Appleton and King, 2002). Constructivism is part of a
debate that opposes empiricism and realism. The object of the confrontation concerns the way in
which the knowledge is acquired, and in particular the role of the researcher in this process. The
empiricist approach postulates that experience is at the origin of knowledge: the researcher
observes, and from his perception of reality he can draw theories (unlike rationalism, where it is
reason that knowledge is born) Appleton and King, 2002. As far as realism is concerned, it
presupposes the existence of an objective reality independent of the human.
Constructivism is based on three general assertions (Sandywell, 2008): first, the
ontological thesis that what appears to be natural is actually the result of social practices.
Secondly, the epistemological thesis, according to which knowledge of social phenomena is
itself socially produced (Sandywell, 2008). Finally, the methodological thesis, according to
which research on the social construction of reality, must take precedence over other
methodological procedures (Sandywell, 2008).

3.1.3. Modernism
Modernism has been broadly defined as the modern thought, character, or practice. In a
more specific manner, modernism is all about the modernist movement, its set of tendencies
associated with cultural aspect and range of related culture-based movements, initially
originating from wide-scale and comprehensive transformations to Western civilisation in the
late nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Saunders, 2011). Modernism, at that time, was a
revolution against the traditional values and norms of realism. It has been argued that the most
paradigmatic purpose of modernism is the refusal of traditional norms and values and its
reappearance, incorporation, redrafting, restatement, revision and imitation in new forms. This
research philosophy refuted the lingering certainty associated with Enlightenment thinking,
while refusing the existence of a compassionate, supreme Creator God (Reed, 2004). Typically,
this philosophical term is based also on the actions and output of those who sensed the
conventional forms of art, literature, architecture, spiritual faith, social organisation and daily life
were becoming outmoded in the new conditions of economy, society and politics of an evolving
comprehensively well-developed and industrialised world (Reed, 2004).
 3.1.4. Interpretivism
Interpretivism, in social science, refers to an approach opposing the positivism of natural
science. This research philosophy is generally used in qualitative research in social science and
other associated disciplines (Goldkuhl, 2012).
Interpretivist work does not intervene following the empirical battle, but before, during
and following the production of "data" which are precisely never given but constituted as such by
a series of interpretive acts. And it is clear that the expression "interpretation of the real" is
distant from the real profession of social scientist in so far as it gives the impression that he is a
"thinker" in the face of the "real”, a kind of final interpreter (Bunniss and Kelly, 2010).
The quality of work of social science inquiry lies first and foremost in the smoothness
and accuracy of interpretive acts implemented in every moment of the construction of the
research, prospectively but also retrospectively (Goldkuhl, 2012). When specific acts are
committed “blindly”, their consequences on the work must be measured then to comprehend
what was done devoid of knowing it at the very moment of their performance. Sociological
knowledge only engenders and advances by an incessant task of anticipating future research and
a reflexive return on previous research actions, based on the achievements progressively
conquered thanks to the following research acts (Goldkuhl, 2012). For this very reason, the
different moments of the research are never separated, as would be suggested by the
hypothetical-deductive school schemes. Logically and pragmatically, it could be stated that
everything is good at any point in the work to better comprehend what has been done at any
other time (Goldkuhl, 2012).
Instead of boundlessly arguing over the value of this or that concept or paradigm, social
scientists would take advantage by giving and debating their actions - both concrete and
interpretive - of research, is frequently in the most anodyne moments of the investigation that the
strongest theses are posed without being supported. In this perspective, we pass from the pseudo-
democratic space of wild interpretations, free from the weight of all empirical constraints of
enunciation, to the space of interpretations empirically constrained and sociologically controlled
by anticipations and reflexive returns (Saunders, 2011).

3.1.5. Post-Modernism
 Postmodernism refers to the movement emerged in the late 1970s in architecture and
extends to various fields including literature, philosophy and social sciences (Harrison, 2001).
Essentially, it is a break with modernity because its name suggests, this current is a criticism of
modernism, dominant in Western culture until the sixties and which refers to positivist science
and to the ideology of progress (Harrison, 2001).
In architecture and arts, the basic aim and purpose is to break with the conventional
anticipations that represent the modernist paradigm. The postmodernist architectural style is
expressed by means of assemblages of a variety of styles in the facades of buildings, or through
the presentation of previously hidden infrastructures such as the elevators, for example (Sæbø,
2014).
As far as the literature is concerned, authors such as Samuel Beckett (Rahimipoor, 2011),
William S. Burroughs (Tietchen, T., 2001), and Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Thody, 1996), among
many others, wrote in a style through which the tradition of modernist linear narrative was
broken. Irony, pastiche, flashbacks, non-linearity, and a complex narrative structure are among
the characteristics of the post-modernism. On the other hand, in the social sciences,
postmodernism implies a thinking approach and seeing the world different from "modern"
thought whose origin goes back to the Enlightenment (Hollinger, 1994). The modern approach is
founded on the superiority of reason, the neo-classical economy and the search for universal laws
according to the positivist method (Hollinger, 1994). The latter postulates that knowledge is
neutral and universal and that the researcher, if he acts reasonably (scientifically), can grasp
“reality”, “truth”. To refer to theories that claim to hold “truth”, the term “meta narrative” (or
“grand narrative”) is often used (Hollinger, 1994).

3.1.6. Realism
Realism refers to conceptual term that can undertake opposite meanings relying on how it
is used. Generally, the term realism presupposes a secure existence. A realistic attitude consists
in making a judgment of existence and autonomy on any referent. According to the referent in
question, the consequences will be very variable and even contrary (Kwan and Tsang, 2001).
The assertion may concern phenomena or facts. It is the attitude of the empiricists who consider
that factual reality exists autonomously, which is called empirical realism. It derives from the
spontaneous realism which, in everyday life, makes us consider that the things that surround us
exist (Kwan and Tsang, 2001). The assertion can relate to what underlies things and facts, the
real. It is ontological realism which admits an existence independent of reality (distinct from
factual reality). If this real is considered a substance, it is a substantialist realism (Kwan and
Tsang, 2001). And there are several possibilities, depending on whether the substance in question
is of a material or spiritual nature. In the first case, realism gives the materialistic doctrine. In the
second case, several possibilities exist (Kwan and Tsang, 2001).
If the assertion concerns ideas, it is an idealism (Platonic) taken up by the thesis of the
"reals" in the Middle Ages (Feyerabend, 2012). If the realistic assertion is about scientific laws,
realism is rather a legalism. In this case, laws are considered to have an existence independent of
science and the scientist. A variant is constituted by causalism, which takes into consideration
that there is a causal structure of the world (Feyerabend, 2012). The affirmation of the existence
of the world and, more precisely, of a real independent of human being is common sense.
Concerning the facts (reality), a relativist position seems more adapted. The facts exist in
interaction with us. The sciences construct facts by observation and experimentation; they are
relative to the experience which gives rise to them (Feyerabend, 2012). However, the resistance
and the persistence they manifest come from reality. Relative realism should not be adopted.
Finally, ideas, concepts and theories are undoubtedly human productions and there is nothing to
disassociate them from man. They are part of the world as human products and have a factual
character. For this very reason, idealism appears as an unreasonable realism (Feyerabend, 2012).
The basic aim and objective of the study is to thoroughly identify and examine the impact
of neoliberalism on Northern border trade and foreign policies with respect to the relationship
constituted between Thailand and Lao in the Greater Mekong Sub region. In order to address this
aim, the researcher has set some objectives as well on which the whole research will be
conducted. Thus, the research philosophy that was taken is interpretivism. As mentioned earlier,
it is assumed by this philosophy to research that society is the one through which reality is
constructed because the views made by positivism and objectivism are totally different from this
philosophical approach. Nevertheless, the research studies mention that more correct results in
the research is provided by interpretivism.
Relating to the research aims and objectives, mentioned in the chapter one, interpretivism
was the highly suitable research philosophy as compared with positivism and pragmatism. The
selection of this approach in the research has helped the researcher to complement the research
findings in a better way, such as by means of qualitative research design, while assisting to
develop and expand the knowledge base a regarding the factors through the impact of
neoliberalism on the Northern border trade and foreign policy between Thailand and Lao is
determined and that that influence trade and foreign policy between them due to greater Mekong
Sub Region. Moreover, the use of interpretivism philosophy in the study has also assisted in
developing an insight regarding the political and economic significance of the Greater Mekong
Sub Region and North-South Economic Corridor.

3.3 Research Approach

The deductive and inductive are two basic approaches to research. The major difference
between these approaches to research is: a deductive approach in a study is intended and testing
theory, whereas an inductive approach to research is all about the creation of new theoretical
assumption with the help of data obtained in the study.

3.3.1. Inductive Approach

The inductive approach is based on limited observations and from these observations
hypotheses and theories are inferred. It is a very crucial foundation of the research process,
mainly when it is in an unexplored field. For this very reason, this is an approach that is common
when one is in a study or an exploratory phase (Overmars and Verburg, 2007). The inductive
approach is frequently an initial phase to help in formalising hypotheses in a process that will
then be deductive (Overmars and Verburg, 2007). The inductive method is basically a scientific
method that obtains general conclusions from individual premises. It is the most common
scientific method, characterised by four basic steps: observation and recording of all facts:
analysis and classification of facts; the inductive derivation of a generalisation from facts; and
verification. It suggests that after an initial stage of observation, analysis and classification of
facts, and hypothesis is presented to solve the problem (Thomas, 2006). One way of realising the
inductive method is propose, based on the consecutive observation of objects or events of the
same nature, a conclusion for all objects or events of this nature (Overmars and Verburg, 2007).
Moreover, inductive reasoning may be complete (close to deductive reasoning since the
conclusion does not provide information benefits than those proposed by the premises) or
incomplete (the conclusion goes beyond the data provided by the premises; the greater the
amount of data, the greater the probability) (Overmars and Verburg, 2007). However, the truth of
the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion.
3.3.2. Deductive Approach
As far as the deductive approach is concerned, it is based on knowledge, theoretical
conceptions, and to formulate hypotheses which will then be tested. It is this process which is
called hypothetico-deductive approach (Hyde, 2000). This approach uses existing literature to
make hypotheses that will be tested on a representative sample of the population studied. For our
work, we opted for this last approach because it allows checking the hypotheses using the
statistical tools (Ali and Birley, 1999). The deductive method is basically a scientific method
which takes into account the conclusion implicit in the premises. Subsequently, it assumes that
the conclusions necessarily follow the premises: if deductive reasoning is valid and the premises
are true, then the conclusion can only be true. Deductive reasoning to research has been
described by the Ancient Greek philosophers, among whom it is necessary to retain Aristotle
(Ali and Birley, 1999).
The deductive method inferred the observed facts while starting from the general rules
(unlike the inductive, in which the rules are formulated on the basis of observed facts) (Ali and
Birley, 1999). There are persons, including the philosopher Francis Bacon, for whom induction
is better than deduction because it passes from a particularity to a generality (Ali and Birley,
1999).
The deductive method can be divided into a direct deductive method of direct conclusion
(when one obtains a judgment with respect to the sole premise, without intermediaries) and
indirect deductive method or mediate conclusion (when the major premise contains the universal
proposition and the premise minor contains the particular proposition, the conclusion results
from the comparison of the two) (Mahootian and Eastman, 2009). In any case, researchers
following the deductive method start by planning the axiomatic set of departure (where the
assumptions must incorporate only the most important characteristics of the phenomena, with
coherence between the postulates) and continue with the process of deductive Logical deduction
(always based on the basic postulates) (Mahootian and Eastman, 2009). Thus, they can designate
rules of a general character to those from which they come from the axiomatic set and through
the deduction process (Mahootian and Eastman, 2009).
 Mostly, qualitative research method is applied for inductive approach, whereas
quantitative research approach is for deductive reasoning. However, it is the fact that this
instance is not true in all types of cases.

Due to the selected philosophy of interpretivism, the inductive was the most appropriate
research approach instead of deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning to research is typically
used in studies with qualitative research design and interpretivism philosophy. It suggests that
that the selection of this approach to research was necessary to draw a valid and reliable
conclusion. In addition to this, the adoption of this research approach created many opportunities
for the researcher, such as the movement from more specific information or knowledge to
general knowledge, through which the researcher was assisted in reaching the aims and
objectives of this study.

3.4 Types of Investigation

The investigation has a variety of types which refer to different approaches used by the
researcher to investigate the data of research study. Exploratory, explanatory and descriptive
researches have been found as the types of investigations (Bryman and Bell, 2015).

3.4.1. Exploratory Research

The exploratory research is a kind of research in which a problematic issue or
phenomenon is addressed which is not explored so far. It is also the fact that the researchers
cannot use the findings obtained with the help of exploratory research for decision making
purposes (Bryman and Bell, 2015).

3.4.2. Explanatory Research

In a study with explanatory research, the causal relationship is explained that exists
among the variables (Bryman and Bell, 2015). The current research study is indeed time
consuming and also costly because it yields an in-depth understanding into the factors
influencing trade and foreign policy of Thailand and Lao because of greater Mekong Sub Region
and the political and economic significance of the Greater Mekong Sub Region and North-South
Economic Corridor.
 3.4.3. Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is the last one in which the study population and associated variables
are described comprehensively (Bryman and Bell, 2015).

As the nature of this study was qualitative, the researcher has adopted exploratory
research. As mentioned, the concern of exploratory research technique is more about the cause
and effect, and this study aimed to examine the impact of neoliberalism on Northern border trade
and foreign policies within the context of the relationship between Thailand and Lao in the
Greater Mekong Sub region. With respect to this, the exploratory research technique was the
most appropriate type, where the focus of researcher was remained on examining the impact of
neoliberalism on the Northern border trade and foreign policy and the factors influencing such a
policy between Thailand and Lao and on comprehending the political and economic significance
of the Greater Mekong Sub Region and North-South Economic Corridor.

3.5 Research Design

Quantitative, qualitative and mixed method are all research designs, which is the most
important part through which the research aims and objectives are achieved.

3.5.1. Qualitative Design

Qualitative data is free of statistics and referred to the analysis through which the data
quality is taken to evaluate and analyse data (Creswell, 2013).

3.5.2. Quantitative Data

Quantitative data involves numerical and statistical data, which is analysed through
statistical tools. This data can be obtained by conducting interviews, questionnaires, etc.
(Creswell, 2013). The statistical software such as SPSS is used to analyse quantitative data. This
method of data analysis is very effective and accurate because overall data analysis involves the
numeric data (Creswell, 2013).

3.5.3. Mixed Method

 Third and last data collection method is mixed method. By adopting this approach, both
qualitative and quantitative data is gathered to analyse (Creswell, 2013).

This research study is qualitative in nature in which the researcher collected data with the
help of secondary research by reviewing the research studies conducted in past. As this research
is qualitative in nature, this is mostly owing to the research area being explored and examined,
where the overall attention and focus is on examining the impact of neoliberalism on Northern
border trade and foreign policies with respect to the relationship between Thailand and Lao in
the Greater Mekong Sub region.

3.6 Research Strategy

Research strategy means how the researcher collects data (Creswell, 2013). Because of
the study nature that is qualitative, purely secondary research method was applied to collect data
on the research area.

3.6.1. Data Collection Method

Data collection method is a very crucial part of a study because the research findings
depend totally on the data collected by means of any approach. The primary and the secondary
sources are two fundamental types of data collection techniques.

3.6.1.1. The Primary Research

Through primary research, the primary data is collected as per the study requirement and
needs. The data modification is made with keeping the research aims and objective. The data
sources need to be authentic and reliable that assists the researchers in drawing the right
conclusion. This data can be obtained through interviews, survey questionnaire, observation and
focus group. (Creswell, 2013)

3.6.1.1. The Secondary Research

Secondary data is collected by reviewing the secondary sources, which include journal
articles, textbooks, websites, official documents of organisations, and so on (Creswell, 2013).
Besides, report based on statistical data and news articles can also be used. It is advisable to
systematically begin a search by questioning the existence of secondary data available. There are
many advantages to using this data. They are generally inexpensive and quick to get. They are
already assembled and do not necessarily require access to the persons who provided them. They
have historical value and are useful for comparing and evaluating primary data (Heaton, 2008).
However, these data may be difficult to obtain, obsolete, more or less approximate and
exhaustive (Heaton, 2008). In addition, the format of the data may not quite match that of the
researcher (Silverman, 2016). The latter has to convert them i.e. to change their original form for
a format better suited to their needs. The researcher must therefore always understand for which
object the data were constructed before using it (Creswell, 2013).
Internal secondary data is information already produced by private organizations or
individuals. They were not collected to meet the specific needs of the researcher, but they
constitute true sources of secondary data for the consultant. Archives, notes, reports, documents,
written rules and procedures, manuals, press reviews, etc., here is a non-exhaustive list of
internal data that the researcher can use (Gelo, Braakmann and Benetka, 2008). The benefits of
this data are many. First, their analysis allows reconstructing past actions transcribed in the
writings that have influenced events, observed decisions and engaged individuals. Indispensable
in the context of a historical and longitudinal process (monograph, analysis of a process over a
long period), the use of internal data generates information that the actors do not speak
spontaneously during the face-to-face interviews (Gelo, Braakmann and Benetka, 2008). It is
also an excellent support to become familiar with a field of study. It is therefore normal that at
the beginning of many researches, the researcher is documented and informed on his subject by
collecting internal data (Gelo, Braakmann and Benetka, 2008). Finally, internal data analysis is
often necessary to build a triangulation of the data and validate its reliability (Gelo, Braakmann
and Benetka, 2008). To collect this data, the researcher must contact the people in the field. In
the case of semi-private data, access can be relatively easy. This is the case, for example, with
reports on the activities of listed companies, academic research or public studies. Some archives
of chambers of commerce, trade union and political organisations, the processing of the
information collected depends on the type of data. When they are presented in a purely literary
form, the researcher generally carries out analyses of the contents of the documents. When they
are encrypted, he then carries out statistical or accounting analyses. Whether the research is
qualitative or quantitative, what matters most is the relevance, quality and quality of the data
collected.
There are many pitfalls in the analysis of archives and internal documents. First,
documentary sources can be difficult to use on their own(Gelo, Braakmann and Benetka, 2008).
Their content suffers from a validation problem; it is necessary to identify the possible biases of
the drafters or the contractors. Since the researcher does not always have sufficient elements to
retrieve the context in which certain documents were developed, he must interpret them in all
subjectivity. It is therefore not uncommon to create multiple completely contradictory
representations of reality from the same organisational database; hence the value of reflecting in
advance on potential problems of validity the use of this type of source can pose (Fielding,
2000). The intersection of internal data, i.e. the control of data collected with other types of
sources, is therefore indispensable if the objective of the researcher is to find a certain reality. In
this respect, the testimony of actors involved in the events analysed is frequently used, bearing in
mind that a document is not concerned with events but with its relation to other documents and
Confrontation with explanatory concepts (Fielding, 2000). Overall, the main advantage of
internal data collection is the low cost of access to information. Contacting and licensing can
sometimes take a long time to get, but their financial cost is low (Fielding, 2000).
In order to collect external secondary data, it is useful to visit libraries and documentation
centres with a large collection of books and periodicals in the field of research. It also contains
documents on current theses and research, official publications of public and / or international
bodies, private directories and press review funds. Access to theses and research is essential for
the circulation of knowledge and the evolution of research. Identifying and reading the work of
researchers working on the same issue are two important steps. At the beginning of the research,
they make it possible to better target and justify the subject. During the research, they allow to
maintain a permanent contact with the evolution of the subject and the other researchers. In
addition, government publications (official documents, ministerial studies, etc.), publications by
public and / or international organisations and private publications (Gelo, Braakmann and
Benetka, 2008) are important sources of external data. These documents provide essentially a
very complete series of statistical information. Finally, press reviews and private directories
provide easy access to the files of organisations to be studied (Gelo, Braakmann and Benetka,
2008). In total, nothing replaces a day in the library. Many discoveries are the result of the
chance of the physical shelving of libraries. In addition, some books do not have titles entirely
related to their content, or are not indexed with the keywords to identify the domain they cover
exactly. They will therefore be difficult to access via a catalogue consulted remotely.
This approach to data collection facilitates the researcher with developing an
understanding by making their approach much bigger and holistic about the research area by
including other authors’ perspectives are included in the research.

3.7. Data Analysis Techniques

Data analysis techniques are methods through which data is analysed. There are several
data analysis techniques and all hinge on on the data collection approach applied by the author.
As far as the quantitative research is concerned, the Statistical software programmes are applied
to analyse data. However in qualitative study, data is analysed through content or thematic
analytical tools.
In this research study, thematic analysis was applied to analyse data gathered from
secondary sources.

3.7.1. Thematic Analysis

The thematic analysis is used throughout the problem framing, and it assists researchers
in moving from a comprehensive reading of the data toward determining patterns and
formulating a certain research question (Vaismoradi, Turunen and Bondas, 2013). This study
used themes that let the researcher in develop and expanding valuable insights and knowledge
base regarding the impact of neoliberalism on Northern border trade and foreign policies within
the context of the relationship between Thailand and Lao in the Greater Mekong Sub region.

3.8. Ethical Considerations

There are lots of ethical issues that need to be considered by the researchers when they
conduct the research. In the study, the researcher has taken every single ethical issues and
boundaries into consideration while conducting research.
While collecting secondary data, the researcher has ensured that all the information is
gathered from authentic and reliable sources and in doing so, highly reliable databases were used
to explore the relevant journal articles. Beside this, it was also necessary to properly and
correctly cite the references where others’ perspectives were included in the study.

3.9. Research Limitations

As this study used the secondary research method to collect data and in this regard past
literature was reviewed, though collecting secondary data is easy, the researcher was aware of
some limitations the secondary data may have and the issues that could emerge in case of
overlooking these limitations.
First of all, secondary data is more general and thus unclear. This type of data may also
not assist organisations in making best decisions. The secondary information and data may not
be accurate and precise because the source may be unauthentic that needs to be checked while
conducting research. It is also a fact that some data was old and out of date. Some studies used
the small size sample, which do not generalise the findings to broader audience. Besides this,
conducting secondary research is very time-consuming because all need to be thoroughly
reviewed one by one. Moreover, the study findings about the impact of neoliberalism on
Northern border trade and foreign policies are limited to the specific regions, Thailand and Lao,
hence, the results are limited to only these countries.

3.10. Summary
To meet the aims and objectives of this study which were to determine the impact of
neoliberalism on the Northern border trade and foreign policy and identify the factors
influencing trade and foreign policy of Thailand and Lao due to greater Mekong Sub Region,
interpretivism philosophy was applied which assisted the researcher to complement the research
findings in a better way by means of qualitative research design, while assisting to develop and
expand the knowledge base regarding the research area. Therefore, the inductive approach was
chosen, which is typically used in studies with qualitative research design and interpretivism
philosophy. As the nature of this study was qualitative, the researcher has adopted exploratory
research, which is more about the cause and effect. With respect to research aims, the
exploratory research technique was the most appropriate type, where the focus of researcher was
remained on the research problem. Secondary research method was applied by reviewing the past
literature to collect qualitative data. The reason behind preferring this approach is that it is very
cost-effective and easy, but very time-consuming. However, this approach to data collection
facilitates the researcher in developing an understanding by making their approach much bigger
and holistic about the research area by including other authors’ perspectives are included in the
research.
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